Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western , Series 4

Volume 4 Number 7 July, 1963 Article 9

1-1-1963

Weeds in lawns. 1. Identification of weeds in lawns

Robert Dunlop Royce

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Recommended Citation Royce, Robert Dunlop (1963) "Weeds in lawns. 1. Identification of weeds in lawns," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 4 : No. 7 , Article 9. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol4/iss7/9

This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. WEEDS IN LAWNS

I. Identification of Weeds in Lawns

By R. D. ROYCE, Officer-in-Charge, Botany Branch

CCURATE identification of weeds is the first principal of weed control with A modern chemicals. This is as true for weeds in lawns as any other weeds. A spray which destroys one species may USING THE KEY have no effect on another plant growing The key has been prepared on the dicho- alongside, while a different spray may have tomous system, that is, there are always exactly the opposite effect. The identity two opposing characters from which to of the weed, therefore, is an important choose. factor in deciding which spray to use. For instance, the first step in using this key to identify a lawn weed, is to decide between the two "A" characters; in other TYPES OF WEEDS words whether the are "narrow, and A number of weeds are common in either flat and grass-like, or oval in cross- lawns in this State and these belong to a section," or whether they are "flat and number of different plant families. These broad and sometimes divided into many weed species can be divided into two lobes, but not grass-like." Each of the groups, the temporary weeds and the sections is divided into two smaller sections permanent weeds. depending on two opposing characters in The temporary species are ones which the same manner. develop in a newly established lawn, and The use of the key will be made easier are principally those which require space by a little practice, while a number of to develop. Veldt grass, geranium and diagrams of the leaves and other struc­ plantain, are examples of this type. As tures referred to in the key will assist in the young sward thickens up over the first interpreting the terms. two or three years these species gradually During the winter months most metro­ die out. They are usually of little conse­ politan lawns show a strong growth of a quence in the fully established lawn and small pale-green weedy grass which can only occasionally do they become trouble­ become troublesome, particularly in a some. couch lawn. The identification of this On the other hand the permanent weeds plant will illustrate the use of the key. are a constantly recurring trouble in main­ The plant has slender grass-like leaves, taining a uniform surface on the lawn. In and by a comparison of the two "A" Western Australia there are numerous characters in the key it would clearly go weeds of this type, and in this article 31 under the first "A." There are then two of the commonest and most troublesome "B" characters to choose between, and as of them are described. the leaves are not rounded or oval in cross To assist in their identification, a simple section, but are flat and grass-like, it key based mainly on vegetative characters would be placed in the first "B." has been prepared. A description of each The two "C" paragraphs in this section plant has been added, so that the identi­ relate to the growth habit of the plant— fication from the key can be effectively it may either be present in the lawn all checked. the year round, or it may be seasonal. The 447 Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 plant we are identifying is plainly seasonal, it as WINTER GRASS. This identification since it germinates after the winter com­ is verified by the other characters "stem- mences, and it would go under the first "C." less and forming small clumps, leaves pale The final choice is then between green and hairless." The number 1 refers which grow during the summer, and those to the fact that the first of the attached which grow during the winter. Our plant descriptions is one which gives further is a winter grower, and this fact identifies details of this plant.

KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF WEEDS IN LAWNS A.—Leaves narrow, either flat and grass­ D.—Plants spreading by means of like, or oval in cross section. (Figs. A elongated above ground stems rooting at the joints, or by under­ and B.) ground root-like stems sometimes B.—Leaves flat and grass-like. iFig. A.) deep in the ground and not at first sight apparent. C.—Plants short lived, dying at the end of the season, and regenerating E.—Plants low, turf forming, the following year from seed. and growing amongst the lawn grass. D.—Plants growing during the winter months. Stemless and forming small clumps. Leaves pale green and hairless a) WINTER GRASS. D.—Plants growing during the summer, developing many stems which root at the joints. Leaves dark green, hairy (2) CRAB GRASS. C.—Plants growing, and remaining green during both summer and winter. Fig. B D.—Plants forming clumps and not spreading by elongated stems. E.—Leaves narrow, usually rolled, grey-green. Seed-head elongated, narrow, resembling rat's tail. Growth mainly in winter (3) PARRAMATTA GRASS. E.—Leaves flat, broad, bright green. Growth mainly in summer. Seed-head green with several spreading branches '41 PASPALUM.

