P António Costa Pinto is Senior i n António Costa Pinto Fellow at the Institute of Social t Sciences of the University of Lis- o Nuno Severiano Teixeira a bon, and Professor of Modern n European History and Politics at “This collection offers much to many (...) it offers highly readable, d Edited by the ISCTE, Lisbon. He has been analytic histories of how and why four states joined the European T Portugal, Spain and Greece, unlike e Visiting Professor at Stanford Uni- i Italy, were latecomers to the Union. (...) it offers a rich overview of how international organi- x versity (1993-94) and a Senior Vis- e process of European economic and zations affect individual states (...) it offers keen insights on the key i r political union. iting Fellow at Princeton Universi- a concepts of democratization, europeanization and public support. ty (1996) and at the University of This book, by leading historians California-Berkeley (2000). He is For anyone interested in contemporary debates about EU expan- and political scientists, provides an the author of Salazar's Dictatorship sion, it offers lasting insights drawn from the recent past. overview of the impact on the and European Fascism (New York, This book deserves a broad audience” four southern European countries 1995); (ed.) Modern Portugal (Palo of ever closer European integra- Alto, 1998) and The Blue Shirts. tion since 1945. Portuguese Fascists and the New State — Nancy Bermeo, Princeton University (New York, 2000). Southern Europe For a note on the editors, please see the back flap. Nuno Severiano Teixeira is and the Making of the Professor of International Rela- tions at the New University of Lis- a bon. He has been Visiting Profes- n Contributors: d European Union sor at Georgetown University Juan Carlos Pereira Castañares, Complutense University. t (2000) and from 2000 to 2002 h Minister of Home Affairs in the Antonio Moreno Juste, Complutense University. e Portuguese Government. He has Jose Magone, University of Hull. M published extensively on por- Leonardo Morlino, University of Florence. a tuguese foreign policy, namely António Costa Pinto, University of Lisbon. k i L’Entrée du Portugal dans la Grande Geoffrey Pridham, University of Bristol. n Guerre. Objectifs Nationaux et Straté- Nuno Severiano Teixeira, New University of Lisbon. g gies Politiques (Paris, 1998); (ed.), Alfred Tovias, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. o Portugal e a Guerra. História das Antonio Varsori, University of Florence. f t intervenções militares portuguesas nos Susannah Verney, University of Athens. h grandes conflictos mundiais, sécs. XIX e S e XX (Lisbon, 1999). E o u u r t o h p e e r For information on books of a n related interest, or for a catalogue, n E please write: U Order Department, u n r Columbia University Press, o i o 136 South Broadway,Irvington, p n New York 10533. SOCIAL SCIENCE MONOGRAPHS e To order by phone call: (800) 944-8648. Distributed by Columbia University Press SOCIAL SCIENCE MONOGRAPHS www.columbia.edu/cu/cup www.columbia.edu/cu/cup SSM Design by Joaquim António Silva Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union António Costa Pinto Nuno Severiano Teixeira Edited by Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union, 1945-1980s SOCIAL SCIENCE MONOGRAPHS, BOULDER DISTRIBUTED BY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK 2002 Copyright by António Costa Pinto and Nuno Severiano Teixeira ISBN 0-88033-992-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2002101786 Printed in the United States of America Contents ix List of Figures xi Preface and acknowledgements 1 Part I. From Southern Europe to the European Union: Historical Perspectives 3 1. From Africa to Europe: Portugal and European Integration António Costa Pinto and Nuno Severiano Teixeira 41 2. Spain: in the Centre or on the Periphery of Europe? Juan Carlos Pereira Castañares and Antonio Moreno Juste 81 3. Italy and European Integration Antonio Varsori 109 4. The Greek Association with the European Community: a Strategy of State Susannah Verney 157 Part II. The Europeanisation of Southern Europe: Comparative Perspectives 159 5. The Southern European Economies and European Integration Alfred Tovias 183 6. European Integration and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe Geoffrey Pridham 209 7. Attitudes of Southern European Citizens towards European Integration: before and after Accession, 1974-2000 José Magone 237 8. Conclusion: The Europeanisation of Southern Europe Leonardo Morlino 261 Contributors 265 Index List of Figures 241 8.1. Main patterns of Europeanisation 243 8.2. Salient domains and directions of impact 248 8.3. Mechanisms of Europeanisation: consisten- cy/inconsistency 251 8.4. Mechanisms of Europeanisation: the analytic phases 253 8.5. A few hypotheses on the domestic structural impact Preface and acknowledgements Unlike Italy, which was a founder member of the European Economic Community (now the European Union), Portugal, Spain and Greece were latecomers to the process of European political and economic union. This book, written