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Cultural Geography of Southeast Asia

Cultural Geography of Southeast Asia

Chapter Planning Guide

Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English CD-ROM or DVD Language Learners

Levels Chapter Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 Assess FOCUS

BL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 30-1 30-2 TEACH BL ELL Guided Reading Activity, URB* p. 31 p. 32 BL ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 24 BL OL AL ELL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 27 OL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 29 BL OL AL ELL Location Activity, URB p. 1 OL GeoLab Activity, URB p. 5 OL World Literature Contemporary Selection, URB p. 11 pp. 220– pp. 223– BL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* 222 225 OL Foods Around the World p. 28 p. 40 BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Atlas* ✓ ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Political Map Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities p. 21 10-1, BL OL AL ELL Map Overlay Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 10-4

BL OL AL ELL World Cultures Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 17-18

World Art and Architecture Transparencies, Strategies, and BL OL AL ELL 15 60 Activities GIS Simulations, Strategies, and Activities p. 38 BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Desk Map ✓ ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Writer’s Guidebook for Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓

OL AL World History Primary Source Documents Library ✓ ✓✓✓ National Geographic World Video Program ✓ ✓✓✓

BookLink for Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

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746A-746D_CH30_CPG_895263 746A 2/1/10 10:35:24 AM Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Printable reports of daily • Interactive Teacher Edition assignments All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters • Standards Tracking System • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Differentiated Lesson Plans

Levels Chapter Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 Assess TEACH (continued) StudentWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓

BL OL AL ELL Section Spotlight Video Program ✓✓ BL OL AL ELL World Music: A Cultural Legacy ✓ ✓✓✓

BL OL AL ELL High School Writing Process Transparencies ✓ ✓✓✓

High School Character Education ✓ ✓✓✓

Inclusion for the High School Social Studies Classroom ✓ ✓✓✓ Strategies and Activities High School Reading in the Content Area Strategies and ✓ ✓✓✓ Activities Success with English Learners ✓ ✓✓✓ Teacher Differentiated Instruction for the Geography Classroom ✓ ✓✓✓ Resources Literacy Strategies in Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓

Standards-Based Instruction ✓ ✓✓✓

Presentation Plus! with MindJogger CheckPoint ✓ ✓✓✓

TeacherWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓

National Geographic Focus on Geography Literacy ✓ ✓✓✓ Teacher Guide ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests p. 369 p. 370 p. 371 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 60 BL OL AL ELL ExamView Assessment Suite 30-1 30-2 Ch. 30 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 25 BL OL ELL Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Guide Foldables p. 72

Graphic Organizer Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities pp. 75–76

✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

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746A-746D_CH30_CPG_895263 746B 2/1/10 10:35:28 AM Chapter Integrating Technology

Using Section Audio Teach With Technology

What is Section Audio? Section Audio is a recording of each section of the textbook and helps students learn the content in the textbook. How can Section Audio help my students? Section Audio allows students to: • read and listen simultaneously to improve content comprehension • practice reading skills • review important concepts for struggling readers • improve listening comprehension Visit glencoe.com to access the Media Library, and enter a QuickPass™ code to go to Section Audio recordings.

Geography ONLINE You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill WGC2630C30T for Chapter 30 resources. widget. Student Teacher Parent World Geography and Cultures Online Learning Center (Web Site) • Section Audio ●●● • Spanish Chapter Audio Summaries ●●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In-Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Nations of the World Atlas ●●● • Glencoe Graphing Tool ●●● • btw — Current Events Web Site ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●● 746C

746A-746D_CH30_CPG_895263 746C 2/1/10 10:35:32 AM Additional Resources

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps The following videotape programs are available from students increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to Chapter 30: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national • : A Soldier’s Diary (ISBN: 0-76-700772-7) assessments. • LBJ: Vietnam Eye of the Storm (0-76-704639-0) • Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find classroom concentrates on six essential reading skills that help resources to accompany many of these videos, check the students better comprehend what they read. The book following pages: includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written A&E Television: www.aetv.com at increasing levels of difficulty. The History Channel: www.historychannel.com • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English. • Content Vocabulary Workout (Grades 6-8) acceler- ates reading comprehension through focused vocabu- lary development. Social Studies content vocabulary comes from the glossaries of Glencoe’s Middle School Social Studies texts. www.jamestowneducation.com

Reading List Generator CD-ROM

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to create a customized reading list for your students. Index to National Geographic Magazine: • Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading The following articles relate to this chapter: level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • “The People Time Forgot,” by Mike Morwood, Thomas • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ Sutikna, and Richard Roberts, April 2005. (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. • “Hands Across Time: Exploring the Rock Art of ,” • A brief summary of each selection is included. by Luc-Henri Fage, August 2005. Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: • “Dark Passage,” by Peter Gwin, October 2007. For students at a Grade 7 reading level: National Geographic Society Products To order the Where the River Runs: A Portrait of a Refugee Family, following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728 • by Nancy Price Graff • National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book). For students at a Grade 8 reading level: Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine The Fabric of Their Lives, by Carol Guensburg Web site and other geography resources at: • www.nationalgeographic.com For students at a Grade 9 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com/maps • The Young People’s Book of Music, by Keith Spence

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746A-746D_CH30_CPG_895263 746D 2/1/10 10:35:35 AM CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF Focus The movement of people, goods, Southeast More About the and ideas causes societies to Photo change over time. ’s location at the crossroads of vital Visual Literacy Buddhist tem- trade routes, as well as its culturally ples such as the one shown in this diverse population, make it an important part of the global picture, contain images or figures community. of the Buddha. The famous Phaung Daw Oo pagoda near Lake Inle contains five golden images that Essential Questions represent the Buddha. Every year, in late September or early October, Section 1: four of these images are taken on a Southeast Asia decorated barge to visit the towns What leads people to divide areas of land to create new ? around Lake Inle. Other boats join the procession, part of a colorful Section 2: festival that draws many tourists. Southeast Asia How might outside cultures influ- ence the indigenous culture of a or ? Teach As you begin teaching this chapter, read the Big Idea out loud to students. Explain that the Big Idea is a broad, or high-level, concept that will help them under- stand what they are about to learn. Use the Essential Question for each section to help students focus on the Big Idea.

Geography ONLINE Visit glencoe.com and enter Novice monks light candles in a Buddhist temple code WGC9952C30 for Chapter 30 near Lake Inle in central . resources.

746 Unit 10

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 746 1/29/10 8:46:44 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 747 1/29/10 8:47:16 AM Section 1 controlling country. Cooperation could allow groups to divide land so that each group would Essential Question What leads people to have adequate space and resources.) Point out divide areas of land to create new countries? that in Section 1 students will learn about set- (War could cause one country to take control tlement patterns and conflicts that have influ- of an area. This land could then be named as enced mainland Southeast Asia. OL a new country or could become part of the

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746-759_CH30_895263 746 2/1/10 10:43:38 AM CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

Summarizing Information Make a Two-Tab Book to help you summa- Previewing the rize information about the cultures of mainland and island Southeast Asia. Region If you have not already done so, engage students in the Regional Atlas and Country Profiles activi- ties to help them become familiar with the general content of the region.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write Essential Questions notes in your Foldable about the population patterns, history and government, and culture of each . Dinah Zike’s Foldables Purpose This Foldable helps students organize information about the mainland and island

SOUTHEAST ASIA countries of Southeast Asia. The completed Foldable will help them review the chapter as they prepare for assessment.

Geography ONLINE Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C30T for Chapter 30 resources.

