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Lorenzo Pubblici Lorenzo Pubblici Lorenzo Pubblici Cumani CumaniMigrazioni, strutture di potere e società nell’Eurasia dei nomadi (secoli X-XIII) FIRENZE PRESSUNIVERSITY EUROPE IN BETWEEN – 2 – EUROPE IN BETWEEN. HISTORIES, CULTURES AND LANGUAGES FROM CENTRAL EUROPE TO THE EURASIAN STEPPES Editor-in-Chief Marcello Garzaniti, University of Florence, Italy Lorenzo Pubblici, SRISA, Santa Reparata International School of Art ity of Florence, Italy Scientific Board Alberto Alberti, University of Bologna, Italy Maddalena Betti, University of Padua, Italy Ivan Biliarsky, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Marie-Hélène Blanchet, CNRS, French National Centre for Scientific Research, France Nicola Di Cosmo, Institute for Advanced Study, United States Maria Chiara Ferro, Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Italy Pierre Gonneau, Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris 1 University, France Christian Hannick, University of Würzburg, Germany Jakub Niedzwiedz, Jagiellonian University, Poland Antonio Rigo, University of Venice Ca’ Foscari, Italy Francesca Romoli, University of Pisa, Italy Marco Scarpa, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Giovanna Siedina, University of Florence, Italy Tatjana Subotin-Golubovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia Sergejus Temčinas, Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuania Mateo Žagar, University of Zagreb, Croatia Natalja Nikolaevna Zapol’skaja, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Russian Federation Lorenzo Pubblici Cumani Migrazioni, strutture di potere e società nell’Eurasia dei nomadi (secoli X-XIII) FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2021 Cumani : migrazioni, strutture di potere e società nell’Eurasia dei nomadi (secoli X-XIII) / Lorenzo Pubblici. — Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2021. (Europe in between. Histories, cultures and languages from Central Europe to the Eurasian Steppes ; 2) https://www.fupress.com/isbn/9788855183130 ISBN 978-88-5518-313-0 (PDF) ISBN 978-88-5518-314-7 (XML) DOI 10.36253/978-88-5518-313-0 Graphic design: Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Lettera Meccanica SRLs Front cover: Photo by Dimitry Ljasuk on Unsplash FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI https://doi.org/10.36253/fup_best_practice) All publications are submitted to an external refereeing process under the responsibility of the FUP Editorial Board and the Scientific Boards of the series. The works published are evaluated and approved by the Editorial Board of the publishing house, and must be compliant with the Peer review policy, the Open Access, Copyright and Licensing policy and the Publication Ethics and Complaint policy. Firenze University Press Editorial Board M. Garzaniti (Editor-in-Chief), M.E. Alberti, F. Arrigoni, M. Boddi, R. Casalbuoni, F. Ciampi, A. Dolfi, R. Ferrise, P. Guarnieri, A. Lambertini, R. Lanfredini, P. Lo Nostro, G. Mari, A. Mariani, P.M. Mariano, S. Marinai, R. Minuti, P. Nanni, A. Novelli, A. Orlandi, A. Perulli, G. Pratesi, O. Roselli. The online digital edition is published in Open Access on www.fupress.com. Content license: the present work is released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode). This license allows you to share any part of the work by any means and format, modify it for any purpose, including commercial, as long as appropriate credit is given to the author, any changes made to the work are indicated and a URL link is provided to the license. Metadata license: all the metadata are released under the Public Domain Dedication license (CC0 1.0 Universal: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode). © 2021 Author(s) Published by Firenze University Press Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze via Cittadella, 7, 50144 Firenze, Italy www.fupress.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed in Italy Accecato da luce intensa Abbraccio certezze. A Vittoria e a Elena Sommario Premessa 11 Ringraziamenti 13 Nota sulla translitterazione 15 Nota dell’autore 16 Introduzione 17 PARTE PRIMA I NOMADI E IL CORRIDOIO DELLE STEPPE (V-X SECOLO) CAPITOLO I Le grandi migrazioni nel contesto eurasiatico: geografia, storia, identità 27 1.1. Fra Europa e Asia: le migrazioni e i nomadi 27 1.2. Il nomadismo e la costruzione identitaria 34 CAPITOLO II La frontiera liquida: l’Asia Centrale, l’Europa e i nomadi dal v all’viii secolo 43 2.1. L’Eurasia dei barbari. Unni e Slavi 43 2.2. Dall’Asia all’Europa: Anti e Avari 54 Lorenzo Pubblici, Santa Reparata International School of Art, Italy, [email protected], 0000- 0002-3230-6333 FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI 10.36253/fup_best_practice) Lorenzo Pubblici, Cumani. Migrazioni, strutture di potere e società nell’Eurasia dei nomadi (secoli X-XIII), ©2021 2021 Author(s), Author(s), content content CC CC BY BY 4.0 4.0 International, International, metadata metadata CC0 CC0 1.01.0 Universal,Universal, published by Firenze UniversityUniversity Press (www.fupress.com), ISBN 978-88-5518-313-0 (PDF), DOI 10.36253/978-88-5518-313-0 CUMANI