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Beyond Colliders Annual Workshop 2021/03/02 Experiments at the Decelerator Facility of CERN

Review on Technologies applied in and FIP Sensitivity of AD experiments

Stefan Ulmer RIKEN 2021 / 03 / 02

trap antiproton/ balance The Sound of Antimatter • Concept of image current detection • • Resistive cooling changes Image current Low Noise Amp oscillation

Cp Rp Lp

Amp Amp FFT Oscillation

Resonator FFT

Inductor compensates system -95 Axially excited, trapped capacitance -100 2 -105 1 푞 푣

푞 -110 휈푐 = 1 − 퐵0 2휋 푚 푐 퐼푝,푥~ 2휋휈푥 푥 -115

퐷 -120

푒푓푓 Signal (dBm)

-125

-130 퐼푝,푥~ 0.1 푓퐴 /(푀퐻푧 휇푚) 645300 645400 645500 645600 645700 • Special relativity changes pitch Frequency (Hz)

In the AD we are «listening» to the sound of extremely simple, well understandable Antimatter systems to detect exotic physics , which appears as changes in pitch / frequency beating Updated PBC Mandate • The physics objectives also include projects aimed at addressing fundamental questions using the experimental techniques of nuclear, atomic and astroparticle-physics, as well as emerging technologies such as quantum sensors.

• This talk: Present experiments which apply and quantum metrology methods to study fundamental physics questions using simple antimatter systems at lowest and with highest resolution Six collaborations, pioneering by Gabrielse, Oelert, Hayano, Hangst, Charlton et al.

The AD/ELENA-Facility BASE, Fundamental properties of the antiproton

ALPHA, of 1S-2S in antihydrogen

ASACUSA, ALPHA Spectroscopy of GS-HFS in antihydrogen

ASACUSA Antiprotonic helium spectroscopy

ALPHA, AEgIS, GBAR Test free fall/equivalence principle with antihydrogen

PUMA Antiproton/nuclei scattering to study neutron 60 Research Institutes/Universities – 350 Scientists – 6 Active Collaborations skins M. Hori, J. Walz, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 72, 206-253 (2013). Methods and Achievements • This community is performing measurements using quantum technologies at world leading precision… Innovation and Technology

• Antihydrogen traps

Clocks • Advanced Multi systems • Ultra-stable ultra-high power • Transportable antimatter traps and reservoir traps • Advanced magnetic shielding systems

• Quantum Logic Spectroscopy

Traps Lasers

…and is a vital part of the low energy precision physics community… Quantum Technologies Non-destructive transition Sympathetic Cooling Quantum Logic Spectroscopy spectroscopy Quantum logic inspired Use Wineland Al-clock quantum-logic algorithm to measure antiproton spin x sympatethic cooling of A x B

휓 = ↓ 0 ↑ 0 antiprotons, Hbar +, and 휓 0 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 0 푝 푚,푝 퐿 푚,퐿

s 0 B 휓 = ↑ 0 ↑ 0 휓 1 = ↑ 푝 1 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 to -cooled A 1 푝 푚,푝 퐿 푚,퐿

Potential Depth (a.u.) Be+ ions Distance (a.u.) 휓 2 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 2 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 1 푚,퐿 Improves 휓 3 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 3 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↓ 퐿 0 푚,퐿

• spin detection fidelity 휓 4 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 4 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↓ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 • Anihydrogen yield • Resolution in test of Single spin spectroscopy in a Penning trap WEP

Laser Cooled Superconductors Production of Hbar via Charge More Quantum Methods Exchange with Laser Excited PS coupled Penning traps with common SC-LC Deep UV two 푃푠∗ + 푝ҧ → 퐻ഥ∗ + 푒− spectroscopy in antiprotonic helium

Atomic Demonstrated reduction of SC-LC circuit fountain temperature to sub-1K level microwave clocks detection / precision frequency Similar methods to be applied for measurements production of Hbar+-ion / H2+bar Historical Milestones 1S2S HBAR 1S2S Proton moment PBAR moment Proton/PBAR

