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Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures and page numbers in bold refer to Tables A-type magmatism 451-453 Avalonia 5 Abra alba 255 Aydo~u Formation 367, 368-369 Abra scythian 253 Ayvahk Burhaniye Graben 355 Acanthocardia andrussovia 255 Adala Limestone 367-368 back-arc spreading tectonic model 386, 405-406 Adatepe quartz monzodiorite 446 Ba~di~in Formation 306 Adjara-Trialeti Unit 171-172,173, 174 Baklrk6y Formation 174 Aegean extensional province 327 Bahkhova Formation 48, 49, 59, 60 African Plate 423 Baranada~ pluton 451 Afyon Zone 26 Barbotella intermedia 255 Akqaabat Formation 256 Barla Da~ Akqakoyunlu quartz monzodiorite 446 map 164 Akqay Formation 374 radiolarites Akliman Formation 252-253 controls on sedimentation 166-169 Ak~ehir Fault Zone 413-416 cycle of deposition 165-166 Ak~ehir-Afyon Graben basalts of iskenderun Gulf fill 407-412 geochemistry seismicity 417 methods of analysis 494 structure 412-417 results 501-508 summary history 417-420 origins 508-510 Aksu Basin 110, 111 petrography 494-501 Akta~ Dam 187, 190 setting 491-493 Alandere Formation 49 basanite 495-501 Alanya Massif 107-110,111 Baskil Arc 120 Alanyurt Formation 374 Bayat Formation 304 Ala~ehir Group 365, 367 Baymdlr syenite 451 algae and algal mounds 85,285 Bayraktepe Formation 256 Almus Fault Zone 423,424 Bayramiq Graben 364 Alpine Orogeny 156-157 Bayramiq Group 363 Alpine Tethys Bella costulata 253 closure 13 Bergama Graben 353,354, 355,356, 359, 362 defined 1 Bey Da~lan Platform 106 opening 12 Beypazarl Group 142 Alvenius nitidus 253 Biscay Ocean 12, 13 amphibole chemistry 226, 228 Bitlis Massif 120 Anatolian Block 423-425 Bitlis Suture Zone 423 Neogene volcanism palaeomagnetic study Bitola Basin 329 methods 426-429 Bittium agibelicum 253 results 429-432 Bittium digitatum 253 results discussed 433-439 Bittium reticulatum 256 Anatolide-Tauride Block 25 bivalves Andana Basin 113-114, 116,490 Eastern Paratethys 253,254, 255,256 Andrusov Rise 237 Karaburun m61ange 54-55 Antalya Complex 103-107 Manavgat Basin 279 Antalya Gulf see Manavgat Basin Black Sea Palaeocene-Eocene history Arabian foreland 118-120 evidence 236-244 Arabia Plate 423 models discussed 244-247 Arabian Platform 461 Blagoevgrad Basin 329 Arapkir 462 blueschists 27, 123, 141 Arapkir-Do~an~ehir Fault 462 Borlu Formation 370 Arkhangelsky Rise 237 Bornova m61ange 48, 49, 59-60 Armorian Terrane 5 Bostancl Formation 255 Artvin Massif 175 Botevgrad Basin 329 Artvin-Bolnisi Unit 172,173, 174-176 Bozqalda~ Formation 443 Aslanta~ Fault Zone 489 Bozda~ Horst 354 Aslanta,s Formation 314 Bozklr Formation 310, 314 Athlar Formation 176, I77 Braarudosphaera bigelowi 256 Atlantic Ocean (North) 12 brachiopods 85 514 INDEX bryozoa 85 stratigraphy 204-206 Eastern Paratethys 253,254 ophiolites and metabasites of Klr~ehir Block 185 Manavgat Basin 279 alteration effects 188 Bulgaria lithological units 185 tectonic regime magmatic groups 185-186 Eocene-Oligocene 328-332 geochemistry 188-198 Miocene-Pliocene 332-340 petrography 187 Quaternary 341-343 tectonic modelling 199-200 Bunte facies 49 plate setting 454 Burgas Basin 329 Central Black Sea Rise 237 Btiyiik Menderes Graben 353, 354, 387-388 Central Sakarya ophiolite complex 148 age 395-396 Central Sakarya Terrane extension timing evolution 152-157 evidence reviewed 396-398 tectonostratigraphy 