Chapter 30 747

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 746 1/29/10 8:46:44 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 747 1/29/10 8:47:16 AM Section 2 to war; physical features may isolate communi- Island Southeast Asia ties (mountains and deserts) or lead to interac- Essential Question How might outside tion (rivers and plains) Point out to students cultures influence the indigenous culture of that in Section 2 they will learn about how a region or country? (Valuable resources could geography impacted the rise of civilizations lead to a powerful empire through trade or lead in the region. OL

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746-759_CH30_895263 747 2/1/10 10:43:47 AM CHAPTER Section 1 SECTION 1 Mainland section spotlight MAIN Idea audio video Guide to Reading Southeast Asia Essential Question Focus The peoples and cultures of mainland Southeast What leads people to divide areas Daily Focus Transparency 30.1 of land to create new countries? Asia are the result of ancient migrations, cultural and political changes over the centuries, and the blending Content Vocabulary • primate city • buffer state of traditional and modern lifestyles. Some conflicts (p. 750) (p. 751) that began decades ago still influence the region, but • maritime • martial law (p. 750) (p. 751) its timeless beauty and cultures persevere. • sphere of • wat (p. 753) influence Voices Around the World (p. 751) “Now, a generation later, it was winter in Hanoi. . . . Beyond my ninth-floor Academic Vocabulary • channel (p. 751) balcony overlooking White Silk Lake, this extraordinarily beautiful capital that Guide to Reading • instituted (p. 751) had surprised me in so many ways lay under a blanket of damp fog and chill. Answers to Graphic: I heard the familiar sounds of the street below: the high-pitched call of the bread Places to Locate seller, the newsboy reciting the day’s headlines through an amplifier on his bicy- • (p. 749) Country Current Challenges • Vietnam (p. 749) cle, the growl of jackhammers, the tap, tap, tap of the bronze caster’s hammer shortage of teachers, • (p. 749) on an emerging statue of Buddha. It was a reassuring medley, a reminder that Cambodia HIV and AIDS • Myanmar (Burma) (p. 749) even as great changes were sweeping through Southeast Asia’s oldest capital, the • (p. 749) intimacy and timelessness of Hanoi lingered, undaunted by the suffering of war loss of skilled and Laos • Bangkok (p. 750) or the burdens of peace.” educated workers • (p. 750) (p. 751) Myanmar HIV and AIDS • Wat — David Lamb, “Hanoi: Shedding the dealing with over- Reading Strategy Ghosts of War,” Thailand crowding in cities, Organizing Complete a graphic National Geographic, organizer like the one below by May 2004 HIV and AIDS describing current challenges for loss of skilled and each country of mainland Southeast Vietnam educated workers Asia.

Country Current Challenges Cambodia Laos Myanmar A Vietnamese woman selling fruit in Hanoi To generate student interest and Thailand provide a springboard for class Vietnam discussion, access the Chapter 30, Section 1 video at glencoe.com.

Resource Manager 748 Unit 10

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 748 1/29/10 8:47:45 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 749 1/29/10 8:48:01 AM R Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Using Word Parts, • Making Inferences, • Interpersonal, p. 749 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 750 p. 752 p. 751 p. 752 • Summarizing, Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 753 Additional Resources • Enrichment Act., URB, Additional Resources • Daily Focus Skills • World Lit., URB, p. 11 p. 29 • World Art & Arch. Trans. 30–1 Additional Resources • GIS Simulations, p. 38 • Foldables, p. 72 Trans. 15 • Location Act., URB p. 1 • Guided Reading 30-1, • Quizzes and Tests, p. 369 • Graphic Organizer • World Cultures URB, p. 31 Trans., pp. 75–76 Trans. 17,18 • RENTG, pp. 220–222

746-759_CH30_895263 748 2/1/10 10:43:52 AM peoples. On the Southeast Asian mainland, the Population Patterns Khmers settled Cambodia and Vietnam. Today CHAPTER Section 1 Khmer people also live in Thailand. This ethnic MAIN Idea Migrations and conflicts have shaped group migrated south into Vietnam from parts of the population patterns of mainland Southeast Asia. Asia. This group now makes up about 90 percent GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What might attract large of Cambodia, though small numbers from , Vietnam, and Laos live there as well. Essential Question numbers of people to settle in an area? Read to learn about the many ethnic groups that settled in Centuries ago, the Mons moved into Thailand Teach mainland Southeast Asia. and Myanmar (Burma), which is now inhabited mainly by the Burmans who moved into the area D Differentiated Many different ethnic groups have lived in in the a.d. 1000s. Although Mons still live in Instruction Myanmar, they have integrated into the Burmans’ mainland Southeast Asia for centuries, where Interpersonal Students will ancient cultures mix with more modern, Western D culture. ways of life. Each culture has added its own The Thai people of Thailand are descended work in groups to report on the unique flavor to the region’s cultural diversity. from people of southwestern China. The Lao ethnic makeup of a mainland people are descended from the Thai people who Southeast Asian country. Have The People moved into the area now known as Laos. students use the Internet and Humans have lived in Southeast Asia for tens of other resources to research the thousands of years. About 2,500 years ago, groups of migrants from western China and east- origin of each group, when they arrived in the country, current ern arrived in the region. Many of today’s 1. Regions Which parts of the region are the most Southeast Asians are descendants of these early densely populated? population size, proportion of the 2. Location Where are most of the region’s larger total population, and predicted cities located? population growth trends. Have

Southeast Asia: Population Density Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. students use pictures, charts, and graphs to present their findings to POPULATION the class AL N Per sq. mi. Per sq. km 1,250 and over 500 and over TROPIC OF CANCER W E 250–1,249 100–499 63–249 25–99 Mandalay S Hanoi 25–62 10–24 20°N Answers 2.5–24 1–9 1. in lowland areas and along Bay of Philippine Less than 2.5 Less than 1 Yangon Sea Cities rivers and coasts (Rangoon) Bangkok (Statistics reflect metropolitan areas.) South Manila Over 10,000,000 2. along rivers and coasts China Andaman 5,000,000–10,000,000 Sea Phnom Sea Cebu 2,000,000–5,000,000 10°N Penh Ho Chi Minh City Under 2,000,000 Davao

PACIFIC Medan Kuala Lumpur Celebes Sea OCEAN

EQUATOR 0° INDIAN Palembang OCEAN Ujung Pandang Tanjungkarang 0 600 kilometers Jakarta Java Sea Banda Sea Semarang 0 600 miles Bandung Surabaya Miller Cylindrical projection Arafura Sea 10°S 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E Differentiated Chapter 30 749 Instruction

Name Date Class 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 748 1/29/10 8:47:45 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 749 1/29/10 8:48:01 AM Enrichment Activity 30 Creating a Time Line of Cambodian History From Siam to Thailand

Where did the ethnic Thai originate?

In what century did the modernization of Siam Objective: To create a time line of Cambodian Differentiated Instruction Strategies begin? history. When did Siam become known as Thailand? Have students focus time lines on the period from What was the relationship between King BL Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn? Focus: Have students research historical mile- 1950 to the present. What do the events of 1932, 1976, 1991, and stones for Cambodia and place them in 2006 suggest about the Thai army? Have students prepare a report on a two-decade a time line. What conclusion might you draw from the event AL span of their choosing to accompany time lines. in 1992? Explain your reasoning. Teach: Provide research resources for students, including library and the Internet. In addition to working on a time line for a focused ELL Assess: Evaluate student time lines for accuracy. period, have students review historical terms such as decade, era, dynasty, and empire. Close: Display all time lines and discuss results. Enrichment Activity 30, URB, p. 29 749

746-759_CH30_895263 749 2/1/10 10:44:01 AM CHAPTER Section 1 Density and Distribution History and Population densities vary widely in mainland Southeast Asia. With an average of 71 people per Government square mile (27 per sq. km), Laos has the lowest population density. Vietnam has the highest, with MAIN Idea Ancient histories and modern political 729 people per square mile (282 per sq. km). conflicts in mainland Southeast Asia continue to S Skill Practice Population is concentrated in fertile river valleys shape the region. or on coastal plains. A ready supply of water, fer- Using Geography Skills Have GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How have recent political tile land, adequate transportation, and available students study the graph of urban conflicts shaped the United States? Read to learn jobs attract people to these areas. how modern events have shaped mainland population growth. Ask: Which cit- Today increasing numbers of people are mov- Southeast Asia. ies experienced a slight decrease ing to cities, due to political conflict and the in the rate of urban growth around search for better jobs and education. Five cit- Mainland Southeast Asia’s rich history extends ies — Bangkok, Hanoi, Yangon (Rangoon), Phnom 1980? (Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City) back to its early civilizations. European colonial Penh, and Ho Chi Minh City —in mainland rule led to struggles for independence and Point out that a decrease in rate Southeast Asia now have populations of more democracy. These struggles continue to influence does not mean a decrease in overall than 1 million people. In some countries a city, the subregion today. called a primate city, serves as a country’s major growth, but rather means the pace port, economic center, and often its capital. Early Civilizations of growth has slowed. OL Bangkok, Thailand, is an example of a primate Early peoples in mainland Southeast Asia were city. The city has grown by more than 5 million highly skilled farmers. Rice was the staple grain Did You Know? people since 1970, but roads, housing, water, and of these agricultural societies, as it is in the other public services have proven inadequate. region today. Early peoples were also advanced Two reform-minded kings ruled Since the 1970s, mainland Southeast Asia has metalworkers. Bronze was first cast in Thailand Thailand (formerly known as Siam) experienced much external migration. Between in 3000 b.c., nearly one thousand years before 1975 and 1990, thousands of people left Vietnam the Chinese developed the same skill. between 1851 and 1910. Mongkut and Laos to escape economic distress and politi- practiced religious tolerance and Many Southeast Asian cultural traditions arose cal oppression. Many of these migrants settled during this period. For example, early peoples improved working conditions for in the United States. One effect of such migra- worshiped their ancestors as well as animal and his people. His son, Chulalongkorn, tion is the loss of skilled and educated workers nature spirits. In society, power and wealth were needed to sustain economic growth. abolished , instituted legal passed down through the mother’s family. and financial reforms, built railroads, Movement What has influenced internal urban migration on the mainland? Kingdoms and Empires and created a modern postal Many civilizations in early Southeast Asia service. developed on waterways or around strategic Urban Population Growth ports. Maritime, or seafaring, empires gained power by controlling shipping and trade. Land- Answer: 7 Yangon (Rangoon) based empires gained wealth from farming. political conflict and the search Bangkok 6 Ho Chi Minh City Funan During the a.d. 100s, traders from set for better jobs and education Hanoi 5 up trading posts along the Gulf of Thailand. Southeast Asians living in the area blended Indian 4 S traditions with their own. By the a.d. 100s, they 3 had established the kingdom of Funan. The people 2 of Funan adopted Hinduism and the Indian model Population (in millions) of a centralized government under one powerful 1 ruler. As a maritime power, Funan traded with 0 regions as far away as India, China, and Persia. 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Khmer Advanced agriculture brought wealth to Year Source: World Urbanization Prospects; The 2007 Revision. mainland Southeast Asia. During the a.d. 1100s Additional and 1200s, the people of the used Support 750 Unit 10

