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Libro De Actas 24 Abril I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE 2-3 de octubre 2008 NOTA LIBRO DE ACTAS Esta es una versión digital preliminar del Libro de Actas correspondiente al I Simposio - Paleontología en Chile. Contiene exclusivamente los trabajos presentados, en su versión diagramada. En mayo contaremos con las versiones digital e impresa finales, incorporando a lo aquí presentado el detalle acerca de la organización del evento señalado. Santiago Los Editores Abril de 2009 Editores Alfonso Rubilar R. David Rubilar-R. Carolina Gutstein S. I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE - 2008 PALEONTOLOGÍA Y PATRIMONIO PALEONTOLÓGICO EN CHILE (BASES DE DATOS; GESTION) 1 I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE - 2008 2 I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE - 2008 Libro de Actas, p. 3-9 PALEONTOLOGÍA, PATRIMONIO PALEONTOLÓGICO Y SUS VÍNCULOS CON LA BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Alfonso Rubilar R. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, [email protected] Introducción Los primeros hallazgos documentados de fósiles en Chile fueron realizados a fines del siglo XVIII (Montero y Diéguez, 1998), aunque la investigación en Paleontología ha sido relativamente continua sólo desde comienzos del siglo XIX. El registro fósil presente en el país es abundante y diverso (Fig. 1), con restos conocidos desde el Ordovícico medio (graptolites y braquiópodos; ca. 470 millones de años). Sin embargo, el número de paleontólogos ha sido en general muy reducido, y hasta el momento no han prosperado los intentos por ampliar el desarrollo de esta disciplina en diferentes instituciones. La Ley No. 17.288 (de Monumentos Nacionales; 1970) es la principal norma dirigida a la protección y conservación del patrimonio paleontológico en Chile, aunque lo aborda en forma indirecta e incompleta. Por otra parte, la experiencia internacional señala que tales leyes son más efectivas en la medida en que una asociación de profesionales se ocupa activamente de ello, como se aspira a que suceda pronto en nuestro país. En este trabajo se efectúa una breve caracterización del ámbito científico de la Paleontología, y se analizan sus vínculos con la Biología y Geología. Además, se sintetiza el planteamiento de la Ley No. 17.288 y se efectúan algunas proposiciones orientadas a fortalecer la protección de las colecciones y sitios paleontológicos del país. La Paleontología y su relación con la Biología y Geología La Paleontología estudia los organismos antiguos o del pasado geológico (por convención, con más de 10.000-11.000 años), en su mayoría extinguidos, que se han preservado en las rocas (e.g., sedimentarias) o en medios protectores (e.g., ámbar) como fósiles. Estos pueden ser restos propiamente tales en general mineralizados (e.g., partes del cuerpo, estructuras reproductivas) o evidencias de actividad o presencia biológicas (e.g., huellas, excavaciones). A partir de estos materiales, que permiten comprender la naturaleza y evolución de los seres vivos del pasado (registro fósil), intenta reconstruir sus morfologías, conocer sus modos de vida y alimentación, sucesión temporal, distribución geográfica y relaciones de parentesco, así como los cambios biológicos globales que han tenido lugar en el tiempo. Este conocimiento se expresa en descripciones sistemáticas, zonaciones bioestratigráficas, interpretaciones paleobiológicas (e.g., Paleontología Evolutiva, Paleoecología, Paleobiogeografía) o en una síntesis histórica (Fig. 2). Esta ciencia fue fundada por Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) a principios del siglo XIX, al instaurar, por ejemplo, el concepto de especie extinguida, cuyo estudio no podía ser abordado por la Biología. Esto fortaleció el rol que siempre ha tenido la Paleontología como ciencia complementaria o auxiliar de la Geología, por la utilización de taxones y parataxones como indicadores de la edad relativa y condición paleoambiental en las cuales se originó el depósito que los contiene. Si junto a esto último se destaca el hecho de que los fósiles están en especial en las rocas, que comparten una génesis con éstas, y que tanto los organismos del pasado como los eventos paleobiológicos están integrados en la Geología Histórica, es comprensible que alguien que se inicia en el estudio del registro fósil suponga que se trataría de una subdisciplina o especialidad de la Geología. La Paleontología, por el contrario, es una Ciencia de la Tierra (e Histórica) por derecho propio, que genera conocimiento en un ámbito preciso (el pasado de la vida) y con alcances (narración de eventos) particulares (Fig. 2). Ni la localización de los materiales de estudio (fósiles) ni el aporte de datos aplicados (labor auxiliar) son criterios 3 I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE - 2008 Fig. 1. Algunas plantas, invertebrados, vertebrados