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Re-Study on Gymnoichthys Inopinatus from Middle Triassic of Luoping Yunnan China.Pdf 1.02 MB

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Re-Study on Gymnoichthys Inopinatus from Middle Triassic of Luoping Yunnan China.Pdf 1.02 MB じ51ࢣȞじ1᱋ ऐ㘶Ḻߔ➕႒៑ pp. 1-16 2013Ꭰ1ᰴ VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1-8 Re-study on Gymnoichthys inopinatus from Middle Triassic of Luoping, Yunnan, China TAN Kai1,2,3ȞJIN Fan1 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 [email protected]) (2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049) (3 The Geological Museum of China Beijing 100034) Abstract Gymnoichthys inopinatus was initially described by Tintori et al. in 2010, and regarded as a basal neopterygian. According to the new material of the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation discovered in Dawazi Village, Luoping County, Yunnan Province, China, we redescribed G. inopinatus, and re-identified its systematic position. G. inopinatus has only one supramaxilla and its symplectic is likely jointed with the articular, which are the identifying characters of Halecomorphi. Morever, G. inopinatus has no scales, its vertebral centra are not ossified, and the structure and relationship of the neural arches and neural spines, as well as the shape of teeth and ural haemal spines in G. inopinatus are quite like that of the caturoids. Hence, it is suggested to consider G. inopinatus as a basal form of the superfamily Caturoidea. Previously, caturoids were only discovered in the Jurassic of Europe and North America, and its recognized forms included Liodesmus, the only genera of the family Liodesmidae, and Caturus and Amblysemius of the family Caturidae. Gymnoichthys inopinatus is not only the first caturoid found in China, but also the earliest caturoid in the world, which is 40 million years earlier than the European and North American caturoids. Key wordsǂLuoping, Yunnan; Anisian, Middle Triassic; Guanling Formation; Gymnoichthys inopinatus, Caturoidea; phylogeny ѥफ㔫ᑇЁϝ঴Ϫᛣ໪㻌剐ⱘݡⷨお ൪bᩏ1,2,3bࠡb֨1 ȞȞȞ(1 ͙఩⻽႒䮎ऐ㘶Ḻߔ➕̺ऐϦㆧⵀ⾢ᝬ喏͙఩⻽႒䮎㘶Ḻߔ➕⑀ࡂ̺Ϧㆧ䊣⎼䛹◥჊侸აȞࡃϘȞ100044) ȞȞȞ(2 ͙఩⻽႒䮎๓႒ȞࡃϘȞ100049) ȞȞȞ(3 ͙఩౜䉔ࢆ➕亲ȞࡃϘȞ100034) ദ᎞᫜凹冨ڑᨬ㽕喝ᘻโ㸤冨(Gymnoichthys inopinatus)κ2010Ꭰ⩝Tintoriふ仂⁍䃜䔜Ꭲᑾ ᇙ㏰θ⃡ࣽ⣜⮰᫜ᱼ᫅喏ᄥᘻโ㸤ڟၼᱽ̵͙ऌ͂ܥㆧȠӉᢚ౔νࢃⰭᰞ䲂౜ࡦ㒃᎟࣫๓ ఩ტ㜖♢⻽႒ദ䛽(ឥ۲ण喝40472017)䉰ߕȠ ᩢ⽫ᬑ᱋喝2012-02-20 2 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ 㐙俔ڢ㈧Ƞ౔ᘻโ㸤冨⮰᫜ᴳ᱘̶喏छ㻭ڟ㈧㐋ࣽ㗞ڢ᣻䔜喏Ꭲ䛹᫜䃔䃦βٱ冨䔇㵸β㶑 㞮喏Ꭲᰵ⶚ܳᬌ⪽⮰ࢁ̬䒱̶䶸俔喏㶔ᬺᘻโ㸤冨Ꮐͦ凝φ䘔ڟ㞮俔Ⱔڟݹ〛ᒴछ㘩̺ (Halecomorphi)冨ㆧȠₐโ喏ᘻโ㸤冨⮰ѿ㶔ᬌ刊ȟḺѿ᱖俔ࡂȟ俿Ḅস俿ᐿ⮰㏿Ჰসᢾ ݃᫥ᐻБࣶ➅咫সᅪ㘵Ḅ⮰ᒎ⟢䘩̺䛽ᅪ冨䊱⻽冨ㆧ(caturoids)̬㜠Ƞ㈧㐋ࣽ㗞ܲ᲼㏿᳈㶔 ⣜ᬺᘻโ㸤冨ᆊκ䛽ᅪ冨䊱⻽⮰ദ᎞ㆧ㓐Ƞͷݹ䛽ᅪ冨ㆧͧ㺭㻭κ⁓≞সࡃ㒺⮰һ㒃㈧喏 䃐⮰䛽ᅪ冨䊱⻽冨ㆧͧ㺭࠱᠘Liodesmidae͙⮰Liodesmusᆊস䛽ᅪ冨⻽(Caturidae)͙⮰ژ౔ ᣼ݹβ40 Ma, 㔸̀඗⣜ܦCaturusসAmblysemius͐ᆊȠᘻโ㸤冨⮰ࣽ⣜̹ϱҫ䛽ᅪ冨ㆧ⮰ ᱼ᫅⮰⾦㑦Ƞڟ㶑β᜽఩Ⱔ ᇙ㏰喏䛽ᅪ冨䊱⻽喏ᘻโ㸤冨喏㈧㐋ࣽ㗞ڟ䬂䆡喝νࢃ㒃᎟喏̵͙ऌ͂Ⴕᅨ᱋喏݇ Ё೒⊩ߚ㉏ো喝Q915.862Ȟ᭛⤂ᷛ䆚ⷕ喝AȞ᭛ゴ㓪ো喝1000-3118(2013)01-0001-16 喏䯢ᆊκ䒼凹冨φ㏞喏᫜凹冨ܦᰬᬕ⩝Owenκ1860Ꭰ᣼ٯ䛽ᅪ冨҈̬͖ͦ⻽㏓ㆧ ᐿ凹冨Ⱊ(Nelson, 2006)Ƞ䛽ᅪ冨ㆧڑφ㏞喏凝ए䘔喏凝φ䘔喏⣜౔፤҈̬ͦ䊱⻽㷗ᑾ⁍ ࣽ⣜⮰ᅮѹ̶̵ͦऌ㐋㜟̶⮩ೕ㐋喏ͷݹϱ౔⁓≞সࡃ㒺ᰵ៑䕿Ƞ⁓≞⮰ϓ౜ͧ㺭䯲͙ 䛽ᅪ冨ㆧ⮰ڑऺ㷗ᑾٴসऐጠȠڜ౔ᓣ఩ȟ∁఩স㠝఩喞ࡃ㒺⮰ϓ౜ͧ㺭䯲͙౔͈ᵨ䮡 ᆊ࠱᠘Caturus, Allolepidotes, Heterolepidotes, Lophiostomus, Macrepistius, Neorhombolepis, Osteorachis, Otomitla, Sinoeugnathus, Callopterus, Paraliodesmus, Plesiofuro, Amblysemius ͙̹ᄽᆊ⻹⮰㈧㐋ѹ㒚Ϲႄ⪽(㶔1)ȠڢসLiodesmusふ喏Ѳ ᇙ㏰θ⃡⮰䛽ᅪ冨ㆧࡂⴟ(ᑌज़䋯ふ喏ڟ᱘᪳៑䕿β᫜䓽ࣽ⣜κνࢃ㒃᎟̵ऌ㈧ 2008)Ƞ䄑ㆧࡂⴟᰬ䓽㷗Tintoriふ(2010)঩हͦᘻโ㸤冨(Gymnoichthys inopinatus), Ꭲ䃐 ͦᆊκ᫜凹冨̷㏞⮰ദ᎞ㆧ㓐Ƞ᱘ⵀ⾢ͧ㺭䕆䓳ᄥ᫜ᴳ᱘̺₏ಷᴳ᱘䔇㵸℀䒯ࣶ㈧㐋ܲ ⾢౔䛽ᅪ冨䊱⻽͙⮰ദ᎞ѹ㒚喏Ⱊ⮰౔κ䕆䓳ᄥᘻโ㸤冨⮰ᒎᔭ᣻䔜喏ⵀڢ᲼喏⶚჆β 䘔ڱㆧ㓐Ⱔ℀喏Ԛ䃎䛽ᅪ冨䊱⻽㜖䓽㸀ᕓ⟢喏ͦ凝φ䘔یڢᬕ᱋䛽ᅪ冨⮰ᒎᔭߋ㘩喏স ᫜⮰ⰷ∁喏Ꭲ̺̀⁓≞সࡃ㒺ᴳ᱘℀䒯喏ᄥ̵͙ऌ͂ߔ➕౜⤲ܲጯБܦ㈧᣼ڟ㈧㐋ࣽ㗞 ࣶ䛽ᅪ冨ㆧ⩋≧Όᕓ⮰⑀ऄⵀ⾢᣼ӇӉᢚȠ 㸼 1ǂ䞥ሒ剐㉏䚼ߚሲⱘ㋏㒳ԡ㕂ব᳈ Table 1ȞTaxonomic alteration of some genera of caturoids Genus Referred to Caturoidea by Current taxonomic position Caturus Owen, 1860 Still in Caturoidea Furo (=Eugnathus) Owen, 1860 Considered to be the stem group of the ionosopids by Gardiner et al.