DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Ocean Tides, Tidepool Size, and Location on Fish Assemblages At

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Ocean Tides, Tidepool Size, and Location on Fish Assemblages At UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 Effects of ocean tides, tidepool shorelines, their biota are generally less well-stud- ied compared to that of broader intertidal areas or nearby shallow-water marine environments in assemblages at Lalakea and which they are generally nested (Almada & Faria Lehia Beach Parks, Hilo, 2005; Cox et al. 2013; Wiegner et al. 2016). Little - Lisa L. K. Mason, Nikola Rodriguez, Sebastian and fewer studies have examined factors affecting Abraham Waiola Wells community structure and dynamics of tidepools Conservation Biology Environmental Science 601 at either the regional or local scale (Cox et al. 2011). The high variability of tidepool structure Abstract and functionality from one locale to another poses Marine tidepools are unique ecosystems that unique challenges for comparing tidepool char- provide critical habitat and refugia to many near- acteristics between locations (Arakaki & Tokeshi shore species. The abundance and diversity of spe- 2019). Nonetheless, tidepools are important eco- cies within tidepool communities are highly vari- logical zones that are deserving of more focused pool size, water quality, and their proximity to the ocean and outlying reefs. In this study, we exam- Tidepools are distinct rocky marine or estua- ined the effects of three physical characteristics rine habitats that are daily connected to the ocean - Fish assemblages were assessed in terms of abun- pletely isolated from surrounding water bodies dance, species richness, and species composition. during low tides. Tidepools are known to harbor a We tested the effects of ocean tides (high vs low), diverse collection of marine species. Some species tidepool location (Lehia vs Lalakea), and tidepool may live their entire lives in tidepool areas, while others are only temporary residents that eventually - disperse to outer ocean areas as they outgrow the - - cies richness at high tides and lower at low tides. semblages and may disperse far beyond local We found that changes in ocean tides did not affect coastlines (Stamoulis et al. 2018; Friedlander et al. - 2019). Tidepools vary widely in their abiotic char- acteristics (Nakamura 1976; Todgham et al. the larger tidepools at each location, and higher 2006; Cox et al. 2011), community compositions (Metaxas & Lewis 1992; Shelton 2010), and en- a difference in species composition between loca- ergy dynamics (Trussell et al. 2004), and serve as tions and between pool sizes. We found that ma- unique ecotones between terrestrial and marine nini (Acanthurus triostegus), aholehole (Kuhlia ecosystems (Ray & Hayden 1992). Many taxa uti- sandvicensis), and mamo (Abudefduf adbomina- lize tidepools as breeding areas (Moring 1986), lis refugia (Underwood & Chapman 1996) from predators (Dethier 1980), and as integral parts of assemblages across sites similar to the ones in this study may serve as a critical strategy for sustain- Tidepools comprise rocky substrata (Arakaki et al. 2014) that provide ample shelter and resources Introduction One of the most prominent and diverse features 1990; Bezerra et al. 2017). Fishes in tidepool sys- of Hawaiian intertidal areas are tidepool systems. - Although tidepools are common along Hawaiian dents or transients (Machado et al. 2015) whose 108 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 movements across tidepool systems can strongly of the calendar and provided inspiration for this - research. nity structure (Metaxas & Scheibling 1993) and - trophic dynamics (Castellanos-Galindo & Giraldo - 2008) across the system. Little is known about the degree to which phys- - - semblages at high and low tide at Lalakea Beach tion of biological communities in tidepool sys- abundance and species richness would be greater at high tide than low tide across locations because (i.e., abundance, species richness, and diversity) deeper pools and wider ocean connections at high in tidepool systems across the world are related to - factors such as geographical location and latitude (Arakaki et al. 2014), temperature (Cox et al. 2011; would differ based on location and pool size, with Shelton 2010), pool areas and depths (Mahon & no effect based on high or low tides. At each site, Mahon 1994; Cox et al. 2011), microhabitat fea- tidepools were situated at varying distances from tures (Willis & Roberts 1996), and the physical makeup of the benthos (Metaxas et al. 1994; Cox could be found at each of the pools at the different et al. 2011; Bezerra et al. 2017). Additionally, locations. Additionally, we predicted that larger shoreline topography (Archambault & Bourget pools would contain a larger number and higher & Scheibling 1993) may affect the biota of marine of resources in larger areas and deeper water. We coastal areas including tidepools. These