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1 E – Contracts : the New Rights and Obligations of the Consumers According to the Recent European and Greek Framework by Efth

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1 E – Contracts : the New Rights and Obligations of the Consumers According to the Recent European and Greek Framework by Efth E – contracts : The new rights and obligations of the Consumers according to the recent European and Greek framework By Efthimia O. Moschidou, Lawyer, Halkidiki Bar Association, Greece, Candidate Phd, Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Greece Keywords : Consumer, Convention from distance, Directive 2011/83/EU, JMD Z1 – 891/2013, Law 2251/1994 1. Introduction This study aims to present the current European and Greek legal framework on Consumer’s obligations and rights, especially Directive 2011/83/EU ( D ), based on Proposal 8-10-2008, COM ( 2008 ) 614 [ 1 ], the implementation of which took place with the Greek law JMD Z1 – 891/2013 ( JMD ), which modifies article 4 Law 2251/1994 and will be in force at 13 June 2014 ( article 10 JMD ). Instead of former minimum harmonization, Directive 2011/83/EU is a maximal harmonization directive [ 2 ], in a target way [ 3 ]. This means that its scope is not only the approach [ 4 ], but also the absolute unification of Member States legal systems, in some basic aspects, at least, such as the subjects, that are regulated in articles 3 par. 4, 6 par. 7 and 8, 7 par. 4, 8 par. 6 και 9 par. 3 of Directive 2011/83/EU. However, the full harmonization goal can be succeeded, mostly, by using horizontal application meters [ 5 ], such as accurate implementations in national legal systems, without diversions included more or less stringent provisions [ 6 ] ( article 3 par. 2, 4 D / 3a par. 2 Law 2251/1994 / 3 JMD ). Moreover, simplifying and updating [ 7 ] the applicable rules, will, definitely, contribute to the European internal market competition [ 8 ] and completion. Directive 2011/83/EU and JMD Z1 – 891/2013 provide protection to Consumer’s economic interests, from the dangers, that exist in the virtual relationship of exchange, between the Trader and the Consumer, in electronic transactions [ 9 ] and distance contracts, with emphasis in contracts via internet [ 10 ], because of the 1 Trader’s negotiating power, that ensured by the organization he affords and the repetitiousness of his occupation. 2. Distance contracts – Definitions Distance contract means any contract concluded between the Trader and the Consumer under an organized distance sales or service - provision scheme without the simultaneous physical presence of the Trader and the Consumer, with the exclusive use of one or more means of distance communication up to and including the time at which the contract is concluded ( article 2 7) D / 3 7) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). For the first time, specific definitions are explicitly set. The Trader is any natural or legal person, whether private or public law sector, acting himself or through a third person, in his own name or on his behalf, who can be any professional and no longer a businessman or an advertiser, obligatory ( article 2 2) D / 3 2) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). The Directive sets « stricto sensu » Consumer definition [ 11 ], according the settled European Parliament and Council opinion. As a result, the Consumer is any natural person, who acts outside trade, exclusively, no necessarily being an advertisement recipient or a guarantee ( article 2 1) D / 3 1) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). Nevertheless, according to an opinion, based on preablem recital 17 of Directive 2011/83/EU, for the first time, there is a small turn to « lato senso » Consumer definition [ 12 ], since in dual purpose contracts, where someone acts partly outside and partly within trade, if the trade purpose is so limited, as not to be predominant in the overall context of the contract, that person can, also, be considered as a Consumer. The distance contract content is possible to be either sales or services contract ( article 2 7) D / 3 7) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). In sales contracts, the Trader transfers or undertakes to transfer the ownership of goods to the Consumer and the Consumer pays or undertakes to pay the price thereof, which does not have to be compulsory pecuniary. Furthermore, sales contracts include any contract having as its object both goods and services ( article 2 5) D / 3 5) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). 