(1996) Allolepidotes Patterson, 1973 Moved out of Caturoidea by Bartram (1975) Heterolepidotes Patterson, 1973 Considered to be close to Ionoscopus by Gardiner et al.(1996) Lophiostomus Patterson, 1973 Moved out of Caturoidea by Bartram (1975) Macrepistius Patterson, 1973 Considered to be the sister-group of Ophiopsis by Gardiner et al.(1996) Neorhombolepis Patterson, 1973 Put into Ophiopsidae by Grande and Bemis (1998) Osteorachis Patterson, 1973 Considered to be the stem group of the halecomorphs by Gardiner et al.(1996) Otomitla Patterson, 1973 Still in Amiiformes, but the family uncertain Sinoeugnathus Patterson, 1973 Moved out of Caturoidea by Bartram (1975) Plesiofuro Su, 1993 Considered to be one of the perleids by Xu and Gao (2008) Amblysemius Lambers, 1994 Still in Caturoidea Liodesmus Grande & Bemis, 1998 Still in Caturoidea Callopterus Lambers, 1995 Moved out of Caturoidea by Bartram (1975) Paraliodesmus Lambers, 1995 Still in Amiiformes, but the family uncertain ⵀ⾢ 3ڹ1᱋ 䅙Ȟ䩠ふ: νࢃ㒃᎟̵͙ऌ͂ᘻโ㸤冨⮰ 1Ȟᴳ᱘᣻䔜 ⹀偼剐㒆Class Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 Ȟ䕤务剐Ѯ㒆Subclass Actinopterygii Cope, 1887 (sensu Rosen et al., 1981) ȞȞᮄ务剐⃵Ѯ㒆Infraclass Neopterygii Regan, 1923 (sensu Rosen et al., 1981) ȞȞȞ劅ষ䚼Division Halecostomi Regan, 1923 (sensu Patterson, 1973) ȞȞȞȞ劅Ѯ䚼Subdivision