First capture of hot Plus: antiprotons antihydrogen Start of AD program Trapped −3 ATRAP, ASACUSA, antihydrogen - 30 fold improved 10 ATHENA accellerators antiproton lifetime limits by BASE Single - First study Penning traps −6 with HBAR by 10 Proton moment ALPHA from hydrogen (1971) Multi Penning traps 10−9

cold Moment antihydrogen −12 10 frequency meas. Hydrogen MASER

1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 HBAR GSHFS HBAR GSHFS PBAR/He Precision Measurements – Some Highlights • Antihydrogen Spectroscopy • Measurements A. Mooser et al., 509, 596 (2014)

H 품

Hydrogen 풑 ä

nsch = ퟐ. ퟕퟗퟐ ퟖퟒퟕ ퟑퟓퟎ (ퟗ) ퟐ

Plot 품풑ഥ = ퟐ. ퟕퟗퟐ ퟖퟒퟕ ퟑퟒퟒ ퟏ (ퟒퟐ) ퟐ

C. Smorra et al., Nature 550, 371 (2017) first measurement more precise

Antihydrogen for antimatter than for ...

H angst

Antiproton to mass ratio Plot

Production of antihydrogen in AEgIS

Production of an antihydrogen beam Matter / Antimatter Combining the Λ-CDM model and the SM our predictions of the to photon ratio are inconsistent by about 9 orders of magnitude Naive Expectation Observation Baryon/Photon Ratio 10-18 Baryon/Photon Ratio 0.6 * 10-9 Baryon/Antibaryon Ratio 1 Baryon/Antibaryon Ratio 10 000 Sakharov conditions Alternative Source: CPT violation – 1.) B-violation (plausible) adjusts matter/antimatter asymmetry by natural inversion 2.) CP-violation (observed / too small) given the effective chemical 3.) Arrow of (less motivated) potential.

Experimental signatures sensitive to CPT violation can be derived from precise comparisons of the fundamental properties of simple matter / antimatter conjugate systems The Extension • Which type of measureable signatures of these KK and String theories «BSM» theories would be imprinted onto the structure of the -box of relativistic quantum field theories. Loop- ℒ =? Non-commutative FT CPT-V • Construct effective field theory which features:

Motivation • microcausality Brane scenarios • positivity of energy • energy and momentum conservation Random dynamics • standard quantization methods models

• SME contains the Standard Model and , but adds CPT violation Expectation value / Mass Scale / Coupling strength

Lorentz bilinear Kostelecký, V. Alan; Samuel, Stuart (1989-01-15). "Spontaneous breaking of • E.g. k=2 produces attractive scenario Lorentz symmetry in string theory". Physical Review D. 39 (2): 683–685. Limits on Exotic Physics – ONE example

• Test the Standard Model (CPT invariance) by comparing the fundamental properties of and antiprotons with high precision

휇 휇 휇 𝑖훾 퐷휇 − 푚 − 푎휇훾 − 푏휇훾5훾 휓 = 0 푯 흍 = 푯ퟎ + 푽풆풙풐풕풊풄 흍 휟푬 = 흍ȁ푽 ȁ흍 CPT-odd modifications 풆풙풐풕풊풄 풆풙풐풕풊풄

−𝝈 ퟎ 휇 −𝝈풙 ퟎ 풚 −𝝈풛 ퟎ 푏휇훾5훾 → 푏푥 +푏푦 +푏푧 ퟎ 𝝈풙 ퟎ 𝝈풚 ퟎ 𝝈풛

Pseudo-, with different coupling to matter and antimatter, respectively

෪ ퟎ ퟎ V. A. Kostelecky, N. Russell, Δ푉푖푛푡 = 푏푧,퐷 0801.0287v10 (2017). ퟎ ±𝝈풛

Would correspond to the discovery of a boson field which exclusively couples to antimatter. sensitive: comparisons of particle/ magnetic moments in traps Physics – SME limits Time Dependence of Fundamental Constants Spontaneous breaking of any continuous symmetry leads to Possible Signatures the existence of (almost) massless NG-bosons 훼 푡 = 훼0(1 + 푔훾휙(푟Ԧ, 푡))

ퟐ𝝆푫푴 흓 풓, 풕 ≈ 퐬퐢퐧(풎흓풕) 풎흓 푔푒 푚푒 푡 = 푚푒,0(1 + 휙(푟Ԧ, 푡)) ퟑ 푚푒,0 𝝆푫푴 = ퟎ. ퟒ 푮풆푽/풄풎 Axion-like 푸 = ퟔ ⋅ ퟏퟎퟔ 푔푝 푚푝 푡 = 푚푝,0(1 + 휙(푟Ԧ, 푡)) ퟐ 푚푝,0 흂흓 = 풎흓풄 /풉