142-150 sedimentary evidence 388-389, 391-394 characteristic remnant magnetism (ChRM) 426 structural evidence 389-391,394-395 chert Chios m61ange 65 ~a~layan Formation 174 Karaburun m61ange 52-53 ~al Unit 33 Chios (Greece) 45-46 calcarenite 166 stratigraphy Calliosterna hommairei 255 correlation with Karaburun Peninsula 70-71 Camibo~azl Formation 48, 49, 56, 60 Mesozoic 67-70 Camoba Formation 89 Palaeozoic 61-67 ~amsan pluton 451 tectonic model 71-78 ~andlr Formation 306, 310, 314 Chios m61ange 49 Candona sp 255 description 61-66 Canklh Monzodiorite 446 interpretation 66-67 ~ankm Basin 187,190, 298 Chlamys digitalina domgeri 253 fault plane analysis Chlamys opercularis domgeri 253 methods 300-303 ~i9ekda~ ophiotite 187, 188, 204 results 303-316 comparison with Sarlkaraman ophiolite 214 results discussed 316-321 emplacement model 215-217 structural setting 300 geochemistry 187, 193, 207, 208, 209, 210-214 tectonostratigraphy 299 petrography 206 carbonate blocks stratigraphy 204-206 in Karakaya Orogen 87-90 Cilicia-Andana Basin 116 see also limestones Cimmerian Block 2 carbonate platform environment 92-93 Cimmeride deformation 25 carbonate ramp 167 Cimmeride Orogen 27, 35, 36--37 Carboniferous Central Sakarya 155-156 limestones 36 ~ipk6y 463 metamorphic rocks 34 CIPW norm 497 molasse 35 Ctadocoropsis Limestone 49 plate settings 8 clinopyroxene Cardium edulis 256 iskenderun Gulf volcanics 497, 499 Cardium fittoni 255 PozanU-Karsantl ophiolite 222-224 Cardium sp. 253 Coccolithus pelagicus 256 Carpathian-Balkan Chain 326 Congeria sp. 255 Caspiolla sp. 255 conglomerate 255,256 Catapsyndrax dissimilis 281 Conkbayln Formation 256 Central Anatolia coral of Manavgat Basin 279, 281-282 tectonic regime 406 coralline algae of Manavgat Basin 279 see also Ak~ehir-Afyon Graben cover rocks of east Pontian-Transcaucasus 179 Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) 203 Crassostrea gryphoides 253 intrusive events 443-446 Cretaceous A-type 451-453 Central Sakarya 147-148 I-type 446-451 Karaburun Peninsula 59 S-type 446 plate settings 14 metamorphic events 442.443 Taurus Mts area 125-127 ophiolites 187, 188, 203, 204 ~ukurova Basin 490 comparison with Sankaraman ophiolite 214 cumulates, gabbroic emplacement model 215-217 locations 219-220 geochemistry 187,193, 207, 208, 209, 210-214 Pozantl-Karsantl study 220-221 petrography 206 geochemistry 222-226 INDEX 515 cumulates, gabbroic-cont. extension modelling 386, 405-406 petrogenesis 227 phases identified 394-397 petrography 221-222 Ezine Group 363, 364 tectonic significance 227-231 Ezine Horst 361 types 220 fanglomerate 256 fault plane analysis Da~kiiplii M61ange 150 method 300-303 Dead Sea Fault Zone 423,489 results 303-316 Demirci Graben 359, 369, 370 results discussed 3t6-321 Denizcik Formation 375 feldspar Denizgiren Group 47 lskenderun Gulf volcanics 497, 500 Derbent Limestone 87, 89 Pozantl-Karsantl ophiolite 226, 229 Deyim Formation 304, 306, 310, 314 foraminifera Dikili Group 360 Eastern Paratethys 253,254, 256 Discoaster brouweri 256 Manavgat Basin 279 Ditrupa sp. 253 Northern Biofacies Belt 85-87 Dizilita~lar Formation 304 Southern Biofacies Belt 83-85 Djerman Basin 329 fusulines 85 Do~anclk Formation 410 Drama Basin 329 gabbro cumulates see cumulates Dreissena inequivalis 256 gastropods Dreissena sp. 255 Eastern Paratethys 256 Dumluca pluton 451,453 Manavgat Basin 