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Investigations of Glacial Lake Musselshell

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Investigations of Glacial Lake Musselshell EXTENT AND TIMING OF LAURENTIDE GLACIAL LAKE MUSSELSHELL, CENTRAL MONTANA by Nicole Kristina Davis A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana July 2004 © COPYRIGHT by Nicole Kristina Davis 2004 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Nicole Kristina Davis This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the College of Graduate Studies. Dr. William W. Locke Approved for the Department of Earth Sciences Dr. David R. Lageson Approved for the College of Graduate Studies Dr. Bruce McLeod iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Nicole K. Davis July 15, 2004 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the support, advice and patience of a great number of people. Roger Colton, Dave Fullerton, and Bill Johnson from the US Geological Survey were especially helpful and provided materials and information that were central to the project. Rick Alexander was a tremendous help in the field. Bob Wegmann and Brian from the Soil Survey helped me to get oriented in the field and assisted with the soil study. Gary Landis of the USGS generously provided facilities for the 21Ne analyses. I greatly appreciate the time and thought that Grace Sherwood-Winer, Marie-Luce Chevalier, Ken Pierce, Andy Hunt, Vinnie Mills-Herring, Cayce, Dan Miggins, Tom Guilderson, Joe Licciardi, and others gave to this project. Special thanks to my committee, Stephan Custer, Tom Keck, and Ken Pierce, my intrepid advisor Bill Locke, Bob Finkel from Lawrence Livermore, and to my family and friends. I am also grateful to the residents of Petroleum and Garfield Counties for the generosity and trust that they showed me during my two field seasons. In particular, I would like to thank Phil and Delores Hill and family, Dave, Nancy, Bruce, Daisy and Dean Dutton and family, Skip and Diane Ahlgren, and Walter Manuel. Most of the funding for this project was provided by the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Additional support from the family of Barry C. Bishop, the Geological Society of America (GSA), the Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Division of GSA, and the Association for Women Geoscientists made this work possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1 STUDY AREA………...………………………………………………………...………………...3 MUSSELSHELL RIVER TERRACES……………………………………………………….…10 Correlation of Terraces with Late Cenozoic Climatic Events……………….12 Terrace Soil Development……………………………………….......…...….17 AGE(S) AND EXTENT(S) OF LAKE MUSSELSHELL……………………………………....18 Extents and Ages of the Laurentide Ice Sheet…..………………....………...20 The Laurentide in Southwestern Alberta…………………………………….22 The Laurentide in Southeastern Alberta and Saskatchewan……...………….24 The Laurentide in Montana………………………………….………….……25 Extent(s) of Lake Musselshell………………………………………….……31 Age(s) of Lake Musselshell…………………………………………….……36 Surface Exposure Ages of Musselshell Boulders…………………..……37 2. METHODS………………………………………………………………………46 TERRACE CORRELATION AND PROVENANCE…………………………………..………46 TERRACE SOIL DEVELOPMENT…………………………..……………………….……….50 LAKE-RELATED FEATURES IN THE MUSSELSHELL BASIN………………...…….…..53 Ice-Rafted Boulders……………………………………………………….…53 Potential Outlets………………………………………………………...……55 Deltas, Lake Sediment, and Shorelines………………………………………55 SURFACE EXPOSURE AGES OF MUSSELSHELL BOULDERS……………………….….56 Cosmogenic 21Neon Ages……………………………………………………59 Cosmogenic 10Beryllium Ages……………………………………………....61 3. RESULTS………………………………………………………………………..63 TERRACE CORRELATION AND PROVENANCE…………………………………..………63 TERRACE SOIL DEVELOPMENT…………………………..……………………….…….….75 vi Origin of the Fine Material Capping the Terraces…………………………...79 ICE-RAFTED BOULDERS……………………………………………………………….…….80 Previously Located Boulders………………………………………………...80 Lithology, Size and Geographic Distribution………………………………..83 Buried Boulders on the Musselshell-Winifred Divide……………………….88 POTENTIAL OUTLETS FOR LAKE MUSSELSHELL…………………………..…….…….90 CAT CREEK GRAVEL……………………………………………………………..…….…….96 DEEP COULEE DEPOSIT……………………………………..…………………..……….…101 SURFACE EXPOSURE AGES OF MUSSELSHELL BOULDERS………….…………..…110 Cosmogenic 21Neon Ages…………………………………………..………111 Cosmogenic 10Beryllium Ages…………………...………………………...111 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………..………….…………..…121 4. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………..……124 EXTENSIVE LATE WISCONSIN ICE ADVANCE IN CENTRAL MONTANA…………124 Age and Origin of Musselshell River Terrace Qtm1……………………..