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 750 1/29/10 8:48:05 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 751 1/29/10 8:48:13 AM Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Sociology Explain that an ideology is a about the Khmer Rouge and the group’s following ideologies: communism (gov- set of ideas or a way of thinking about ideologies. Ask: How would you describe ernment control of economy, rule by a single human life or culture. An ideology usually the ideology of the Khmer Rouge? (anti- political party); democracy (free elections, is integrated into a sociopolitical program intellectual, repressive, cruel) Why do you human rights, private ownership of prop- such as communism, Nazism or democ- think the Khmer Rouge targeted edu- erty). Use the answers as a basis for fur- racy. After students have read the section cated and intellectual people? (Thinkers ther discussion. AL “Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge,” have and educated people are harder to control.) them conduct research to learn more Have students define the principles of the

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746-759_CH30_895263 750 2/1/10 10:44:08 AM a complex system of lakes, canals, and irrigation Southeast Asia: channels to grow three or four rice crops annu- Kingdoms, A.D. 100s–1300s CHAPTER SectionSection # 1 ally. The Khmer are best known for their mag- nificent architecture. Angkor Wat, a Khmer temple more than 800 years old, was designed MAIN Idea to resemble the home of Hindu gods.

Vietnam The controlled most C Critical Thinking of the Indochina until 111 b.c. In this Making Inferences Ask stu- year, the Chinese conquered the . The dents to brainstorm reasons why Chinese introduced their writing system and ideas about philosophy and government and the colonial powers might have held the area until the early a.d. 900s. wanted Siam to serve as a buffer state in Southeast Asia. Lead a Western Colonization class discussion in which students By the 1500s Europeans had arrived in share their insights with the Southeast Asia to trade, spread Christianity, and class. OL claim territory. The European powers at first set up spheres of influence — agreed-upon areas of For additional practice on this control. They later acquired Southeast Asian skill, see the Skills Handbook. lands as colonies. Dividing British- from French- ruled , the kingdom of Siam (present- C day Thailand) served as a buffer state, or neutral territory, between rival powers. Because of its position, Siam was the only regional territory Answers that remained free of European rule. 1. their location along impor- During the early 1900s, the , the , , and the United States tant trade routes changed the face of Southeast Asia. The colonial 2. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, nations replaced small farms with large planta- Cambodia, and Myanmar tions and won huge profits. To meet the need for labor, Western owners hired many Indian and 1. Location Why do you think settlements such as Kataha and Chinese immigrants. Many of these immigrants Malacca prospered? Answer: settled there permanently, contributing to the 2. Place What present-day countries were once part of the Khmer region’s ethnic diversity. Empire? Communist

Struggles for Freedom Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. After II, Southeast Asians fought to gain their independence. By 1965 and after many struggles, every country in the region was indepen- of U.S. forces and about 2 million Vietnamese dent. Some nations continued to suffer instability. were dead. U.S. forces left in 1975, and Vietnam For example, Myanmar’s military overthrew its was unified under a Communist government. government in the late 1980s and instituted harsh Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge In 1975 military rule. This rule is called martial law, or the Communist forces, called the Khmer Rouge, took control and policing of civilians by military rules. over Cambodia. The new regime forced its people The War in Vietnam In 1954 Communist forces out of cities and towns and onto farms. People defeated the French in Vietnam, which was then were ill-equipped, and, between 1975 and 1979, divided into Communist and non- at least 1 million Cambodians died from starva- Communist South Vietnam. The United States tion, overwork, disease, or execution. supported South Vietnam to stop the spread of Regions What form of govern- communism. After years of war, tens of thousands ment does Vietnam have today? Hands-On Chapter 30 751 Chapter Project Step 1:

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 750 1/29/10 8:48:05 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.inddShifting 751 Influence Directions Each pair will paste a copy of1/29/10 Putting 8:48:13 AM It Together Have students dis- a blank political map of Southeast Asia onto cuss how their map relates to the Essential Step 1: Mapping Influence Student a poster board. Have students make up Question. Point out that they will use infor- pairs will create posters showing which index cards for each Southeast Asian ethnic mation about island Southeast Asia in ethnic groups or countries have shaped the group and country, and tape these to the Section 2 to complete their poster. OL cultures of Southeast Asia. board. Then have them use yarn to connect (Chapter Project continues on page 756.) Essential Question How have settlement each card to the mainland Southeast Asian patterns and regional conflicts influenced countries it has influenced. the countries of Southeast Asia?

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746-759_CH30_895263 751 2/1/10 10:44:21 AM CHAPTER Section 1 Teen in Culture Life Thailand MAIN Idea Mainland Southeast Asia today reflects Thailand is known as the “Land of Smiles” because the many generations of cultures in the region. its people tend to be warm, friendly, generous, and GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What are some traditional W Writing Support tolerant. An upbeat, pleasant, and smiling attitude arts in your region of the United States? Read to is highly regarded, and a good sense of humor is learn about the many artistic practices in mainland Expository Writing Have stu- W always welcome. There is a Thai expression, Mai Southeast Asia. dents use library and Internet Pen Rai, meaning never mind, which expresses the resources to research a topic of idea that problems and difficulties in life should not Cultures in mainland Southeast Asia reflect the interest from one of the sections be taken too seriously. region’s ethnic diversity. In Vietnam, for example, under “Culture.” Ask students to a number of cultural traditions — Chinese, Hmong, Did you know . . . Tai, Khmer, Man, and Chan — exist alongside the write an expository essay on their predominant Vietnamese culture. chosen subject. OL Boxing, martial arts, and soccer are popular sports in Thailand. Kite flying is very popular. Competitions are held Education and Health Care R Reading Strategy in which people try to knock each other’s kites Since 1945, literacy has increased dramatically out of the air. in some parts of the subregion, and educational Using Word Parts Ask stu- opportunities are improving. Governments con- During the celebration of the Thai New Year, dents what countries or areas tinue efforts to make education available to every- people throw buckets of water on each other, might have been the source for one. Laos has seen increasing literacy since the even on strangers. country’s education system was reorganized after the Sino-Tibetan language family. Boys and girls are required to have short hair in the mid-1970s. In Cambodia, severe shortages of (China and Tibet) Point out that school. trained teachers and supplies, as well as funds, “Sino” comes from the Latin word Many children must do farm chores before and continue to be a problem. for “China,” and is frequently used after school. Health care in general is inadequate and to denote something associated All students take English and computer classes. un evenly distributed in mainland Southeast Asia. Most countries lack sufficient sanitation and Respect for one’s parents is very important. with China. OL medicines, especially in rural areas. As a result, Children bow to their parents whenever they gastro intestinal diseases, tuberculosis, and leave or return home. malaria affect many people. Recently, occur- rences of avian flu have been problematic. In addition, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar have high rates of HIV infection and AIDS. Essential Question Language and Religion Hundreds of languages and dialects are spo- ken in mainland Southeast Asia. Most of the region’s languages stem from two major lan- guage families — Sino-Tibetan and Mon-Khmer. Many of the languages spoken in the region are the result of migration or colonization. In R Vietnam, for example, urban residents speak Vietnamese, Chinese dialects, French, or English. The languages of Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam are tonal languages in which variations in pitch are used to distinguish between words that might be pronounced the same way. Most people in Myanmar speak Burmese. More than 95 percent Additional of Cambodians speak Khmer. Support

