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The Cambrian Explosion: a Big Bang in the Evolution of Animals
The Cambrian Explosion A Big Bang in the Evolution of Animals Very suddenly, and at about the same horizon the world over, life showed up in the rocks with a bang. For most of Earth’s early history, there simply was no fossil record. Only recently have we come to discover otherwise: Life is virtually as old as the planet itself, and even the most ancient sedimentary rocks have yielded fossilized remains of primitive forms of life. NILES ELDREDGE, LIFE PULSE, EPISODES FROM THE STORY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD The Cambrian Explosion: A Big Bang in the Evolution of Animals Our home planet coalesced into a sphere about four-and-a-half-billion years ago, acquired water and carbon about four billion years ago, and less than a billion years later, according to microscopic fossils, organic cells began to show up in that inert matter. Single-celled life had begun. Single cells dominated life on the planet for billions of years before multicellular animals appeared. Fossils from 635,000 million years ago reveal fats that today are only produced by sponges. These biomarkers may be the earliest evidence of multi-cellular animals. Soon after we can see the shadowy impressions of more complex fans and jellies and things with no names that show that animal life was in an experimental phase (called the Ediacran period). Then suddenly, in the relatively short span of about twenty million years (given the usual pace of geologic time), life exploded in a radiation of abundance and diversity that contained the body plans of almost all the animals we know today. -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 116, NUMBER 5 Cfjarle* £. anb Jfflarp "^Xaux flKHalcott 3Resiearcf) Jf tmb MIDDLE CAMBRIAN STRATIGRAPHY AND FAUNAS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS (With 34 Plates) BY FRANCO RASETTI The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland SEP Iff 1951 (Publication 4046) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SEPTEMBER 18, 1951 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 116, NUMBER 5 Cfjarie* B. anb Jfflarp "^Taux OTalcott &egearcf) Jf unb MIDDLE CAMBRIAN STRATIGRAPHY AND FAUNAS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS (With 34 Plates) BY FRANCO RASETTI The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland (Publication 4046) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SEPTEMBER 18, 1951 BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A. CONTENTS PART I. STRATIGRAPHY Page Introduction i The problem I Acknowledgments 2 Summary of previous work 3 Method of work 7 Description of localities and sections 9 Terminology 9 Bow Lake 11 Hector Creek 13 Slate Mountains 14 Mount Niblock 15 Mount Whyte—Plain of Six Glaciers 17 Ross Lake 20 Mount Bosworth 21 Mount Victoria 22 Cathedral Mountain 23 Popes Peak 24 Eiffel Peak 25 Mount Temple 26 Pinnacle Mountain 28 Mount Schaffer 29 Mount Odaray 31 Park Mountain 33 Mount Field : Kicking Horse Aline 35 Mount Field : Burgess Quarry 37 Mount Stephen 39 General description 39 Monarch Creek IS Monarch Mine 46 North Gully and Fossil Gully 47 Cambrian formations : Lower Cambrian S3 St. Piran sandstone 53 Copper boundary of formation ?3 Peyto limestone member 55 Cambrian formations : Middle Cambrian 56 Mount Whyte formation 56 Type section 56 Lithology and thickness 5& Mount Whyte-Cathedral contact 62 Lake Agnes shale lentil 62 Yoho shale lentil "3 iii iv SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. -
Yoho National Park Lies Along the West Slope Tail and Beaverfoot Rivers and Cataract Brook Classed with the Most Beautiful Lakes of the World
LOCATION pine Creek from the north and west, and the Otter- green waters and magnificent mountain bowls are YOHO Yoho National Park lies along the west slope tail and Beaverfoot Rivers and Cataract Brook classed with the most beautiful lakes of the world. of the Canadian Rockies in British Columbia. The from the east and south. These waters flow west An extensive ice-field covers much of the Continental Divide marks the eastern boundary ward out of the Park to join the Columbia River Waputik Mountains, northeast of Takakkaw, and and thence to the Pacific Ocean. bordering Banff National Park. sends many large tongues far down bordering The valley of the Yoho River, in the northern NATIONAL Concentrated in the 507 square miles of the valleys. Yoho Glacier, part of the large Wapta end of the Park, provides a breathtaking panorama Park there are many spectacular waterfalls, tower Icefields at the north end of the park, can be seen of canyons and gorges, cliffs and waterfalls. The ing peaks, and beautiful lakes. The alpine and sub- from many parts of the Yoho Valley. Many of the meltwater from Daly Glacier plunges a vertical alpine plant communities contain many wild ani summit areas of the President, Van Home, and distance of 1,248 feet in its short course which PARK mals. Ottertail Ranges are ornamented by cliff glaciers. culminates in Takakkaw Falls just above the tur The work of former glaciers is evidenced by the The map in this folder has been prepared in bulent Yoho River. Twin Falls, in the upper Yoho BRITISH such detail as to help the park visitor readily find deeply sculptured landforms for which the Park Valley, rivals Takakkaw Falls in beauty and Laugh is celebrated. -