2 Primarily, apart from restriction in sales, goods are tangible movable items, not sold by execution way or otherwise by law authority. This means that immovable property and intangible rights are excluded, so as unwillingly sales, for example through confiscation. By exception, water, gas and electricity are considered as goods, when they are put up for sale in a limited volume or a set quantity, on condition that are provided by public providers, on a contractual basis ( article 2 3) and 3 1) D / 3 3) and 3 a 1) Law 2251/1994 / 2 and 3 JMD ). Also, now, on the contrary to past thesis, goods can be no – prefabricated goods, made on the basis of an individual specifications choice ( article 2 4) D / 3 4) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). On the other side, in services contracts, the Trader supplies or undertakes to supply a service to the Consumer and the Consumer pays or undertakes to pay the price thereof, not needed be in cash, as well ( article 2 6) D / 3 6) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). As a result, services contracts can be any contract other than a sales contract, as software copyright sales or movable item donation or loan. Additionally, a contrario, water, gas and electricity are considered as service, when they are not put up for sale in a limited volume or a set quantity. The distance contract must conclude with the exclusive use of one or more, seriatim or cumulated, distance communication means, par example e – mail [ 13 ], telephone, fax, internet ( article 3 7) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ), up to and including the time at which the contract is concluded ( article 2 7) D / 3 7) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ), being the two parts constantly absent. So, if there is any simultaneous, even instantaneous, physical presence between the Trader and the Consumer, also during negotiations, distance contract is not concluded. According to an opposite opinion [ 14 ], if the Consumer visits in person the Trader’s shop or office, in order to negotiate, and, then, sales or services contract is concluded by distance communication means, distance contract is concluded, as well. Moreover, distance contracts are concluded under the existence of an organized distance sales or service - provision scheme condition. This means that the use of distance communication means has to be fixed and permanent, and not occasionally or exceptionally. However, the proposal initiative can belong both to the Trader and the Consumer ( article 2 7) D / 3 7) Law 2251/1994 / 2 JMD ). 3. Scope 3 Directive 2011/83/EU and JMD Z1 – 891/2013 are not applied in all types of distance contracts. There is a long catalogue of exceptions ( article 3 par. 3 D / 3 a par. 3 Law 2251/1994 / 3 JMD ). The first three exceptions are set for first time. The first refers to social services to vulnerable population, such as homeless, indigent persons, people with disabilities, elderly and children. The second to healthcare services, concluding medicine providing, whether or not in private or public sanitary conditions, or at patient’s home. The third has to do with every type of gambling, on pecuniary payment condition, exclusively [ 15 ]. Also, it is the first time that the exception of financial services, which are regulated by Directive 2002/65/EC and article 4 h Law 2251/1994, is not implied. In addition to, acquisition or transfer of rights in immovable property contracts, although are formally concluded, construction or conversion of buildings contracts, and many other established by a public office - holder contracts, are not fall into the application of the relative provisions, after their adoption. Moreover, rental of accommodation for residential purposes are included, for the first time. Another direct exceptions are any travel contract, which falls within the scope of Directive 90/314/EEC on package holidays and tours, and its implementation in Greek legislation, P.D. 339/1996, timesharing long – term holidays contracts, which falls within the scope of Directive 2008/122/EC, and its Greek adjustment JMD Z1 – 130/2011, and passenger transport services contracts, as well. What is quite interesting, is that, all these contracts are not excluded from specific provisions, but the total application field of Directive 2011/83/EU and JMD Z1 – 891/2013, for the first time, apart from passenger transport services contracts, in which articles 8 par. 2, 19 and 22 Directive 2011/83/EU and article 3 d par. 2 Law 2251/1994, are the only applied. While in the previous legal status quo, contracts for the supply of foodstuffs, beverages or other goods intended for current consumption and which are physically supplied on frequent and regular rounds to the Consumer’s home, residence or workplace, were regulated by some provisions, exclusively, now, are completely excluded, for the first time, too. However, the present versions, has much more proper syntax and is by far more analytic. The domestic consumption is specified in 4 household frames and the distributor is clearly defined as the Trader. The only, apparently by accident, fault is the synonymous words « home » and « residence » use, instead of the correct one « temporary stay », that was formerly used. This exception is based on the products’ minor cost and theirs’ consumable, plus delicate, nature, yet. Last, but not least, contracts concluded by means of automatic vending machines, such as refreshments or tickets, or automated commercial premises, for instance self - service clothing laundry, or with telecommunications operators through public payphones for their use, are, still, not within the Directive 2011/83/EU and JMD Z1 – 891/2013 scope.
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