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 752 Activity: Collaborative Learning 1/29/10 8:48:26 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 753 1/29/10 8:48:46 AM

Collaborative Learning Making Connections Have students review and so forth. Allow students to work on their Students will create and pro- the Teen Life feature on this page. Then divide productions over several class periods. Schedule duce a play together. Remind the class into two or three groups. Each group a day for the groups to present their plays to the groups to divide the work so that everyone in the group will write and produce a short play called “A Day class. After seeing the plays, have students com- can contribute. Some stu- in the Life of a Thai Teen.” Each group will decide pare teen life in Thailand to teen life in the United dents will write, others will who will write the play, who will direct it, act in it, States. AL act, and others will make props, costumes, or scenery.

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746-759_CH30_895263 752 2/1/10 10:44:30 AM Nearly all of the world’s major religions are represented in mainland Southeast Asia. CHAPTER Section 1 is the predominant religion. A great number of MAIN Idea people— mainly those of Chinese ancestry — follow Confucianism or Daoism. These different religious beliefs not only coexist but also mingle. In Vietnam people blend Buddhism, Confucian- R Reading Strategy ism, and in some cases Catholicism. Summarizing Have students research to learn how resin is Arts and Leisure made from the Asian sumac tree. The civilizations of early India and China significantly shaped Southeast Asia’s cultural Ask them to identify other plants development. Over the centuries, local artists and used to make resin. OL writers adapted Indian and Chinese styles to their own needs. Many beautiful examples of religious architecture exist throughout mainland Southeast Caption Answer: Asia. Elaborate Chinese-style pagodas and Indian style wats, or temples, dot the landscape. It influences arts and The rich cultures of the region have produced architecture. many fine crafts. Artisans in Myanmar and Thailand celebrates Songkran, or Vietnam produce glossy lacquerware. Boxes, R the Water Festival, during the trays, dishes, and furniture are covered with lay- Buddhist New Year by blessing one another with water. Answer: ers of resin from the Asian sumac tree. Place How does religion influence other elements of proper sanitation, access to People in mainland Southeast Asia enjoy a vari- culture in mainland Southeast Asia? proper medicines, dealing with ety of leisure activities. In large cities people visit museums, theaters, parks, restaurants, and night- avian flu and HIV/AIDS SOUTHEAST ASIA clubs. In rural areas people enjoy visiting their Place What health-care challenges neighbors and celebrating family occasions. does the subregion face? Assess SECTION REVIEW 1 Geography ONLINE Vocabulary Critical Thinking Study CentralTM provides sum- 1. Explain the significance of: primate city, maritime, sphere of 5. Answering the Essential Question What took place in influence, buffer state, martial law, wat. Vietnam after the United States ended its involvement in the maries, interactive games, and war there? Do you think U.S. involvement helped or hindered online graphic organizers to help Main Ideas the situation? Explain. students review content. 2. How have migrations and conflicts shaped the population pat- 6. Making Inferences What physical and human factors have terns of mainland Southeast Asia? Give an example of each. shaped mainland Southeast Asia’s current political borders? 3. Describe the ways in which today’s mainland Southeast Asia 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the graph of urban population reflects many generations of cultures in the region. growth on page 750. Which city had the greatest increase in 4. Complete a diagram like the one below by listing examples of population between 1955 and 2010? Close how ancient histories and modern political conflicts in the region continue to shape mainland Southeast Asia. Writing About Geography Summarizing Ask: Which two 8. Expository Writing Write an essay tracing the spread and language families are the basis effects of foreign influences in mainland Southeast Asia. for most of mainland Southeast agricultural society Asia’s languages? (Sino-Tibetan Mainland Southeast Asia Geography ONLINE and Mon-Khmer) Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Section 1 Review Chapter 30 753

746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 752 1/29/10 8:48:26 AM 746-753_C30_S1_879995.indd 753 Answers 1/29/10 8:48:46 AM

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are 4. Khmer Rouge, Vietnam War, seafaring 6. rivers and mountains, borders set by found in the section and the Glossary. empires, Chinese influence, Indian European colonists 2. Educated people leave for the United influences 7. Bangkok, Thailand States, conflict pushes people toward urban 5. Communists took over; answers will vary 8. Essays will vary but should include the areas (except Khmer Rouge, which forced but should be supported by facts, such as effects of key invasions and colonizing people out of the cities). massive emigration of skilled workers fol- forces. 3. blending religious beliefs, adapting Indian lowing the war. and Chinese architecture, use of multitude of languages from around the world

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746-759_CH30_895263 753 2/1/10 10:44:36 AM CHAPTER Section 2 SECTION 2 Island section spotlight MAIN Idea audio video Guide to Reading Southeast Asia Essential Question Focus Thousands of in Southeast Asia span oceans How might outside cultures influ- Daily Focus Transparency 30.2 ence the indigenous culture of a and seas, and the people who live there represent a region or country? mix of traditional and modern cultures. In the growing Content Vocabulary global community, these cultures share the moderniza- • urbanization (p. 755) tion that comes with the increasing reach of their Academic Vocabulary economies, while they are simultaneously challenged • concept (p. 755) by the desire to maintain cultural traditions. • granted (p. 757) Places to Locate • (p. 755) Voices Around the World • (p. 755) “As Malaysia celebrates the 40th anniversary of its independence • (p. 755) Guide to Reading this year, the nation of 21 million is riding a wave of high-tech Answers to Graphic: • Singapore (p. 755) • Java (p. 755) prosperity that reflects a stunning economic transition. • Jakarta (p. 755) To mark their economic emergence, they . . . good job better (p. 756) education • Strait of Malacca built the world’s tallest building — a matched services opportunities (p. 756) • Sunda Strait pair of them in fact: the Petronas Twin • (p. 757) Towers. . . . It was front-page news in • East (p. 757) Malaysia when these behemoths . . . were Settlement Reading Strategy formally certified . . . as the world’s highest Patterns Main Ideas Create a web diagram skyscrapers. At 1,483 feet apiece, [they] like the one below for two coun- surpass Chicago’s Sears Tower by all of tries in island Southeast Asia. List 29 feet.” the factors that have influenced rural and urban settlement in the — T.R. Reid, “Malaysia: Rising Star,” country. National Geographic, August 1997 To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia discussion, access the Chapter 30, Settlement Section 2 video at glencoe.com. Patterns

Resource Manager 754 Unit 10

754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 754 1/29/10 8:49:23 AM 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 755 1/29/10 8:49:36 AM R Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Taking Notes, p. 756 • Predicting, p. 758 • English Learners, p. 755 • Persuasive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 756 p. 757 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Guided Reading 24-2, • GeoLab, URB, p. 5 • Reteaching Act., URB Additional Resources • Daily Focus Skills URB, p. 32 • Quizzes and Tests, p. 370 p. 25 • World Art & Arch. Trans. 30–2 • RENTG, pp. 223–225 • Diff. Instr. for the Geo. Trans. 60 • Reinforcing Skills Act., • Vocab. Act., URB p. 24 Classroom, pp. 117–119 • Pol. Map Trans., p. 21 URB, p. 27 • Authentic Assess., • Map Overlay Trans. 10, p. 60 10–1, 10–4