Halecomorphi Cope, 1872 (sensu Patterson, 1973) ȞȞȞȞȞᓧ务剐ⳂOrder Amiiformes Hay, 1929 (sensu Grande & Bemis, 1998) ȞȞȞȞȞȞ䞥ሒ剐䍙⾥Superfamily Caturoidea Owen, 1860 ȞȞȞȞȞȞȞ⾥᳾ᅮFamily indeterminate ȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞ㻌剐ሲGenus Gymnoichthys Tintori et al., 2010 ῵ᓣ⾡Ȟᘻโ㸤冨Gymnoichthys inopinatus Tintori et al., 2010Ƞ 䅶ሲᕕȞ͙ふ๓ᄻ喞ᴳ۲䪫Ꮢ190 mm; ๠䪫ࢌᴳ۲䪫Ꮢ⮰1/4; ͖ѿᰬ倄ะѹκ㗸ׂ 俔ࡂ⮰Ḻѿ喏Ѳ᭛ݹ䘔䏛᎞ḺᰵḺѿ⣛₷ڔᰵႸڣ凹ᐬ໷⮰ѹ㒚喏๓㏒50 mmጒट喞̹ ͐ڢ喞ѿ㶔̹㺲刊❳喞Ɫ̷俔2~3ಃ喏䊶䲌ऺ䊶๓喞呧俔౔䷉俔⮰̷ݹ᫥喏㔸̹᭛౔҅ ӓ喞䪫䷉俔সⰤᄥⴙ⮰䶢俔̶౳ᰵᩪᄰ⟢⮰㏥亜喞䶢俔䪫Ꮢⴙκ㛈䉔㔨㕟俔喞䒱̶䶸俔 〚㞮喏㐙俔ӓ䲎̺᫥俔ᣑ㼒喏̷ᅂڟಃ喞㐙俔স᫥俔Ჰ᜼β̬ࣸڣᷙ⟢喏䒯ᄻ喏⃻ӓख ̷℀㞮喞䩑ᒎ咫喞䬠凯Ⰲ俔䒯ᄻ喏ॴ̵㻾ᒎ喞ݹ凯Ⰲ俔ॴ᫜ᰴᒎ喞凯Ⰲ俔ᬺ᭪ڟ䮱俔̺ 凯Ⰲ俔๓喞ᙋ㻵⺊㏻ネӉ⁍⾫䓳β咫俔ȟ䮱俔ȟݹ凯Ⰲ俔ȟ㛈䉔㔨㕟俔ȟ䷉俔ȟ㛈䉔㲢 㕟俔ȟⱢ̷俔স䷉โ㗕㘇俔喞⃻ӓ凯᲍俔᪜Ⱊ10᲍ጒट喞⃻ӓरᰵ2ऺࡅ俔喞ᅪ䘔⺊㏻ ڣ䓽ॴⅠ᎟᫥ऽ喞ᅪ̷俔ὖܳ䲎ॴ〥ढ⟢喞खᰵ̬ಃ㚥凹ᩛ凹俔喞ख܌Ḅ᱗〛ऽ̷ժ喏 ̬㗸凹喞㛬凹ᄻκ㗸凹喏ᒎ⟢̺㗸凹ⰤѨ喏౳ॴ̵㻾ᒎ喞ᅪ凹ࣵ㷮≱喏ࡶₖಷᅪ喏̶ढ ⼹䪫κ̷ढ喞凹ᐻͦ喝P. 15?; V. 8; D. iv15; A. ii11; C. i20iiȠ ǂǂǂǂǂᛣ໪㻌剐Gymnoichthys inopinatus Tintori et al., 2010 (ప1~4; 㶔2) ℷൟᷛᴀȞGMPKU-P-1483, ̬ಃ䓽ͺႸ᪠⮰ᴳ᱘喏ϱ呧俔䶢〛㑦๝喞ᴳ᱘ԉႄκ ࡃϘ๓႒౜䉔ࢆ➕亲Ƞ ⷨおᷛᴀȞIVPP V 16354(ప1)সV 17672(ప2), ͖͐ԉႄദ᱘Ⴘ᪠⮰᜼Ꭰ͖ѿ喞 V 17911সV 17912, ͐ಃ䒯ͦႸ᪠⮰ᎨᎠ͖ѿȠ౳ԉႄκ͙఩⻽႒䮎ऐ㘶Ḻߔ➕̺ऐϦ ㆧⵀ⾢ᝬȠ ᇙ㏰θ⃡㪰ᅮڟᱽ喞̵͙ऌ㐋ٵၼᱽসΉܥѻഄ੠ሖԡȞνࢃⰭ㒃᎟࣫㒃䯰䩳๓ ∑ᮢ▜ᇕȠ 䅶⡍ᕕȞ㻭Ԛ䃎ᆊᒭȠׂ 䪫ܲݗͦ177স145 mmȠڔ⏽ᬌ刊ȠIVPP V 16354সV 17672ٵᦣ䗄Ȟѿॴᷙᒎ喏ѿ㶔 ๠䪫๓κ๠倄喏Ѳ⪑ᄻκѿ倄Ƞѿ䪫㏒ͦ๠䪫⮰3Թȟѿ倄⮰2.7ԹȠᅪᳰ䪫㏒ふκᅪᳰ 䪫ܲݗͦ59ڔ䪫⮰1/4ȠᎨѿᴳ᱘ڔ䪫⮰℀ҷ๓Ắ᭛1:4, ๠সᅪ凹๓Ắरࢌڔ倄Ƞѿ倄স (V 17911)স56 mm (V 17912, 䄑ᴳ᱘⮰ᅪ凹ऺ㑄⇍ԉႄ喏჊䭱䪫ᏒᏀ䄑ๆ2~3 mm), Ⱔᄥ Ђर䘔℀ҷദ᱘Ⱔᑿ(㶔2)Ƞڢ᜼Ꭰ͖ѿ喏๠⪑᭪๓喏 4 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ ప 1Ȟᘻโ㸤冨᫜ᴳ᱘IVPP V 16354 Fig. 1ȞGymnoichthys inopinatus Tintori et al., 2010, a new specimen (IVPP V 16354) and its line drawing ప 2Ȟᘻโ㸤冨᫜ᴳ᱘IVPP V 17672 Fig. 2ȞGymnoichthys inopinatus Tintori et al., 2010, a new specimen (IVPP V 17672) ⵀ⾢ 5ڹ1᱋ 䅙Ȟ䩠ふ: νࢃ㒃᎟̵͙ऌ͂ᘻโ㸤冨⮰ 㸼 2ǂᛣ໪㻌剐ᮄᷛᴀⱘ⌟䞣 Table 2ȞMeasurements of Gymnoichthys inopinatus (mm) IVPP V 16354 V 17672 V 17911 V 17912 ܼ䭓(total length) 177 145 59 56 ԧ䭓(body length) 137 115 43 42 ༈䭓(head length) 44 43 19 19 䒃ᑆ䭓(trunk length) 49 48 15 13 ሒᶘ䭓(tail peduncle length) 20 18 5 5 ਏ䭓(rostrum length) 10 7 4 4 ⴐᕘ(orbit length) 12 9 5 4 ⴐৢ༈䭓(head length after orbit) 22 27 10 11 ԧ催(body depth) 50 ? 11 10 ሒᶘ催(tail peduncle depth) 21 18 5 6 㝍务ࠡ㾦(pre-pelvic angle) ? 30º 30º ? 㚠务ࠡ㾦(pre-dorsal angle) 50º 60º 60º 58º 㞔务ࠡ㾦(pre-anal angle) 45º 40º 42º 35º 㝍务ࠡ䭓(pre-pelvic length) 24 ? 8 ? 㚠务ࠡ䭓(pre-dorsal length) 41 ? ? 8 㞔务ࠡ䭓(pre-anal length) 38 23 8 8 㚠务෎䭓 GRUVDO¿QEDVHOHQJWK 32 30 11 10 㞔务෎䭓 DQDO¿QEDVHOHQJWK 20 21 7 9 ሒ务䭓 FDXGDO¿QOHQJWK 57?19? ᒎ⟢ॴ䪫᲍ڢਏ䚼偼傐Ȟᑿݹⵀ⾢ᴳ᱘͙喏१䘔俔俨ϱV 16354⮰१俔ԉႄ䒯ຩȠ ᒎ喏ὖ㒚κ๠俔ݹ̶〛喏䪫㏒4mm,ᬺ᭪℀䒛俔⶘刊冨ㆧ⮰१俔ⴙȠ१俔㶔䲎ᰵ3͖ᬺ ᭪⮰ᄻႀ喏じ̬͖ႀᐬएऽݹ喏じθ͖ᐬएऽጒݹ᫥喏じ̵͖ऽऺ̷᫥ᐬए喏̵͖ႀ⮰ 䬠䌉Ⱔᑿ喏܌ͺ౔̬᲍Ⱐ㏫̶喏Ꮐͦ१䘔ᙋ㻵ネ⮰ᐬႀ(ప3)Ƞ 乙乊偼傐Ȟ࠱᠘᜼ᄥ⮰呧俔ȟ䷉俔ȟ䶢俔ȟ㛈䉔㔨㕟俔ȟ䷉โ㗕㘇俔সऺ䷊俔(ప 3)Ƞ᜼Ꭰ͖ѿ䶱䶢俔俨โӓ䲎⮰ᩪᄰ⟢㏥亜স∎⊖⟢䓥㑄Ⱔᑿᬺ᭪喏㔸౔ᎨᎠ͖ѿ͙݅ Ⱔᑿ䒧ᓚ喏ϱछ㻭̬χᄻ⮰㹢⯝Ƞ౔V 16354͙喏呧俔⪑ᰵⵠᢋ喏ॴ45º⮰᎟㵸ఇ䓥ᒎ喏 ጒट呧俔ᄥ⼜ȠV 17672⮰呧俔ⶺ㷮䒯ͦ͑䛹喏̺१俔ⶺ❳⌣౔̬䊣䯪Б䓔䃲ȠV17911 ⮰呧俔ԉႄ̹ຩȠV 17912⮰呧俔ॴ䅲⟢喏ѹκ१ݹ〛Ƞ䷉俔᭛䶱䶢俔俨͙ᰬͦ䪫๓⮰ ᩪᄰ㏥喏ᩪᄰ㏥ڣᒎ⟢ݹ⾰ऺჩ喏䓥㑄ॴ∎⊖⟢喏䪫Ꮢ๓κⱨᒰȠ䷉俔㶔䲎ڢ俔❳喏 ܯȠV 16354䷉俔ݹ〛ॴݽܤ䌛⮰͙ᓯ౔䌉ݹ〛2/3ะ喏ᩪᄰ㏥䮲䊣ะᄥᏀ⮰䓥㑄ऽโ ए喞౔䌉ݹ〛๓㏒1/3ะᐬ໷ߌჩ喏ݜ2/3ะֈ₎ߌჩȠܥጒट呧俔Ჰ᜼⮰ڑ喏₏ຩ᣾⟣ V 17672䷉俔ݹ〛স呧俔䔊ᣑะ䒯ⵠⶺ喏᪠ѿऽऺϒ䔼⌼ऄჩȠV 17911⮰䷉俔㉓㉓⣛㐁 ⱨⱢ喏㶔䲎ϱᰵ䒧ᓚ⮰᎟㵸䶱䶢⮰㏥⤲ȠV 17912⮰䷉俔̺V 17911ㆧѨ喏ख᭛ⰤᄥႸ᪠ Ⱐ㏫䪫Ꮢ̺ऺ䓥㑄๓㜠ⰤᑿȠ䶢ڢჩ⮰ᷛᒎ喏ݹ䓥㑄ॴ∎⊖⟢喏ڱ⾰χȠ䶢俔๓㜠ॴโ 6 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ ప 3Ȟᘻโ㸤冨᫜ᴳ᱘(IVPP V 16354)⮰๠俔 Fig. 3ȞGymnoichthys inopinatus Tintori et al., 2010, close-up of the head region of the specimen shown in Fig. 1 A. head in left side view; B. line drawing of A; C. head in right side view; D. line drawing of C Abbreviations: ang. angular䮱俔喞ant. antorbitalⱢݹ俔喞br. branchiostegals凯᲍俔喞cl. cleithrumۅ㑕 俔喞d. dorsal side bones㗸ӓ俔俨喞den. dentary咫俔喞dpt. dermopterotic㛈䉔⟣یࡅ俔喞cor. coracoid 㔨俔喞exc. extrascapular䷉โ㗕㘇俔喞ڱ㔨㕟俔喞dsp. dermosphenotic㛈䉔㲢㕟俔喞enp. endopterygoid fr. frontal䷉俔喞gu. gularવᲫ俔喞hy. hyomandibular㜸䶸俔喞io. infraorbitalⱢ̷俔喞iop. interopercle䬠 凯Ⰲ俔喞l. left side bonesጒӓ俔俨喞mpt. metapterygoidऺ㔨俔喞mx. maxilla̶䶸俔喞na. nasal呧俔喞 op. opercle凯Ⰲ俔喞pa. parietal䶢俔喞pal. palatine㚙俔喞pas. parasphenoidޛ㲢俔喞pcl. postcleithrumऺ ࡅ俔喞pmx. premaxillaݹ̶䶸俔喞pop. preopercleݹ凯Ⰲ俔喞pt. posttemporalऺ䷊俔喞qu. quadrate᫥ 俔喞r. right