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Characterization of Novel G Protein-Coupled CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR GENES AND THE NOVEL LIGAND APELIN by Dennis K. Lee A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto O Copyright by Dennis K. Lee 1999 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitiins et Bibliographie Services sewices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Streeî 395. rue W~gtoc) WONKlAW OrtawaON KlAW Canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à fa National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be p~tedor otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Characterization of Novel G Protein-Coupleci Receptor Genes and the Novel Ligand Apelin Dennis K. Lee, MeSc. 1999 Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the large family of integral membrane bound proteins which mediate the signaling of extracellular stimuli to intracelMar responses via activation of heterotrimeric G proteins and their subsequent interaction with effector proteins. GPCRs have been implicated in a number of physiologicd Functions including behaviour. homeostasis, cognition, appetite, and drug addiction. This thesis describes the molecular characterization of the human and rat genes encoding apelin, the cognate ligand for the APJ receptor. Human and rat DNA sequences encoding apelin were retrieved by a search of the GenbanP databases, their full length sequences cloned and used as probes for expression analyses. Comparative sequence and tissue distribution analyses revealed both apelin and the APJ receptor to resemble the angiotensin II peptide and the angiotensin Il receptors, suggesting roles in similar physiological systems. In addition, a degenerate PCR strategy, database searching and the patent literature revealed DNA sequences encoding novel GPCRs, namely the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor TRH-R2,orphan GPCRs GPR54, GPR57, GPR58, GPR6 1, GPR62 and a pseudogene, vGPR57. With the initiai discovery of each of these sequences, full length GPCR-encoding sequences were detennined and used for mRNA distribution analyses by northern blot and in situ hybridization. In addition, novel GPCR-encoding genes were localized to chromosomes by fluorescence in situ h ybridization (FISH) and expressed for pharmacological characterization. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would Iike to thank my supervisors, Dr. Brian F. O'Dowd and Dr. Susan R. George, for their support and guidance and for the opportunity to pursue my degree under their direction. 1 would also like to express my gratitude to Tuan Nguyen for his work on cloning rat apelin cDNA, TRH-R2, GPR54 and yGPR57, Regina Cheng for her work on the northern blot and in situ hybridization anaIyses, and Yang Liu for her work on isolating and sequencing the GPCR search clones- I would also thank Dr- Adriano Marchese, Marek Sawzdargo, Ziedong Xie, Teresa Fan and the members of the O'Dowd and George lab, both past and present, for their generous and amiable counsel, technical support and our collaborative efforts at work and play. In addition, 1 wish to thank Brett Clayton and acknowledge his excellent work on the three-dimensional schematic of the GPR54 receptor. Finally, 1 would Iike to thank my family and friends for their love and support, in hopes that 1 have returned both in kind- PUBLICATIONS This thesis contains work that has been published in or submitted to the scientific literature: A~ehand APJ Lee, D.K., Cheng, Ra,Nguyen, T., Fan, T., Kariyawasam, A.P., Liu, Y., Osmond, D.H., George, S.R., and O'Dowd, B.F. "Charactenzation of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor", J. Neurochem. In press. TRH-R2 O'Dowd, B.F., Lee, D.K., Huang, W., Nguyen, T.. Cheng, R., Liu, Y., Wang, B., Gershengorn, MC, and George, S.R. "TRH-R2 exhibits simiiztr binding and acute signaling but distinct replation and anatomic distribution compared to TRH-RI". Mol. Endocrin. In press. GPR54 Lee, D.K.. Nguyen, T., O'Neill, G.P., Cheng, R., Liu, Y., Howard, A. D., Coulombe, N., Tan, C.P., Tang-Nguyen, A.-T., George, S.R., and O'Dowd, B. F. "Discovery of a receptor related to the galanin receptors". FEBS Lett. (1999) 446, 103- 107. vGPR57. GPR57. GPR58 Lee, D.K., Lynch, KR., Nguyen, T., Xie, Z., Cheng, R., Saldivia, V.R., Liu, Y., Liu. I.S.C.. Heng, H.H.Q.,Seeman, P., George, S.R., O'Dowd, B.F. and Marchese. A. "Cloning and characterization of additional members of the G protein-coupled receptor farnily". Submitted. OTHER PUBLICATIONS Lee, D.K., Nguyen, T., Porter, C.A., Cheng, R., George, S.R., and O'Dowd, B.F. 