by historians and political scientists, seeks to review the processes involved in the approximation of these countries to European unification and the impact that this has had within these southern European soci- eties from 1945 until their final accession in the 1980s. The first part of the book contains studies of the relationships between the four southern European countries with the institu- tions of the then EEC. António Costa Pinto and Nuno Severi- ano Teixeira provide an analysis of the Portuguese case, which was marked by the move from the authoritarian regime’s resistance to decolonisation to a pro-European stance following the country’s complex transition to democracy. In Chapter 2, Juan Carlos Pereira Castañares and Antonio Moreno Juste look at the Spanish example, another that is characterised by the persistance of authoritarianism as a hindrance to establishing a relationship with the EEC, as well as by the development of closer economic rela- tions during the 1960s. Antonio Varsori looks at the Italian case in Chapter 3. Italy was clearly different from the other southern European states, to the extent that it participated in all of the xii Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union major decisions and debates leading up to the Treaty of Rome. In Chapter 4, Susannah Verney examines the factors that led Greece to decide on association with the European Community, thus marking a new direction in post-War Greek policy. The second part of the book examines the economic, political and public opinion dimensions of the European unification process and its impact upon southern Europe. In Chapter 5, Alfred Tovias surveys the links between the economic changes in southern Europe and the role played by the EEC in these trans- formations. In Chapter 6, Geoffrey Pridham analysis the various links between democratisation, the consolidation of democracy and European integration. The prospect of accession to the Euro- pean Union was an important factor in the consolidation of democracy in Portugal, Spain and Greece, an aspect that was orig- inally underestimated in studies of democratisation. Finally, in Chapter 7, José Magone reviews the evolution of southern Euro- pean public opinion regarding European unification. In his con- clusion, Leonardo Morlino provides an analytical framework for understanding the Europeanisation of southern Europe. *** This book is the result of a research project on “Portugal and the unification of Europe”, which was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and led by the editors of this book. The project involved two conferences on this theme, the first of which was held in the spring of 1997 at the Luso- American Development Foundation in Lisbon, and the second at the Arrábida Summer University during the summer of 1998. The chapters that are published here include revised and updated versions of some of the papers presented at these two conferences. Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Some of the participants at these conferences could not, for various reasons, provide copies of their papers for publication in this volume. Amongst those are Nikiforos Diamandouros, who was a lively presence at both conferences, and who has in the meantime been appointed Ombudsman of Greece. The editors would like to express their gratitude to the Por- tuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, without whose financial support this project would not have been possible. We would also like to thank the European Studies Institute of the Portuguese Catholic University under whose auspices this project took place. A debt of gratitude is also due to the Luso-American Development Foundation and the Arrábida Summer University for their support in providing facilities for the realisation of the two conferences. We would also like to thank those who participated as discus- sants at the conferences and those who took part in the project meetings. In particular, we would like to mention Nancy Bermeo of Princeton University and Philippe C. Schmitter of the Euro- pean University Institute, Florence. A special debt of gratitude is due to Stewart Lloyd-Jones, Director of the Contemporary Portuguese Political History Research Centre at the University of Glasgow, for editing and proof-reading this book, translating some of its chapters and for preparing the index. António Costa Pinto would like to thank the University of California-Berkeley’s Institute of European Studies for the excel- lent working conditions when he spent a semester there during 2000-2001 as a Luso-American Development Foundation Visit- ing Fellow, and also the University of Lisbon’s Institute of Social Sciences. Nuno Severiano Teixeira would like to thank the Cen- ter for German and European Studies and the Government Department of Georgetown University where he was briefly a Luso-American Development Foundation Visiting Professor dur- xiv Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union ing the first semester of 2000-2001, and to the New University of Lisbon’s Faculty of Social and Human Sciences.