types of interactions are well-studied for many other tropi- Beach and Lehia Beach parks, where we counted cal and temperate locations but not necessarily in - - pool at different tides during November 2019. line topography, their degree of connectedness to Methods the open ocean, and proximity to the waterline are Study sites considerably variable across Hawaiian coastlines. It is not known to what effect diel changes such as two sets of rocky intertidal tidepools along the - Beach (LALA), is situated near residential prop- A major source of traditional ecological knowl- erties and is exposed to moderately high levels (Friedlander et al. 2002). This tool was constructed Lehia (LEHI), is located away from residential by Hawaiians of old to reinforce understandings properties, yet, still experiences some level of of the interconnectedness between terrestrial and marine systems. Additionally, it describes many of sites due to the presence of the set of comparable the natural rhythms of physical and ecological pro- tidepool pairs (i.e., relatively similar sizes, depths, cesses that guide harvesting and replenishment of and structures) at two different locations along the coastline. Additionally, these sites were easily ac- spawning, aggregation and feeding behaviors over cessible for surveys. the course of a moon cycle can be gleaned from The presence of apparent natural features the calendar making it a practical guide for many around each tidepool helped distinguish them as ecologically unique features within the landscape. al. 2007). The inherent connection between tides Each set of adjacent tidepools was made up of one larger (Pool 1) and one smaller (Pool 2) tidepool 109 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 connected at some parts of their borders to a more extensive pool system. Approximate measure- surveys in two phases. During phase 1, our team ments for pool areas were taken using Google Earth Pro (2019). Large pools areas ranged from species presence. During phase 2, we counted the 106 m2 to 211 m2, and small pool areas ranged 38 to 54 m2 minutes. To prevent double counting, we did not of the pools were measured using a meter stick and - ranged from 0.48 m (small) to 1.91 m (large) at their deepest points during high tide. At each lo- for each species in all tidepools for each location, cation, these sets of tidepools directly connect to day, and tide. We also recorded the total number of species present in all tidepools for each location, day. However, natural lava rock boundaries gener- day, and tide. ally protect them from swell surges. Lehia’s pools Data analyses were consistently connected during high and low tides, while Lalakea pools were isolated from each other during low tides. The water at both sites was tidepool survey per day. We determined species brackish in some places because of underground richness as the total number of different species freshwater springs. Several natural features were observed per pool per day. For each site, we ana- similar between the two locations, including benthic substrates, pool sizes, and pool depths. for abundance and species richness. Checks for Benthic substrates at both sites were relatively het- normality revealed our data to be nonnormal. We erogeneous with sections of sandy bottom, small analyzed the effects of tides, locations, and pool boulders, and rocky rubble, and minimal vegeta- tion, or human-made debris. tests. We analyzed the effects of tides, locations, Field days and pool sizes on species richness and composi- tion using the chi-squared test for independence. (NOAA) to ensure surveys occurred within a one Results to a two-hour margin of time, encompassing the Fish abundance peak tide of the day. We surveyed all pools at each site for either the high tide or low tide within a during high tides and low tides (W = 79874, p- single day. We collected data at each site location value = 0.4401). We also found no differences in tides and low tides at Lehia (W = 14246, p-value before sunrise or after sunset. The duration of the = 0.8616) and at Lalakea (W = 27136, p-value = study lasted during one lunar cycle. We also refer- enced the Hawaiian moon calendar for supplemen- in Lalakea tidepools than in Lehia tidepools (W = - - cultural practices during this time (i.e., Makahiki) dances between the large and small tidepools were that may have impacted our surveys. similar (W = 79489, p-value = 0.7695). Fish surveys Species richness counts for all forty surveys. Completion of a total both sites during this study. There were thirty spe- for all four tidepools occurred during November 2019. We completed our underwater surveys by 1). We found that tides did not affect overall spe- snorkeling in the tidepools. In some cases, sur- 2 = 19.937, df = 35, p-value = face observations and counts were possible at low 2 tide and during calm conditions. We divided each 2 = tidepool into three equally sized stations labeled 11.25, df = 9, p-value = 0.259, Figure 4). We also 110 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 found that overall species richness was similar be- assemblage dynamics in these particular Keaukaha 2 = 10.533, df = 8, p-value = tidepool areas.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coastal Flood Defences - Groynes
