DOCSLIB.ORG

Part 4: Thesis Conclusions and Appendices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Part 4: Thesis Conclusions and Appendices Thesis Page 235 Part 4: Thesis conclusions and appendices ‘If you want to know the end, look at the beginning’ African Proverb ‘The rule which forbids ending a sentence with a preposition is the kind of nonsense up with which I will not put’ Sir Winston Churchill ‘If your knees aren’t green by the end of the day, you ought to seriously re- examine your life’ Bill Watterson ‘The will to overcome a passion is in the end merely the will of another or several other passions’ Friedrich Nietzsche Thesis Page 236 Chapter 15 – Conclusion Thesis Page 237 15.1.0 Summary 15.1.1 Part 1 – Eremophila longifolia: ethnopharmacology, essential oil chemotypes and cytogeography With regard to the identification and delineation of essential oil chemotypes of Eremophila longifolia, it is now clear that the first such chemotype identified in 1971 by Della and Jefferies, with an essential oil made up predominantly of the potentially hepatotoxic carcinogenic phenyopropanoids safrole and methyl eugenol, is confined to a small geographic region in Australia’s far west, in central-west Western Australia. This is important since although E. longifolia has a widespread distribution throughout the Australian landmass perceptions still prevail that this single chemotype reflects the constituents of all individuals of the species. This is simply not true. Further clarification reveals that this chemotype is an unusual biotype with diploid cytology. In all, a total of three diploid populations were identified in Australia, the other two being geographically clustered in western New South Wales and producing terpenoid based essential oils via the mevalonate pathway. These ketone rich chemotypes, as is the case for the phenylpropanoid type, produce significantly high yields of essential oils, making them potentially suitable for commercial development. The first of these types is the isomenthone/menthone type (CT.A), which produces an essential oil yield at an impressive range of 3-8% g/g wet weight of leaves. The second is the karahanaenone type (CT.B), yielding at a range of 1-5% for diploid specimens, or 0.3- 0.7% for tetraploid specimens. Both these high yielding diploid types are good candidates as cultivars for commercial plantations. Should such plantations be established and developed this would make a significant contribution to Australia’s essential oil industry. Essential oils and or/extracts from the high yielding CT.A isomenthone/menthone type could be used to make ointments and lotions suitable for topical, antifungal, aromatherapeutic and cosmeceutical/aesthetic applications (Table 1). At present it is unclear how CT.B could be utilised, but karahanaenone is already in demand as a feedstock in the flavour and fragrance industry and may also be useful as a chemical scaffold for further drug development. In addition to the five essential oil chemotypes of E. longifolia identified prior to the current study, four new types have now been characterised. One of these new essential oils, with dominant components of bornyl- and fenchyl-acetate, is similar in composition to the antimicrobial essential oil produced from Eremophila bignoniiflora. Traditional ethnomedicinal use of E. bignoniiflora by Australian Aboriginal people involved applications consistent with antispasmodic activity and headache therapy. Because essential oils rich in esters are often associated with antispasmodic and nervous calming activity, the essential oils from E. bignoniiflora may have contributed to this effect. The same essential oil produced from the new chemotype of E. longifolia, in significantly higher yields, could be marketed for treatment of headaches, nervous tension or gastrointestinal disorders (Table 1). Interestingly, another of the newly characterised chemotypes of E. longifolia produces an essential oil comprised predominantly of fenchone and camphor (2-bornanone), which are analogues of the previous mentioned fenchyl- and bornyl acetate respectively, after removal of the acetate groups. In the case of fenchone and Thesis Page 238 camphor, a ketone is in the place of the ester; however, in the case of the other known chemotype, dominated by fenchol and borneol, an alcohol functional group is in the place of the ester. Clearly, the oils produced by these three chemotypes are of very similar biosynthetic provenance. The essential oils dominated by the alcohols, fenchol and borneol, demonstrated high antimicrobial activity against the yeast C. albicans, bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and the human pathogenic fungal species Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitalis. Similar activity was demonstrated by the fenchyl- and bornyl acetate oils against C. albicans and S. epidermidis. The fenchone rich essential oil is yet to be tested for antimicrobial activity. The third new essential oil chemotype of E. longifolia is rich in α-pinene, sabinene, limonene and α-terpinolene. At first this essential oil appeared to be consistent with an earlier type reported in individual E. longifolia from Alice Springs, in the Northern Territory. However, it’s unusually high concentration of α-terpinolene, makes this new essential oil unique. The fourth new chemotype is dominated by p-cymen-8-ol, along with a host of other unidentified compounds. Currently then, at least nine chemotypes of E. longifolia have been characterised but preliminary results suggest that others wait to be confirmed. All essential oil chemotypes occurring outside the small regions of the safrole/methyl eugenol diploid type, the isomenthone/menthone diploid type and the karahanaenone diploid type show tetraploid cytology. The karahanaenone and isomenthone/menthone types also exist as tetraploid forms but produce relatively low essential oil yields by comparison with the diploid varieties. Such tetraploid types appear as randomly emerging individuals in isolated patches throughout the range of E. longifolia, probably emerging as a result of sexual reproduction and assortment of recessive allelic traits related to biosynthesis. Consideration within the context of proposals to cultivate commercial scale crops of E. longifolia species, quality control of plantations of tetraploid chemotypes may involve the elimination of karahanaenone and isomenthone/menthone chemotypes emerging in plantations from sexual reproduction. However, in any case, this is not expected to occur with any great frequency since this species has a preference for reproduction by root suckers. With regard to the emergence of unintended chemotypes in populations of known chemotypes, one may consider the emergence of the safrole/methyl eugenol type a potential risk in a commercial scale plantation, particularly since safrole and methyl eugenol have been red flagged as potential hepatotoxic carcinogens. Our research indicates that the risk of this occurring is vanishingly small. Thus far the safrole/methyl eugenol type has not been demonstrated to occur in tetraploid form. However, even if this did occur, the parent chemotype would produce essential oils via the shikimic acid pathway, because emergent chemotypes may not contradict the biosynthetic origins of the parent chemotype. With regard to the role of volatiles in the medicinal