Canadian Rockies Souvenir Guide
§ouVen\r4 ( fit etc? v - ^Gv^^* tcur/taH 9517$ ^^ KMt. Storm 10309 J^ STC *$r/ M \\ 1 ^y » t %Vaf (C.1-U) JM» ?%,.Im7 ChanuUor 10751 / " + Published by MAP OF C.P.R., CALGARY TO FIELD American Autochrome Co. Toronto mm*,.. ^|»PARK Oq: MAP OF C.P.R. IN ROCKIES SHOWING NATIONAL PARKS >J^.;^ TOHO VALLEY IN YOHO PARK CASCADE MOUNTAIN, BANFF BUFFALO IN WAINWRIGHT PARK CHATEAU LAKE LOUISE BANFF AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARK Banfi is the administrative headquarters of Rocky Mountain Park, a national park with an area of 2751 square miles. It is 81 miles west of Calgary in the beautifal valley of the Bow River. From the Canadian Pacific Rail- way station Cascade mountain (9826 ft.) is seen to the north. To the east are Mount Inglis Maldie (9,715 ft.) the Fairholme sub-range (9300 ft) and Mount Peechie (9,615 ft.). On the west are the wooded ridge of Stoney Squaw (6,160 ft.), Sulphur Mountain (8,030 ft.) and the main range above Simpson's Pass. To the south-east is Tunnel Mountain (5,040 ft.) and the serrated spine of Mount Rundle (9,665 ft.). r Banff Springs Hotel—Banff is one of the most popular mountain resorts on the continent and the Banff Springs Hotel is the finest mountain hotel. It is open May 15th to Oct. 1st. Hot Springs—These are among the most important on the continent. The five chief springs have a flow of about a million gallons a day and range in temperature from 78 to 112 degrees. -
Ecology & Wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site
Ecology & Wonder Ecology & Wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site Robert William Sandford Frontispiece: The © 2010 Robert W. Sandford Grand Sentinel The Grand Sentinel is a great Published by AU Press, Athabasca University stone tower located just below 1200, 10011 – 109 Street the summit of Sentinel Pass in Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8 Banff National Park. Were it located outside of the dense cluster of astounding natural Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication features contained within Canada’s mountain parks, it Sandford, Robert W. would be one of the wonders of Ecology & wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage the world. As it is, it is just one Site / Robert William Sandford. more landscape miracle that can be seen from the summit Includes bibliographical references and index. of the pass. Issued also in electronic format (978-1-897425-58-9). Photograph by R.W. Sandford. ISBN 978-1-897425-57-2 1. Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site (Alta. and B.C.)--Environmental conditions. 2. National parks and reserves--Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site (Alta. and B.C.)--Management. 3. Environmental protection--Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site (Alta. and B.C.). I. Title. II. Title: Ecology and wonder. QH106.2.R6S26 2010 333.7’209712332 C2010-900473-6 Cover and book design by Virginia Penny, Interpret Design, Inc. Printed and bound in Canada by Marquis Book Printing. This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution- Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 Canada, see www.creativecommons.org. The text may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original author. -
Winter Trails - Yoho National Park
winter trails - yoho national park http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/yoho/activ/pistesdhiver-wintertrails.aspx Yoho In Winter Huts and Shelters PLAY IT SAFE Cross-country skiing is a wonderful way to enjoy Yoho National Park in The Alpine Club of Canada (ACC) operates Yoho offers cross-country skiing and winter. Draped in snow and ice, the Rockies form a dramatic backdrop four huts in Yoho National Park: snowshoeing for every level of ability. to the pleasures of travelling over crisp snow through Yoho’s valleys. • Stanley Mitchell Hut in the Little Yoho The park is a natural area, and hazards Valley are part of the wilderness environment. Wilderness Pass • Scott Duncan Memorial Hut on Mt. Daly Safety is your responsibility; you venture Anyone planning an overnight trip into a hut, shelter or campground • Elizabeth Parker Hut at Lake O’Hara, and out at your own risk. must have a Wilderness Pass. You can get a Wilderness Pass from Parks • Abbott Hut on the col between Mt. Victoria and Mt. Lefroy Be prepared for emergencies on the trail. Carry a pack with a in downtown Calgary. Pets must be on a leash and under control at all map, compass, first-aid kit, extra food, extra clothes, waterproof times. and reservations. matches or lighter and fire starter, and an equipment repair kit. Know how to recognize avalanche terrain. If you plan to cross Winter Trail Etiquette Amiskwi Lodge, located just outside the avalanche areas, each member of your party should carry a To help ensure everyone has a pleasant time: park boundary at Amiskwi Pass, can be shovel, a transceiver and a probe, and know how to use them. -