(Anti-)Atomic Transition 푚푝푏푎푟 (푡) 푚푝(푡)

훿 휈푎푡표푚−휈퐿푎푠푒푟 푔푒 2휌퐷푀 = 2 푔훾 + for 휈 < 휈푐,푟 휈푎푡표푚 푚푒,0 푚휙

훿 휈푎푡표푚−휈퐿푎푠푒푟 푔푒 2휌퐷푀 = 2 푔훾 + ℎ푎푡표푚(푡) for 휈 > 휈푐,푟 휈푎푡표푚 푚푒,0 푚휙

These type of studies are possible within ALPHA and ASACUSA 600 kHz Antypas et al., arXiv:2012.01519 Axion Wind Model • Frist of all: a quick comment on axion / fermion coupling

J. Kim, G. Carosi, https://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.3125.pdf

this “derivative interaction” would induce a pseudo magnetic field and a modulation of the antiproton spin transition frequency

Improves previous antiproton/axion limits by 5 orders of magnitude By 4 o.o.m. less stringent than current best matter limits C. Smorra, Y. Stadnik, Nature (575), 310 (2019) https://journals.aps.org/prl/accepted/15071Y2 dJe514a63281b1498fe4274156d3788acc Technology available in Future Projection BASE • With a purpose-built experiment we should No specific relation to be able to improve sensitivity considerably antimatter Sensitivity comparable to 푉푎 휋 푓(푄) ퟑ/ퟐ ADMX / ADMX SLIC ∝ 푔푎훾 휈푎휌푎ℏ푐0 ∗ 풓ퟐ − 풓ퟏ 풓ퟐ + 풓ퟏ 푩풆 푉푛 2 4푘퐵푔(푇푧)

Parameter Current New Factor

Temperature ퟓ. ퟓ 푲 ퟎ. ퟎퟓ푲 − ퟎ. ퟏ푲 > ퟑ 푸 ퟒퟎ 풌 ퟏퟔퟎ 풌 > ퟏ. ퟒ

풆풏 ퟏ 풏푽/ 푯풛 ퟎ. ퟏ 풏푽/ 푯풛 > ퟑ

푩ퟎ ퟏ. ퟖ 푻 ퟕ. ퟎ 푻 ퟑ. ퟗ Geometry ퟏ ퟏퟔ ퟏퟔ

Peak Sens. 1 > ퟐퟔퟎ Laser cooled resonators • Bandwidth-gain currently under development (F. Voelksen) • Recent lab result: 600 kHz tunability achieved (x 3000) Devlin et al, PRL126, 041301 (2021) Technologies available to build such an experiment / discussion with IAXO started Antiprotonic Helium (ASACUSA) • Helium with one of the replaced by an antiproton

• Elegant and technically challenging experiments on circular states lead to measurements of the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio (0.6 p.p.b.)

• For exotic spin-1 bosons: general approach assuming rotational invariance -> 16 spin dependent interactions (Moody-Wilczek- Dobrescu-Mocioiu formalism) Interactions would modify atomic potential and lead to shifts in

• First limits on exotic antimatter/axion coupling derived Summary • The physics community at the of CERN uses methods of low energy / high precision atomic physics and quantum spectroscopy to study simple antimatter systems with ultra high resolution, sensitive to signals Low Energy / high resoltuion imposed by exotic physics. antimatter experiments • A lot of creative potential and (quantum) expertise is available in this community at CERN. • Tremendous progress produced in recent years. • Bright future perspective for considerably improved precision measurements, thanks to the very strong support of CERN Thanks very much for your attention

K. Blaum, Y. Matsuda, C. Ospelkaus, W. Quint, J. Walz, Y. Yamazaki

60 Research Institutes/Universities – 339 Researchers – 6 Collaborations Thanks very much for your attention Fundamentality of CPT Invariance • A relativistic theory which conserves CPT requires only five basic ingredients (Axioms):

Lorentz and translation invariance READ: R. Lehnert, CPT Symmetry and its violation, Symmetry 8 (2016) 11, 114 Energy Positivity

Micro Causality (Locality) CPT

A stable vacuum ground state without Parameterized in the Standard Model Extension momentum nor angular momentum

