Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú

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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Entre heroínas y vampiresas: la representación del empoderamiento de los personajes femeninos en Bollywood a través de The Dirty Picture (2011), Queen (2014) y Pink (2016) TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE LICENCIADA EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL AUTORA ROMERO WISMANN, ZANNIA IMELDA ASESOR CALDERON CHUQUITAYPE, GABRIEL RAUL Lima, Abril, 2019 Resumen Esta tesis analiza la representación del empoderamiento de los personajes femeninos en Bollywood, a través de tres películas: The Dirty Picture (2011), Queen (2014) y Pink (2016). El marco teórico recoge conceptos sobre la mujer como género, la India, las mujeres de la India, la cinematografía hindi y sus personajes femeninos, y la realización audiovisual. Metodológicamente, se trabaja con análisis de contenido a las películas y a los personajes femeninos escogidos, análisis crítico del discurso y entrevistas a profundidad. Lo cual nos permite concluir lo siguiente, en estas películas se encuentran aspectos en los personajes femeninos que antes no eran mencionados y que rompen con la narrativa clásica de Bollywood: el uso del capital erótico, géneros audiovisuales que van más allá del romance y el enfrentamiento contra el sistema patriarcal que todavía existe en su sociedad. La estética visual de los personajes femeninos tiene una proyección más occidental, moderna o posmoderna, tanto en el vestuario, maquillaje, así como en los espacios y la atmósfera que se representa. Silk, Rani y Minal comparten los arquetipos clásicos de la heroína y la vampiresa de Bollywood, separados y opuestos inicialmente, para representar y crear una nueva Heroína, empoderada y activa, que lucha por sus propios objetivos. Abstract This thesis analyzes the representation of female characters’ empowerment in Bollywood in three films: The Dirty Picture (2011), Queen (2014) and Pink (2016). The theoretical framework includes concepts regarding women such as genre, India, women in India, Hindi cinema and its female characters as well as audiovisual production. The methodology used for the selected films and female characters is content analysis, critical discourse analysis and in-depth interviews which leads to the following conclusion: in these films there are aspects of female characters that are completely new and that break the classic Bollywood narrative: the use of erotic capital, audiovisual genres that go beyond romance, and confrontation against the patriarchal system that still exists in their society. The visual aesthetics of the female characters has a more occidental, modern or postmodern portrayal, not only about costume design or makeup but also in the places and the atmosphere that are represented. Silk, Rani and Minal share the classic archetypes of Bollywood’s heroine and vamp, separated and opposed initially, to represent and create a new heroine, empowered and active, who fights for her own objectives. Agradecimientos Agradezco mucho a mi profesor y asesor, Gabriel Calderón, por ser guía y soporte, por su paciencia, consejos y sugerencias, en el camino de escritura de mi tesis. A todos los docentes que se han tomado un tiempo para conversar conmigo sobre Bollywood y mi investigación, muchas gracias, en especial a Félix Lossio. Agradezco mucho a Sandeep Chakravorty, Cónsul General de la India en Nueva York, por su paciencia y explicación sobre la India, las mujeres indias y Bollywood. Su aporte es valioso y fundamental para el desarrollo de mi investigación. No me alcanzan las palabras para agradecer a mi mamá y mi papá. Muchas gracias por su cariño, su dedicación, su esfuerzo en mí y por sus enseñanzas; por las películas, por verlas conmigo, por escuchar las canciones y verme bailar (ma). Gracias a ustedes he podido escribir esta investigación. Agradezco a mis hermanos por su soporte, paciencia y ayudarme siempre; a Duqueza por su compañía; a mi familia por darme ánimos y apoyarme. Crecí viendo películas de Bollywood; con ellas bailé, canté, soñé, sentí, reí, lloré, escribí (y lo seguiré haciendo). Este texto es la contribución y el agradecimiento a mis películas favoritas. Y en especial para Imelda y Javier, a quienes agradezco y amo mucho. Tabla de contenidos Introducción i Capítulo I: Planteamiento de la Investigación 1 1.1. Delimitación del tema de investigación 4 1.2. Pregunta de investigación 9 1.3. Objetivos de la investigación 10 1.4. Hipótesis 10 1.5. Justificación de la investigación 15 Capítulo II: La Mujer 18 2.1. La mujer como género 18 2.2. El nacimiento de la mujer posmoderna 20 2.3. Problemas de género: el patriarcado, el machismo y el sexismo 22 2.4. El empoderamiento en las mujeres 25 Capítulo III: La India 29 3.1. La sociedad india 31 3.2. Las mujeres en la India 32 3.2.1. ¿Cómo son definidas las mujeres indias? 34 3.2.2. Tipos de discriminación que sufre la mujer india 37 3.2.3. Los movimientos de las mujeres indias por la búsqueda de sus derechos 41 3.2.4. La situación de la mujer en la India 52 Capítulo IV: El cine de la India. Bollywood 60 4.1. El cine de la India 60 4.2. Bollywood: Cinematografía en idioma hindi 62 4.3. Contexto histórico del cine de la India y Bollywood 65 4.3.1. La aparición del cine y sus inicios 66 4.3.2. El sonido y el color en las películas 68 4.3.3. Efectos de la Independencia y la Partición en las películas 69 4.3.4. La Edad de Oro del cine indio (1940-1970) 71 4.3.5. El cine comercial 73 4.3.6. La década de 1990, la liberación económica y los inicios del milenio 74 4.3.7. Actualidad del cine 79 4.3.8. Las películas content-driven 82 4.4. Características principales en Bollywood 84 4.4.1. La narrativa en las películas de Bollywood 84 4.4.2. Las películas Masala 87 4.4.3. El proceso de indianización de las películas 89 4.4.4. Las emociones en las películas 90 4.4.5. El aspecto tradicional y cultural en sus historias 93 4.4.6. El aspecto visual de las películas 99 4.4.7. El aspecto musical de las películas 101 4.4.8. El item number 106 4.4.9. Una industria “compartida” entre mujeres y hombres 111 4.5. Influencias en Bollywood 118 4.6. La globalización en Bollywood 122 Capítulo V: La representación de lo femenino en Bollywood 125 5.1. La representación de lo femenino en el cine 125 5.2. La teoría fílmica feminista 126 5.2.1. Laura Mulvey: la mujer como objeto para ser mirado 127 5.2.2. La mujer como el personaje inmóvil 128 5.2.3. La mujer dentro del espacio social y cultural 129 5.2.4. Entendiendo los estudios fílmicos feministas 130 5.3. Sobre las directoras y guionistas mujeres 131 5.4. Los personajes femeninos: las heroínas versus las vampiresas 132 5.5. Los personajes femeninos en Bollywood 133 5.6. La evolución de los personajes femeninos en Bollywood 135 5.6.1. Las décadas entre 1920-1950 136 5.6.2. Las décadas entre 1950-1980 137 5.6.3. La década de 1990 hasta mediados del 2000 140 5.6.4. Mediados del 2000 hacia la actualidad 143 5.7. Clasificación de los personajes femeninos en Bollywood 146 5.7.1. La heroína clásica y sus variantes 147 5.7.1.1. La hija, la amada, la esposa y la nuera 150 5.7.1.2. La madre y/o suegra 150 5.7.2. La vampiresa clásica y sus variantes 152 5.7.2.1. La cortesana 153 5.7.3. La viuda 154 5.7.4. La Heroína 155 Capítulo VI: Teoría base del autor o del realizador audiovisual 156 6.1. Nivel Narrativo 156 6.1.1. El melodrama 156 6.1.2. El guion 161 6.1.2.1. ¿Cómo se escribe la historia? 162 6.1.2.2. Los diálogos 163 6.1.2.3. Los personajes 164 6.2. Estética Visual 166 6.2.1. El color 166 6.2.2. Dirección de Fotografía 168 6.2.2.1. Los elementos de la composición 169 6.2.2.2. Los movimientos 172 6.3. Dirección de Arte 174 6.3.1. El vestuario 175 6.4. La performance actoral 176 Capítulo VII: Marco Metodológico 178 7.1. Tipo de investigación 178 7.2. Método de investigación 179 7.3. Unidad de análisis 179 7.4. Unidades de observación 180 7.4.1. Ficha técnica: The Dirty Picture 180 7.4.1.1. Sinopsis 181 7.4.1.2. Escenas escogidas 182 7.4.2. Ficha técnica: Queen 183 7.4.2.1. Sinopsis 184 7.4.2.2. Escenas escogidas 184 7.4.3. Ficha técnica: Pink 186 7.4.3.1. Sinopsis 186 7.4.3.2. Escenas escogidas 187 7.5. Variables e instrumentos de recolección de datos 188 7.5.1. Selección de variables 188 7.5.2. Instrumentos de recolección de datos 195 7.5.2.1. Análisis del contenido 195 7.5.2.2. Análisis crítico del discurso 195 7.5.2.3. Entrevistas a profundidad 196 Capítulo VIII: Análisis de las películas. El camino de las heroínas 198 8.1. Análisis de contenido: The Dirty Picture (2011) 198 8.1.1. ¿Una vampiresa es la protagonista de la historia? 198 8.1.2. Silk (Reshma) responde al héroe de la “película”: no se queda callada 201 8.1.3. La entrega de premios 204 8.1.4. De Silk a Reshma 207 8.1.5. Silk se suicida 212 8.2. Análisis de contenido: Queen (2014) 217 8.2.1.
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