    Coastal Flood Defences - Groynes Coastal flood defences are key to protecting our coasts against flooding, which is when normally dry, low lying flat land is inundated by sea water. Hard engineering methods are forms of coastal flood defences which mitigate the risk of flooding and coastal erosion and the consequential effects. Hard Engineering Hard engineering methods are often used as a temporary measure to protect against coastal flooding as they are costly and only last for a relatively short amount of time before they require maintenance. However, they are very effective at protecting the coastline in the short-term as they are immediately effective as opposed to some longer term soft engineering methods. But they are often intrusive and can cause issues elsewhere at other areas along the coastline. Groynes are low lying wood or concrete structures which are situated out to sea from the shore. They are designed to trap sediment, dissipate wave energy and restrict the transfer of sediment away from the beach through long shore drift. Longshore drift is caused when prevailing winds blow waves across the shore at an angle which carries sediment along the beach.Groynes prevent this process and therefore, slow the process of erosion at the shore. They can also be permeable or impermeable, permeable groynes allow some sediment to pass through and some longshore drift to take place. However, impermeable groynes are solid and prevent the transfer of any sediment. Advantages and Disadvantages +Groynes are easy to construct. +They have long term durability and are low maintenance. +They reduce the need for the beach to be maintained through beach nourishment and the recycling of sand.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration
    1 The Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration 2 of Soft Cliff Coastlines 3 4 Sally Brown1*, Max Barton1, Robert J Nicholls1 5 6 1. Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, 7 University Road, Highfield, Southampton, UK. S017 1BJ. 8 9 * Sally Brown ([email protected], Telephone: +44(0)2380 594796). 10 11 Abstract: Building defences, such as groynes, on eroding soft cliff coastlines alters the 12 sediment budget, changing the shoreline configuration adjacent to defences. On the 13 down-drift side, the coastline is set-back. This is often believed to be caused by increased 14 erosion via the ‘terminal groyne effect’, resulting in rapid land loss. This paper examines 15 whether the terminal groyne effect always occurs down-drift post defence construction 16 (i.e. whether or not the retreat rate increases down-drift) through case study analysis. 17 18 Nine cases were analysed at Holderness and Christchurch Bay, England. Seven out of 19 nine sites experienced an increase in down-drift retreat rates. For the two remaining sites, 20 retreat rates remained constant after construction, probably as a sediment deficit already 21 existed prior to construction or as sediment movement was restricted further down-drift. 22 For these two sites, a set-back still evolved, leading to the erroneous perception that a 23 terminal groyne effect had developed. Additionally, seven of the nine sites developed a 24 set back up-drift of the initial groyne, leading to the defended sections of coast acting as 1 25 a hard headland, inhabiting long-shore drift.
    [Show full text]
  • Dam Effects on Low-Tide Channel Pools and Fish Use of Estuarine Habitat
    Beaver in Tidal Marshes: Dam Effects on Low-Tide Channel Pools and Fish Use of Estuarine Habitat W. Gregory Hood Wetlands Official Scholarly Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists ISSN 0277-5212 Wetlands DOI 10.1007/s13157-012-0294-8 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Society of Wetland Scientists. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Wetlands DOI 10.1007/s13157-012-0294-8 ARTICLE Beaver in Tidal Marshes: Dam Effects on Low-Tide Channel Pools and Fish Use of Estuarine Habitat W. Gregory Hood Received: 31 August 2011 /Accepted: 16 February 2012 # Society of Wetland Scientists 2012 Abstract Beaver (Castor spp.) are considered a riverine or can have multi-decadal or longer effects on river channel form, lacustrine animal, but surveys of tidal channels in the Skagit riverine and floodplain wetlands, riparian vegetation, nutrient Delta (Washington, USA) found beaver dams and lodges in the spiraling, benthic community structure, and the abundance and tidal shrub zone at densities equal or greater than in non-tidal productivity of fish and wildlife (Jenkins and Busher 1979; rivers. Dams were typically flooded by a meter or more during Naiman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Salinity and Temperature at an Intertidal Groundwater Seep