746-759_CH30_895263 754 2/1/10 10:44:40 AM Population Patterns Density and Distribution CHAPTER Section 2 People in island Southeast Asia live mostly on coastal plains where there is a ready supply of MAIN Idea Population patterns in island Southeast food, transportation, and jobs. Some islands have Asia have been shaped by migration and trade. extremely high population densities. The Indo- GEOGRAPHY AND YOU Do you live in an area that nesian island of Java has an average population D Essential Question is densely populated, or are people spread out? density of 2,600 people per square mile (1,000 per Teach Read to learn about population patterns in island sq. km). Singapore, the region’s smallest country, Southeast Asia. has the greatest population density at 19,245 peo- Differentiated ple per square mile (7,424 per sq. km). D In island Southeast Asia—which includes People in island Southeast Asia are migrating to Instruction Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, East cities for greater economic and educational oppor- English Learners Tell students Timor, and the Philippines—mountainous island tunities. Indonesia, for example, reflects this trend that with an area of 51,007 square interiors are sparsely populated, while coastal toward urbanization, or the shift from rural to miles (132,108 sq. km), Java is areas are densely populated. urban life. The major attraction for migrants in Indonesia is its capital, Jakarta, a city of nearly slightly larger than Louisiana. The People 10 million people on the island of Java. In an However, Java’s population is larger About 370 million people from various eth- attempt to reduce urban overcrowding, Indonesia’s than those of Texas, Pennsylvania, nic groups live on the many and government has relocated millions of people to the California, Ohio, Illinois, and Florida, country’s less densely populated outer islands. islands of this subregion. Many of the people combined. Pair English learners are descendants of early peoples from the main- Place Which countries in the sub- land. The indigenous people of Malaysia, the region were heavily influenced by Chinese traders? with English-proficient students. , settled the islands Have each pair use almanacs or that today form Indonesia other sources to find and rank the before undertaking sea Indonesia: Population and Migration area and population of each of voyages, settling the . these six states. Then have stu- POPULATION Valuable spices grown on Cities dents calculate their combined Per sq. mi. Per sq. km (Statistics reflect metropolitan areas.) the islands of Southeast 1,250 and 500 and 5,000,000–10,000,000 population size. BL ELL Asia drew outside traders over over 2,000,000–5,000,000 to the region. Beginning in 250–1,249 100–499 (selected) 63–249 25–99 the a.d. 100s, merchants 25–62 10–24 Government-sponsored migration from India introduced 2.5–24 1–9 Hindu and Buddhist tradi- Less than 2.5 Less than 1 Answers tions, art forms, and a con- 1. Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi cept of government that glorified kings. Chinese 2. Java, eastern Sumatra, traders and soldiers influ- around Medan, and north- enced the region as well, ern and southern tips of particularly in Brunei, Sulawesi Malaysia, and Singapore, where people of ethnic Chinese ancestry make up a

large part of the countries’ Answer: total population. In the Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore a.d. 800s Arab traders introduced Islam, which 1. Movement To which islands have people from densely populated Java moved? later became widespread. During the 1400s and 1500s, 2. Place Which parts of Indonesia are the most densely populated? European traders also influ- Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. enced Southeast Asia. Differentiated Chapter 30 755 Instruction

Name Date Class 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 754 1/29/10 8:49:23 AM 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 755 Creating a Population Cartogram 1/29/10 8:49:36 AM Southeast Asia—Population Comparisons Cartograms do not look like traditional maps. They are meant to catch the reader’s attention by presenting information in a way that is easier to see and understand than lists of numbers or facts on a chart. A cartogram provides a visual comparison of the statistics for a given set of states or countries. In a cartogram, the shape of the area represents data rather than countries or areas Objective: To create a cartogram based on by their true physical size on the Earth’s surface. Differentiated Instruction Strategies For example, in a cartogram showing the population growth of several countries, a tiny country that has experienced a great deal of population growth is drawn much larger than population. a country with a low population growth rate. Ask students to compile a data chart listing BL Focus: Have students gather population data for each country in the region from highest popula- According to the cartogram, which country has the largest population? the smallest? Southeast Asian countries. tion to lowest. Which countries appear to have populations roughly equal in size? Teach: Tell students that their new cartograms How does the size of Laos’s population compare to that of Singapore? How does the size of these will display countries’ sizes based on their Ask students to prepare a cartogram based on two countries compare on a traditional map? AL Which two countries appear less heavily populated in comparison to their actual size? population. per capita GDP. Assess: Evaluate students’ cartograms for Review the word cartogram with students,

accuracy. ELL pointing out its parts: “carto-“ refers to a Reinforcing Skills Close: Display completed cartograms. map, while “-gram” is a term for “picture.” Activity 30, URB, p. 27 755

746-759_CH30_895263 755 2/1/10 10:45:08 AM History and Empire used its navy to control these straits. CHAPTER Section 2 R Once its power was established, the empire Government gained wealth by taxing traders whose ships passed through these waters. By the 1300s, the MAIN Idea Empire had declined, but its legacy MAIN Idea The location of Southeast Asia’s islands shaped later maritime territories in Southeast R Reading Strategy has played an important role in the region’s history. Asia. Today Singapore owes its economic pros- Taking Notes As students read GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What roles have surround- perity to these same trade routes. ing islands played in U.S. history? Read to learn Indians and Muslim Arab merchants and mis- pages 756–757, have them write about the histories of Southeast Asian islands. sionaries shaped the region as well. Many down key concepts on island Southeast Asians adopted Islamic ways and con- Southeast Asia’s history and govern- The histories of Southeast Asia’s islands and verted to Islam. After 1400, Islam quickly spread ment. Students should use these the importance of trade both then and now con- from coastal to interior areas in the Malay tinue to influence the subregion today. Peninsula and neighboring islands. During the notes to create an outline for later 1400s, Malacca, on the Malay Peninsula, was an review. BL Early History important seaport and cultural center. Based on the island of Sumatra, the Srivijaya S Skill Practice Empire controlled the seas bordering Southeast Asia from a.d. 600 to 1300. Ancient trade routes Using Geography Skills Have from and Southwest Asia to East Asia students study the map of histori- went through the Strait of Malacca and the 1. Movement With what other regions did people in Southeast Asia trade? cal trade routes in Southeast Asia. Sunda Strait, linking the , the Java Sea, and the . The Srivijaya 2. Location Compare this map with the map of Ask: How would you bring goods Southeast Asian kingdoms on page 751. Which from Cosmin to Malacca? ( south kingdom benefited from the Strait of Malacca? through the along Southeast Asia: Trade Routes, A.D.100s–1300s Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. the Malay Peninsula through the Strait of Malacca) OL N TROPIC OF CANCER CHINA Nan-hai W E INDIA Dai La S 20°N

Philippine Answers A Cosmin P r Bay of Sea a h b i Bengal l 1. East Asia, South Asia i i P a Ayutthaya p n p A i South n S e C e 2. Srivijaya a Andaman China I F I Sea Vyadhapura Sea s I la C n 10°N d s O M Gulf a C S l of a E Ceylon Strait of Malacca y Thailand A

P N e n Brunei in Kataha su (Kedah) la Malacca Sumatra Borneo EQUATOR t i 0° a r t S INDIAN r a Sulawesi s s OCEAN a k

a

M Trade route Java Sea Macassar (Ujung Pandang) 0 600 kilometers Present-day Sunda Strait national boundary Sunda Java 0 600 miles Kalapa Miller Cylindrical projection 10°S Hands-On 70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E Chapter Project 756 Unit 10 Step 2

754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 756 1/29/10 8:49:55 AM 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 757 1/29/10 8:50:10 AM Shifting Influence card. Students should add new cards as Putting It Together Have pairs present necessary. Students will then find photos their posters to the class. Encourage them Step 2: Enhancing the Map Student or draw pictures depicting the ethnic to relate the poster to the Essential pairs will expand the map they began in group or country listed on each card and Question. OL Step 1. add these to the poster. Point out that (Chapter Project continues on the Visual Directions Write the Essential Question the photos and drawings should illus- Summary page.) on the board. Have students link each trate ways in which these groups or card on their poster to countries of island countries have shaped Southeast Asian Southeast Asia that have been influenced culture. by the group or country listed on the

