WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
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WHO Framework COnventiOn On Tobacco COntrOl The transcript of a Witness Seminar organized by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, in collaboration with the Department of Knowledge Management and Sharing, WHO, held in Geneva, on 26 February 2010 edited by l a reynolds and e m tansey volume 43 2012 ©the trustee of the Wellcome trust, london, 2012 First published by Queen mary, University of london, 2012 the History of modern biomedicine research Group is funded by the Wellcome trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. iSbn 978 090223 877 0 all volumes are freely available online at www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/ wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as: reynolds l a, tansey e m. (eds) (2012) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Wellcome Witnesses to twentieth Century medicine, vol. 43. london: Queen mary, University of london. CONTENTS illustrations and credits v abbreviations vii Witness Seminars: meetings and publications; acknowledgements E M Tansey and L A Reynolds ix introduction Virginia Berridge xxi transcript Edited by L A Reynolds and E M Tansey 1 appendix 1 Selected provisions of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 73 appendix 2 WHO regions 74 appendix 3 WHO FCTC, timeline, 1993–2011 75 appendix 4 World’s leading unmanufactured tobacco producing, trading, and consuming countries, 1997 79 appendix 5 Reflections on FCTC negotiations: China and Japan Dr Judith Mackay, 15 December 2011 81 references 85 biographical notes 109 Glossary 119 index 125 ILLUSTRATIOnS AND CREDITS Figure 1 Dr Gro Brundtland, Director-General, WHO, 1998 6 to 2003. Reproduced by permission of WHO. Figure 2 Article 19 of the WHO constitution. Reproduced 11 by permission of WHO. Figure 3 Dr Ruth Roemer (1916–2005) and Dr Judith Mackay, WHA, May 2003. Provided by and 22 reproduced by permission of Dr Judith Mackay. Figure 4 Orchid award and Dirty Ashtray award from the FCA’s Alliance Bulletin, 2000. Reproduced by 42 permission of FCA. Figure 5 WHO FCTC history, published on 26 February 2010, the fifth anniversary of the Framework 49 Convention. Reproduced by permission of WHO. Figure 6 Death clock displayed at pre-INB-6 sessions, Geneva, February 2003. Provided by and 58 reproduced by permission of Dr Judith Mackay. Figure 7 The first session of the Conference of the Parties following the FCTC coming into force, 17 February 2006. Provided by and reproduced by permission 59 of WHO. table 1 Outline programme for ‘WHO Framework 7 Convention on Tobacco Control’ Witness Seminar table 2 Health and global change in the 1900s. Adapted 14 from Yach and Bettcher (1998): 737. table 3 Big six tobacco companies, details from company 17 websites, 14 February 2012. v table 4 Global cigarette market share, per cent of total number of cigarettes produced, 2000 and 2008. 26 Provided by Dr Judith Mackay. table 5 Recipients of FCA awards by Framework Convention Alliance Bulletin, Issues 1–45, 1999–2003, adapted from Mamudu and Glantz 43 (2009): 158. vi abbreviatiOnS ACS American Cancer Society AFRO Regional Office for Africa, WHO ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BAT British American Tobacco CARICOM Countries of the Caribbean Community CCLAT Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac (French, FCTC) CICG Centre International de Conférences Genève, Geneva, Switzerland COP-n Conference of the Parties, the governing body of the FCTC made up of all Parties to the FCTC. DG Director-General EC European Community ECOSOC Economic and Social Council, UN EMRO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, WHO EURO Regional Office for Europe, WHO FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCA Framework Convention Alliance FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva (the World Trade Organization from 1994) IMF International Monetary Fund INB-n Intergovernmental Negotiating Body for FCTC, six bodies met, 2000–03 Infact Infant Formula Action Coalition (1977–84), Infact (1984–2004), Corporate Accountability International (2004– ) vii INFOTAB A conglomeration of all the tobacco companies in the UK (Tobacco Documentation Centre from 1992), Brentford, Middx ITGA International Tobacco Growers Association, formed in 1984 by growers’ organizations from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Malawi, United States and Zimbabwe, of which only Brazil and Canada have ratified the FCTC NATT Network for Accountability of Tobacco Transnationals includes 75 NGOs from 50 countries NGO Non-governmental organization PAHO Pan-American Health Organization, WHO SEARO Regional Office for South East Asia, WHO STAT Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco TFI Tobacco Free Initiative, WHO TobReg WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development UNDCP UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNICEF UN Children’s Fund VCLT Vienna Convention on the ‘law of treaties’ WHA World Health Assembly WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization viii WITNESS SEMINARS: MEETINGS AND