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Regional Organizations in Preventing Water-Related Conflicts in the Eastern African Region

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Regional Organizations in Preventing Water-Related Conflicts in the Eastern African Region Series 1 IPSTC The International Peace Support Training Centre (IPSTC) is training and research institution whose focus is capacity building, at strategic, operational and tactical levels for peace opera- tions within the context of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). The Centre endeavours to address the complexities of contemporary United Nations/African Union integrated peace support operations by exposing actors to the multidimensional nature of these operations. The training and research undertaken cuts across the broad spectrum of conflict prevention, management and post-conflict recovery. The Centre is a key training institution for the Eastern Africa Standby Force (EASF) of the African Standby force (ASF) through the necessary co-operation with partners from all over the world including, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, and the United States of America. International Peace Support Training Centre Nairobi, Kenya The Paper This paper in its first section examines the importance of international water-resources and debates for water wars and against water wars, showing the significance of cooperation in managing shared water resources. It then gives specific causes and impacts of the water- related conflict within the Lake Victoria Region such as: the Migingo island; cross- border conflicts among fishermen; the water hyacinth and hydropower problems and others includ- ing: the Rivers Tana, Mara, Omo and the Nile as well as, the question of piracy and maritime security. The next section gives the roles of IGAD, EAC and ICGLR in preventing water- related conflicts in the EAR, frameworks and strategic actions, their successes and Occasional Paper challenges. Finally, it gives policy recommendations and conclusions. Key to this paper is the argument that prevention of water- related conflicts in this region should produce results. Series 1 No. 7 Therefore, the subregional organizations have to be proactively engaged in preventing such conflicts.There is much that these organizations can learn from each other’s experiences in - helping to prevent water-related conflicts. It is this exchange of experiences – of successes and failures – that will help determine whether or not prevention of water related conflicts in the region will be effective, in the years to come. The Author ROLE OF SUB- REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Dr. C. A. Mumma Martinon is the Conflict Prevention Analyst and Head of Applied Research at International Peace Support Training Centre (IPSTC). She Holds a PhD degree in Interna- IN PREVENTING WATER-RELATED CONFLICTS tional Conflict Management from the University of Leipzig Germany. Prior to her current employment, Dr. Mumma was a lecturer at the Institute of Peace Studies and International IN THE EASTERN AFRICAN REGION Relations – Hekima College. She also lectured at the Institute of Diplomacy and Interna- tional Studies – University of Nairobi University and at the National Defense College and the Defense Staff College, Karen, Nairobi. Mumma undertakes research on subjects relating to Hydro-politics in Africa, with specific refence to the Victoria and Nile Basins. At IPSTC, she is the conflict analyst in issues relating to conflict prevention and a Subject Matter Expert (SME) in Preventive Diplomacy, Conflict Analysis, Dialogue, Negotiation, and Mediation. C. A. Mumma- Martinon ( PhD) International Peace Support Training Centre P.O. Box 24232-00505, Karen Kenya Tel No: 00254 (0) 20 883164/58 Fax: 00254 (0) 83159 Email: [email protected] www.ipstc.org Publication Supported By The Government of Japan Through UNDP Role Of Sub Regional Organizations In Preventing Water-Related Conflicts In The Eastern African Region C.A.Mumma- Martinon (PhD) – Conflict Prevention Analyst Preventing Water-Related Conflicts i No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, by any means –mechanical, via photocopying, recording or otherwise –without prior permission of the International Peace Support Training Centre. Statements and views expressed herein are those of the author and are not necessarily those of IPSTC, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: © 2010 All Rights Reserved Published 2010 by the IPSTC Westwood Park, P.O.BOX 24232-00502, Karen, Kenya Tel No; 00254(0) 20 883164/58 Fax: 00254(0) 883159 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ipstc.org Editorial Advisory Board: Brigadier Robert Kibochi, Director IPSTC Judy Wakahiu, Project Manager, UNDP C.A. Mumma-Martinon, (PhD)Conflict Prevention Analyst Leah Kimathi, Post-Conflict Recovery Analyst Francis Onditi, Post-Conflict Recovery Researcher Julius Kiprono, Conflict Prevention Researcher Editor: Enid de Silva Burke Printers: PANN PRINTERS ii Preventing Water-Related Conflicts Table of Contents Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................v Foreword ...................................................................................................................viii Abstract ........................................................................................................................1 The Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................2 Introduction .................................................................................................................2 The Importance of International water courses ...................................................3 Key Findings ..............................................................................................................12 The role of subregional organisations in the prevention of water- related conflicts in ear ...........................................................................................................................29 Recommendations for the Subregional Organisations .......................................39 Conclusion .................................................................................................................41 References ..................................................................................................................42 Preventing Water-Related Conflicts iii Acknowledgement I would like to thank sincerely all those who, in one way or the other made this work possible, including the IPSTC Director, Staff, the Peace and Security Research Department (PSRD) and all those people who made time to be interviewed on the various aspects of this research. Special thanks go to UNDP and Japan for their continued support. iv Preventing Water-Related Conflicts ABBREVIATONS ADB African Development Bank ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution AU African Union CASSOA Civil Aviation Safety and Security Oversight Agency CMCE Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe COE Council of Europe DRC Democratic Republic Of Congo EA East Africa EAC East African Community EACJ East African Court of Justice EADB East African Development Bank EALA East African Legislative Assembly EAR East African Region EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EWC European Water Charter FRBC French River Basin Commissions HEP Hydroelectric Production ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region ICCPC IGAD Climate Change Prediction Centre IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGADD Inter Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IUCEA Inter-University Council for East Africa IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal Unregulated and Unreported Preventing Water-Related Conflicts v KNWMP Kenya National Water Master Plan KRB Kagera River Basin KRBPLIF Kagera River Basin Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework LICF Legal and Institutional Cooperative Framework LIF Legal and Institutional Framework LVB Lake Victoria Basin LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission LVBDV Lake Victoria Basin Development Vision LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization LVWATSAN Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation MDGs Millennium Development Goals ME Middle East MENA Middle East and North Africa MERECP Mount Elgon Regional Ecosystem Conservation Programme MoU Memorandum of Understanding MRB Mara River Basin MRBP Mara River Basin Policy NA North Africa NGOs Non – Governmental Organisations NMR Naro Moru River NNT New Nile Treaty NRBCFA Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement NRM Natural Resource Management NVCG National Volunteer Coast Guard OSIENALA Osiepe Nam Lolwe Gi Aluora Ne (Friends of the Lake) SADC Southern Africa Development Co-operation vi Preventing Water-Related Conflicts SDHE Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment SMMRP Sio Malaba Malakisi Rivers Policy TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company TC Technical Committee TECCONILE Technical Co-operation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile Basin UEB Uganda Electricity Board UN United Nations UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFAO UN Food and Agricultural Organization UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNSC United Nations Security Council UNWC United Nations Water Conference WATSAN Water and Sanitation WB World Bank WLD Water and Livestock Development Preventing Water-Related Conflicts vii Foreward It has often been stated that the next World War shall be fought over water. Others have
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