y huellas que integran el registro fósil en Chile. La edad relativa de cada ejemplar o material se indica, en forma aproximada, en la escala geológica del tiempo (izquierda) mediante una flecha y el número que lo identifica. Escala = 1 cm (excepto en 16, 20 y 25). Este esquema integra un trabajo presentado al Segundo Seminario Minería y Monumentos Nacionales (2006), cuyos Anales no han sido publicados. Taxones ilustrados (géneros o categorías superiores). Plantas: 4- Dicroidium, 21- Nothofagus. Invertebrados: 17- Oculina (coral); 3- Waagenoconcha, 5- Clavigera, 9- Spiriferina, 13- ‘Rhynchonella’ (braquiópodos); 2- Lithotrochus, 23- Incatella, 26- Ficus (gastrópodos); 6- Monotis, 7- Gryphaea, 8- Weyla, 11- Neocrassina, 12- Trigonia, 14- ‘Agriopleura’, 22- Chlamys (bivalvos); 24- Cancer (crustáceo); 15- Belemnopsis (belemnite); 10- Stephanoceras (amonite); 18- Cymatoceras (nautiloideo); 1- Tetragraptus (graptolite). Vertebrados: 27- Carcharocles (tiburón); 20- Elasmosauridae (plesiosaurio), 19- Santiagorothia (notoungulado), 25- Stegomastodon (mastodonte). Huellas: 16- Dinosaurios (Baños del Flaco). Las plantas y la mayor parte de los invertebrados integran la Colección de Docencia del Departamento de Geología (U. de Chile). 7: Sernageomin, SNGM 8360. 12, SNGM s/n. 1, 19, 20, 25 y 27: obtenidos de diferentes publicaciones. Elaboración: A.Rubilar y R. Otero 4 I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE - 2008 suficientes para definir su quehacer. En efecto, la naturaleza intrínseca de los fósiles (organismos del pasado, variables y diversos, representados por sus restos o evidencias) y su significado primordial (permiten conocer las características y transformaciones de la vida a lo largo del tiempo) acercan o vinculan a la Paleontología con la Biología (e.g., con procedimientos taxonómicos basados en códigos de nomenclatura, necesarios para la descripción de especies) y la sitúan bajo el paradigma evolutivo. Es decir, aborda el estudio del registro fósil con perspectivas diferentes a las de la Geología, donde su desenvolvimiento está centrado en la información aplicada que los fósiles pueden aportar (e.g., Bioestratigrafía, Bioestratinomía). Esto no resta valor al estímulo que da la Geología a la Paleontología, ni a la fecunda integración del conocimiento que ambas generan. Además, si bien los fósiles prueban el hecho evolutivo, algunas proposiciones teóricas de esta última ciencia han llevado a modificar la concepción tradicional de dicho proceso. De esta forma, la Paleontología constituye un ámbito interdisciplinario, de interfase o especialidad entre la Biología y Geología (Fig. 2). La obtención e interpretación de los datos, bajo una metodología posdictiva (reanálisis de lo conocido a partir de nuevos hallazgos), requiere utilizar conceptos y procedimientos elaborados en ambas disciplinas y de otros propios (e.g., uniformismo taxonómico y ambiental, estudio de órganos vestigia- les, iteración de patrones paleoecológicos, análisis tafonómico, análisis morfofuncional). En síntesis, la Paleontología aborda el estudio integral del registro fósil. Posee objetivos de investigación, principios metodológicos y un cuerpo teórico propios, diferentes en su conjunto a los de la Biología y Geología, y su amplitud temática es abordada por múltiples especialidades. Además de abarcar el estudio descriptivo de los organismos y huellas del pasado (e.g., Micropaleontología, Paleobotánica, Paleopalinología, Paleontología de Invertebrados y de Vertebrados, Paleoicnología) e implicancias paleobiológicas de tal registro, tiene el compromiso metodológico ineludible de conservar los ejemplares y las colecciones de fósiles (Fig. 3). La carencia en Chile de una carrera profesional en Paleontología no implica desconocer su identidad como ciencia, y en particular a los más de 30 profesionales que hoy se dedican a ella en el país mediante alguna especialización (provenientes de la Biología o Geología), en diferentes instituciones (e.g., universidades, museos). Fig. 2. Esquema del ámbito científico de la Paleontología. 5 I SIMPOSIO - PALEONTOLOGÍA EN CHILE - 2008 - Material tipo de especies fósiles (holotipo, paratipos) - Colecciones científicas de fósiles - Informes inéditos y literatura especializada ‘MONUMENTO PALEONTOLÓGICO’ - Sitios paleontológicos de alto - Sitios valor científico paleontológicos y geológicos ‘MONUMENTO GEOLÓGICO’ - Sitios geológicos de alto valor - ‘Geoparques’ científico (‘geositios’) - Colecciones científicas (minerales, rocas) Fig. 3. Categorías y componentes del patrimonio paleontológico y geológico (o geopaleontológico). La denominación de ‘Monumento’ se basa en la Ley No. 17.288. El patrimonio paleontológico Este patrimonio puede ser definido como los fósiles disponibles en las rocas o en particular los que integran colecciones científicas institucionales, así como los sitios o yacimientos paleontológicos
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