VYTAUTO DIDŢIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Rita Varanauskaitė GROŽINĖS LITERATŪROS KŪRINIO VERTIMAS Į KINO NARATYVĄ

VYTAUTO DIDŢIOJO UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIŲ MOKSLŲ FAKULTETAS ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS KATEDRA Rita Varanauskaitė GROŽINĖS LITERATŪROS KŪRINIO VERTIMAS Į KINO NARATYVĄ: ROMANO „ANGLŲ LIGONIS“ IR APSAKYMO „KUPROTAS KALNAS“ EKRANIZUOTŲ VERSIJŲ PALYGINAMOJI ANALIZĖ Magistro baigiamasis darbas Taikomosios anglų kalbotyros studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621Q30002 Filologijos studijų kryptis Vadovė e.prof.p.dr. Milda Danytė ______________ ___________ (parašas) (data) Apginta prof. I. Dabašinskienė _____________ ____________ (Fakulteto dekanė) (parašas) (data) Kaunas, 2012 1 TRANSLATING FROM ONE NARRATIVE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE FILM VERSIONS OF THE NOVEL THE ENGLISH PATIENT AND THE SHORT STORY “BROKEBACK MOUNTAIN” By Rita Varanauskaitė Department of English Philology Vytautas Magnus University Master of Arts Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Milda Danytė May 2012 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SANTRAUKA SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1 2 TRANSLATION OF PLOT FROM PROSE FICTION TO CINEMA COMPARING THE ADAPTATION OF PLOT DURATION IN CINEMATIC VERSIONS “BROKEBACK MOUNTAIN” AND THE ENGLISH PATIENT…………………………………………………..4 2.1 The Concept of Duration in Narratological Theory and Its Manipulation in the Cinematic Translation of “Brokeback Mountain” and The English Patient ………..……...6 2.1.1 The Use of Summary in Prose Fiction and Film Narratives: How They Function in the Cinematic Version of “Brokeback Mountain” ..………...…………....7 2.1.2 The Use of Scenes in Prose Fiction and Film Narratives: How They Function in the Cinematic Versions of “Brokeback Mountain” and The English Patient …......11 3 USING THE CONCEPT OF ORDER TO ANALYSE CHANGES MADE IN NARRATIVE FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER …………..…………………………...18 3.1 The Concept of Order and its Application to the Prose and Film Versions of “Brokeback Mountain” and The English Patient ………………………………………....19 3.2 Addition as a Procedure in Creating Cinematic Versions of Annie Proulx‟s “Brokeback Mountain” and Michael Ondaatje‟s The English Patient …………………...24 3 3.3 Omission as a Procedure in Creating Cinematic Versions of Annie Proulx‟s “Brokeback Mountain”….………………………………………………………………...33 4 STYLISTIC TRANSLATION: HOW CINEMATIC SOUND EFFECTS AND MUSIC SUBSTITUTE FOR DESCRIPTIVE PROSE ……………………………………………….….35 4.1 Some Fundamental Terminology in Cinematic Music: Definitions and Analysis ……38 4.2 Use of Internal Music in The English Patient and “Brokeback Mountain” …………..45 4.3 Use of External Music in The English Patient and “Brokeback Mountain” ………….48 5 CONCLUSION ……...…………………………………………………………………………..50 6 APPENDIX A: Summaries of “Brokeback Mountain” and The English Patient ………....….…52 7 APPENDIX B: Tables of Episodes in the Four Texts .…………………………………………..53 LIST OF REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………....82 4 SANTRAUKA Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami dviejų groţinės literatūros kūrinių, Annie Proulx apsakymo „Kuprotas kalnas“ bei Michael Ondaatje romano „Anglas ligonis“ vertimai į kino naratyvą. Amerikiečių rašytojos Annie Proulx (g. 1935) apsakymas “Kuprotas kalnas” pirmą kartą buvo išspausdintas jos apsakymų rinkinyje „Artimos prerijos: Vajomingo pasakojimai“. Apsakyme vaizduojama dviejų homoseksualių kaubojų, Ennie del Mar bei Jack Twist„o, sukaustytų to laikmečio socialinių normų, nelaiminga meilės istorija. 2005 m. tailandiečių kilmės reţisierius Ang Lee (g. 1954), remdamasis apsakymo motyvais, pastatė to paties pavadinimo filmą. Kito kūrinio autorius – Michael Ondaatje (g. 1943) - Šri Lankojo gimęs kanadiečių rašytojas. Jo romanas „Anglas ligonis“ (1992) vaizduoja keturių veikėjų, susitikusių antrojo pasaulinio karo Italijoje, likimus. Istorijos centre – dramatiška meilės istorija tarp Almasy - stipriai per karą apdegusio anglo ligonio, bei jo mylimosios, tragiškai ţuvusios Katharine. Šio darbo tikslas – palyginti du groţinės literatūros kūrinius su pagal juos pastatytais kino filmais. Šiame darbe remiamasi Mieke Biel bei Monika Fludernik naratologijos darbais apie kūrinio laiko traktavimą. Taip pat naudojamasi Seymour Chatman, Marshall McLuhan, Robert Stam, Bernard Dick, Brian McFarlane bei Karsten Lund moksliniais darbais apie groţinės literatūros kūrinių adaptavimą. Be to, remiamasi James Buhler, David Newmeyer, Rob Deemer, Kathryn Kalinak ir Lawrence MacDonald teorijomis apie kino filmų garso takelių funkciją. Šis magistro darbas yra sudarytas iš penkių dalių bei dviejų priedų. Pirmoje dalyje pristatomas darbo tikslas bei trumpai aptariama prozos vertimo į filmą terminologija. Antroje dalyje aptariamos groţinės literatūros kūrinių „Kuprotas kalnas“ bei „Anglas ligonis“ ekranizacijos. 