CAPITOLO III L’affermazione del nomadismo fra viii e ix secolo 63 3.1. Popoli in movimento nello spazio eurasiatico condiviso 63 3.2. Bulgari e Cazari 68 3.3. La crisi araba e il consolidamento turco: i Samanidi 72 Capitolo IV I Selgiuchidi e la frontiera bizantina orientale 79 4.1. La scissione turca: dagli Oghuz ai Selgiuchidi 79 4.3. I Selgiuchidi e le conseguenze dell’affermazione anatolica 92 PARTE SECONDA DAI QÏPČAQ AI CUMANI I NOMADI ALLA FRONTIERA DELL’EUROPA ORIENTALE NEI SECOLI X-XII CAPITOLO V Qïpčaq/Cumani: dal problema delle origini all’impatto con l’Europa Orientale 103 5.1. Il contesto 103 5.2 . L’etnonimo 104 5.3. Dalle origini alle prime migrazioni 111 CAPITOLO VI I Cumani fra la Rus’ e Bisanzio nei secoli XI-XIII 123 6.1. Dall’antagonismo all’interazione: il secolo XII 123 6.2. I Cumani, l’impero bizantino e i Balcani 136 6.3. Interazioni e primi processi di integrazione 141 6.4. I Cumani e il regno di Georgia 146 6.5. Il consolidamento dei rapporti: il xii secolo 149 CAPITOLO VII Epilogo: sconfitte, migrazioni, adattamenti e nuove integrazioni. Il xiii secolo 161 7.1. I Cumani nel xiii secolo fra la Rus’ e l’impero bizantino 161 7.2. L’invasione mongola 169 7.3. Come schiavi. I Cumani nell’Egitto dei Mamelucchi 179 PARTE TERZA STRUTTURE DI POTERE, FORME PRODUTTIVE E SOCIETÀ CAPITOLO VIII Organizzazione sociale e strutture di potere 191 CAPITOLO IX Produzione, scambi e razzia: l’economia dei nomadi 203 9.1 Nomadismo e agricoltura 203 8 SOMMARIO 9.2. Il commercio 210 CAPITOLO X I nomadi e la guerra: l’organizzazione militare 223 CAPITOLO XI I culti 241 11.1. I Cumani, il fattore religioso e le influenze 241 11.2. La transizione del xiii secolo tra conversioni e resistenza 250 Conclusioni 255 Cronologia 263 Tavole fuori testo 269 Bibliografia 281 Indice delle carte 325 Indice analitico 327 Indice dei nomi geografici 338 9 Premessa Questo libro è il frutto di tre circostanze concomitanti. Alla fine del 2015 mi capitò fra le mani un libro intitolato By Steppe, Deserts and Oceans, scritto dall’ar- cheologo britannico Barry Cunliffe. Mi colpì lo sforzo dell’autore – un’autorità nel campo dell’orientalistica – di vedere l’Eurasia al di là dei suoi confini poli- tici e culturali più recenti. La monografia offre uno sguardo allargato sulla storia dell’Eurasia, nell’ambito della tanto discussa global history. Cunfliffe era riuscito a disegnare un quadro di ampio respiro e preciso su un groviglio di movimen- ti, contatti, interazioni e conflitti trascinando a oriente l’origine dei molti pro- cessi politici, economici e sociali che spesso siamo soliti studiare con una lente ristretta e costretta dal nostro insuperabile eurocentrismo storico. Certamen- te Cunliffe non è stato il primo ad aver guardato a oriente per spiegare eventi e processi storici che si sono riverberati sull’Europa Occidentale. Gli studi di A. Khazanov, Abu Lughoud, Thomas Allsen, Reuven Amitai, Peter Golden, Nicola Di Cosmo e molti altri che sono citati nelle note al testo e in bibliografia, hanno da tempo ampliato l’orizzonte degli specialisti e attratto una crescente attenzio- ne da parte del pubblico meno specializzato. Trovai quel libro molto bello e do- minato da un approccio felicemente costruttivo. La lettura del libro di Cunliffe mi convinse a pensare un progetto simile in italiano che, partendo dalle prime migrazioni dall’Asia verso l’Europa greco-romana, si soffermasse su une nucleo centrale costituito la storia dei Cumani, un popolo paradigmatico di tutto quel- lo che il nomadismo delle steppe dell’Asia ha rappresentato e rappresenta nella storia del medioevo (e non solo). Lorenzo Pubblici, Santa Reparata International School of Art, Italy, [email protected], 0000- 0002-3230-6333 FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI 10.36253/fup_best_practice) Lorenzo Pubblici, Cumani. Migrazioni, strutture di potere e società nell’Eurasia dei nomadi (secoli X-XIII), ©2021 2021 Author(s), Author(s), content content CC CC BY BY 4.0 4.0 International, International, metadata metadata CC0 CC0 1.01.0 Universal,Universal, published by Firenze UnUniversityiversity Press (www.fupress.com), ISBN 978-88-5518-313-0 (PDF), DOI 10.36253/978-88-5518-313-0 CUMANI La seconda circostanza cui facevo riferimento all’inizio è un corso di storia dell’Europa Orientale che ho tenuto presso l’Università degli Studi di Firenze nell’Anno Accademico 2016/2017. Gli eventi della contemporaneità mi convinse- ro che avrei potuto proporre agli studenti un’ampia riflessione sulle origini della “questione orientale”, analizzata attraverso lo sguardo di un medievista. Mi sembrò necessario spostare il limes danubiano a oriente, per mostrare che la frontiera è da sempre un concetto mutevole sia quando la si considera fisicamente sia, so- prattutto, quando si cerca di coglierne i risvolti culturali più ampi. In altre paro- le, volevo mostrare ai miei giovani allievi che non c’è un solo limes determinato da fossati, guarnigioni militari, torri di guardia, ma che la storia degli uomini si definisce soprattutto attraverso i confini mentali, origine e conseguenza di interazioni costanti su spazi più o meno estesi.
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