side boneटӓ俔俨喞ro. rostral१俔喞sca. scapula㗕㘇俔喞scl. supracleithrum̶ࡅ俔喞smx. supramaxilla䒱̶䶸俔喞sop. subopercle̷凯Ⰲ俔喞sym. symplectic㐙俔喞v. ventral side bones㚥ӓ俔俨 俔㶔䲎ᩪᄰ㏥⮰⟢ۡস䷉俔ㆧѨ喏㏥⤲ㆧѨ㣶㟝ⴟ喏ᩪᄰ͙ᓯջऽऺ̷䘔Ƞᕧ⮰Ბ䄠喏 Ƞ㛈䉔㔨㕟俔⮰䪫ڟV 16354㛈䉔俔⮰㶔䲎ᩪᄰ㏥℀V 17672ᰠͦࣽ㗞喏Ꮐ̺͖ѿࣽ㗞ᰵ Ꮢ๓㏒᭛䶢俔⮰1.5Թ喏ჩᏒࢠखᰵ䶢俔⮰̬ࡶȠ⩝κᙋ㻵⺊㏻ネႀჲ䯲ࣶԉႄ࣋ఌ喏 ጞ㏻ⶺ㷮᜼ᒴๆᄻಃ喏䔅౔V 16354̶ᰠͦᬺ᭪ȠV 17672⮰㛈䉔㔨㕟俔Ⱔᄥ䒯Ⴘ᪠喏ॴ 侘䲹⟢喏ܥะऽ̷ȠV 17911⮰㛈䉔㔨㕟俔ϒॴ侘䲹⟢喏⩝κԉႄ࣋ఌ᭪ᓃ℀䶢俔ⴙȠ 喏V 17672⮰䷉โ㗕㘇俔℀V 16354⮰ᰠͦ⭒䪫ȠᎨڱโ㗕㘇俔ॴ䓽䪫̵㻾ᒎ喏ᅂ㻾ऽ䷉ ⵀ⾢ 7ڹ1᱋ 䅙Ȟ䩠ふ: νࢃ㒃᎟̵͙ऌ͂ᘻโ㸤冨⮰ ѿᴳ᱘⮰䶢俔ȟ㛈䉔㔨㕟俔ȟ䷉โ㗕㘇俔ऌߌ౔̬䊣喏ᒴ䯪Ӊ⁍ࡦܲᐬȠऺ䷊俔㉓䉠䷉ โ㗕㘇俔喏๓㏒ॴ110º⮰ᝳᒎ喏̬㝘Ბ䄠ݹ䓥㑄䪫κӓ䓥㑄ȠV 17672⮰ऺ䷊俔ӓ䓥㑄 ݹ䓥㑄䒯Ⱐ喏̹׻V 16354⮰䗏ᵣऽݹժ᫈喏ఌₐV 17672⮰ऺ䷊俔ݹ䓥㑄ڢᰵⵠᢋ喏̀ সӓ䓥㑄᭪ᓃ䪫ᏒⰤᑿȠV 17911⮰ऺ䷊俔স᜼ѿԉႄ⟢̬ۡ㜠喏㔸V 17912⮰ऺ䷊俔㔧 ӓ䲎᱉โ喏ݹ䓥㑄᱉̶Ƞڱ䒘ᄨ㜠 ೈⴊ偼Ȟͧ㺭࠱᠘Ɫݹ俔ȟ͐ಃⱢ̷俔ȟⱢऺ俔স㛈䉔㲢㕟俔(ప3)ȠⱢݹ俔ѹκ ⱨⱢݹ᫥喏̺䷉俔স呧俔ⰤᣑȠV 16354⮰Ɫݹ俔ᕧѿॴ̵㻾ᒎ喏ݹ䘔ネ⟢喏ऺ䘔ⶺ㷮 ⣜ᒴๆ㏡ऽᑛᰞ⮰㏥⤲ȠV 17672⮰Ɫݹ俔̺ڣᎢ̺ݹ䘔᫙ᐬ喏ⶺ㷮⮰ᄻ俔❳᜼㊚⟢喏 ᐿ凹冨⮰ᒴ׻喏ॴ䪫Ⅰ␠ಷ喏ऺ〛䒯ᅂ喏ݹ〛䒯䧉ȠV 16354̶㘩ⰷݜ͐ಃⴕᒎ⮰Ɫ⩋ ❲俔喏じ̬ಃⵠⶺ喏ݹ〛⪑⾰ऺ〛⪑ჩ喞じθಃӓ䲎䲎⼛㏒᭛じ̬ಃ⮰5~6Թ喏Ϻ俔̷ ̷͙ࡶ䘔ܲ℀䒯ᬺ᭪喏㔸̀㏥⤲䬠䬠䯀΋℀䒯౳㶍喏ڢ͙ᓯऽโᰵ̬㈧݃ᩪᄰ⟢㏥亜喏 ℀䷉俔স䶢俔̶⮰ᩪᄰ㏥㻰݅ȠV 17672खᰵじθಃⱢ̷俔छ㻭喏ԉႄ℀䒯ⵠⶺ喏Ѳ᭛ ᪜Ⱊসᒎ⟢̹㘩⶚჆Ƞ㛈䉔㲢㕟俔ѹκⱨⱢऺ̶ڢᩪᄰ⟢㏥亜Ϲछ㻭ȠⱢऺ俔ⵠⶺ喏 ᒎ⟢ͦᄻ̵㻾ᒎ喏㗸ᣑ䷉俔喏ऺᣑ㛈䉔㔨㕟俔ȠV 16354ڢ᫥喏࣮̺β䶱䶢䘔⮰Ჰ᜼喏 ⮰㏥亜সᙋ㻵⺊㏻ႀѹ㒚౳䷌Ծ̶ڢ⮰ጒӓ䲎㘩ⰷݜटӓ⮰㛈䉔㲢㕟俔ⶺ㷮㔧䒘180º喏 䓳ᲑȠₐโ喏ⱨⱢ䘔ѹ䔄㻭ᰵ̬χ̹Ⴘ᪠⮰㏲ᄻ俔❳喏छ㘩ͦጕ㛈⣛⮰₷⪅ȠᎨѿᴳ᱘ Ђⶺ俔❳⌣ऴ౔̬䊣̹ᬿ㻮ᄋ喏Ɫऺ俔স㛈䉔㲢㕟ڢ⮰Ɫݹ俔⩝κ๖ᄻ⇍ᰵԉႄᝂ㔱̺
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  • From the Crato Formation (Lower Cretaceous)
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