The Burgess Shale Fossil Beds
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 1999 A cross-curricular unit of study for science 20: the burgess shale fossil beds Booth, Carey Sean Booth, C. S. (1999). A cross-curricular unit of study for science 20: the burgess shale fossil beds (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/24155 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/25248 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY A Cross-Curricular Unit of Study for Science 20: The Burgess Shale Fossil Beds by Carey Sean Booth A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF LMASTEROF ARTS GRADUATE DIVISION OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH CALGARY, ALBERTA JUNE, 1999 O Carey Sean Booth 1999 National Library Biblioth&que nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON KlAON4 OtcawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. -
We Decided to Hike to Yoho Lake from Emerald Lake Even Though The
YOHO LAKE FROM EMERALD LAKE, YOHO NATIONAL PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA We decided to hike to Yoho Lake from Emerald Lake even though the distance is longer than the trail from Takakkaw Falls (about 7 kilometers versus about 4.6 kilometers). We have hiked the first part of the trail from Takakkaw Falls many times to the Iceline Trail, and we have hiked to Yoho Lake from the Takakkaw Falls Trailhead previously, but we had never hiked to the lake from Emerald Lake. The first part of the hike is the 1.7 km trail around the western side of Emerald Lake. Looking across Emerald Lake from near the parking lot towards Yoho Pass; it is an elevation gain of 515 meters to this pass, from 1,300 meters at Emerald Lake to 1,815 meters at Yoho Pass: Another view of the pass as we approach the northern end of Emerald Lake: Looking back across Emerald Lake at Wapta Mountain (on the left) and Mount Burgess (on the right): Panorama looking up-trail once on the Yoho Pass Trail, with Emerald Peak to the far left, Mount Carnarvon behind the Emerald Basin just left of center, Michael Peak to the right of Mount Carnarvon, and Wapta Mountain to the far right: Looking back towards Emerald Lake from further up-trail; in the distance, across where Emerald Lake is hidden by the trees, you can see the Ottertail Range: Looking up at Emerald Basin and the Emerald Basin Waterfalls: The next three photos show the nicely maintained trail which heads towards the climb up to Yoho Pass: The trail begins to climb steeply up the hillside seen in the last three photos; looking -
A History of the British Columbia Provincial Forest Inventory Program*
A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL FOREST INVENTORY PROGRAM* PART ONE, 1912-1940 Written by RALPH L. SCHMIDT OCTOBER 2016 (THE ORIGINAL WORK WAS COMPLETED IN 1995) © Forest History Association of British Columbia, Victoria, BC *This version contains some preliminary changes for the final edit by Jacy Eberlein, who digitized and created this file in July 2014 using a printed copy lent by Bob Breadon. Formatting, design and additional editing were carried out by John Parminter in 2015. A revised version, with updates to the appendix, was issued in 2016. ii AUTHOR’S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks to Dave Gilbert and Raoul Wiart of the Resources Inventory Branch for their help in getting this history project off the ground. I am also indebted to Bob Breadon, my writing partner, for his positive attitude and encouragement towards completing this report. Most of the information and photographs in this report were provided by the pioneers who worked in forest surveys before 1940. I hope that I have adequately expressed my gratitude to them by writing their stories in the chapter on biographical sketches. Ralph L. Schmidt Victoria, B.C. 1995 Ian McRae and Ron Webber fording the Blaeberry River. EDITOR’S NOTES Photographs are from the collections of Alf Bamford, Braham Griffith, Larry McMullan, Ian McRae, John Parminter, Mickey Pogue, Ronald Stromberg, Cedric Walker and unknown others. Line drawings of plants were done by A.K. Hellum. Special thanks to Lesley McKnight, retired from the Research Branch of the B.C. Forest Service, for her excellent proofreading skills and suggestions for improvement. -
By HFNICHOLSON Great Lakes Biolimnol