Unitary Field Operators Interpretation Quantum Logic Spectroscopy

Initial state of coulomb coupled particles 휓 = ↓ ↓ 0 in a Paul-trap which share a phonon mode 0 푆 퐿 푚

Laser pulse which excites the spectroscopy 휓 1 = (훼 ↓ 푆 + 훽 ↑ 푆) ↓ 퐿 0 푚 particle 휓 1 = (훼 ↓ 푆 0 푚 + 훽 ↑ 푆 0 푚) ↓ 퐿 The important quantum-logic pulse Red sideband which deexcites the spectrosopy particle and puts one motional quantum in the 휓 2 = (훼 ↓ 푆 0 푚 + 훽 ↓ 푆 1 푚) ↓ 퐿 phonon mode. Translates the internal excited state to a coupled phonon state Red sideband pulse, which removes the phonon 휓 푓푖푛푎푙 = ↓ 푆(훼 ↓ 퐿 + 훽 ↑ 퐿) 0 푚 and excites the logic ion This algorithm translates the properties of the narrow transition of a spectroscopy ion onto the properties of the easily controlable logic ion. 1 3 + Meanwhile routinely applied in NIST 푆0 → 푃0 of 27퐴푙 clock, which reaches precision better 10−18. Sympathetic Cooling of Antiprotons

Two charged particles trapped in direct vicinity interact via Phonon Exchange coulomb interaction. Successfully demonstrated in Paul trap with Be ions

x x A B

s 0 A B Static

Potential Depth (a.u.) Dynamic Distance (a.u.)

Publication: K. R. Brown, C. Ospelkaus, Y. Colombe, A. C. Wilson, D. Leibfried, D. J. Resonant Coupling: Wineland, Nature 471, 196 (2011). See also: M. Harlander, R. Lechner, M. Brownnutt, R. Blatt, W. Hänsel, Nature 471, 200 (2011). Effective Energy Exchange QLS with Antiproton Spins • Apply the very same method to read-out the antiproton spin state

• Initial conditions of experiment 휓 0 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 0 = ↓ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿

• Magnetic SWAP gate in sideband trap 휓 1 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 1 = ↑ 푝 1 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿

• Phonon SWAP gate in wafer trap 휓 2 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 2 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 1 푚,퐿

• Phonon/Spin coupling in Be trap 휓 3 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 3 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↓ 퐿 0 푚,퐿

• Readout 휓 4 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↑ 퐿 0 푚,퐿 휓 4 = ↑ 푝 0 푚,푝 ↓ 퐿 0 푚,퐿

fluorescence dark state

Be trap sideband trap reservoir trap

scheme level

Be+ precision trap wafer trap Quantum Spectroscopy at CERN

C. Smorra et al., Phys. Lett. B 769, 1 (2017)

• First non-destructive observation of single-antiproton spin-quantum transitions. • Double trap method ultimately requires single spin-flip resolution with high fidelity. Future – Sympathetic Cooling of Antiprotons • Current antiproton magnetic moment measurements are limited by particle preparation time and particle mode temperature • Expect: With traditional methods another 50-fold improvement is possible, afterwards: limit of traditional methods will be reached!

New Method Effort at University of Mainz

Couple protons/antiprotons The Vision 5 trap design implemented and x x sympathetically to laser A B cooled 9Be+ ions and imprint simultaneous detection of 9Be+ ion and s 0 Doppler temperatures to the A B

Potential Depth (a.u.) proton in common endcap trap was antiproton Distance (a.u.) demonstrated. Was demonstrated Publication: K. R. Brown, C. for 9Be+ ions in Paul Ospelkaus, Y. Colombe, A. C. C. Smorra, M. Bohman, M. Wiesinger, C. Will, et al. Wilson, D. Leibfried, D. J. traps – implement Wineland, Nature 471, 196 (2011). same in Penning traps >100-fold improved Effort at University of Hannover and PTB Current Time Budget Laser Time Budget antiproton cooling time Recent dramatic progress: seems to be in reach Detection of a single laser cooled 9Be+ ion, in a Penning trap system Implement hypefine which is fully compatible with the BASE trap system at CERN clock for magnet stabilization J. M. Cornejo, M. Niemann, T. Meiners, J. Mielke C. Ospelkaus et al.