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Medicine Detection with Low Frequency Electromagnetic Signals

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Medicine Detection with Low Frequency Electromagnetic Signals WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE DOI: 10.37394/23208.2020.17.12 Erietta Vasilaki, Emmanouel Antonidakis Medicine detection with Low Frequency Electromagnetic Signals ERIETTA VASILAKI AND EMMANOUEL ANTONIDAKIS Department of Electronic Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University Romanou 3, Chania 73133 GREECE Abstract: - This paper presents a new, non-invasive method to detect molecular structures inside materials. There have been different methods to detect molecular structures such as Chromatography, Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnet Resonance. A brief description of these methods is presented and how they are used. Then the new method is presented using an apparatus emitting low frequency electromagnetic signals. This paper presents how the frequencies are found, that are used to detect molecular structures. The method was applied for finding the frequencies of four pain-reliever medication. Discussion follows on the results. Conclusions are drawn and further work is proposed. Key-Words:Keywords: -- Detection withwith LowLow Frequency Frequency Signals, Signals, Pain-Relief Pain-Relief Medication Medication Detection, Detection, Molecular Molecular Structure Detection,Structure Detection,Non-Invasive Non-Invasive Detection Detection Received: July 23, 2020. Revised: August 28, 2020. Re-revised: September 8, 2020. Accepted: September 11, 2020. Published: September 15, 2020. 1 Introduction partitioning between the mobile and stationary The aim of this research is on the detection of phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition chemical substances inside materials using low result in different retention on the stationary phase frequency electromagnetic signals. More and thus affect the separation. specifically the research involves the scanning of Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. chemical substances and the development of a non- The purpose of preparative chromatography is to invasive method, that will find the frequencies that separate the components of a mixture for later use, each material responds. Application on the detection and is thus a form of purification. Analytical of materials will be depicted and examples will be chromatography is done normally with smaller presented. This method has already successfully amounts of material and is for establishing the been used for the detection of molecular structures, presence or measuring the relative proportions of such as pain-relievers medication. It could also be analytes in a mixture. [1] applied for the detection of other chemical structures that reside inside materials. 2.2 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV- Vis) Until now, methods such as Chromatography, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet– Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis or UV/Vis) Resonance (NMR), were used to analyze presence refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance of chemical structures inside different substances. spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the visible and adjacent spectral regions. The absorption or 2 Background reflectance in the visible range directly affects the To identify various chemical structures inside a perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this material, there are different techniques used, such as region of the electromagnetic spectrum, atoms and Chromatography, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy molecules undergo electronic transitions. and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. They are briefly Absorption spectroscopy is complementary to described below: fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with transitions from the excited state to the 2.1 Chromatography ground state, while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state. Chromatography is a technique to detect the The instrument used in ultraviolet–visible constituents of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved spectroscopy is called a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it It measures the intensity of light after passing through a structure holding another material called through a sample and compares it to the intensity of the stationary phase. The various constituents of the light before it passes through the sample. [2] mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential E-ISSN: 2224-2902 99 Volume 17, 2020 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE DOI: 10.37394/23208.2020.17.12 Erietta Vasilaki, Emmanouel Antonidakis 2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (N. M. R.) The antenna is emitting appropriate signal for the Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a specific material. The method how the appropriate spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic signals are found for each specific material or fields around atomic nuclei. The sample is placed in family of materials is presented. Some parameters a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by that affect the force will be analysed. excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves The presence of the Force designates a response into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected from the material. When the material is removed, with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular then the Force disappears. When the material is magnetic field around an atom in a molecule moved to another position, then the Force appears changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access when the antenna is pointing to the new position. to details of the electronic structure of a molecule The system has a rest position when the antenna is and its individual functional groups. These fields are pointing downwards. This position is 180 degrees unique and highly characteristic to individual from the highest position located exactly opposite. compounds. The NMR spectroscopy is the The highest position is defined to be at 0 degrees. definitive method to identify monomolecular The system is brought to an initial position/angle at organic compounds. Similarly, biochemists use φi (i.e at 30 degrees) and released. The system does NMR to identify proteins and other complex a specific movement. It rotates until it reaches its molecules. Besides identification, NMR final position/angle φF (i.e. at 320 degrees). The spectroscopy provides detailed information about characteristics of the movement are noted, such as the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical the position of the antenna in time. If during a environment of molecules. The most common types rotation, a delay is experienced in the movement, of NMR are proton and carbon-13 NMR this designates the presence of material and in this spectroscopy and it is applicable to any kind of case the antenna’s final position φf will not reach the sample that contains nuclei possessing spin. [3][8] final position of the movement φF. The position/angle φd of the antenna, when the delay is experienced designates the detection of material and 3 Detector System Apparatus and its direction is φd. Method There are different parameters that affect the Force exerted on the antenna. The force F, exerted on the An apparatus is shown that uses low frequencies on antenna of the system, opposing to the movement, is a rotating antenna. The antenna is on an inclined a function (f) of: the quantity M of the molecular free circular motion. structure and the distance D from the material. F = f (M, D) 3.1 Detector System Apparatus The larger the quantity of the material M, the larger The apparatus used and its operation is briefly is the force F. Material is counted to be only the presented and is shown on figure 1. The apparatus weight of the pure active material. consists of a flat base with an inclined pole and a The smaller the distance D between the material and rectangle box with a signal generator circuitry and the antenna, the larger is the force F. an antenna. The rectangle box with the antenna can The frequencies that will be used are in the low rotate on the pole. The antenna is emitting a low frequency range. frequency signal, and is in an inclined circular motion. It has been observed that under some 3.2 Method Finding the Detection circumstances a force is exerted on the rotating antenna in the presence of a material. The force Frequencies of Materials appears when a material is pointed by the antenna To find the frequencies that respond to a material while the antenna is emitting a specific signal for requires a specific method and it is very laborious, that material. The presence of the force can be used and has the following steps in 2 phases A, B. During for the detection of materials. this process the parameters that affect the force exerted on the antenna, M and D, must be kept constant. Response to frequencies from 2300-2500 Hz will be tested using the method. A. Finding the frequencies that respond 1. The material is placed on specific angle φp. Fig. 1 Detector Apparatus E-ISSN: 2224-2902 100 Volume 17, 2020 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE DOI: 10.37394/23208.2020.17.12 Erietta Vasilaki, Emmanouel Antonidakis 2. The signal generator on the apparatus is Chemical formula: C8H9NO2 emitting an initial frequency fi. Molar mass: 151.165 g·mol−1 3. Then antenna is brought to the initial angle φi and is released. If the final angle of this movement φf reaches the final angle φF, then there is not detection. 4. Then the frequency emitted by the generator is increased by 1Hz, the antenna is brought to the initial angle, released and checked if φf reached the final angle φF. 5. The previous step 4, is repeated until the antenna does not reach the final angle φf. The detected frequency fd is recorded. B. Centering the responding frequencies found 4.1.2 Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) in A Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to 1. The detected frequencies f found in A, are reduce pain, fever, or inflammation. Specific d inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to checked again, one at a time, for treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and confirmation. The antenna is brought to the rheumatic fever. initial angle φi and is released. The final Acetylsalicylic acid, brand names: Aspirin, etc.[5] angle φf is recorded for each one of them.
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