PUBLICATIONS 1 In 1990 the Wellcome Trust created a History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group, associated with the Academic Unit of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, to bring together clinicians, scientists, historians and others interested in contemporary medical history. Among a number of other initiatives the format of Witness Seminars, used by the Institute of Contemporary British History to address issues of recent political history, was adopted, to promote interaction between these different groups, to emphasize the potential benefits of working jointly, and to encourage the creation and deposit of archival sources for present and future use. In June 1999 the Governors of the Wellcome Trust decided that it would be appropriate for the Academic Unit to enjoy a more formal academic affiliation and turned the Unit into the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL from 1 October 2000 to 30 September 2010. The History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group has been part of the School of History, Queen Mary, University of London, since October 2010, as the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, which the Wellcome Trust continues to fund. The Witness Seminar is a particularly specialized form of oral history, where several people associated with a particular set of circumstances or events are invited to come together to discuss, debate, and agree or disagree about their memories. To date, the History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group has held more than 50 meetings, most of which have been published, as listed on pages pages xiii–xvii. Subjects are usually proposed by, or through, members of the Programme Committee of the Group, which includes professional historians of medicine, practising scientists and clinicians, and once an appropriate topic has been agreed, suitable participants are identified and invited. This inevitably leads to further contacts, and more suggestions of people to invite. As the organization of the meeting progresses, a flexible outline plan for the meeting is devised, usually with assistance from the meeting’s chairman, and some participants are invited to ‘set the ball rolling’ on particular themes, by speaking for a short period to initiate and stimulate further discussion. 1 The following text also appears in the ‘Introduction’ to recent volumes of Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine as listed on pages xiii–xvii. ix Each meeting is fully recorded, the tapes are transcribed and the unedited transcript is immediately sent to every participant. Each is asked to check his or her own contributions and to provide brief biographical details. The editors turn the transcript into readable text, and participants’ minor corrections and comments are incorporated into that text, while biographical and bibliographical details are added as footnotes, as are more substantial comments and additional material provided by participants. The final scripts are then sent to every contributor, accompanied by forms assigning copyright to the Wellcome Trust. Copies of all additional correspondence received during the editorial process are deposited with the records of each meeting in archives and manuscripts, Wellcome Library, London. As with all our meetings, we hope that even if the precise details of some of the technical sections are not clear to the non-specialist, the sense and significance of the events will be understandable. Our aim is for the volumes that emerge from these meetings to inform those with a general interest in the history of modern medicine and medical science; to provide historians with new insights, fresh material for study, and further themes for research; and to emphasize to the participants that events of the recent past, of their own working lives, are of proper and necessary concern to historians. x AcknowledgementS WHO FCTC was suggested as a suitable topic for a Witness Seminar by Dr Sanjoy Bhattacharya, who assisted us in planning the meeting. We are very grateful to him and to Dr Faith McLellan for her excellent moderating of the occasion. We are particularly grateful to Professor Virginia Berridge for writing the Introduction to the published proceedings. We thank Dr Judith Mackay, Dr Hoomen Momen of the the Department of Knowledge Management and Sharing and co-ordinator of WHO press and Dr Doug Bettcher, WHO TFI, for their help with the photographs; and Professor Richard Ashcroft for reading the final draft. For permission to reproduce images included here, we thank the World Health Organization. Additionally, we would like to thank Ms Marine Perraudin and Dr Hooman Momen of the Department of Knowledge Management and Sharing at the Geneva headquarters of WHO for their help with the meeting. As with all our meetings, we depended a great deal on the audiovisual department, catering, reception, and security at the Geneva headquarters of WHO to ensure its smooth running; Mr Akio Morishima has supervised the design and production of this volume; we thank our indexer, Ms Liza Furnival, and our readers, Mrs Sarah Beanland, Ms Fiona Plowman and Mr Simon Reynolds.