….124 Upstream Convergence of the Musselshell River Terraces………………...126 Surface Exposure Ages of Musselshell Boulders……………………...…...127 MULTIPLE SHORT-LIVED STAGES OF LAKE MUSSELSHELL………………...……..131 Absence of Common Lake-Related Features…………………….………...132 Presence of Slackwater Rhythmites………………………….……………..132 Thin Ice Dam in the Larb Hills……………………………………………..133 Glacial Surges and Catastrophic Drawdown of Lake Musselshell…...…….134 Hydraulic Damming of Incoming Floods……………………….………….135 Interactions with Lake Jordan…………………………………………...….138 POTENTIAL PRE-LATE WISCONSIN GLACIATION AND LAKE DAMMING……..…139 Cat Creek Delta Remnant (?)……………………………………………….139 SUMMARY………….……………………………………………………………...………..…142 vii CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………….………..……….…….144 REFERENCES CITED…………………..…………………………………………147 APPENDICES………………………………..…………………………………….160 APPENDIX A: SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR COSMOGENIC 21NE ANALYSIS……………………………………………...…………..160 APPENDIX B: SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR COSMOGENIC 10BE ANALYSIS…………………………………….………………………….……..163 APPENDIX C: PROVENANCE AND CLAST SIZE DATA AT SITES E-Z…….…….170 APPENDIX D: SOIL DESCRIPTIONS AT SITES A-D FROM FIELD NOTES…...….185 APPENDIX E: SOIL TEXTURE, PH AND DRY COLOR AT SITES A-D..……..……187 APPENDIX F: LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, ALTITUDE, LITHOLOGY AND SIZE OF ALL BOULDERS MAPPED AS PART OF THIS STUDY………..………189 APPENDIX G: DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED FOR SURFACE EXPOSURE AGE DATING…………………….………………….199 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Rock Types of the Musselshell River Basin……………………………………...8 2. Terraces of the Musselshell River.…………………...……………………...…...10 3. Terraces in Six Musselshell Tributaries…..………………………………….…..11 4. Age of Terraces in the Northern Bighorn Basin…………………………………15 5. Age of Terraces in the Wind River Basin…………..……………………………16 6. Stages of Calcium Carbonate Morphology………………………………………19 7. Characteristics of Selected Large, Ephemeral Lakes…………………………….34 8. Main Sources of Error for Surface Exposure Ages……………………………...39 9. Criteria for Rating the Likelihood of Displacement, Erosion and Shielding…….58 10. Characteristics of the Musselshell River Terraces and Floodplain………………69 11. Selected Soil Field Characteristics at Sites A-D……………………………..…..76 12. High-Altitude Boulders in the Musselshell Basin……………………………….86 13. Proposed Outlets for Lake Musselshell………………………………………….91 14. Description of Deep Coulee and Similar Deposits……………………..………110 15. Results of 21Neon Analysis of Five Boulder Surfaces………………………….112 16. Comparison of 21Neon and 10Beryllium Ages………………………………….113 17. Results of 10Be Analysis of 27 Boulder Surfaces…………………….…….…..114 18. Qualitative Error Estimates for 10Be Ages………………………………….…..115 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Maximum Hypothesized Pleistocene Ice and Proglacial Lake Extent in Montana ………………………………………………..…….…2 2. Gravel terraces and Glacial Boulders in the Winnett-Mosby area……..…………4 3. Counties and Towns in the Vicinity of the Field Area...………...………….…….5 4. Shaded Relief Map of Montana...…………………………………………………6 5. Bedrock Geology of the Musselshell Watershed and Surrounding Area………………………………………..…………………….……..……….7 6. Quaternary Time Scale………………...………………………………….……..13 7. Source Areas and Flow Dynamics of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum……….…………………..………………...21 8. Ice Marginal Positions of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in Montana…………………27 9. Various Depictions of Glacial Lake Musselshell and Potential Outlets……………….………………………………………….……32 10. Terraces of the Musselshell River Valley and Locations of Sites A-Z…...…………………………………………………….48 11. Sampling Techniques for Cosmogenic Isotope Dating………………………….59 12. Longitudinal Profiles of the Musselshell River Terraces (Qtm1-8) and the Modern Musslehshell River (Qal) based on data from Johnson and Smith (1964)………………………………………………………………64 13. Revised Longitudinal Profiles of the Musselshell River Terraces (Qtm1-8) and the Gradient of the Modern Musselshell (Qal)……………………66 14. Revised Longitudinal Profiles of the Musselshell River Terraces Showing Proposed Terraces Qtm3a-c……………………………………………68 15. Terrace Gravel and Laminated Sand at Site F, in Qtm2………………..…………70 x 16. Terrace Gravel at Site G, in Qtm2…………………………………………….…..71 17. Terrace Gravel at Site H, in Qtm1………………………………………………...72 18. Imbricate Gravel
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