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746-759_CH30_895263 756 2/1/10 10:45:21 AM Colonization and Freedom Culture CHAPTER Section 2 When European countries began colonizing Southeast Asia in the early 1900s, the Netherlands MAIN Idea Its location at the crossroads of impor- claimed most of the islands that today make up tant trade routes brought various cultural influences MAIN Idea Indonesia, then called the Dutch . The to island Southeast Asia that continue to shape the United Kingdom controlled what is now Singapore subregion today. and Brunei. The United States gained control of W Writing Support the Philippines in a war with in 1898. GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How was the island cul- ture of the shaped by trade and coloni- Persuasive Writing Have Europeans brought infrastructure improve- zation? Read to learn about the cultural influences students search newspaper ments such as improved harbors and paved roads on island Southeast Asia. to Southeast Asian islands. They also changed the archives on the Internet to learn islands’ economic systems by replacing small about ’s struggle for farms with large commercial plantations. Such Throughout their history, people of island independence. Students will Southeast Asia have adapted new ideas and changes altered the way of life as Southeast Asians write a persuasive speech from worked for wages instead of owning and running practices to indigenous cultural traditions. their own farms. the viewpoint of a supporter or Japanese occupation of the region followed Education and Health Care an opponent of independence. colonization. After World War II, control of the Since independence, the education levels and Ask volunteers to read their quality of life have increased throughout island islands reverted back to the Europeans, but it speeches to the class. AL did not take long for insurrection movements or Southeast Asia. The majority of children in negotiations to lead to independence. Indonesia now attend primary school. The liter- When overtook the Philippine Islands in acy rate is about 90 percent in Indonesia, 88 per- World War II, about 1 million died. cent in Malaysia, and about 93 percent in the Geography ONLINE Following the war, the United States granted Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. independence to the Philippines. As in other Objectives and answers to the

Southeast Asian countries, the Filipinos experi- SOUTHEAST ASIA Student Web Activity can be enced years of turmoil between Communist and found at glencoe.com under more conservative forces. In some countries, ethnic groups have waged the Web Activity Lesson Plan struggles for independence. The former for this program. Portuguese colony of East Timor (Timor-Leste), seized by Indonesia in 1975, is an example. Over a 20-year period, about 200,000 of the mostly Roman Catholic East Timorese died opposing Caption Answer: control by the largely Muslim Indonesians. With W help from the United Nations, East Timor Indonesia’s literacy rate is became fully independent in 2002. about 5 percent lower. In 1998 Indonesia moved toward democracy after years of dictatorship. The Philippines, East Timor, and Singapore have democratic govern- Answer: by ments. Brunei and Malaysia are constitutional replacing small farms with com- monarchies. mercial plantations Regions How did Europeans change the islands’ economic systems?

Geography ONLINE Many Islamic schools in Indonesia Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com, select the teach religious subjects, as well as World Geography and Cultures Web site, and subjects such as math and history. click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 30 for an activ- ity about Malaysia. Place How does the average literacy rate in Indonesia compare to that of Singapore? Differentiated Chapter 30 757 Instruction

754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 756 1/29/10 8:49:55 AM 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 757 1/29/10 8:50:10 AM Leveled Activities

BL Political Map Transparency OL Authentic Assessment, AL Differentiated Instruction, ELL Differentiated Instruction, Activity, p. 22 p. 60 p. 118 p. 119

Name Date Class Name Date Class

Aung San Suu Kyi Aung San Suu Kyi Angkor Wat Angkor Wat

Southeast Asia and Your State—A Poster

Kulintang Kulintang All countries adapt to their environment to The purpose of your poster is to explore meet the needs of their people. Some of these how people solve similar basic needs in needs are food, housing, jobs, education, and different ways according to their environment, Population Population Per transportation. culture, and history. Country (Estimate) Internet Hosts Internet Host Indonesia 245,452,739 170,834 Malaysia 24,385,858 158,650 • Describe ways that Southeast Asian nations Refer to the Classroom Assessment List for a meet the basic needs of food and shelter. Poster on page 127. Philippines 89,468,677 111,262 • Explain how cultural traditions, religion, a As a class, discuss and list universal human Singapore 4,492,150 898,762 sense of history, and the physical environment needs, such as health care, food, and housing. have helped or hindered people trying to History of Philippine History of Philippine and U.S. Relations Thailand 64,631,595 938,784 and U.S. Relations fulfill these basic needs. With your partner, list topics that you may Source: CIA World Factbook, 2006 wish to show in your poster. Select a Southeast Asian country, and use

the Internet or materials in the library to Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Create a Bar Graph With a partner, your task is to create a poster locate information on needs that you will that uses a Venn diagram to compare one or show in your Venn diagram. more needs that people generally share. On one side of your diagram you will illustrate ways in List ways in which this need is being met in which this need is met in a Southeast Asian your state. Y country. On the other side you will illustrate Select a format for neatly, colorfully, and ways in which that need is met in your state. creatively illustrating your poster. Construct a Time Line 1500 Intersecting portions of the diagram will show methods that are similar in both regions. After Create a rough draft of your poster to Ask students to create a time line that shows when the various countries of Southeast Asia were colonized, by what country they were colonized, and when brainstorming as a class, each pair of students check your diagram for accuracy and logic each country achieved its independence. will select specific needs to research and illustrate. and to make sure that it clearly illustrates the main points you wish to make. 1000 Watercolors Watercolors

Your poster will be shared with other students in your class. Use the Classroom Assessment List for a Poster to check your work. 500 Add missing elements or improve existing • Cardboard elements. Population per Internet host 200 • Markers Create your final poster. • Pencil and compass Perform a final self-assessment on your Inc. Companies, The McGraw-Hill a division of Companies, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright 100 • Computer (optional) poster before you share it with other 50 students in your class. 5 X • Internet access (optional) Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand

746-759_CH30_895263 757 2/1/10 10:45:34 AM In general, health care is better in island is a stunning example. Built of gray volcanic CHAPTER Section 2 Southeast Asia than on the mainland. In Malaysia stone around a.d. 800, the shrine’s levels, con- and Indonesia, most modern health-care services nected by stairs, represent the stages of the C are provided by the government, and services Buddha’s journey to enlightenment. are generally better in urban areas. Singapore Traditional dances in Southeast Asia often make boasts health-care services whose quality com- use of religious themes. On the island of Bali, C Critical Thinking pares with that in other developed countries. Indonesia, young women perform a dance called the Legong. Making graceful gestures, the dancers Predicting Explain that vast oil Language and Religion reenact episodes from the Ramayana, an ancient and gas reserves in Brunei have Indonesia has the region’s largest number of eth- Indian story. Puppet plays—which use historical afforded its people one of the nic and linguistic groups — about 300 ethnic groups and religious characters to perform tales—are world’s highest standards of living. with more than 250 distinct languages. Many popular in many parts of Southeast Asia. As reserves dwindle, however, the regional languages, however, are the result of colo- nization. In the Philippines, for example, English Leisure and Celebrations country faces a critical economic and Spanish are common. Chinese, Malay, Tamil, Just as island Southeast Asia’s people are eth- slowdown due to a relatively undi- and English are the official languages of Singapore, nically diverse, so too are the ways in which versified economy. Ask: How reflecting the importance of its global trade. people spend their leisure time. In Singapore, might this affect health care and The practice of Islam is widespread in island popular culture is based on modern mass media, Southeast Asia. In fact, Indonesia is the largest including films from , Taiwan, and other services in Brunei? (quality Islamic country in the world. The majority of the United States. Popular sports in Indonesia and availability may decrease) OL people in the Philippines, however, are Roman include badminton and soccer. Catholic, due to colonization. A great number of Celebrations throughout island Southeast Asia Answer: It has Southeast Asians — mainly those of Chinese range from religious festivals to national and 4 official languages. ancestry — follow Confucianism or Daoism. state holidays. National holidays in Indonesia, such as Chinese New Year and Prophet The Arts Muhammad’s Birthday, are observed by most Early Indian and Chinese civilizations influ- government and private organizations. enced Southeast Asian arts, especially architec- Regions How does Singapore Assess ture. Borobudur, a Buddhist shrine in Indonesia, reflect language influences from other areas?

