Peking 2008 – Mis Eristab Võitjaid Kaotajatest?

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Peking 2008 – Mis Eristab Võitjaid Kaotajatest? Käesolev kogumik on osa Tartu Ülikooli projektist “Tipptreenerite rahvusvaheliste koolituskonverentside korraldamine ja õppematerjalide väljaandmine” Projekti rahastab Euroopa Sotsiaalfond riikliku arengukava meetme 1.1 “Tööjõu paindlikkust, toimetulekut ja elukestvat õpet tagav ning kõigile kättesaadav haridussüsteem” raames. © Tartu Ülikooli kehakultuuriteaduskond Koostaja: Tõnis Matsin Eesti treenerite konverents PEKING 2008 – MIS ERISTAB VÕITJAID KAOTAJATEST? 2. – 3. november 2007 TÜ raamatukogu konverentsikeskus Saateks Intellektuaalne alge on tänapäeva spordis märgatavalt olulisem, kui see võistlusolukorras välja paistab. Naudib ju spordisõber võistlustel sportlase kehalist tublidust, musklite jõudu, kaaslastest liigutuste ilus, kiiruses ja tehnikas üleolekut. Just see paneb vaimustuma, tekitab pinget ning põnevust. Sportlase ajadefitsiidi tingimustes lahendatud mõtlemisülesanded, tema hingeseisund ja motiveeritus jäävad pealtvaatajate eest varju. Nii nagu jääb spordihuviliste enamusele varjatuks see vaimne loominguline protsess, milles osalevad sportlase ja treeneri kõrval sporditeadlased, meedikud, toitumisspetsialistid ja paljud teised asjatundjad ning mille eesmärgiks on kollektiivse mõistuse abil töötada välja optimaalne strateegia ja taktika, parimad meetodid sportlase valmistumisel suurvõistlusteks. “Peking 2008 – mis eristab võitjaid kaotajatest?”, kus esinejateks Eesti olümpiakandidaadid Pekingi olümpiamängudeks, meie silmapaistvad treenerid, sporditeadlased ning -eksperdid, püüab paotada ust sellesse sporditeadmise, - tunnetuse, -tarkuse ja -kogemuse varjatud maailma. Mart Siimann EOK president Toitumine ja sport Mikael Fogelholm Mikael Fogelholm, DSc Soome Akadeemia, terviseuuringute osakonna juhataja Haridus: 1992 – Helsingi Ülikool, DSc (toitumisteadused) Uurimisvaldkonnad: keha koostise ja füüsilise aktiivsuse hindamine, füüsilise aktiivsuse ja rasvumise epidemioloogilised uuringud [email protected] Sissejuhatus Toitainete tasakaalu võib defineerida kui organismi toitainetega seotud võimet optimaalselt toimida. Sportlase – ka harrastussportlase – jaoks tähendab see piisavat energia, vee, mineraalainete ja vitamiinide tasakaalu. Käesoleva lühikese ülevaate fookuses on piisava toitainete tasakaalu säilitamine intensiivse treeningu jooksul, võistlusteks ettevalmistusel ja pikema võistluse jooksul. Mitte-toitainete (nt. karnitiin, kreatiin, inosiin jne) mõju käesolevas ülevaates ei kirjeldata. Energia ja toitainete tasakaal treeningu ajal Füüsiline tegevus suurendab energiakulu võrreldes puhkeolekuga. Keskmine päevane energiakulu täiskasvanud naistel ja meestel on ligikaudu vastavalt 9 ja 11 MJ (2100 ja 2600 kcal). Väga intensiivne treening ja võistlused, näiteks jalgrattasõit, võivad viia energiakuluni koguni 35 MJ päevas (8300 kcal) (Westerterp jt. 1986). Enamik sportlaste gruppidest kulutab vähem energiat, ent tavaliselt 1,2 – 2kordselt võrreldes tervete mittesportlastega (Fogelholm jt. 1992). Rasvad on peamiseks energiaallikaks kerge ja mõõduka füüsilise tegevuse (alla 50 – 60% VO2max) puhul, ent suuremal intensiivsusel vajadus (lihasesiseste) süsivesikute järele järjest suureneb (Romijn jt. 1993). Valgu kasutamine energiaallikana jääb umbes 3 – 5% vahele kogu tarbitavast energiast (Tarnopolsky 2004), kui ei kasutata lihaste glükogeenivarusid – glükogeeni kasutamine suurendab valkude oksüdatsiooni. Uuringud ei ole näidanud suurenenud vajadust mingite konkreetsete rasvhapete järele. Mõned autorid on oletanud, et treeningueelne rasva tarbimine võib parandada rasva oksüdatsiooni ja lihaste vastupidavust, ent tulemused on olnud liiga ebaühtlased, lubamaks teha konkreetseid soovitusi (Hawley ja Burke 2006). Nende uuringute põhjal ei ole rasva tarbimist siiski õigustanud suurenenud vajadus, vaid pigem võimalik rasva oksüdeerimise soodustamine rasva suurenenud ja süsivesikute vähenenud tarbimise tõttu. Intensiivne treening suurendab süsivesikute vajadust, kuna tugevaks lihaskontraktsiooniks on tarvis süsivesikuid ja lihasesisese glükogeeni hulk (süsivesikute varud) on piiratud. 1980ndatel tehtud klassikaliste uuringute kohaselt (nt. Costill ja Miller 1980) on vaja tarbida 8 – 10 g/kg süsivesikuid, et tagada lihaste glükogeenivarude täiendamine 24 tunni jooksul peale intensiivset treeningut. Paljud sellele järgnenud uuringud ei ole suutnud näidata selget erinevust väga kõrge ja mõõduka (5 – 6 g/kg) süsivesikute tarbimise vahel. Alles üsna hiljuti aga leidsid Achten jt. (2005), et 8,5 g/kg süsivesikuid päevas võrreldes 5,4 g/kg päevas tõi kaasa parema sportliku soorituse ja seisundi intensiivse jalgrattatreeningu ajal. Võimalik järeldus on, et 5 – 7 g/kg süsivesikuid on enamikul juhtudest piisav, ent äärmiselt kõrge intensiivsusega ja kestvustreeningud vajavad 8 – 10 g/kg süsivesikuid päevas. Kui energiatarve (ja -kulu) on 20 MJ päevas (4800 kcal), siis 50% kogu energiatarbest (nt. madalaim igapäevane süsivesikute tarbimise piir 2004. aasta Põhjamaade toitumissoovituste kohaselt) võrduks 600 g süsivesikutega, mis on intensiivse treeningu jaoks selgelt piisav. On selge, et kuigi süsivesikute vajadus tõuseb, võib igapäevasest treeningust taastuda siiski üsnagi „normaalse” dieediga. Aminohapped (valgud) on vajalikud energiaks ja valgusünteesiks. Enamik jõualadega tegelevatest sportlastest usuvad, et lihaste hüpertroofia ei ole võimalik ilma ulatusliku (3 – 4 g/kg päevas) valgutarbimiseta. Erinevalt sellest uskumusest on uuringud lämmastiku tasakaalu tehnika ja ka stabiilsete isotoopidega näidanud, et tippsportlase päevane valguvajadus on rohkem kui 1,0, aga vähem kui 2,0 g/kg (Lemon 1998, Tarnopolsky 2004). Need kogused saab kerge vaevaga kätte tavalisest toidust, mille koguenergiast moodustab valk 15 – 20%. Suurem valgutarbimine suurendab proteiini oksüdatsiooni, aga ei suurenda lihaste kasvu. Kuigi kokkuvõttes ei pruugi valgutarbimine sportlastel olla oluliselt tõusnud, on mõned hiljutised uuringud (nt. Tipton jt. 2004) välja pakkunud, et valgutarbimine vahetult enne või pärast intensiivset treeningut või selle ajal vähendab valkude lõhustumist ning soodustab valgusünteesi. Seetõttu võib olla olulisem leida õige ajastus kui suurendada päevast tarbimist maksimaalseks. Paljud sportlased tarbivad vitamiine ja mineraalseid toidulisandeid. Kuigi on selge, et ka vähene mikrotoitainete puudus võib füüsilist jõudlust nõrgendada, ei ole enamik uuringutest näidanud