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Spreading the News Newsboys, Ann Arbor, Michigan,1892. I am very pleased to introduce the CUNY/New York Times in College 2015 calendar, Spreading the News, a history of journalism in the United States. Published in a time of rapid changes in the industry, it is a timely and welcome contribution to the history of our nation’s fourth estate. The Founding Fathers saw the danger of government censorship during the War for Independence and believed it important to enshrine freedom of the press into the First Amendment. The calendar explores the origins of press freedom and how it is periodically under attack, especially during times of crisis and war. The calendar will also explore how changes in society and technol- ogy have transformed how publishers, editors and journalists produce the news including the rise of the penny press, the development of radio and television, and the rise of the Internet. Media have also been powerful sources of social change. Loyalists and Patriots used colonial newspa- pers to spread their views. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator to support abolitionism. In the early 20th century, muckrakers turned their focus on government corruption and the danger of corporate monopolies. More recently, Rachel Carson made Americans aware of the environmental dangers of DDT in her book Silent Spring. In the 21st cen- tury, the Internet and social media have become both sources of news and the means to build social movements. Spreading the News is the 12th calendar/website developed in a part- nership between the City University of New York and The New York Times in Education with the support of JPMorgan Chase, Produced by the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives at LaGuardia Community College, it is emblematic of CUNY’s educational mission and commitment to public service. The University takes great pride in this project and the partner- ships that bring history to life. James B. Milliken Chancellor Newsstand on Fourth Avenue at 14th Street in New York, Mississippi Free Press, Herman “Germany” Schaefer trying out the other side of the Illustrated cover of the satirical Fox TV sports announcer Pam Oliver. which sells foreign language newspapers, 1943. June 22, 1963. camera during the Washington Senators visit to play the Yiddish newspaper, The Big New York Highlanders (Yankees) in April 1911. Stick, 1915. SPREADING THE NEWS milestones May 9, 1754 Benjamin Franklin creates the Join or Die cartoon that appears in October 28, 1771 John Dunlap begins publishing the Pennsylvania Packet in 1600S the Pennsylvania Gazette to encourage the colonies to unite in the French and Philadelphia. Indian Wars. September 25, 1690 Benjamin Harris, a former London bookseller publishes January 1, 1776 Tom Paine publishes a pamphlet Common Sense, advocating Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, a four-page newspaper that October 29, 1764 The Connecticut (now Hartford) Courant begins publishing immediate independence from Great Britain and a republican form of govenment. intends to challenge the leadership of the Puritan elite in Boston. The paper is weekly and today remains the oldest published newspaper in the country. suppressed after one issue, for lack of a license to publish from the royal governor. December 23, 1776 Tom Paine writes the first of 13 letters comprising the March 22, 1765 Parliament passes the Stamp Act, (to take effect November American Crisis, encouraging the pursuit of independence for the colonies. 1) requiring newspapers to pay heavy taxes on paper and advertisements; some Paine’s opening sentences inspire the new nation, “These are the times that try papers fold entirely, while the Pennsylvania Journal prints its front page to men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, 1700S resemble a tombstone with skull and crossbones. shrink from the service of their country, but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.” April 24, 1704 In a bustling city of 7,000, Boston postmaster John Campbell November 1, 1765 Newspapers throughout the colonies refuse to pay the publishes the Boston News-Letter, the first successful newspaper in America, stamp tax and continue publishing without the stamp. The Stamp Act is repealed September 21, 1784 Dunlap’s renamed Pennsylvania Packet and Daily replete with maritime news and information. the following March 18. Advertiser becomes the first successful daily newspaper published in the U.S. 1729 Benjamin Franklin, age 23, acquires the Pennsylvania Gazette. June 29, 1767 Parliament passes the first of the Townshend Acts, imposing April 11, 1789 John Fenno’s Gazette of the United States supports Federalist import duties on American imports of glass, lead, paper, painters’ color and tea. Party positions and initiates partisan journalism across the young nation. May 6, 1732 The Philadelphia Zeitung is the first foreign-language newspaper This taxes the importation of paper, not the use of it. Nearly all paper used in in the colonies. the colonies is imported