Pollen Grain Subspheroidal, Polar Outline Triangular
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60 TAXANOMY OF PALAEOPALYNOFLORA 5.1 METHODOLOGY; From most of the localities spot samples were collected. The samples were collected by hand picking avoiding any kind of contamination. Only from the two localities i.e., Nagaon and Velas, samples were collected by channelling method to cover the entire depth of excavated sampling pits. Samples were processed by the standard techniques mentioned by Erdtman (1954). The slides were prepared by following the techniques after Traverse (1988) using the swirling method. They were permanently mounted, using polyvinyl alcohol, on slides by DPX cold mountant which have R.l. closely matching with glass. All the slides prepared at M.A.C.S. (Agharkar Research Institute) are deposited in the repository. Spot samples were collected from 23 localities while channel samples were collected only from Velas (8 samples) and Koparkhairna (3 Samples). For each locality sixteen slides were prepared. The palynotaxa described in the following pages come from the different sections practically covering the known extent of the Ratnagiri Formation and also from the Nagaon member of the Raigad Formation. While interpreting depositional environment, climate and neotectonism a comprehensive account of all the floral elements has been taken into account {vide infra). 61 The palynotaxa described here are arranged in the alphabetical order at the family level. The literature consulted for the identification is cited at the end of respective species. 62 5.2 ANGIOSPERM DICOT: Family : ACANTHACEAE Genus : Andrographis Wallich ex Nees Species : Andrographis echioides (Linnaeus) Nees PI. 1 Fig. 1 Description : Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, trizonocolpate, sculpturing reticulate, lumina polygonal. Size : 47 ^im Exine: 2 jXm Occurrence : Ratnagiri plateau, Dabiiol, Pavas plateau. Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus Barlen'a L. Species Barleria Sp. PI. 1 Fig. 2 Description Pollen grain oblate spheroidal, porlar outline subcircular, trizonocolporate. Colpi faint, sculpture reticulate, lumina polygonal, muri anastamosing Size MOO |im Exine thicl<ness: 10 |xm Remark Barleria cristata has a thici<er exine in the range of 21-28 |im and hence differs from present material Occurrence Velas Nair, T. S., 1990. 6 3 Genus Hemigraphis Nees Species Hemigraphis latebrosa (Roth) Nees var. heyneana Bremekamp PI. 1 Fig. 3 Description Pollen grain prolate, elliptical, polyzonoheterocolpate, Colpi linear, exine thick, sculpture micro-retiulate to reticulate. Size : 35 ^im x 42 |i,m Exine: 2.3 |J.m Occurrence Kharpada, Bokadveera, Nerul Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus Rungia Nees Species Rungia repens (L.) Nees PI. 1 Fig. 4 a & b Description Pollen grain prolate, aperture enclosed in apparatuses. Colpi faint, linear to narrowly elliptical, exine reticulate. Size : 27 |Jim x 36 fxm, Exine thickness : 4.5 |im Occurrence Nerul, Kharpada, Pezari Nair, T. S., 1990. 6 4 Family : ALANGIACEAE Genus : Alangium Lamarck Species : Alangium salviifolium (Linnaeus filius) Wangerin PI. 1 Fig. 5 Description : Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, tetrazonoporate, Pori obscure due to sculpturing. Exine sculpturing verrucate. Size : 80 }lnn Exine: 5.1 |im Occurrence Sangod Nair, T. S., 1990. Family AIVIARANTHACEAE Genus Amaranthus Linnaeus Species Amaranthus Sp. A PI. 1 Fig. 6 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, pantoporate, pori circular sculpturing scrabate. Remark The description of the present species matches with Amaranthus spinosus except the exine which is 4.9 |im thick, in the latter. Size : 30 |im Exine: 4.5 |im Occurrence Velas, Amberi, Parchuri, Golap P., Kotawade P. Nair, T. S., 1990. \ 6 5 Species Amaranthus. Sp. B PI. 1 Fig. 7 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, pantoporate. Pori circular. Exine columellate, columellae distinct, reticulate. Size : 29 |im Exine: 2.3 p,m Remark Present species closely resembles with Amaranthus spinosus. Linnaeus except that the latter have scrabate sculpturing and a thick exine. Occurrence Velas, Parchuri, Pavas plateau, Amberi, Kotwade plateau Nair, T. S., 1990. Family ASTERACEAE Genus Blummea de Candolle Species Blumea oxyodonta de Candolle PI. 1 Fig. 8 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, trizonocolporate. Coipi wide at equator, side stapering, tips accute. Exine echniate, echinae widely deltate in outline. Size ; 37 jim Exine; 8 |i.m 6 6 Occurrence : Ratnagiri plateau, Pavas plateau, Golap plateau, Amberi Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus Conyza Lessing Species Conyza stricta Wllidenow PI. 1 Fig. 9 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, trizonocolporate. Colpi wide at equator. Exine sculpture ectiinate, echinae widely deltoid, thick at ora. Size : 27 [im Exine: 6.1 |0,m Occurrence Velas, Parchuri, Dabhol. Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus Launaea Cassini Species Launaea procumbens (Roxburgh) Ramayya and Rajagopal. PI. 1 • Fig. 10 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, equatorial outline circular, trizonoporate. Exine echinolophate, echinae triangular in outline. 6 7 Size : 30 |lm Exine: 6.2 |lm O ccurrence Pezari, Milkhatbar, Kharpada, Nerul, Bokadveera, Kalwa, Mumbra. Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus Pulicaria Gaertner Species Pulicaria foliolosa da Candole PI. 1 Fig. 11 Description Pollen grain spherical, equatorial outline circular, trizonocolporate, colpi elliptic, ora elliptic, sculpturing echinate, echinae deltate in outline. Size : 30 jim Exine: 5.3 p.m Occurrence Nerul, Andheri, Mulund, Juinagar, Chunabhatti, Kharpada. Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus Tridax Linnaeus Species Tridax procumbens (Linnaeus) PI. 2 . Fig. 12 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, polar and equatorial outline circular, trizonocolporate. Colpi elliptic, ora elliptic. Exine echinate, echinae narrowly triangular in outline. PLATE : 1 EXPLANATION g. NO. Name Page No. 1 Andrographis echioides (850x) 62 2 Barleria Sp. (300x) 62 3 Hemigraphis latebrosa (950x) 63 4 a) Rungia repens (IIOOx) 63 b) Rungia repens, surface view (IIOOx) 5 Alangium salviifolium (500x) 64 6 Amaranthus Sp. A (HOOx) 64 7 Amaranthus Sp. B (IIOOx) 65 8 Blumea oxyodonta (950x) 65 9 Conyza stricta (IIOOx) 66 10 Launaea procumbens (850x) 66 11 Pulicaria foliolosa (1050X) 67 PLAT E - 1 V?*. W 09/r 1 ' '■ ^ •<« X v i <*■ :;<^ <1 sV T7, 7 8 10 6 8 Size : 41 |a,m Exine: 6.3 )im Occurrence Kharpada, Bokadveera, Pezari, Velas. Nair, T. S., 1990. Family : AVICENNIACEAE Genus : Avicennia L. Species : Avicennia africana L. PI. 2 Fig. 13 Description : Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline equatorial, tricolporate. Colpi dip, pori circular. Exine reticulate, tectate. Size : 40 |j,m Exine: 2 jj,m Occurrence : Dabhol, Ratnagiri plateau, Golap plateau, Pavas plateau. Thanikaimoni, G.. 1987 Species Avicennia germinans L. PI. 2 Fig. 14 Description Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, tricolporate. Colpi wide at equator, accute at tip. Pori circular. Exine reticulate. Size : 50 |im Exine: 2.1 jim 69 Occurrence : Pavas plateau, Golap plateau. Thanikaimoni. G., 1987 Species Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh var. marina Moldernke PI, 2 Fig. 15 Description Pollen grain Oblate; dicolporate with ectoaperture, fusing at poles, Exine sculpture reticulate. Size : 32 jlm Exine: 3.1 |inn Occurrence Velas, Amberi, Kotwade, Golap plateau. Thankaimonl, G., 1987. Species : Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechman ex moldenke PI. 2 Fig. 16 Description : Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, tricolporate, Colpi deep, acute at extremeties, pori non constate. Exine reticulate. Size : 53 |xm Exine: 3.0 jim Occurrence : Velas, Pavas plateau, Golap plateau. Thanikaimoni, G., 1987. 70 Species : Avicennia Sp. PI. 2 Fig. 17 Description : Pollen grain spheroidal, polar view subtriangular, tricolporate. Colpi shart, acute. Pori costate. Exine reticulate. Size : 54 |am Exine: 3.1 |lm Remark : As connpared to other species of Avicennia present species has short colpi. Occurrence : Dabhol, Ratnagiri plateau, Kotawade plateau Nair, T. S.. 1990. Family : BAUHINIEAE Genus : Bauhinia. L. Species : Bauhinia tomentosa L. PI. 2 Fig. 18 Description : Pollen grain spheroidal, polar outline circular, tetranozicolpate, Exine gemmate, punctateretipilate. Size ; 90 |im Exine: 3.3 \im Occurrence : Pavas plateau Nair, P. K. K. et al.. 1965 71 Family : BIGNONIACEAE Genus ; Millingtonia Linnaeus filius Species : Oroxylum indicum (L.) Ventenat. PI. 2 Fig. 19 Description : Pollen grain, Prolate, equatorial outline elliptic, trizonocolporoidate. Colpi trizonosyncolporoidate on one pole, syncolpia subtriangular, ori distinct. Exin sculpturing microreticulate. Size ; 89 [inn Exine: 4.7 |im Occurrence : Parcliuri, Velas. Nair, T. S., 1990. Family : BOMBACACEAE Genus : Bombax L. Species ; Bombax ceiba L. PI. 2 Fig. 20 Description : Pollen grain eulobate, polar outline triangular, planaperturate, trizonocolporate, colpi sides tapering toward the poles. Exine reticulate, tectate. Size ; 71 [im Exine: 3.1 p.m Occurrence Kharpada, Bokadvira, Nerul. Nair, T. S., 1990. 72 Genus : Ceba Adanson Species ; Ceiba pentandra Gaertner PI. 2 Fig. 21 Description : Pollen grain spherodial, polar outline circular, trizonocolporate. Colpi wide at equator, elliptic in shape, exine sculpturing luminate. Size : 66 |Xm Exine; 3.8 |im Occurrence : Pezari Nair, T. S., 1990. Genus : Comptostemon Masters Species : Camptostemon philippinesis (Vidal) Becc. PI. 2 Fig. 22 Description : Pollen grain Spherodial, polar outline triangular, tricolporate. Colpi short, pori circular, costate. Exine spinulate. Size : 60 |Xnn Exine: 3.7 jXm Occurrence : Pavas plateau, Golap