Geography ONLINE SECTION Study Central™ provides sum- 2 REVIEW maries, interactive games, and Vocabulary Critical Thinking online graphic organizers to help 1. Explain the significance of: urbanization. 5. Answering the Essential Question How did colonization students review content. shape the cultures of island Southeast Asia? Give examples. Main Ideas 6. Determining Cause and Effect How have environmental and 2. How have migration and trade shaped population patterns in economic factors shaped settlement in the subregion? island Southeast Asia? 7. Analyzing Visuals Compare the physical map on page 724 of 3. Describe three examples of outside influence on the culture of the Regional Atlas and the map of population on page 755. Close island Southeast Asia. Why is population concentrated on Borneo’s southern coast? Classifying Ask: Which 4. Create a chart like the one below and identify how the locations of Southeast Asia’s islands have influenced the subregion’s history. Writing About Geography Southeast Asian 8. Summary Writing Write an essay summarizing the changes is the most westernized? Country Impact of Location people in island Southeast Asia have faced since colonization. (Singapore) Brunei East Timor Indonesia Geography ONLINE Malaysia Study Central™ To review this section, go to Philippines glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Singapore Section 2 Review 758 Unit 10

754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 758 1/29/10 8:50:23 AM 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 759 1/29/10 8:50:42 AM Answers

1. Definitions for vocabulary terms are found Indonesia; Indonesia—controlled by improvements and changes to the eco- in the section and in the Glossary. Netherlands; Malaysia—key seaport on nomic systems brought by Europeans 2. Trade routes led people to settle coastal Strait of Malacca; Philippines—takeover by 6. coasts were fertile for farming, good areas, and internal migration has led people Japanese and United States, granted inde- location for trade into cities. pendence from United States after WWII; 7. It is the least mountainous area. 3. Answers will vary but might include coloni- Singapore—controlled by United Kingdom, key port on Strait of Malacca 8. Essays should discuss urbanization, zation, trade, and religion. adjusting to democratic governments, 4. Brunei—controlled by the United Kingdom; 5. through language, religion, art and and economic change. East Timor—proximity to Indonesia led to architecture, and sports; examples include 1975 takeover and decades of conflict with Islam brought by traders, infrastructure

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746-759_CH30_895263 758 2/1/10 10:45:44 AM Study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your CHAPTER 30 VISUAL SUMMARY PDA from glencoe.com. VISUAL SUMMARY

Southeast Asia: Religions Auditory/Musical Working 0 600 kilometers Chinese Indigenous in small groups, have students 0 600 miles religions religions (Confucianism, PEOPLE AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES Miller Cylindrical Southern projection 30°N Daoism, Buddhism research and enact a folktale from Buddhism) • Southeast Asia is a culturally diverse region. 105°E Sunni Christianity Southeast Asia. One member can • Its location along major trading routes caused the people of TROPIC OF Islam CANCER Southeast Asia to be influenced by a wide variety of cultures. Hinduism narrate while others play the sto- MYANMAR 120°E 135°E • Arab traders brought Islam to the region, and Indian traders LAOS ry’s characters. Allow time for a brought Hinduism and Buddhism. VIETNAM Philippine THAILAND Sea question-and-answer session in • The Chinese influenced Vietnam’s system of writing and govern- South 15°N CAMBODIA China PHILIPPINES ment. European traders and colonists brought new spices. Sea PACIFIC which each group can clarify the OCEAN N relationship between the story BRUNEI MALAYSIA W E and Southeast Asian culture OL S EQUATOR SINGAPORE 0° Narrative Writing Have stu- INDONESIA Southeast Asia: Independence Java Sea dents review Chapter 30 while INDIAN 105°E N 120°E 135°E OCEAN EAST TIMOR 30°N (TIMOR-LESTE) considering how the demands W E of the modern world have S TROPIC OF CANCER affected the cultural geography MYANMAR LAOS (1948) UROPEAN OLONIALISM of Southeast Asia. Ask students (1949) Philippine E C SOUTHEAST ASIA VIETNAM THAILAND Sea (1954) South • Southeast Asia’s location along the trading routes made to create diary excerpts in the (Never colonized) 15°N CAMBODIA China PHILIPPINES the area appealing for European colonists. voice of someone returning to (1953) Sea (1898 from Spain; 1946 from U.S.) • The British, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spanish and BRUNEI PACIFIC the United States all had territories in Southeast Asia. the region after living abroad (1984) OCEAN • The only country in the region that was not colonized MALAYSIA for many years. AL (1957) was Siam. Today Siam is Thailand. EQUATOR SINGAPORE 0° (1965) INDONESIA Java Sea (1945) INDIAN Essential Question OCEAN EAST TIMOR (TIMOR-LESTE) 0 600 kilometers (2002) 15°S 0 600 miles Miller Cylindrical projection

GOVERNMENTS TODAY • Southeast Asia has a variety of forms of government. • The Philippines, Indonesia, and Singapore are all democracies, although the Philippine government has struggled with corruption. • Laos and Vietnam are both Communist states. • Brunei, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand are all constitutional monarchies. The monarchs have varying levels of power. The Sultan of Brunei has almost complete power, while Cambodia’s king is lim- ited by a democratically elected legislature.

The Sultan of Brunei Hands-On Chapter 30 759 Chapter Project Step 3: Wrap-Up

754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 758 1/29/10 8:50:23 AM 754-759_C30_S2_879995.indd 759 1/29/10 8:50:42 AM Shifting Influence as large population size, or representation Putting It Together Have students in government.) Ask: Which group or examine their posters and look for patterns Step 3: Finding the Most Influence countries have had the most influence on of influence in mainland versus island Students will synthesize what they learned language in Southeast Asia? (Answers will Southeast Asia. Students should write a in Steps 1 and 2. vary but should be supported by evidence.) short paragraph in their journals summariz- Directions Write the Essential Question You may wish to repeat these questions for ing their thoughts as these relate to the on the board. Ask: Which ethnic groups other factors such as the arts or economic Essential Question. OL or countries have had the greatest overall development. List student responses on influence in Southeast Asia? (Answers will the board. vary but should be supported by facts, such

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746-759_CH30_895263 759 2/1/10 10:45:54 AM CHAPTER 30 CHAPTER 30 ASSESSMENT STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Answers, Analyses, TEST-TAKING TIP and Tips Be sure to read all the choices before you answer a question. You can usually discard one of them as being impossible. For example, if a choice has nothing to do with Reviewing Vocabulary Southeast Asia, you know that it cannot be correct. 1. C A primate city might serve as a country’s major port, economic Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas center, or capital. Primate cities Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the sentence. Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to attract resources and businesses, answer the following questions. 1. A single urban center that leads all others in attracting so they also attract people. people, resources, and money is a . Section 1 (pp. 748–753) A megalopolis 5. Population in Southeast Asia is concentrated in . 2. A The kingdom of Siam (mod- B growth pole A river valleys and coastal plains ern-day Thailand) is an example of C primate city B mountains a buffer state. It remained a neu- D shanty town C plateaus tral territory between British- and D deserts French-ruled territories.

3. C Angkor Wat is a Khmer 6. The military rules the country of . temple in Cambodia that was 2. A is a neutral country between two powerful rival countries. A Vietnam designed to resemble the home A buffer state B Thailand of Hindu gods. A torii gate marks B sphere of infl uence C Cambodia the entrance to a Shinto shrine in C kingdom D Myanmar (Burma) Japan. A pagoda is a temple struc- D democracy ture associated with Buddhism. A statue may be found within a temple. 3. A is a temple built in the style of Indian architecture. 4. B Urbanization occurs when Section 2 (pp. 754–758) A pagoda people move into cities from rural 7. To reduce overcrowding, Indonesia has . B torii areas. Globalization is the shift A instituted a one-child policy C wat toward businesses that operate B encouraged its citizens to emigrate BiG Idea D statue worldwide instead of just within a C relocated people to less populated islands country or region. Desertification D closed its borders to immigration is the process that turns a once- fertile area into a desert. 4. is the shift from rural to urban life. 8. The _____ were based on the island of Sumatra. A Globalization A Khmer B Urbanization B Srivijaya C Education C Chinese D Desertification D Arabs GO ON

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Reviewing760-761_C30_STP_879995.indd Main 760 Ideas government of Indonesia has relocated mil- 12/24/09 1:14:17 PM 760-761_C30_STP_879995.indd 761 12/24/09 1:14:22 PM 5. A River valleys and coastal plains attract lions of people to less-densely-populated populations due to their reliable water supply, outer islands. fertile land, adequate means of transportation, 8. B The Srivijaya Empire was based on the and ample jobs. island of Sumatra. The Khmer Empire was 6. D In the late 1980s, the military overthrew based in mainland Southeast Asia. The Chinese the government of Burma, renamed the coun- occupied the Indochina Peninsula until the try Myanmar, and instituted martial law. early A.D. 900s, and also influenced the coun- tries of Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore. Arab 7. C Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, suffers from traders influenced the region but did not overcrowding. To alleviate the problem, the occupy territory.