from England. Such acts antagonize newspaper editors, December 15, 1791 Adoption of the Bill of Rights, which included the First many of whom begin to support the Patriot cause. Amendment: “Congress shall make no law . abridging the freedom of speech, August 4, 1735 John Peter Zenger, publisher of the New-York Weekly Journal, or of the press . .” is found innocent of the charge of seditious libel against the royal executive Wil- December 2, 1767 Writing anonymously in the Pennsylvania Chronicle, John liam Cosby, in the trial that enlarges freedom of the press in the colonies. Dickinson of Philadelphia publishes the Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1792 Congress supports the press with preferential postal rates, making it much the first of 12 issues. These letters argue against the legality of the Townshend less expensive to send newspapers and periodicals around the country. January 4, 1739 Elizabeth Timothy becomes the first female in the American Acts and are widely reprinted throughout the colonies. colonies to become the publisher of a newspaper, the South Carolina Gazette, July 6, 1798 Congress passes the Sedition Act, which makes it a crime for after her husband dies, and serves for seven years. July 17, 1770 Isaiah Thomas begins publishing the Massachusetts Spy, a Whig American citizens to “print, utter or publish . any false, scandalous and paper advocating LIBERTY (colonial papers used capital letters for emphasis) malicious writing” about the government. President Thomas Jefferson and his for colonists. supporters in Congress let the act expire in 1801. Reporters at old State News plant, Crowd outside the New York Herald building watches a Birth Control Review, War Spirit at Home (celebrating the Frederick Douglass was the most impor- Brockton (Massachusetts) East Lansing, Michigan, 1957. diagram of a World Series game between the New York November 1923. victory at Vicksburg), 1866. Painting tant black American leader of the 19th Enterprise news window, Giants and Philadelphia Athletics, 1911. by Lily M. Spencer. century and edited the most influential December 1940. black newspaper, The North Star. page 1 Laguardiscal2015.indd 1 11/24/14 3:15 PM Chicago Defender The Afro-American, The New York World building The New York Herald illustrates the Loyal and Rebel States, 1861. Chicago Daily News staff says good-bye, 1978. newsboy, April 1942. Baltimore, August 21, 1963. on Park Row, c. 1890. September 3, 1833 The New York Sun becomes the nation’s first successful December 3, 1847 Frederick Douglass launches The North Star in Rochester, S penny daily, attracting readers with “human interest” stories and sensational New York. 1800 crime tales. November 16, 1801 Alexander Hamilton starts the New-York Evening Post, May 1846 New York Associated Press is formed by six papers (Sun, Herald, which remains today the longest-living daily paper in the United States. May 6, 1835 James Gordon Bennett issues the first edition of theNew York Herald, Tribune, Express, Courier and Enquirer, and Journal of Commerce) to share the which quickly overtakes the Sun as the highest-circulation daily in the country. costs of sending news more rapidly from the Mexican War battlefront. July 12, 1808 An Irishman named Joseph Charless comes to St. Louis to start the Missouri Gazette—the first newspaper to be printed west of the Mississippi. 1837 Sarah Josepha Hale assumes the editorship of Godey’s Lady Book, a January 24, 1848 Word of the gold rush spreads due to a special edition of the monthly magazine devoted to literature, issues of public taste, and fashions in California Star, sending 2,000 copies overland to eastern states. September 1808 El Misisipi, the first Spanish-language paper in America, is clothing and architecture. published in New Orleans. The paper opposes Napoleon’s conquest of Spain. March 3, 1851 Post Office Act of 1851 provides for free delivery of weekly November 7, 1837 Abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy becomes papers within county of publication. November 29, 1814 German-born Friedrich Koenig develops the steam- a martyr to press freedom when a pro-slavery mob wrecks his press in Alton, powered cylindrical press, which is first used to printThe Times of London. Illinois, and murders him in a shootout. September 18, 1851 The first edition ofThe New-York Daily Times is pub- lished by Henry J. Raymond and George Jones, aiming to be best and cheapest 1823 New York printer Jonas Booth invents a steam-driven printing press and April 10, 1841 Horace Greeley begins publishing the New York Tribune with a paper in New York. prints an abridgement of Murray’s English Grammar. reform-minded agenda, attacking slavery, the Fugitive Slave Act and the Dred Scott decision. February 1, 1853 Publication of The Una, the first women’s rights periodical 1824 Cuban priest and exiled revolutionary Felix Varela begins El Habanero to be owned, edited and published by a woman, Paulina Wright Davis, in in Philadelphia, advocating Cuban independence from Spain.
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