279 Dures Basin 329 Gates of Issos escarpment 467 Durmu~lu syenite 451 Geceleme Formation 273, 276, 285-289 Dursunlu Formation 412 Gediz Graben 353,354, 359, 364-365, 386 geochemistry earthquakes 417, 418 Central Anatolia intrusives 445, 447, 448, 449, 452 East Anatolian Fault Zone 424, 489 ~i~ekda~ ophiolite 207, 208, 209, 210-214 Eastern Black Sea Basin 235 Da~kidplti M61ange 150 evolution 237-239, 244, 246, 247 Iskenderun Gulf alkali volcanics Eastern Paratethys methods of analysis 494 palaeogeography 257, 259, 260, 261,263, 264, 265 results 501-508 sedimentary succession Pozantl-Karsantl ophiolite 222-226 Black Sea 252-256 volcanics of SE Turkey Marmara 256 methods of analysis 468 Ecemi~ Fault Zone 424 results 471-474 Neogene palaeomagnetic study Georgia see Transcaucasus (southern) methods 426-429 Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica 256 results 429-432 Gerence Formation 47, 48, 49, 54, 60 results discussed 433-439 Gibbula bajarunasi 253 Ecemis-Sivas Fault Zone 296 Gibbula chokrakensis 253 echinoderms Girdapdere meta-olistrostrome 152-153 Eastern Paratethys 253,255 Globigerina spp. 279, 281,287 Karaburun m61ange 54-55 Globigerinoides spp. 281 Manavgat Basin 279 Globivalvulina spp. 86 eclogite 27 G6dene Zone 106 Edremit Graben 353,359, 367 G6kova Graben 353,372, 375 E~rig61 Basalts 360 G6ktepe Formation 374 Elazl~ volcanics 461-463 G6ktepe Metamorphics 151-152 Elphidium sp. 255 G61ba~x Basin 489 Emremsultan olistrostrome 150 G61basl-Tarko~lu Fault 465 Eocene tectonic setting G61da~ Suite 461 Bulgaria-Greece 328-332 G61yaka Formation 409 Taurus Mts area 127-129 G6rdes graben 370 Eocimmerian event 2, 7-9 Gotse Delchev Basin 329 epi-Baikalian (Pan-African) domain 2 Gotse Delchev Graben 335 erosion surfaces, sub-Quaternary 340-341 Govedartsi Basin 329 Esenkaya Formation 374 G6zpman Formation 410--411 Etili Graben 361,364 G6ztepe Formation 256 Eupatorina littoralis 255 granodiorite of Sakarya zone 34-35 Euxinocythere sp. 255 Greece Evrenli Group 366, 367 tectonic regime 516 INDEX Greece-cont. lstanbul zone 27 Eocene-Oligocene 328-332 izmir-Ankara ophiolite suture 354 Miocene-Pliocene 332-340 izmir-Ankara Suture 14, 26, 27 Quaternary 343-345 izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean 184, 185 Guleman ophiolite 120 izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone (|AESZ) 45-46 Gtilpmar Graben 361 Gtivercinlik Formation 48, 49, 56, 57 Jurassic Central Sakarya 147 Hadlm Nappe 103 Chios 70 Halimeda 279 Karaburun Peninsula 56-59 Hallstatt facies 49 plate settings 12 Hallstatt Meliata Ocean 7, 9 radiolarites Hamit pluton 451 controls on sedimentation 166-169 Hanclh Formation 314 cycle of deposition 165-166 Hastacondana spp. 255 stratigraphy of Barla Da~ 165 Hayriye pluton 451 tectonic setting of Taurus Mts area 125 Heliastraea 279 Helicosphaera kaptneri 256 Hellenic Trench 26 K/Ar dating Hellenides 326 Black Sea 243 hematite 426 Neogene-Quaternary volcanics Hemigordiopsis 86 method 467-468 Heterostegina
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  • A Remote Sensing Perspective

    A Remote Sensing Perspective

