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Efecto De La Red De Zonas De Refugio Pesquero San Cosme a Punta Coyote, B.C.S., México, En La Comunidad De Peces

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Efecto De La Red De Zonas De Refugio Pesquero San Cosme a Punta Coyote, B.C.S., México, En La Comunidad De Peces INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS EFECTO DE LA RED DE ZONAS DE REFUGIO PESQUERO SAN COSME A PUNTA COYOTE, B.C.S., MÉXICO, EN LA COMUNIDAD DE PECES TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS PRESENTA DENEB SALDIERNA CÁLAPIZ LA PAZ, B.C.S., DICIEMBRE DE 2017 A mis padres Adriana Cálapiz Segura Ricardo J. Saldierna Martínez Con todo mi amor incondicional AGRADECIMIENTOS A Héctor Reyes Bonilla por tu tutoría, apoyo, por la confianza, las enseñanzas y pláticas de investigación y de sobremesa. También por integrarme en tus proyectos y darme la oportunidad de ser parte del Laboratorio de Sistemas Arrecifales de la UABCS, gracias a todos los integrantes del lab por las risas, las buenas energías y apoyo durante el trabajo de escritorio y de campo A Gustavo De La Cruz Agüero por darme la oportunidad de formar parte del CICIMAR, por tu dirección, enseñanzas, revisiones, críticas constructivas, platicas y apoyo en las cuestiones académicas y personales. A Martin Hernández Rivas por brindarme la oportunidad de poder realizar este trabajo de investigación, con un tema que me encanta. Por tu amistad, enseñanzas, paciencia, apoyo y por todas las buenas platicas y cuestionamientos de investigación y de vida. A los integrantes del comité tutorial José De La Cruz Agüero, José M. Borges Souza y Rodrigo Moncayo Estrada por las revisiones, sugerencias y comentarios que le dieron fortaleza a este trabajo y a mi preparación como profesional. A la Sociedad de Historia Natural Niparajá, en especial a Amy Hudson Weaver y Ollin González por incluirme en este increíble proyecto que me llena de alegría y energía, por el financiamiento para la generación de los datos, la confianza, su amistad, apoyo y risas. A todas las personas que participaron en la toma de datos para esta tesis: buzos comunitarios del Corredor, demás buzos y amigos por su esfuerzo, apoyo, risas, buenos momentos, por hacer que todo sea más divertido, llenarme de felicidad y darme las fuerzas para continuar y querer ser mejor. Al Instituto Politécnico Nacional por el apoyo brindado a través de la beca de estímulos institucionales de formación de investigadores (BEIFI). Al CICIMAR por las facilidades e infraestructura necesaria para la elaboración de mi investigación. A CONACYT por el apoyo económico brindado en estos dos años, para poder enfocarme al 100% en mí trabajo de investigación. A mis padres Adriana y Ricardo y abuelos Emilia y Francisco porque sin ellos no sería la persona que soy ahora, por todo su amor, apoyo, enseñanzas, paciencia y buenos momentos. Los amo. A todos mis amigos por todos los buenos momentos, sonrisas, por acompañarme y alentarme para seguir creciendo profesional y personalmente. En especial a Eleazar Castro y Luis Flores por su ayuda con los gráficos y mapas. Les amo. ÍNDICE LISTA DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................... i LISTA DE TABLAS ...................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 1 ANTECEDENTES ....................................................................................................... 7 JUSTIFICACIÓN ....................................................................................................... 11 OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................................. 12 Objetivos particulares ............................................................................................ 12 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .................................................................................................. 13 Profundidad ........................................................................................................ 15 Área de protección ............................................................................................. 16 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ..................................................................................... 17 Trabajo de campo .................................................................................................. 17 Relación longitud-peso de los organismos ............................................................ 21 Niveles de organización ......................................................................................... 22 Indicadores comunitarios ....................................................................................... 23 Análisis estadísticos .............................................................................................. 26 Índice Multicriterio (IM).......................................................................................... 27 RESULTADOS .......................................................................................................... 28 Caracterización del hábitat .................................................................................... 28 Sustrato .............................................................................................................. 28 Cobertura ........................................................................................................... 31 Relieve ............................................................................................................... 34 Descriptores de la comunidad ............................................................................... 37 Descriptores estructurales ..................................................................................... 37 Composición ...................................................................................................... 37 Riqueza .............................................................................................................. 37 Dominancia comunitaria (PSIRI) ........................................................................ 39 Abundancia ........................................................................................................ 41 Diversidad .......................................................................................................... 43 Equidad de Pielou .............................................................................................. 45 Descriptores funcionales....................................................................................... 46 Gremios tróficos ................................................................................................. 46 Especies de interés pesquero ................................................................................ 51 Biomasa ............................................................................................................. 51 Talla ................................................................................................................... 56 Abundancia de juveniles .................................................................................... 60 Índice Multicriterio .................................................................................................. 60 DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................................................. 63 CONCLUSIONES ...................................................................................................... 75 RECOMENDACIONES ............................................................................................. 76 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................................................... 77 ANEXO ...................................................................................................................... 85 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1.- corredor pesquero San Cosme a Punta Coyote, B.C.S., México, con los polígonos de las 11 Zonas de Refugio Pesquero (en azul) y las Zonas Control (en rojo). .................................................................................................................................. 14 Figura 2.- Promedio y desviación estándar de la profundidad de los sitios en ZRP y ZC, considerando de 2012 a 2016 y acomodados de norte a sur. ................................... 15 Figura 3.- Ejemplificación de la ventana imaginaria para la toma de datos de relieve, considerando el relieve vertical más grande (tomado de Fernández-Rivera Melo et al., (2012). ....................................................................................................................... 21 Figura 4.- Promedio y desviación estándar de diversidad del sustrato en ZRP y ZC (decits ind.-1 300 m-2), considerando de 2012 a 2016. Sitios acomodados de norte a sur. ............................................................................................................................ 28 Figura 5.- Porcentaje del sustrato representativo de las ZRP (polígonos de protección en rojo). ..................................................................................................................... 29 Figura 6.- Porcentaje del sustrato representativo de las ZC ..................................... 30 Figura 7.- Promedio y desviación estándar de diversidad de cobertura en ZRP y ZC (decits ind.-1 300 m-2), considerando de 2012 a 2016. Sitios acomodados de norte a sur. ............................................................................................................................ 31 Figura 8.- Proporción de las categorías
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