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Download E-Book (PDF) OPEN ACCESS African Journal of Plant Science September 2018 ISSN 1996-0824 DOI: 10.5897/AJPS www.academicjournals.org ABOUT AJPS The African Journal of Plant Science (AJPS) (ISSN 1996-0824) is published Monthly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Plant Science (AJPS) provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of Plant Science and Botany. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. All articles published in AJPS are peer-reviewed. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJPS Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editor Prof. Amarendra Narayan Misra Dr. Khaled Nabih Rashed Center for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Pharmacognosy Dept., Central University of Jharkhand, National Research Centre, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, P.O. Brambe-835205, Dokki, Giza, Egypt Ranchi, Jharkhand State, India. Dr. Biswa Ranjan Acharya Pennsylvania State University Department of Biology Associate Editors 208 Mueller Lab University Park, PA 16802. Dr. Ömür Baysal USA Assoc. Prof. Head of Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Faculty of Life Sciences, Prof. H. Özkan Sivritepe Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Department of Horticulture Faculty of 48000 -Mugla / TURKEY. Agriculture Uludag University Görükle Campus Bursa 16059 Turkey. Dr. Pingli Lu Department of Biology 416 Life Sciences Building Prof. Ahmad Kamel Hegazy Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Pennsylvania State University Cairo University, Giza 12613, University Park, PA 16802 Egypt. USA. Dr. Annamalai Muthusamy Department of Biotechnology Manipal Life Science Centre, Dr. Nafees A. Khan Manipal University, Department of Botany Manipal – 576 104 Aligarh Muslim University Karnataka, ALIGARH-202002, INDIA. India. Dr. Manomita Patra Dr. Chandra Prakash Kala Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Forest Management University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nehru Nagar, P.B.No. 357 NV 89154-4003. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India – 462 003. Dr. R. Siva School of Bio Sciences and Technology VIT University Vellore 632 014. African Journal of Plant Science Table of Content: Volume 12 Number 9 September 2018 Table of Content: Volume 12 Number 3, March 2018 ARTICLES Integrated management of Aspergillus species and aflatoxin production in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through application of farm yard manure and seed treatments with fungicides and Trichoderma species Abdi Mohammed, Alemayehu Chala, Chris Ojiewo, Mashilla Dejene, Chemeda Fininsa, Amare Ayalew, David A. Hoisington, Victor S. Sobolev and Renee S. Arias Physiological characterization of NADP-malic enzyme activity under 2,4-D toxicity in an aquatic fern, Azolla pinnata R.Br. A. Kumar De, B. Sarkar, I. Saha, A. Ghosh, N. Dey and M. K. Adak Effects of seedling age and rates of phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield performance of onion (Allium cepa L.) under irrigation at Alage, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Tilaye Anbes, Walelign Worku and Hussien Mohammed Beshir Genotype and genotype by environment interaction and grain yield stability of medium maturity groups of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] varieties in Western Oromia, Ethiopia Adane Arega, Alemayehu Dabessa, Meseret Tola and Chala Dabala Vol. 12(9), pp. 196-207, September 2018 DOI: 10.5897/AJPS2018.1688 Article Number: 64A9EA758681 ISSN 1996-0824 Copyright © 2018 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of Plant Science http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPS Full Length Research Paper Integrated management of Aspergillus species and aflatoxin production in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through application of farm yard manure and seed treatments with fungicides and Trichoderma species Abdi Mohammed1*, Alemayehu Chala2, Chris Ojiewo3, Mashilla Dejene1, Chemeda Fininsa1, Amare Ayalew4, David A. Hoisington5, Victor S. Sobolev6 and Renee S. Arias6 1School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University. P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. 2College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 3ICRISAT - Ethiopia (c/o ILRI), Member, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 4Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA), African Union Commission, Ethiopia. 5Peanut and Mycotoxin Innovation Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-4356, USA. 6United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-National Peanut Research Laboratory, Dawson, Georgia 39842-0509, USA. Received 5 July, 2018; Accepted 27 August, 2018 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important cash crop in the lowland areas of Ethiopia. However, prevalence of Aspergillus invasions and subsequent aflatoxin contamination compromises the quality of groundnut kernels. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of farm yard manure (FYM) and seed treatments against Aspergillus species pod colonization and aflatoxin accumulation under field conditions. The inhibitory efficacy of Trichoderma species as biocontrol agents was also assessed. A total of 20 treatment combinations including pre-planting applications of FYM at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 tons/ha and seed treatments with carbendazim at 2 g/kg and mancozeb at 3 g kg-1, and Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride each at 5 g/kg as well as untreated seed as control were used. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. The experiment was conducted in two consecutive seasons (2014 and 2015) at Babile Haramaya University sub-Research Station. The highest pod and seed yields (1901.5 and 1281.5 kg/ha, respectively) were recovered from plots treated with T. harzianum at 5 g/kg seed. A. flavus was abundantly recorded in control plots, which could be responsible for the high aflatoxin B1 (5704.4 µg/kg) and B2 (2219.0 µg/kg) contamination. However, plots treated with T. harzianum at 5 g/kg seed and FYM at 5 tons/ha + T. harzianum at 5 g/kg were free from aflatoxin. Integrations of T. harzianum as biocontrol seed treatment and soil amendment with FYM were effective in the pre-harvest management of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins contamination. Key words: Aflatoxin, Aspergillus, carbendazim, farm yard manure, groundnut, mancozeb, Trichoderma species. Mohammed et al. 197 INTRODUCTION However, there is no acceptable limit of aflatoxin in Ethiopia. Recently, Mohammed et al. (2016) reported Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important aflatoxin B1 concentrations of 2,526 and 158 µg/kg, in monoecious annual legume used as oilseed, food and groundnut seed and groundnut cake locally known as animal feed all over the world (Upadhyaya et al., 2006). “Halawa”, respectively, from Eastern Ethiopia. The high In Ethiopia, groundnut production is adapted to warm aflatoxin levels observed indicate the urgent need for climates and predominantly grown under rainfed management of Aspergillus and associated aflatoxin conditions (Amare and Tamado, 2014). The total contamination in this area. groundnut yield in the country was 1,296,364.18 tons for Management practices that reduces the incidence of 2016/2017, with the productivity of 1.73 tons/ha (CSA, aflatoxin contamination at pre-harvest in the field include 2016/2017). Eastern and lowland part of the country, timely planting, maintaining optimal plant densities, mainly East Hararghe zone, is the leading groundnut proper plant nutrition, avoiding drought stress, controlling production area accounting for 43.4% of the total other plant pathogens, weeds and insect pests and production. In this area, groundnut is replacing major proper harvesting (Bruns, 2003). The application of lime, crops like maize and sorghum (Amare and Tamado, FYM, poultry manure, host plant resistance, and chemical 2014). Despite its ever-increasing importance, groundnut fumigation of the soil was employed earlier in reducing quality and marketability are hampered by pre- and post- the aflatoxin contamination in the groundnut crops harvest aflatoxin contamination in the area (Ayalew et al., (ICRISAT, 2000). Among which, lime, FYM and cereal 1995; Eshetu, 2010; Chala et al., 2013; Mohammed and crop residues as soil amendments have shown to be Chala, 2014; Mohammed et al., 2016). effective in reducing A. flavus contamination as well as Groundnut is one of the legume crops most susceptible aflatoxin levels by 50 to 90% (Bruns, 2003). Besides to invasion by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus biocontrol agents such as, non-toxigenic bacterial strains, parasiticus, which subsequently produce aflatoxin, a especially Bacillus species (Bottone and Peluso, 2003) mycotoxin that poses serious human and animal health and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum (Inglis and risks (Williams et al., 2004). Aflatoxin is a major Kawchuk, 2002) have also been used. Most of these constraint to groundnut export and foreign exchange for biocontrol options are not accessible or are difficult to many countries in sub-Saharan Africa such as Ethiopia apply on the seeds for smallholder farmers in developing and Kenya. Losses from rejected shipments and lower countries. Hence, there is a need for evaluations of prices for poor quality grain can devastate a developing effective integrations of biocontrol agents with cultural country’s export markets (IFPRI,
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