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72 (2007) 283e298 www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and temperature at an intertidal groundwater seep Ryan K. Dale*, Douglas C. Miller University of Delaware, College of Marine and Earth Studies, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA Received 9 June 2006; accepted 31 October 2006 Available online 22 December 2006 Abstract Spatial and temporal patterns at an intertidal groundwater seep at Cape Henlopen, Delaware, were characterized using a combination of pore water salinity and sediment temperature measurements. Pore water salinity maps, both on a small scale (resolution of 0.1 m over a 1.25 m2 area) and large scale (1e5 m over a 1710 m2 area) showed reduced pore water salinities to as low as one-sixth seawater strength in a region 0e6m from the intertidal beach slope break. In this region, there was substantial spatial variability in pore water salinity at all measured scales (0.1e 90 m) alongshore. At À10 cm sediment depth, pore water salinity ranged from 6 to 24 in less than 1 m horizontally. To further characterize spatial patterns in discharge, we used novel temperature probes during summer low tides and found temperatures were much lower in a ground- water seep than the nearby sediment, as much as 8e9 C cooler at À30 cm sediment depth. Measurements over time using temperature loggers showed that despite strong tidal and diel forcing on surficial sediment temperatures, thermal anomalies due to groundwater discharge persisted over several-day sampling periods and were strongest at À20 and À30 cm depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Okeanos Explorer Rov Dive Summary
    OKEANOS EXPLORER ROV DIVE SUMMARY Site Name GB907 Expedition Kelley Elliott/ Coordinator/ Brian Bingham ROV Lead Stephanie Farrington (Biology) Science Team Leads Jamie Austin (Geology) General Area Gulf of Mexico Descriptor Cruise Season Leg Dive Number ROV Dive Name EX1402 3 DIVE02 ROV: Deep Discoverer Equipment Deployed Camera Platform: Seirios CTD Depth Altitude Scanning Sonar USBL Position Heading ROV Measurements Pitch Roll HD Camera 1 HD Camera 2 Low Res Cam 1 Low Res Cam 2 Low Res Cam 3 Low Res Cam 4 Low Res Cam 2 Equipment N/A Malfunctions Dive Summary: EX1402L3_DIVE02 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In Water at: 2014-04-13T13:45:38.439000 27°, 05.899' N ; 092°, 37.310' W Out Water at: 2014-04-13T19:12:34.841000 27°, 05.096' N ; 092°, 36.588' W ROV Dive Summary Off Bottom at: 2014-04-13T18:24:04.035000 (From processed ROV 27°, 05.455' N ; 092°, 36.956' W data) On Bottom at: 2014-04-13T14:31:16.507000 27°, 05.519' N ; 092°, 37.099' W Dive duration: 5:26:56 Bottom Time: 3:52:47 Max. depth: 1266.7 m Special Notes Primary Jamie Austin, EX, UT Austin, [email protected] Stephanie Farrington, EX, HBOI/FAU, [email protected] Andrea Quattrini, Temple, Temple, [email protected] Scientists Involved Bernie Ball, Duke, Duke, [email protected] (please provide name / Brian Kinlan, NOAA NMFS, [email protected] location / affiliation / email) Carolyn Ruppel, Woods Hole, USGS, [email protected] Erik Cordes, Temple, Temple, [email protected] Larry Mayer, UNH, UNH CCOM, [email protected] Michael Vecchione,
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Side of the Sea Lessons: Pre-Trip Activities Underwater Viewers Students Can Make Underwater Viewers for Studying Intertidal Life
    Lessons The following lessons are grouped into three categories: pre-trip, during the trip, and post-trip. If you do pre-trip lessons, plan how to refer to them while on the trip. If you plan to do any of the post-trip lessons, be aware of ways to prepare the students while on the trip by making observations or asking questions. Each category is further divided into Hands-On Activities and Other Activities of various types. California State Content Standards that can easily be addressed through the lessons are referenced by subject and number. See pages 143–146 for abbreviated summaries of the standards. Some of the hands-on activities are intended to be discovery activities (experiments) in which the students don’t know the answers ahead of time. The teacher should try to facilitate the students’ discoveries rather than telling them what to expect. Whenever possible, be a guide on the side! Also . it is HIGHLY recommended that the teacher: • Try out all experiments before having students do them. • Enlist the help of parent volunteers before, during, and after experiments. • Feel free to adapt, expand, or alter experiments to suit your needs, student needs, and resources. Hands-on or “lab” type activities are presented in a detailed lesson plan format. A few “other” activities are given as examples, but the resources in the curriculum of the resources section (p. 158) give many additional worthwhile activities. Many of the lessons begin before the field trip and continue with activities to be done while at the coast. Others that are listed as pre-trip can also be done after the trip.