sportlastel muutunud mikrotoitainete tasakaalu (Fogelholm 1999). Seetõttu ei paista pikaajaline vitamiinide ja mineraalide tarbimine lisaainetena olevat õigustatud, kuigi on tõenäoliselt ohutu. Mõnedel naissportlastel (nagu ka istuva eluviisiga inimestel) on probleeme rauatasakaalu säilitamisega ning nad võivad abi saada raualisandite tarbimisest. Lisaks sellele võib suures koguses (>500 mg/d) C- vitamiini tarbimine vähendada ülemiste hingamisteede põletike ohtu pärast intensiivset füüsilist koormust (Hemilä 1995). Võistluseks valmistumine On olemas kaht tüüpi spordialasid, mis vajavad spetsiaalset toitumiskava, nimelt kaaluklassidega sport (nt maadlus, judo, karate jms) ning vastupidavusalad. Nendel spordialadel on toitumisega manipuleerimise eesmärgid väga erinevad: kaaluklassidega alade sportlased üritavad "kaalu võtta", st saavutada madalamat kehakaalu kindlas kaalukategoorias võistlemiseks. Vastupidavusalade sportlased seevastu üritavad suurendada lihaste glükogeenivarusid. Enne võistlusi vähendatakse kehakaalu tavaliselt kiirete meetoditega, näiteks treening, vedeliku ja energia piiratud tarbimine ning mõnikord saunas higistamine (Fogelholm 1994). Lahtisteid ja diureetikume kasutatakse harva. Vedelikukaost põhjustatud kaalukaotus mõjutab kõige enam pikaajalist vastupidavust, VO2max ja jõud on selgelt vähem mõjutatud. Uurimusest järeldati, et vähem kui 4%line kaalulangus ei mõjuta kaaluklassidega spordialadel vajalikku saavutusvõimet, ent risk soorituse halvenemiseks on suur, kui kaalu on tarvis alandada üle 8% (Fogelholm 1994). On tähtis, et kaalumise ja võistluse vahelist aega kasutataks keha vedelikutaseme taastamiseks, juues süsivesikuid ja naatriumi sisaldavat spordijooki (50 mmol/l) (Shirreffs ja Maughan 2000). Lihasesiseste süsivesikute varude ammendumine võib vastupidavusaladel ja ka mõnede pallimängude, näiteks jalgpalli ja jäähoki puhul saavutusvõimet vähendada. 1960ndatel leiutasid Rootsi uurijad „klassikalise” süsivesikutega laadimise režiimi (vt Ivy 2000): väga intensiivsel treeningul lihaste glükogeenivarud vähenevad, neid hoitakse 2 – 3 päeva jooksul treeningu ja madala süsivesikusisaldusega toidu abil madalana ning siis suurendatakse 3 – 4 päeva jooksul superkompensatsiooni tasemele, tehes vaid veidi trenni ja toitudes süsivesikurikkalt. Enamik taastumisest leiab aset süsivesikute suurendatud tarbimise esimesel päeval (Bussau jt. 2002), ent intensiivsest glükogeenivarusid alandavast treeningust taastumiseks on tarvis siiski rohkem päevi (Fogelholm jt. 1991). Võimalike taastumisprobleemide tõttu (Fogelholm jt. 1991) on paljud sportlased süsivesikute laadimise režiimi kohandanud ja lihtsustanud. Tegelikult viib mõne päeva jooksul 8 g/kg (või isegi vähem) süsivesikuid koos selgelt väiksema treeningmahu ja intensiivsusega oluliselt suurema glükogeenitasemeni ilma intensiivsest treeningust ebapiisava taastumise ohuta (Ivy 2000). Vedeliku, naatriumi ja energia tasakaal pikaajalise treeningu ajal Füüsiline tegevus toodab lihastes soojust ja tõstab kehatemperatuuri. Ülemäärast soojust vähendatakse higistamise abil. Higistamise miinus on vedelikukadu ja vereplasma vähenemine – mõlemad viivad lõpuks kehvema soojushajuvuseni. Üldiselt usutakse,
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