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760-761_CH30_STP_895263 760 2/1/10 10:36:58 AM ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 30 ASSESSMENT

Critical Thinking Document-Based Questions Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer Document-Based answer the following questions. questions that follow the document. Questions 9. What happened to the island countries of Southeast Asia The Khmer Rouge evacuated Cambodia’s cities, sending everyone after the defeat of the Japanese in World War II? to the country. Thida Mam, a victim, remembers what happened. 11. Answers might include work, A The islands reverted to being European colonies and still education, where people live, med- [The Khmer Rouge] ordered everyone to leave for their ances- are today. icine, money. Possible answer: By tral villages immediately. Everyone. At that time, there were two B The islands returned briefl y to European rule and then million people living in the streets . . . because of the Civil War. controlling these things, the Khmer became independent. We all had to leave. . . . Everything went in our cars and then Rouge effectively control the lives C The islands engaged in war among themselves. we pushed the cars down the street. We couldn’t drive because of the people. there were too many people. . . . D Japan continued to rule the islands despite being defeated. Along the road to get out of the city, we passed by my school. It 12. They believed the class Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge was completely looted. The library was gone. All those beauti- of Chapter 30. ful, colorful books were gone. They were either burned or used system was corrupt and that for toilet paper. That’s because the Khmer Rouge believed that the old ways were the best. The Vietnam War: Tet Offensive the only way to change things was to erase everything. Their idea was to get rid of the old system, the class system, and to kill anyone who remembered it. . . . Extended Response [In the village] we had no medicine because the Khmer Rouge 13. People have moved to the erased all Western goods. So we went back to roots and cities in search of better economic leaves. We had no food, because the Khmer Rouge exported it all. There was no money either, because the Khmer Rouge and educational opportunities; abolished it. The only professions allowed were to farm rice, There have been shortages of work on a plantation or build a dam. . . . We had to work housing, jobs, and services. seven days a week, from sunrise to sunset. If there was moon- light, we had to work at night too. —Stephanie E. Griest, “The Cambodian Holocaust”

11. What aspects of life did the Khmer Rouge control? Why do you think this control was important to the Khmer Rouge? 12. Why would the Khmer Rouge want to return the Cambodian TEST-TAKING TIP people to village life and traditional goods and occupations? When taking multiple choice Extended Response tests, have students read 13. Exploring the BiG Idea every answer before making Describe why the cities of island Southeast Asia have a choice. If they read only experienced increased migration. What effect until they find a choice that 10. Where did the majority of the Tet offensive’s attacks occur? has this migration had upon these cities? STOP A along the coast of South Vietnam seems correct, they may be B within areas under control or infl uence of the South choosing an answer that is Vietnamese government only partially right. Read C along South Vietnam’s border with North Vietnam Geography ONLINE them all to find the answer For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— D within areas under the control or infl uence of the Vietcong that is completely correct. Chapter 30 on glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help? If you missed questions. . . 12345678910111213 Go to page. . . 750 751 753 755 750 751 755 756 757 761 761 761 755

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Geography ONLINE 760-761_C30_STP_879995.indd 760 12/24/09 1:14:17 PM 760-761_C30_STP_879995.inddCritical 761 Thinking 10. B According to the map, nearly12/24/09 all major 1:14:22 PM Have students visit the Web 9. B After World War II, control of the island conflicts during the Tet offensive occurred in dotted areas—areas that were under gov- site at glencoe.com to review countries of Southeast Asia reverted to Chapter 30 and take the Self- European powers. Political negotiations or ernment influence or control. Check Quiz. insurrection movements then led to wide- spread independence. Today, the Philippines, East Timor, and Singapore have democratic governments. Brunei and Malaysia are con- Need Extra Help? stitutional monarchies. Have students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the questions.

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760-761_CH30_STP_895263 761 2/1/10 10:37:00 AM CONNECTING TO CONNECTING TO THE UNITED STATES THE Focus UNITED STATES Introducing the Feature Ask: How has Southeast Asian culture influenced your commu- nity? (Answers will vary but may include food, entertainment, and so on.) Prompt students to think of ways that Southeast Asian immi- grants have influenced arts and crafts, celebrations, and foods in the students’ community. OL

Teach R Reading Strategy

Organizing Have students Dancers at a Philippine complete a graphic organizer Independence Day celebration summarizing influences of in New York City Filipino immigration on U.S. culture (Language: Tagalog, fourth-most-spoken language in U.S.; Population: more than Just the Facts: 2,360,000 Filipinos in U.S.; R • Filipino Americans make up the third-largest Asian Community: third-largest American group in the United States after Indian Southeast Asian American Population Asian American group) BL Americans and Chinese Americans. Filipino Americans 2,366,501 • St. Paul, Minnesota, has the largest urban Hmong population in the world. Vietnamese Americans 1,464,611 • California, Texas, and Minnesota are the states with Cambodian Americans 203,719 the greatest Southeast Asian populations. Hmong Americans 192,575 • Southeast Asian immigration is recent, the majority occurring after the Vietnam War. Laotian Americans 181,963 • Tagalog, one of the languages spoken in the Thai Americans 147,599 Philippines, is the sixth-most-spoken language in the Indonesian Americans 59,304 United States. Additional Support Malaysian Americans 13,693 762 Unit 10 Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

762-763_C30_WGC_879995.indd 762 1/29/10 8:51:54 AM 762-763_C30_WGC_879995.indd 763 1/29/10 8:52:07 AM Background: People and Culture

Visual Literacy Philippine Independence barbeque, ukoy (a version of tempura), lumpia Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in June. (a type of egg roll), and the national dish of The event in New York City is the largest cele- adobo, made with or chicken. A drink bration outside of the Philippines. The day made with tropical fruit, shaved ice, and ice includes a parade, street fair, cultural festival, cream is also popular. The cultural festival fea- and Independence Ball. The parade takes place tures dance and music by Filipino performers. on Madison Avenue and features colorful The winner of the Diwa ng Kalayaan (Spirit of floats and marching bands. At the street fair, Independence) beauty contest presides over booths offer traditional Filipino foods, such as the Independence Ball. 762

762-763_CH30_US_895263 762 2/1/10 10:40:02 AM CONNECTING TO THE UNITED STATES Making the

Connection W Writing Support Southeast Asia has had a long and often tumultu- ous history with the United States. The 1960s and Expository Writing Have stu- 1970s largely consisted of conflict between the two dents write a report on one aspect regions. Today trade, diplomacy, and immigration to the United States have established an alliance of the Vietnam War. AL that has been strengthened since the early 1990s. War Between 1959 and 1975, the Vietnam War pitted the United States and the South Vietnamese against the North Vietnamese and the National W Assess/Close Liberation Front (NLF). Many lives were lost on both sides. Ask: Why might immigrants form Immigration—Little Cities After the end of the their own communities, such as Vietnam War, immigration from Southeast Asia Little Saigon? (Immigrants can increased. Little Saigon is the name given to a num- speak their native language and ber of Vietnamese communities in the United States, named after the capital of the former South Vietnam. maintain traditions.) The largest Little Saigons in the United States are in Orange , California; THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY SOUTHEAST ASIA Houston, Texas; and San Jose, Cali fornia. Cambo- Answers dians have also built 1. Emigration from Vietnam strong communities in increased after the war. California, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Washington, 2. It is on the west coast and Texas, and Florida. Pad Thai, a dish from Thailand, is geographically close to Celebrations On the is popular in the United States. Southeast Asia. first Sunday in June, New York City holds a large parade celebrating Philippine Independence. Los Angeles’s Vietnamese community holds a Tet Festival yearly to celebrate the Vietnamese New Year. Food Southeast Asian cuisine is growing in popu- larity in the United States. Thai food is perhaps the most popular.

THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY

1. Human Systems Describe how the Vietnam War affected Southeast Asian immigration to the United States. Little Saigons bring Southeast Actress and singer 2. The Uses of Geography How might Asian culture to heavily popu- Vanessa Anne Hudgens is of California’s location and history account for lated Vietnamese communities Filipino and Chinese descent on its large Southeast Asian population? in several large U.S. cities. her mother’s side.

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762-763_C30_WGC_879995.indd 762 1/29/10 8:51:54 AM 762-763_C30_WGC_879995.indd 763 1/29/10 8:52:07 AM Activity: Collaborative Learning

Identifying Central Issues Have each homelands and some of the challenges person from Southeast Asia face in a student choose a Southeast Asian group they face in the United States. Lead a class foreign country? (Answers will vary but from the chart on page 762 and gather discussion in which students share what might include language or cultural barriers.) information on the group for a class discus- they have learned. Ask: What are the main Ask: How do immigrants deal with the sion. Students should learn the location of reasons people from Southeast Asia have challenges of a new country? (Answers will the largest U.S. communities of the group. immigrated to the United States? (Answers vary but might include maintaining close In addition, students should learn some rea- will vary but might include economic needs.) community ties.) OL sons why people emigrated from their Ask: What kinds of challenges might a

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