2.1 skyriuje, padalintame į du poskyrius, aprašoma „laiko trukmės“ sąvoka: 2.1.1 poskyryje aptariama laiko santraukos, vartosena, o 2.1.2 poskyryje kalbama apie scenų reikšmę prozos bei kino kūriniuose. Trečia darbo dalis yra padalinta į tris skyrius. 3.1 skyriuje analizuojama kūrinio išdėstymo tvarka; 3.2 skyriuje kalbama apie kūrinio įvykių bei veiksmų papildymą, o 3.3 skyriuje – apie veiksmų praledimą. Ketvirta darbo dalis yra padalinta į tris skyrius. 4.1 skyriuje pristatoma svarbiausia filmo muzikos terminologija; 4.2 skyriuje analizuojama vidinė, filmo veikėjų atliekama arba girdima, muzika, o 4.3 aptariama išorinė, filmo veikėjų negirdima, muzika. Penkta darbo dalis – išvados. Taip pat, priede A yra pristatomi dviejų istorijų trumpi atpasakojimai, o priede B pridedamos keturios lentelės, kuriose pavaizduoti visų keturių, groţinės ir kino, kūrinių įvykiai chronologine tvarka, bei jų trukmė. 5 SUMMARY This thesis analyses how one narrative medium is translated into another, and compares Annie Proulx‟s short story “Brokeback Mountain” and Michael Ondaatje‟s novel “The English Patient” and their cinematic adaptations. Annie Proulx (b. 1935) is an American writer whose short story “Brokeback Mountain” was first published in 1997 in her collection of short stories Close Range: Wyoming Stories. The story describes the tragic love affair between two homosexual cowboys, Ennis del Mar and Jack Twist, who cannot be together because of the social norms of the period. In 2005 the short story was translated into the film by Taiwanese director Ang Lee (b. 1954). Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943) is a Canadian writer of Sri Lankan origin. His novel The English Patient tells about four different people who meet in an Italian Villa during World War Two. The story centres on the dramatic love affair between Almasy, also known as the English Patient as during the war he gets badly burned, and Katharine, who dies tragically. The goal of this thesis is to compare how two prose fiction works are translated into films. The study uses narratological theory about the treatment of time by Mieke Bal and Monika Fludernik. Further, adaptation studies by Seymour Chatman, Marshall McLuhan, Robert Stam, Bernard Dick, Brian McFarlane and Karsten Lund are described. In addition, this thesis also uses the theories about the function of film music developed by James Buhler, David Newmeyer, Rob Deemer, Kathryn Kalinak and Lawrence MacDonald. The present work is divided into five sections and has two appendices. Section One introduces the purpose of the analysis and provides some information about the main objects of the study. Section 2 deals with the translation of plot from prose fiction to cinema in terms of plot duration in the cinematic versions of “Brokeback Mountain” and The English Patient. Subsection 2.1, which is divided into two sub-subsections, presents the concept of duration: 2.1.1 analyses the use of summary, as one aspect of the duration, while 2.1.2 deals with the use of scenes in prose fiction and cinema. Section Three is divided into three subsections. Subsection 3.1 analyses the concept of order and its application in cinematic versions of the stories; Subsection 3.2 explains the procedure of addition, while Subsection 3.3 deals with omission, as a procedure of cinematic creation. Section Four is divided into three subsections: Subsection 4.1 provides some fundamental music terminology; Subsection 4.2 analyses the use of internal music, and Subsection 4.3 deals with the use of external music. Section Five of this thesis, the conclusion, summarizes the main ideas presented in this work. Appendix A provides the summaries of the stories, while Appendix B includes four tables, which represent the actions of the four works and their duration. 6 1. INTRODUCTION Inter-media studies look at how cultural works are moved from one medium into another, and what happens in this process. Currently the term “translation” is often used for what is also often called adaptation. The reason for preferring the term translation is that adaptation has the connotation that the source work is somehow more original and superior to the target work. Linda Hutcheon, who does use the word “adaptation” in her studies, admits that The desire to transfer a story from one medium or one genre to another is neither new nor rare in Western culture. Re-mediation, in this sense as translation, has accompanied the use of media throughout history and, correspondingly, has been a frequent point of discussion or even sharp debate. Different terms are conventionally employed in different discursive contexts, e.g. the term “adaptation” is often used to discuss the transposition of a literary source to film and the word “reproduction” is typically used to describe the translation of an artwork via photographic means for publication in

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