    [Show full text]
  • NJ Art Reef Publisher
    Participating Organizations Alliance for a Living Ocean American Littoral Society Clean Ocean Action www.CleanOceanAction.org Arthur Kill Coalition Asbury Park Fishing Club Bayberry Garden Club Bayshore Saltwater Flyrodders Main Office Institute of Coastal Education Belford Seafood Co-op Belmar Fishing Club 18 Hartshorne Drive 3419 Pacific Avenue Beneath The Sea P.O. Box 505, Sandy Hook P.O. Box 1098 Bergen Save the Watershed Action Network Wildwood, NJ 08260-7098 Berkeley Shores Homeowners Civic Association Highlands, NJ 07732-0505 Cape May Environmental Commission Voice: 732-872-0111 Voice: 609-729-9262 Central Jersey Anglers Ocean Advocacy Fax: 732-872-8041 Fax: 609-729-1091 Citizens Conservation Council of Ocean County Since 1984 Clean Air Campaign [email protected] [email protected] Coalition Against Toxics Coalition for Peace & Justice Coastal Jersey Parrot Head Club Coast Alliance Communication Workers of America, Local 1034 Concerned Businesses of COA Concerned Citizens of Bensonhurst Concerned Citizens of COA Concerned Citizens of Montauk Dosil’s Sea Roamers Eastern Monmouth Chamber of Commerce Environmental Response Network Bill Figley, Reef Coordinator Explorers Dive Club Fisheries Defense Fund NJ Division of Fish and Wildlife Fishermen’s Dock Cooperative Fisher’s Island Conservancy P.O. Box 418 Friends of Island Beach State Park Friends of Liberty State Park Friends of Long Island Sound Port Republic, NJ 08241 Friends of the Boardwalk Garden Club of Englewood Garden Club of Fair Haven December 6, 2004 Garden Club of Long Beach Island Garden Club of Morristown Garden Club of Navesink Garden Club of New Jersey RE: New Jersey Draft Artificial Reef Plan Garden Club of New Vernon Garden Club of Oceanport Garden Club of Princeton Garden Club of Ridgewood VIA FASCIMILE Garden Club of Rumson Garden Club of Short Hills Garden Club of Shrewsbury Garden Club of Spring Lake Dear Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Can't Catch My Breath! a Study of Metabolism in Fish. Subjects
    W&M ScholarWorks Reports 2017 Can’t Catch My Breath! A Study of Metabolism in Fish. Subjects: Environmental Science, Marine/Ocean Science, Life Science/ Biology Grades: 6-8 Gail Schweiterman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Schweiterman, G. (2017) Can’t Catch My Breath! A Study of Metabolism in Fish. Subjects: Environmental Science, Marine/Ocean Science, Life Science/Biology Grades: 6-8. VA SEA 2017 Lesson Plans. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V5414G This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Can’t catch my breath! A study of metabolism in fish Gail Schwieterman Virginia Institute of Marine Science Grade Level High School Subject area Biology, Environmental, or Marine Science This work is sponsored by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System Science Collaborative, which supports collaborative research that addresses coastal management problems important to the reserves. The Science Collaborative is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and managed by the University of Michigan Water Center. 1. Activity Title: Can’t Catch My Breath! A study of metabolism in fish 2. Focus: Metabolism (Ecological drivers); The Scientific Method (Formulating Hypothesis) 3. Grade Levels/ Subject: HS Biology, HS Marine Biology 4. VA Science Standard(s) addressed: BIO.1. The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific reasoning, logic, and the nature of science by planning and conducting investigations (including most Essential Understandings and nearly all Essential Knowledge and Skills) BIO.4a.