Fig. A Fl«. E Fig. G FIR. H

Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 '.„>

F. — Leaves broad, re­ E.—Plants with erect growing sembling those of buffalo leaves which rapidly project grass, but less harsh and above the level of the mown of a paler green. lawn. Seed heads large, brown. G.—Plant spreading by means of above- F.—Underground stems ground stems rooting thin, wiry, black and at the joints. No swollen to form small underground stems. "nuts" at intervals deep Leaves widely spaced in soil (Fig. C) on stem (8) NUT GRASS. (5) WATER COUCH. F.—Underground stems G.—Plant spreading by thick, nearer the surface, both deep under­ and covered with scales. ground stems and No "nuts" (Fig. D) above-ground stems (9) SCALY SEDGE. rooting at the joints. B.—Leaves oval in cross section, erect in Leaves crowded on growth habit and projecting above the the stems level of the lawn. Winter growing species. • 6) KIKUYU. Flowers red or mauve (Fig. B) <10> GUILDFORD GRASS. F.—Leaves narrow, bright green in colour; under­ ground stems near the A.—Leaves flat, broad, sometimes divided surface, and together into many lobes, but not grass-like with the bases of the (Figs. E-N) upright stems covered with brown scales. Seed B.—Blade of either much divided into heads small, globular, numerous segments, or composed of three green leaflets borne at the apex of the leaf stalk. (7) KYLLINGA WEED. (Figs. E-K).

Fig. I Pig. J Pig. L Pig. M Pig. N 449

Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 C.—Leaf blade consisting of three leaf­ E.—Leaf-lobes broader, blunt lets at apex of leaf stalk. (Figs. E-H). at the apex or abruptly con­ tracted into a short point. D.—Plants present and remaining (Figs. J. and K). green during both summer and winter. F.—Leaf-stalk of fully E.—Plants hairy, apex of leaf­ mature leaf very short, lets deeply indented so that the central axis of the each leaflet is bilobed (Fig. leaf bearing lateral lobes E) almost to the base. (11) NATIVE WOOD SORREL. Dilated base toothed on edges (Fig. J) E.—Plants completely without (17) CARROT WEED. hairs; leaflets with an obtuse apex, and not indented (Fig. F.—Leaf-stalk of fully F) mature leaf longer than (12) WHITE CLOVER. blade. Edges of dilated D.—Plants growing only in the base of leaf-stalk smooth, winter months. Wing-like ap­ not toothed (Fig. K) pendages (stipules) present at the (18) ONE-HUNGA WEED. base of the leaf stalk where it joins the stem. (Fig. F-H). D.—Lobes broad, not divided, small near the base of the leaf larger E.—Stipules small, sometimes towards the apex. Terminal lobe with a long tapering apex. largest Plants without hairs. (Figs. (19) CAPE WEED. F-G). F.—Stipules with plain B.—Blade of leaf not deeply divided, but margins, not toothed sometimes toothed or lobed. (Figs. L.N). (Fig. F) (13) ANNUAL CLOVERS. C.—Stemless plant. Leaves lobed, in a rosette closely pressed to the sward; F.—Stipules with long nar­ flowers yellow, produced on wiry, row teeth along the leafless, sometimes branched stem. margins (Fig. G) Sap milky (Fig. L) (14) BURR MEDIC. (20) FLAT WEED. E.—Stipules large and leaf-like. Plants hairy (Fig. H) C.—Plants normally with leafy stems, (15) ANNUAL BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. without leaves in a rosette at ground level. Repeated mowing produces C.—Leaf-blade divided into numerous hard enlarged woody-stem butts lobes or segments, the divisions ex­ which continually produce lateral tending right to the axis of the leaf. stems. The leaf stalk dilated at the base at its attachment to the stem. (Figs. I-K). D.—Leaves completely without hairs and without teeth or lobes (Fig. D.—Lobes again divided or M) branched. (21) STARWORT. E.—Leaf-lobes straight, narrow and with a very acute apex D.—Leaves hairy, usually toothed (Fig. I) (Fig. N) (16) FUNNEL WEED. (22) FLEABANE.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

(1) WINTER GRASS (Poa annua, Linn.) (2) CRAB GRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Small winter-growing annual, forming small Scop.) tussocks up to one inch in diameter. Leaves Also known as SUMMER GRASS. flat, hairless, pale-green in colour with two A vigorous summer growing annual, with a translucent lines near the middle and running well developed root system, and long prostrate the length of the leaf and referred to as "tram­ lines." Seed heads develop in mid winter and stems which frequently root at the joints. The continue into spring. In well watered lawns it stems usually grow amongst the lawn species may continue growth into the summer months. and are difficult to effectively combat with the Cosmopolitan, and widely distributed in W.A. mower. Leaves hairy, short and broad, often 450