BIBLIOGRAPHY -ON THE LIMNOLOGY AND FISHERIES. OF CANADIAN FRESHWATERS. NO .''5 (REVISED). by H.F.NICHOLSON Great Lakes Biolimnology Laboratory, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario. L7R 4A6 PREFACE This is a revised edition of Bibliography No.5, published in 1978 as Fish. Environm.Can., Fish.Mar.Serv., Techn.Rept., (804). Due to budget restrictions and the high cost of printing, combined with an expanding distribution list, it is no longer possible to publish this series as Technical Reports. Instead, each number will be issued in this present looseleaf form as an unpublished report of the Great Lakes Biolimnology Laboratory. Please note that those from outside Canada requesting copies of this series will be sent the Reference Indexes only. However, the Canadian Freshwater Features Section will be sent if specifically requested. This issue can be referenced as:- Nicholson, H.F. 1982. "Bibliography on the limnology and fisheries of Canadian freshwaters. No.5(revised)". Can.Dept.Fish.Oceans, Pacific & Freshw.Fish., Great Lakes Biolimnol.Lab., Unpubl.Rept. FORMAT The bibliography is divided into two sections:- (1). Reference Index Each of these references contains information on the limnology and fisheries of Canadian freshwaters. They are numbered and appear in numerical order. This enumeration is consecutive and continuous through the bibliography series. (2). Freshwater Feature Index This section is divided into alphabetical order of provinces and within each province the freshwater feature names are in alphabetical order. The coordinates (in minutes and degrees, latitude and longitude) are given for each feature except for British Columbia where, for the most part, the quadrilateral indexing system is used. -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 57, NUMBER 6 CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY II No. 6.-MIDDLH CAMBRIAN BRANCHIOPODA, MALACOSTRACA, TRILOBITA, AND MEROSTOMATA With Plates 24 to 34 BY CHARLES D. WALCOTT TUBLICATION 2051) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MARCH 13, 1912 €5e Bnvi) (^aitimovi (preee BALTIMORE, Mn., U. S. A. CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY II No. 6.—MIDDLE CAMBRIAN BRANCHIOPODA, MALACOSTRACA, TRILOBITA, AND MEROSTOMATA By CHARLES D. WALCOTT (With Plates 24 to 34) CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 148 Habitat 149 Character of the shale 149 Mode of occurrence 151 Classification 153 Stratigraphic distribution 155 Structural features 157 Exoskeleton 157 Labrum 1 58 Segmentation 1 58 Appendages 1 58 Alimentary canal 160 Hepatic caeca 160 Origin of Middle Cambrian crustacean fauna 160 Relation to recent crustaceans 164 Survival of the Branchiopoda 165 Class Crustacea 166 Sub-Class Branchiopoda j66 Order Anostraca Caiman 166 Family Opabinidse, new family 166 Genus Opabinia, new genus 166 Opabinia regalis, new species (pis. 27, 28.) 167 Appendages 167 Interior structure 168 Dimensions 168 Female 169 Opabinia ? media, new species 1 70 Genus Leanchoilia, new genus 170 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 57 No. 6 145 i 146 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 57 PAGE Leanchoilia superlata, new species (pi. 31) 170 Genus Yohoia, new genus 171 Yohoia tenuis, new species (pi. 29) 172 Appendages 1 72 Dimensions 1 73 Yohoia plena, new species (pi. 29) 1 73 Genus Bidentia, new genus 173 Bidentia difUcilis, new species (pi. 30) 174 Appendages 1 74 Dimensions 1 74 Order Notostraca 1 75 Family Naraoidse, new family 175 Genus Naraoia, new genus 1 75 Naraoia compacta, new species (pi. -
Yoho National Parks of Canada
A B C D JUNE 2010 Yoho National Park of Canada MANAGEMENT PLAN Yoho National Park of Canada Management Plan © Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer of Parks Canada, 2010. Également offert en français. For more information about Yoho National Park: Yoho National Park P.O. Box 99 Field, BC V0A 1G0 www.pc.gc.ca/yoho Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Parks Canada. Yoho National Park of Canada management plan. Issued also in French under the title: Plan directeur - Parc national du Canada Yoho ISBN: 978-1-100-15668-2 Cat. No. R61-33/2010E-PDF ii Yoho National Park of Canada Management Plan ForEword Canada’s national historic sites, national parks and national marine conservation areas offer Canadians from coast-to-coast-to-coast unique opportunities to experience and understand our wonderful country. They are places of learning, recreation and inspiration where Canadians can connect with our past and appreciate the natural, cultural and social forces that shaped Canada. From our smallest national park to our most visited national historic site to our largest national marine conservation area, each of these places offers Canadians and visitors several experiential opportunities to enjoy Canada’s historic and natural heritage. These places of beauty, wonder and learning are valued by Canadians - they are part of our past, our present and our future. Our Government’s goal is to ensure that Canadians form a lasting connection to this heritage and that our protected places are enjoyed in ways that leave them unimpaired for present and future generations.