'TWO related G protein-coupled recepton: The distribution of GPR7 in rat brain and the absence of GPR8 in redents". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res- (1999) 71,96403. Sawzdargo, M., Nguyen, T., Lee, D.K., Lynch, KR., Cheng, R.. Heng, H.H.Q., George, S.R.. and O'Dowd, B.F. "Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein- coupled receptor genes GPR52, yGPR53 and GPR55: GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. (1999) 64, 193-198. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE I ABSTRACT II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III PUBLICATIONS IV TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI 1.0 INTRODUCTION Overview of Introduction 1 The GPCR family 2 Agonists for GPCRs 5 Discovery of GPCR Genes by Molecular Cloning 6 Discovery of GPCR Genes by Database Searches 13 Reverse Pharmacology: Assigning Ligands to Novel GPCRs 16 Researc h Objectives 22 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Chernical Reagents 2.1.2 Enzymes 2.1.3 Isotopes and Ligands 2.1.4 Oiigonucieotides 2.1.5 Kits 2.1.6 CeU lines, Plamnids and DNA Libraries 2.2 Methods Computationd DNA and Protein Sequence Andysis PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction GenbankTMDatabase Searches Subcloning of PCR Products DNA Minipreparation, Restriction Digestion and Electrophoresis DNA Sequencing DNA Probe Extraction and Radiolabelhg by Nick Translation Genomic and cDNA Library Screening Bacteriophage DNA Preparation 2.2.10 Southern Blotting 2.2.11 Northern Blotting 2.2.12 In Situ Hybridization 2.2.13 Chromosomal localization 2.2.14 Creation of an Intronless GPR58 Receptor Gene Expression Construct 2.2.15 Maxi DNA Preparation 2.2.16 Calcium Phosphate TC811Sfection 2.2.17 Membrane Preparation and Binding Studies 3.0 RESULTS Determination of the Human Apelin Genomic Structure and Cloning of Rat Apeiin cDNA mRNA Tissue Distribution of Apelin and the APJ Receptor Discovery and Cloning of the TRH-R2 Receptor Gene mRNA Tissue Distribution of the TRH-R2 Receptor Discovery and Cloning of the GPR54 Receptor mRNA Tissue Distribution of the GPR54 Receptor Discovery and Cloning of the GPR57 and GPR58 Receptor Genes and a Pseudogene FR57 GPR57 and GPRSS Expression Attempted Pharmacological Characterization of the GPR58 Receptor Chromosomal Locaîization of the GPR58 Receptor Genes and 74 Pseudogene yGPR57 Discovery and Cloning of the GPR61 and GPR62 Receptor 74 Genes mRNA Tissue Distribution of the GPR61 Receptor 79 4.0 DISCUSSION 4.1 Apelin: Characterization of the Endogenous Peptide 80 Ligand for the APJ Receptor 4.2 TRH-R2: Discovery and Characterization of a Second 82 GPCR for Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone 4.3 GPR54: Discovery and Characterization of a NoveI GPCR 85 related to the Gala& Receptors 4.4 GPR57 and GPR58: Discovery of a Novel Subfamily of 86 GPCRs 4.5 GPR61 and GPR62: Discovery of a Novel Subfdyof 88 GPCRs 4.6 Conclusions 89 5.0 REFERENCES 91 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ATP adenosine triphosphate BLAST basic local aiignment search tool bp base pairs cDNA complementary DNA CHO chinese hamster ovary DAPI 4' '6'-diamidino-2-pheny lindole DNA deoxyribonucleic acid EST expressed sequence tag FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization GPCR(s) G protein-coupled receptor(s) G protein guanine nucleotide regulatory protein GU(s) G protein-coupled receptor kinase GSS genomic survey sequences hr hours HTGS high throughput genomic sequence MAGE Integrated Molecular Analysis of Gene Expression IPTG isopropylthio-B-D-galactosidase kb kilobase pairs LB Luria-Bertani media min minutes mRNA messenger RNA NCB 1 Nationai Center for Biotechnology Information nr non-redundant oGPCR orphan G protein-coupled receptor ORFW open reading frame(s) PCR polymerase chain reaction PKA CAMP-dependentprotein kinase A PKC protein kinase C RNA ribonucleic acid Pm revolutions per minute SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate sec seconds STS sequence tagged sites TM transmembrane domain Tm thyrotropin-releasing hormone UTR(s ) untranslated region(s) x-gal 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-B-D-galactosidase LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1 Rhodopsin family of GPCRs with known endogenous ligands 7 Table 2 Orphan GPCRs 18 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE The G protein-coupled receptor: Structure and Conserved Residues Alignment of oGPCRs used for design of degenerate oligonucleotides ApeIin amino acid sequence alignrnents
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