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The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Self-Efficacy Of Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 2014 The evelopmeD nt of an Instrument to Measure the Self-Efficacy of Students Participating in VEX Robotics Competitions Trevor P. Robinson Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Trevor P., "The eD velopment of an Instrument to Measure the Self-Efficacy of Students Participating in VEX Robotics Competitions" (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3077. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3077 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE SELF-EFFICACY OF STUDENTS PARTICIPATING IN VEX ROBOTICS COMPETITIONS by Trevor P. Robinson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Education (Curriculum and Instruction) Approved: Gary A. Stewardson, Ph.D. Edward Reeve, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member Oenardi Lawanto, Ph.D. James Dorward, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Brian Warnick, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2014 ii Copyright © Trevor P. Robinson 2014 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Self-Efficacy of Students Participating in VEX Robotics Competitions by Trevor P. Robinson, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2014 Major Professor: Dr. Gary A. Stewardson Department: School of Teacher Education and Leadership The number of robotics competitions has steadily increased over the past 30 years. Schools are implementing robotics competitions to increase student content knowledge and interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Companies in STEM-related fields are financially supporting robotics competitions to help increase the number of students pursuing careers in STEM among other reasons. These financial supporters and school administrations are asking what the outcomes of students participating in competitive robotics are. Few studies have been conducted to investigate these outcomes. The studies that have been conducted usually compare students in robotics to students not in robotics. There have not been any studies that compare students to themselves before and after participating in robotics competitions. This may be due to the lack of available instruments to measure student outcomes. This study developed an instrument to measure the self-efficacy of students iv participating in VEX Robotics Competitions (VRC). The VRC is the world’s largest and fastest growing robotics competition available for middle and high school students. Self- efficacy was measured because of its importance to the education community. Students with higher self-efficacy tend to persevere through difficult tasks more frequently than students with low self-efficacy. A person’s self-efficacy has major influence over what interests, activities, classes, college majors, and careers he or she will pursue in life. The self-efficacy survey instrument created through this study was developed through an occupational and task analysis (OTA), and initial content and face validity was established through the OTA process. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted to assist in instrument validation. The reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha. Face validity was established through the OTA process. Construct validity was established through the factor analyses. The processes of the OTA and factor analyses have created an instrument that results indicate is reliable and valid to use in further research studies. (139 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Self-Efficacy of Students Participating in VEX Robotics Competitions by Trevor P. Robinson, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2014 A research study was conducted in the Technology and Engineering Education program at Utah State University. The purpose of the study was to develop a survey instrument to measure the self-confidence of students who have participated in the VEX Robotics Competitions. The survey instrument developed was tested to be appropriate and consistent in measuring the self-confidence of middle school and high school students in the United States. The process to ensure that the survey instrument was appropriate utilized an investigation of the tasks completed by successful VEX Robotics teams through an occupational and task analysis. The investigation utilized expert coaches, mentors, and instructors from across the country. Data were collected in two rounds to test the survey instrument. Data were collected by sending the survey to coaches, mentors, and instructors asking them to administer the survey to their students. Data were also collected at the 2014 VEX Robotics World Championship. The data were analyzed through factor analyses. The results of the factor analyses showed that the survey instrument was appropriate for vi measuring the self-confidence of middle school and high school students who have participated in competitive VEX robotics. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Gary Stewardson for his countless hours of help and support over the last 4 years. His dedication to the technology and engineering education profession and his students was encouraging and motivating. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Edward Reeve, James Dorward, Brian Warnick, and Oenardi Lawanto, for their willingness to work on this research project. The research process would not have been completed without the assistance of Drs. Jacob Bishop and Anne Hunt. I would like to send a big thank you to Raymond Boyles. Working with a friend and colleague like Ray made it possible to persevere through the process. I especially would like to thank my parents for their love and support throughout all the years of my education. Thank you to all of my family and friends who made a trip or multiple trips to Utah to visit me and to give me much needed breaks. I would not have been able to make it through this process without the love and dedication of my wife, Andie. Thank you, Andie, for always pushing me to stay focused, but also making me spend time away from the office before I went crazy. Last, I would like to thank God for seeing me through my education and for providing such a loving spiritual family to surround and support me in my time away from “home.” Trevor P. Robinson viii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Purpose ................................................................................ 2 Instrument Development Milestones .............................................................. 2 Statement of the Need for the Study ............................................................... 3 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................. 5 Assumptions of the Study ............................................................................... 6 Summary of the Study Procedure ................................................................... 6 Definition of Acronyms and Terms ................................................................ 8 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................................... 10 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 10 Robotics .......................................................................................................... 10 Robotics Competitions .................................................................................... 12 Self-Efficacy ................................................................................................... 19 Instrument Development ................................................................................. 28 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 36 III. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 38 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 38 Review of Literature and Research Question ................................................. 38 Construct Development and Content Validity Check ..................................... 40 Initial Instrument
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