    Δελτίο Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας τομ. XLIV, 2011 54 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece vol. XLIV, 2011 Geomorphological and Environmental changes in West- ern Greece: a remote sensing perspective (1) (1) EMMANUEL VASSILAKIS & EFTHIMIA VERYKIOU - PAPASPYRIDAKOU ABSTRACT Several rapid geomorphological changes can be detected on the landscape of western Greece since the area is adjacent to the highly active Hellenic trench, where major geodynamic phenomena occur. At this part of the Hellenides, various active structures have been affecting the shallow layers of the overriding plate, due to tectonic movements and in some cases gypsum diapirism. Additionally, lots of environmental implications have been reported since a significant amount of development infrastructure is still being constructed in this area for more than the last twenty years, affecting the slower physical ongoing processes. The outcropping erodible lithologies of flysch in conjunction with the existence of high energy rivers reveal a rapidly evolving area with dynamic topography, which can be identified by using the appropriate methodologies. Remote sensing techniques prove to be the ideal way to locate changes at the physical geography of the studied area, especially when multi- temporal interpretation is implemented. In this paper we try to locate and analyze these changes by using medium resolution satellite images (Landsat TM and ETM+) of different temporal periods (1992, 2000 and 2005). After special interpretation of the acquired remote sensing images, which involves detailed co-registration and spectral analysis, the identified changes can be temporally cate- gorized between the three acquisition dates. The methodology requires the compilation of new sepa- rate datasets, one for each spectral channel from the three Landsat images, in order to detect chang- es in the absorption and reflection spectra for specific bandwidths.
  • GSA TODAY Cordilleran, P

    GSA TODAY Cordilleran, P

    Vol. 10, No. 1 January 2000 INSIDE • 2000 Section Meetings North-Central, p. 12 Rocky Mountain, p. 16 GSA TODAY Cordilleran, p. 29 • 1999 Annual Meeting, p. 21 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • New Members, Fellows, Associates, p. 37 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake Was No Surprise Robert Reilinger, Nafi Toksoz, Simon McClusky, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, [email protected] Aykut Barka, Istanbul Technical University, Eurasian Earth Science Institute, Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT The magnitude (M) 7.4 Izmit earthquake was the largest and most deadly earthquake in Turkey in the past 60 years, and the most destructive in terms of property damage in Turkey’s recorded history. It struck on a seg- ment of the North Anatolian fault ~100 km east of Istanbul, one of the most heavily pop- ulated and industrially developed regions of the country. The earthquake caused a 120 km surface rupture (with an unmapped extension beneath Izmit Bay) with right-lat- eral offsets of 1.5–5 m. Apart from the loss of life and property, the Izmit earthquake is remarkable in being the latest in a series of 11 major (M >6.7) earthquakes this century that have broken more than a 1000 km length Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map of eastern Mediterranean superimposed on topography and bathymetry. Solid lines—strike-slip faults; lines with tick marks—normal faults, ticks on down- of the North Anatolian fault from near the thrown block; lines with triangles—thrust faults, triangles on overriding block.