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Effect of Heat and Physiological Stress on the Growth Performance

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Effect of Heat and Physiological Stress on the Growth Performance Effect of heat and physiological stress on the growth performance, physiology and welfare of broiler chickens By Iyasere, Oluwaseun Serah BSc. Animal Production and Health MSc. Animal Physiology A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development Newcastle University April, 2014 i ABSTRACT Broilers can be faced with a several stressful conditions during their production cycle which can have implications for both growth performance and animal welfare. Animal welfare encompasses the physical and mental well-being of animals, assessed from the biological functioning and subjective experience. The aims of this thesis were i) to develop and validate non-invasive means of assessing the welfare of broilers under physiological and episodic heat stress conditions, ii) to investigate the impact of episodic heat stress, physiological stress and light wavelength on the growth performance, physiology and welfare of broiler chickens and, finally, iii) to investigate a novel means of alleviating heat stress in broilers. Endogenous corticosterone measured in the urate sphere was suppressed by dexamethasone administration. In a cognitive bias task, birds offered mealworms injected with corticosterone to mimic chronic stress were pessimistic in their judgement about ambiguous positions. A positive correlation was established between physiological indicators of stress and cognitive bias. Although light wavelength was confounded with light intensity in our study, there was no difference in growth performance and cognitive ability of birds reared in the blue and red light, except for increased activity of birds in red light. Under simulated episodic heat stress, the change in CBT measured from a temperature-ID chip (ΔCBT-chip) and a data logger (ΔCBT-logger) was positively correlated. Significant positive correlations were found between the change in surface body temperature (SBT) under wing (ΔWT) and ΔCBT-chip, and between ΔWT and ΔCBT-logger. Significant positive regression equations relating change in CBT and RR with apparent equivalent temperature (a factor which combines environmental temperature and RH) were also developed. High temperature coupled with high RH aggravated the respiratory rate (RR) of broilers and this was accompanied by suppression of peening behaviour. High heat stress for 3 hours had a greater impact on birds than moderate heat stress for 6 hours. For broilers exposed to moderate heat stress, the provision of additional cup drinkers reduced the rise in CBT and the proportion of time spent in wing drooping behaviour, but enhanced SBTs suggesting increased heat dissipation. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give praise the Lord God Almighty for sparing my life and giving me the opportunity of enjoying the Education Trust Fund Scholarship through the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria to come abroad to pursue my PhD degree. Thanks to all members of the Deeper Life Bible Church, Newcastle for developing me spiritually, especially Pastor Sam Ohiomokhare, Pastor Chukwu-Etu, Dr. Rufus Akinyemi and their families. Special thanks go to my supervisors namely Dr. Jonathan Guy, Prof. Melissa Bateson and Dr. Andrew Beard who have provided all the support I needed from the beginning to the end of my programme. I am so grateful to you all. I also appreciate Prof. Sandra Edwards for her contributions towards the progress of my programme, and Prof. Malcolm Mitchell, of the Scottish Agricultural College, for his technical advice and support during my experiments. Dr. Jim Clapp also contributed greatly in terms of ideas and help in my research, thanks so much. Thanks to all CBC staff especially Mr Rob Stewart and Dr. Tom Smulders for the use of the avian climate chambers at the Ridley Building. I would also like to thank the veterinary team that helped with surgery, namely Prof. Paul Flecknell and Dr. Aurelie Thomas, and theatre nurse, Caroline Fox. My appreciation also goes to the CBC technicians, especially Mitchell Waddle and Sue McHugh for their help in cleaning the chambers. Thanks to the technicians of AFRD namely Brian Brown, Roy Lamb, Craig Oliver, Fiona Maclachlan, Jim Wightman and Chris Burman for their help in setting up the experiments. I show appreciation to my fellow students, namely Dr. Olugbemiga Adeleye, Nuhu Rano, Noraisha Spahat, Thomas Mathew, Sinead Croarkin and Laura Brooke for their help during data collection. Finally, special appreciation to my husband Mr. Emmanuel Iyasere for taking care of my children - Igbagboyemi and Imole-ayo Iyasere, in Nigeria while I pursued my degree in Newcastle. I also thank my Mother Mrs I.O. Sobola, my siblings and their families namely Mr & Mrs Abati, Engr. & Mrs John Sobola, Mr & Mrs Legunsen, Mr & Mrs Ephraim and Mr. Dayo Sobola for their support. To my late Dad, Engr. M.A. Sobola, may his gentle soul rest in the bosom of the Lord. iii DECLARATION This thesis has been composed by myself and has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree. All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by means of referencing Iyasere, Oluwaseun Serah iv PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS ARISING FROM THIS RESEARCH CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS 1. Iyasere, O.S., M. Bateson., J.H. Guy and A.P. Beard. 2013. Effect of providing additional cup drinkers on alleviation of moderate heat stress in broiler chickens: a behavioural study (poster presentation, poster number 173). Animal Behaviour conference, the joint meeting of the 33rd International Ethological Conference (IEC) & the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) at The Sage, Newcastle-Gateshead, UK. Pp 185 (Abstr.) 2. O.S. Iyasere., J. H. Guy and M. Bateson. 2013. Attempts to alleviate moderate heat stress in broiler chickens through the provision of additional drinker space (10 mins oral presentation). Proceedings of the World’s Poultry Science Association (UK Branch) Annual Meeting 16-17 April. Jubilee Campus. Nottingham University. Pp 27 (Abstr.) 3. Iyasere, O.S., J. H. Guy., M. Bateson and M. Mitchell. 2013. Impact of short- term heat stress on the welfare of broiler chickens (3 mins highlight & poster presentation). Proceedings of the World’s Poultry Science Association (UK Branch) Annual Meeting 16-17 April. Jubilee Campus. Nottingham University. Pp 16 (Abstr.) 4. O.S. Iyasere, M. Bateson., M. Mitchell and J.H. Guy. 2013. Use of an implanted temperature-ID chip to estimate core body temperature in broiler chickens exposed to moderate heat stress (10 mins oral presentation). Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science and the Association of Veterinary Teaching and Research Work. Annual Conference, Innovation from Animal Science- a necessity not an option held in Jubilee Campus, Nottingham University, 16-17April. Pp 17 (Abstr.) v Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... ii 1.1 Thesis aims .............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................ 5 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 What is Animal Welfare.............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Assessment of animal welfare ..................................................................................... 7 2.3 Biological assessment of welfare under stress ............................................................ 8 2.3.1 The stress response ............................................................................................... 8 2.3.1.1 Acute vs chronic stress ............................................................................... 11 2.3.1.2 Methods and effects of inducing physiological stress in broilers ................ 13 2.3.1.3 Methods of measuring corticosterone .......................................................... 15 2.3.2 Heat stress ........................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2.1 Homeothermy and temperature zones of broilers ........................................ 19 2.3.2.2 Measurement of core body temperature ...................................................... 21 2.3.2.3 Definitions of heat stress.............................................................................. 25 2.3.2.4 Types of heat stress ...................................................................................... 27 2.3.2.5 Apparent equivalent temperature (AET) ..................................................... 29 2.3.2.6 Means of heat loss during heat stress........................................................... 30 2.3.2.7 Behavioural mechanism of heat loss in broiler chickens ............................. 32 2.3.2.8 Effects of heat stress on growth performance, physiology and welfare of broiler chickens ........................................................................................................ 34 2.3.2.9 Genetic selection of broilers and consequences for their ability to cope with heat stress ................................................................................................................. 41 2.3.3 Alleviation of heat stress ...................................................................................
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