    [Show full text]
  • Nh-Connect-The-Coast-Report.Pdf
    Connect THE Coast LINKING WILDLIFE ACROSS NEW HAMPSHIRE’S SEACOAST AND BEYOND Final Report: 10/31/2019 Authors: Peter Steckler and Dea Brickner-Wood Connect THE Coast LINKING WILDLIFE ACROSS NEW HAMPSHIRE’S SEACOAST AND BEYOND FINAL REPORT 10/31/2019 Authors Peter Steckler GIS & Conservation Project Manager The Nature Conservancy, New Hampshire Dea Brickner-Wood Coordinator Great Bay Resource Protection Partnership Cite plan as: Steckler, P and Brickner-Wood, D. 2019. Connect The Coast final report. The Nature Conservancy and the Great Bay Resource Protection Partnership. Concord, NH. Cover: Map of New Hampshire’s Coastal watershed, created by The Nature Conservancy. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ i Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Area .............................................................................................................................. 1 Conservation Context ............................................................................................................... 3 Historic Context of Land Use in the Coastal Watershed ........................................................ 4 Current Connectivity Challenges
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) and Desalination: a Guide to Impacts, Monitoring, and Management
    Manuals and Guides 78 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring, and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson, Siobhan F.E. Boerlage, Mike B. Dixon UNESCO Manuals and Guides 78 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson* Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Siobhan F. E. Boerlage Boerlage Consulting Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Mike B. Dixon MDD Consulting, Kensington Calgary, Alberta, Canada *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] UNESCO 2017 Bloom prevention and control 7 BLOOM PREVENTION AND CONTROL Clarissa R. Anderson1, Kevin G. Sellner2, and Donald M. Anderson3 1University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA 2Chesapeake Research Consortium, Edgewater MD USA 3Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA USA 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 205 7.2 Bloom prevention .................................................................................................................................. 207 7.2.1 Nutrient load reduction .................................................................................................................. 207 7.2.2 Nutrient load .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Plants in Coral Reef Ecosystems of Southeast Asia by E
    Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Volume 18 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2018 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896 Marine Plants in Coral Reef Ecosystems of Southeast Asia By E. A. Titlyanov, T. V. Titlyanova & M. Tokeshi Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Corel Reef Ecosystems- The coral reef ecosystem is a collection of diverse species that interact with each other and with the physical environment. The latitudinal distribution of coral reef ecosystems in the oceans (geographical distribution) is determined by the seawater temperature, which influences the reproduction and growth of hermatypic corals − the main component of the ecosystem. As so, coral reefs only occupy the tropical and subtropical zones. The vertical distribution (into depth) is limited by light. Sun light is the main energy source for this ecosystem, which is produced through photosynthesis of symbiotic microalgae − zooxanthellae living in corals, macroalgae, seagrasses and phytoplankton. GJSFR-C Classification: FOR Code: 060701 MarinePlantsinCoralReefEcosystemsofSoutheastAsia Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of : © 2018. E. A. Titlyanov, T. V. Titlyanova & M. Tokeshi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Marine Plants in Coral Reef Ecosystems of Southeast Asia E. A. Titlyanov α, T. V. Titlyanova σ & M. Tokeshi ρ I. Coral Reef Ecosystems factors for the organisms’ abundance and diversity on a reef.
    [Show full text]
  • HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS in COASTAL WATERS: Options for Prevention, Control and Mitigation
    Science for Solutions A A Special Joint Report with the Decision Analysis Series No. 10 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation onald F. Boesch, Anderson, Rita A dra %: Shumway, . Tesf er, Terry E. February 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR William M. Daley, Secretary Bruce Babbitt, Secretary The Decision Analysis Series has been established by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (COP) to present documents for coastal resource decision makers which contain analytical treatments of major issues or topics. The issues, topics, and principal investigators have been selected through an extensive peer review process. To learn more about the COP or the Decision Analysis Series, please write: NOAA Coastal Ocean Office 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 209 10 phone: 301-71 3-3338 fax: 30 1-7 13-4044 Cover photo: The upper portion of photo depicts a brown tide event in an inlet along the eastern end of Long Island, New York, during Summer 7986. The blue water is Block lsland Sound. Photo courtesy of L. Cosper. Science for Solutions NOAA COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM Special Joint Report with the Decision Analysis Series No. 10 National Fish and WildlifeFoundation HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS: Options for Prevention, Control and Mitigation Donald F. Boesch, Donald M. Anderson, Rita A. Horner Sandra E. Shumway, Patricia A. Tester, Terry E. Whitledge February 1997 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Fish and Wildlife Foundation D. James Baker, Under Secretary Amos S. Eno, Executive Director Coastal Ocean Office Donald Scavia, Director This ~ublicationshould be cited as: Boesch, Donald F.
    [Show full text]