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Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 with crinkled margins. Seedheads purple, re­ (7) KYLLINGA WEED (Kyllinga intermedia sembling a large couch grass head, and in late R. Br.) summer a badly effected lawn has a purplish Small plant making growth throughout the colour due to these seed heads. year. Vigorous plant with underground stem Cosmopolitan, and widely naturalised in W.A. covered with brown scales. Erect stems brown at base. Leaves fine, grass-like more or less (3) PARRAMATTA GRASS (Sporobolus cap- V-shaped in cross section and up to 6 inches tall, completely hairless and of a pale green colour. ensis, Kunth.) Plant is turf-forming and becomes an integral Plant present in the lawn all the year and part of the lawn. When closely cut by a mower remaining green. Strongly rooted vigorous the brown scales at the base of the stems g*ve tussocky plant, base stout but not woody. Under the lawn a dead appearance. Flower heads continual mowing the centre of the plant small spherical green balls at the apex of fine becomes turf-like, and the outside stems develop stems slightly longer than the leaves, and form­ vigorously and almost horizontally. Leaves ing during the spring and summer months. rolled, of a dark bluish green colour, elongated. Native and occurring widely throughout Flowering stems a gTey green or leaden colour, the State. narrow and resembling a rat's tail, developing in the winter months. Very wiry in the lawn (8) NUT GRASS (Cyperus rotundus, Linn.) and difficult to keep cut. Present in the lawn all the year. Underground Native to South and naturalised stems fine, black, with a few scattered scales in parts of the south-west. but swollen at intervals to form "nuts." This stem gives rise to above ground leafy stems (4) PASPALUM (Paspalum dilatatum, Poir.) which root vigorously. Leaves keeled into a V-shape or flat, crisp and not fibrous. Flower­ Green all the year. Base stout and woody, ing stem three angled, producing two or more and under turf conditions producing lateral leafy at the apex and a cluster of brown stems pressed into the turf. Leaves flat, i inch coloured spikelets on long slender stalks. Grows wide, often with a few hairs at the base, but vigorously during winter and flowers in spring otherwise hairless. Flowering stems develop in and early summer. the summer months and grow rapidly so that Native to W.A., but a troublesome weed. mowing them sometimes proves difficult. Native to ; cultivated and (9) SCALY SEDGE (Cyperus tenuiflorus, Rottb.) widely naturalised in the south-west. Closely resembles true nut grass in the above ground parts. Differs only in the character of (5) WATER COUCH (Paspalum distichum, the underground stem, which in this species is Linn.) thick, and covered by coarse leaves or scales. It is the presence of these scales which gives the Present in the lawn all the year. Stems thick, plant its common name. rooting at the joints, prostrate among the lawn Native to W.A. and widely distributed. grass and forming part of the turf so that mow­ ing has little effect on it. Leaves not crowded, (10) GUILDFORD GRASS (Romulea rosea (L.) flat, elongated, up to i inch wide, pale green Eckl.) in colour and with a few scattered hairs. Plant Appears in April or May. A single leaf, erect, develops vigorously during the winter months. smooth and more or less rounded or compressed Seed head green, two branched, formed at the develops from a brown bulk-like corm 2 to 6 apex of the stem during early summer. inches below the ground. Eventually as many Native to tropical America, Africa and as 10 leaves may appear. The flowers are pro­ ; naturalised in swampy situations in duced on short stalks and in a lawn they are the south-west. usually borne at the grass level. They are bell- shaped, up to an inch in diameter when fully <6) KIKUYU (Pennisetum clandestinum, Hochst. expanded, and red in colour with a yellow throat. ex Chiov.) The fruit are small cylindrical seed-filled Remaining green all the year, spreading by capsules, which are sweet and juicy when young, means of deep underground stems, white in and referred to by school children as "puddings." colour, and by above ground stems rooting at Romulea rosea var. parviflora, J. G. Baker is the joints. Leaves short, broad, more or less a similar plant with finer leaves and a smaller mauve-coloured flower with a yellow throat. It crowded on the stems, and both stems and is probably more common than the species itself, leaves pale green in colour. Where not cut, and is just as troublesome and difficult to control the leaves may develop to a length of 8 to 10 with a mower. inches. Hairless except at the base of the leaf Native to ; widely natural­ blade. Makes growth at all seasons, but develops ised in the south-west. most vigorously in the summer months. Flowers are produced in late spring or early summer, (11) NATrVE WOOD SORREL (Oxalis corni- and appear as fine filaments with anthers culata, Linn.) attached and as feathery stigmas protruding Present in the lawn throughout the year. from the terminal leaves at the apex of the Stems fine reddish coloured, hairy, growing close stems. to the ground and among the turf species, root­ Native to Africa; cultivated and widely ing at the joints, much branched. Leaves con­ naturalised in the south-west. sisting of three leaflets, each with an indented 453

Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 apex, sometimes deeply divided and coarsely two- (6) SHAFTAL CLOVER (Trifolium re- lobed, hairy, dark green in colour. Flowers small, supinatum, L.): Leafy plant closely yellow, bell-shaped, £ inch across when fully out, pressed to the soil and growing amongst single or in clusters of two to five at the apex the turf species. Flowers red, produced of a slender stalk which is longer than the during early summer. Fruit bladdery leaves. Flowers in spring and early summer. with a fancied resemblance to a straw­ Native to W.A. and occurring throughout berry. the State. Native to Europe and Mediterranean Region. (12) WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens, Linn.) Present in the lawn all through the year and (14) BURR MEDIC (Medicago denticulata, growing amongst the turf species. Stem wiry, Willd.) hairless, rooting at the joints. Leaves of three Coarse vigorous plant without hairs and with leaflets at the apex of the leaf stalk, each leaflet a stipule which has long slender teeth along its rich green in colour, often with a white trans­ edges. Flowers yellow in clusters on the flower verse mark and flecks of brown, broadest in the stalk. Fruit a spiny, coiled burr. middle, tapering towards the base and finely Native to Western Europe and Mediter­ toothed around the edge. Flower stalks produced ranean Region; widely naturalised in the during the summer. Flowers white, 30 to 40 in south-west. a cluster at the apex of the flowering stalk, turning pink and bending downwards when (15) ANNUAL BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (Lotus withering. angustissimus, Linn.) Native to Europe and Asia; cultivated and Wiry stemmed plant with leaves of three widely naturalised in the south-west. leaflets, and with leaf-like stipules at the junc­ tion of the leaf stalk with the stem. Leaves (13) ANNUAL CLOVERS. and stems hairy, leaflets with a pointed apex. Flowers yellow on a long stalk, single or two Many species of clovers occur as winter grow­ together, produced in spring. ing weeds in lawns. They all have leaves con­ sisting of three leaflets with a small green Lotus hispidus, Desf. closely resembles this appendage (stipule) at the base of the leaf stalk, species, but the leaflets are rounded at the apex where it joins the stem. Flowers are produced and the flowers are borne in clusters of three in heads at the apex of flowering stalks or in or four. clusters on the stems. The principal species Native to Europe and Mediterranean which occur in lawns in this State are:— Region: widely naturalised in the south­ west. (1) SUCKLING CLOVER (Trifolium du- bium, Sibth.): Slender wiry stemmed (16) FUNNEL WEED (, Linn.) plant with small heads of yellow flowers. Flowers in spring. Delicate winter growing annual plant, one to Native to Europe. 4 inches tall. Stem branched, leafy, the leaves much divided into narrow, straight lobes, each (2) HOP CLOVER (Trifolium campestre, terminating in an acute point. Leaf stalk dilated Schreb.): Wiry stemmed plant with at the base where it joins the stem. Flowering large barrel-shaped heads of yellow stalk elongated and swollen upwards under the flowers, heads up to i inch long. Flowers flower head, giving the appearance of a funnel. in spring. Flowers in a typical daisy head, yellow in the Native to Europe, Africa and Western centre with white rays around the circumfer­ Asia. ence. Flowers in winter. (3) DROOPING FLOWERED CLOVER Native to South Africa; naturalised in ITrifolium cernuum, Brot.): Leafy wiry several districts and common in the metro­ stemmed plant with small heads of politan area. pinkish flowers which bend downwards and turn brown as they wither. Flowers in spring. Native to Southern France and Spain. (4) CLUSTER CLOVER (Trifolium glo- meratum, L.): Hard stemmed sparsely leaved plant with dense heads of pinkish flowers along the stem and without flower stalks. Flowers in spring. Native to Western Europe and Medi­ terranean Region. (5> SUFFOCATED CLOVER (Trifolium suffocatum, L.): Almost stemless plant, leaves on long stalks. Flowers clustered on the short stems at the base of the plant. Flowers in spring. Native to Western Europe and Medi­ terranean Region. Funnel weed 454

Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 <17> CARROT WEED (. (Less.) Hook.) Delicate winter growing plant 1 to 3 inches tall. Stem much branched, frequently rooting at the lower joints, the mature stem leaves much divided into broad rounded lobes with a blunt apex and with a very short leaf stalk. Seedling leaves frequently with a short blade and long leaf stalk, and difficult to distinguish from those of onehunga weed. The dilated base of the leaf stalk is toothed, and the flowering stalk is not swollen under the flower head. Flower head without evident white rays and is produced in winter and spring. Native to Australia and New Zealand and widely distributed in the south-west. Carrot weed H8) ONEHUNGA WEED (Soliva pterosperma (Juss.) Less.) Slender winter growing plant resembling carrot weed. Stems rather thick and spreading along ground. Leaves much divided into rather broad rounded lobes with a blunt apex. Blade of fully mature leaf short with a long leaf stalk, dilated at the base where it joins the stem. Flowers few in heads borne on the stems with­ out a stalk. Fruit is flat and plate-like, with a rigid prickle point at the apex. This plant is objectionable as a weed in the home lawn because of this spiny fruit. Flowers are produced in early winter, and seeds are formed very early in the season. Native to Chile; common in the metro­ politan area. <19» CAPE WEED (Cryptostemma calendula, (L.) Druce.) Stemless or shortly stemmed plant, growing along the ground. Leaves and stems fleshy and succulent. Leaves greyish-green and hairy above, white with hairs below, deeply lobed, the lobes rounded at the apex and extending down to the central axis of the leaf. The terminal lobe large, extending down both sides of the leaf axis and sometimes with shallow indentations or lobes. Lobes near base of leaf small. Flowers in typical daisy head, dark in centre with yellow rays. Flowers in spring. Native to South Africa, widely distributed in the southern half of the State. (20> FLAT WEED (Hypochoeris glabra, L.) Stemless summer-growing plant with rosette of leaves at ground level, annual or persisting for a few years. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, coarsely toothed or more or less deeply lobed with rounded lobes, hairless or with a few scattered rough hairs. Flowers yellow thistle­ like on elongated usually unbranched flowering stalk 6 to 10 inches tall. Flowering mid-summer. Sap milky. Hypochoeris radicata, L. is a similar plant but with leaves very roughly hairy, each hair with a rigid swollen base, and the flowering stalk coarser and mostly branched. Usually difficult to distinguish from H. glabra. Both native to Europe and Mediterranean Region; widely naturalised in the south­ west. Cap* weed 455

Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963 (21) STARWOBT (Aster subulatus, Michx.) Woody annual reaching 5 or 6 feet in height in waste land. In lawns and under conditions of continual mowing, the base of the stem be­ comes hard, thick and woody, developing buds on all sides. The branches grow laterally, almost prostrate among the lawn grass, sometimes ex­ tending from 4 to 6 inches from the main stem. Leaves narrow, widest in the middle, tapering both ends 1 to 3 inches long and up to £ inch wide, occasionally with a few bristly hairs along the edges, otherwise completely hairless. Flowers daisy-like, with yellow centre and white rays $ inch in diameter formed at the ends of branches and among the leaves of the lawn grass. Flowers mid to late summer. Native to eastern North America; naturalised in the south-west. (22) CANADIAN FLEABANE (Erigeron cana­ densis, L.) Woody annual, normally reaching 4 to 5 feet in height. In lawns it has the same habit of growth as the starwort. Leaves and stems hairy with rigid hairs. Flower heads surrounded by numerous, narrow, green leaf-like bracts and the flowers do not expand as do those of Star- wort. Flowers in early summer. Native to North America; naturalised in the south-west. COMMON FLEABANE (Erigeron bonariensis, L.) Closely resembles Canada Fleabane and is difficult to distinguish from it in the vegetative condition and without flowers. This plant also occurs commonly in lawns and is in all ways similar to Canadian Fleabane. Starwort Fleabane Native to Mediterranean region; natural­ ised in the south-west.

456

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Journal of Agruculture Vol 4 No 7, 1963