The New Democratic Party and Press Access: Openings and Barriers for Social Democratic Messages
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THE NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND PRESS ACCESS: OPENINGS AND BARRIERS FOR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MESSAGES by Ian Edward Ross Bachelor of Arts, University of Western Ontario, 2000 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the School of Communication O Ian Ross 2003 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY September 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME: Ian Ross DEGREE: MA TITLE OF THE NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND PRESS EXTENDED ESSAY: ACCESS: OPENINGS AND BARRIERS FOR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MESSAGES EXAMINING COMMITTEE: CHAIR: Prof. Gary McCarron Prof. Robert Hackett Senior Supervisor, School of Communication, SFU - Prof. Catherine Murray Supervisor, School of Communication, SFU Prof. Kenne y Stewart Examiner, B Assistant Professor in the Masters of Public Policy Program at SFU Date: p 2-00? PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my wriien permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay THE NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND PRESS ACCESS: OPENINGS AND BARRIERS FOR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MESSAGES Author; (Signature) Ian Ross (name) 8 S& 2007 (date) ABSTRACT The New Democratic Party (NDP, provincial, federal and territorial) is arguably the primary bearer of Left leaning values in Canada's political system. A challenger to neo- liberalism extolled by corporations and other political parties, the NDP offers social democracy - an alternative worldview in Canada's ideological marketplace of ideas. However, many critics on the Left complain that the press (the primary vehicle for the dissemination of political information to a mass population) mistreats and misrepresents the NDP and its messages. The critics' complaints are substantiated in this thesis. Upon investigation of what barriers and openings exist for NDP press access, it quickly became apparent that through cultural commodification and the hegemonic reproduction of dominant ideals within news content, reporters and owners favour the worldviews of dominant social groups (free market political parties, corporations, and wealthy individuals). In turn, the public is not provided a wide spectrum of opinion - threatening a democratic, open Canadian society. Employing a challenger group paradigm, this analysis finds the NDP faces its most significant barriers to press access from advertiser accommodation and direct ownership interference. Furthermore, the homogenous composition of the newsroom, a lack of financial resources to purchase competitive communication resources, and ideological codes and cultural maps rooted in news values also likely diminish points of access for the NDP's media efforts. Nevertheless, the NDP is not full marginalized by the press. Openings to press access were found through strategic news value tactics, effective use of the press gallery news net, and basic appeals to Canadian journalists' personal values and political attitudes. Overall, it appears that the NDP faces significant ideological barriers to press access while being afforded limited and often inconsistent points of entry. I argue this could be considered a serious ailment to Canadian democracy if the nation's daily print industry continues to provide its reader with unbalanced debates favouring the free market worldviews of neo-liberalism at the expense of social democratic ideas. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to faculty, family and friends for their support over the past three years. Some of my biggest thanks go out to my supervisors. Dr. Robert Hackett offered critical and irreplaceable insight into my area of research, while Dr. Catherine Murray supplied passion and courage in both the teaching and research arenas. Three other professors that have crossed my path over the years also helped to make this thesis possible. Thank you to Dr. Michael Hayes for his friendship, compassion and kind words. Thank you to Dr. David Spencer for his encouragement to pursue graduate studies; and Dr. Kennedy Stewart for presenting final comments and critiques as my external supervisor. I am also grateful to my mother Karen, father Bob, sister Leslie and grandmother Peggy for their love and support. In addition, I have been fortunate to have great friends that have given me inspiration to pursue this path, courage in times of doubt, laughter in times of frustration, and a greater perspective on life. Special thanks go to my lifelong friend, Bryan Tripp, for his humour, encouragement, work ethic and appreciation for the great outdoors. I would also like to thank: Kate Rafter, Mark hat, Courtney Thompson, Natalie Coulter, Troy Hammond, Matt Sherman, Briar Downey, Mark Richardson, Katie Warfield, Jon Fish, David Murphy, Chris Jeschelink, Johnston Reesor, Kyrn Stewart, Mike Gasher, DeNel Sedo, Risa Jansen, Pat O'Brien, and Stephen 0. And of course, I would not have survived my years at Simon Fraser University if it were not for the smiles, jokes and administrative wizardry of Neena Shahani, Lucie Menkveld and Evelyn Hassen. Finally, my deepest thanks must go to my partner Gillian MacDonald. Her love, support, patience and editing skills are without a doubt the cornerstones of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval .............................................................................................................................i .. Abstract ..............................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................vi Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: The NDP and Challenger Groups ........................................................ 10 NDP History .................................................................................................................. 11 The Early Years (1932 .mid 1950s) ........................................................................11 Transition to Canada's Third Party (mid 1950s - early 1970s) ................................. 13 The Peak of Electoral Social Democratic Power (early 1970s - early 1990s) .......... 15 Party Decline (early 1990s to 2003) .......................................................................... 16 Distinctive Characteristics of the NDP .........................................................................18 Party Ideology ...........................................................................................................18 Mass party vs. Cadre party ........................................................................................23 Formal Ties with Labour ...........................................................................................25 Party Activism ...........................................................................................................27 A Challenger Group Paradigm ......................................................................................28 Policies ......................................................................................................................30 Goals ..........................................................................................................................33 Membership ...............................................................................................................34 Tactics ........................................................................................................................ 35 Role ............................................................................................................................ 36 Social Movements as Parties .....................................................................................37 Returning to the Challenger Group Paradigm ...........................................................39 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................40 Chapter Two: Theoretical Approaches to Media Studies ........................................ 41 Liberal-Pluralism ...........................................................................................................43 Media Studies and Liberal-Pluralism ........................................................................43 Challenger Groups and Liberal-Pluralism .................................................................45 Liberal-Pluralism: Conclusion................................................................................... 47 Elite Theory ...................................................................................................................48 Media Studies