efficacy of smoke or steam fumigation rituals, using E. longifolia, both partially pyrolysed essential oils and the Thesis Page 239 more hydrophilic component ‘genifuranal’ are involved. Most of the essential oil components are present in the leaf tissue before heating, but are accompanied with other derived artefacts in the steamy smoke that is produced when the leaves are placed on hot embers for use in medicinal applications consistent with antibacterial or antifungal applications, as well as lactagogue activity. The smoking procedure was also used to prepare surgical tools, no doubt for sterilization but conceptualised as a type of exorcism ritual. The essential oils and artefacts were also accompanied by pyrolysed derivatives including radical essential oil fragments and other phenolic or benzoid constituents; together producing significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity, as demonstrated in our microtitre plate broth dilution assays. ‘Genifuranal’ itself exhibited significant antimicrobial activities, with mean inhibitory concentrations as low as 100 μg/ml against some species. As we were not able to detect this compound in the leaves of E. longifolia without heating it into a gaseous state, we hypothesise that ‘genifuranal’ is the product of heat induced cleavage of a glycosidic bond. The proposed glycoside is geniposidic acid, already demonstrated to occur in the leaves of E. longifolia in previous studies, and demonstrated to exhibit cardioactivity. In traditional fumigation rituals, ‘genifuranal’ and partially pyrolysed essential oils are delivered in warm air to the patient. Although the transdermal absorption of components such as ‘genifuranal’ are expected to produce significant biological activity, the first application with warm air is itself expected to have enhanced activity, relative to cooler applications. In this regard, antimicrobial assays produced in vitro have limited capability of capturing this enhanced activity from warm air delivery. Thus, antimicrobial activities produced in smoke fumigation rituals are expected to be higher than those demonstrated in the laboratory. 15.1.2 Part 2 – Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used traditionally by Aboriginal Australians The medicinal potential of the essential oil of E. bignoniiflora has
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Art Gallery of Ballarat Annual Report 10-11 Annual Report
    Art Gallery of Ballarat Annual Report 10-11 Annual Report 2010-11 ISSN 0726-5530 Chair’s Report .................................................................................................4 Art Gallery of Ballarat ACN: 145 246 224 Director’s Report .........................................................................................6 ABN: 28 145 246 224 Association Report .....................................................................................8 40 Lydiard Street North Ballarat Victoria 3350 Women’s Association Report ............................................................10 T 03 5320 5858 F 03 5320 5791 Gallery Guides Report ...........................................................................11 [email protected] Acquisitions ...................................................................................................13 www.artgalleryofballarat.com.au Outward Loan ..............................................................................................27 Exhibitions ......................................................................................................31 Public Programs ........................................................................................35 Education Visits and Programs ..........................................................37 Adopt an Artwork ......................................................................................40 Donations, Gifts and Bequests .........................................................41 Gallery Staff and Volunteers
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Flora Survey Rottnest Island Golf Course
    PARTIAL FLORA SURVEY ROTTNEST ISLAND GOLF COURSE Prepared by Marion Timms Commencing 1 st Fairway travelling to 2 nd – 11 th left hand side Family Botanical Name Common Name Mimosaceae Acacia rostellifera Summer scented wattle Dasypogonaceae Acanthocarpus preissii Prickle lily Apocynaceae Alyxia Buxifolia Dysentry bush Casuarinacea Casuarina obesa Swamp sheoak Cupressaceae Callitris preissii Rottnest Is. Pine Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia indica supsp. Bidens Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast bonefruit Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Suada australis Seablite Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Poaceae Sporabolis virginicus Marine couch Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phylliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Poaceae Stipa flavescens Tussock grass 2nd – 11 th Fairway Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Cyperaceae Gahnia trifida Coast sword sedge Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phyliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Central drainage wetland commencing at Vietnam sign Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia halecnomoides Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Poaceae Sporobolis virginicus Cyperaceae Gahnia Trifida Coast sword sedge
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Prostanthera Askania Recovery Plan
    NSW and National Recovery Plan Prostanthera askania Recovery Plan January 2006 Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Published by the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) © Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 2006. 43 Bridge Street (PO Box 1967) Hurstville NSW 2220 Tel: 02 95856678 www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au This work is copyright, however material presented in this plan may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Apart from this and any other use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from DEC. Requests for information or comments regarding the recovery program for Prostanthera askania should be directed to: The Director-General, Department of Environment and Conservation c/- Biodiversity Conservation Section Metropolitan Branch Environment Protection and Regulation Division Department of Environment and Conservation PO Box 1967 Hurstville, NSW 2220 Ph: (02) 9585 6678 Cover illustration: Prostanthera askania Photographer: D. Stephenson © Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) This recovery plan should be cited as following: Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2006) Prostanthera askania recovery plan. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Hurstville, NSW. ISBN 1 74137 757 9 Recovery Plan for Prostanthera askania Prostanthera askania recovery plan Executive summary This document constitutes the formal National and New South Wales State recovery plan for Prostanthera askania, and as such considers the conservation requirements of the species across its known range. It identifies the future actions to be taken to ensure the long-term viability of P. askania in nature and the parties who will carry out these actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Leaf Gall-Inducing Thlibothrips Manipurenis Muraleedharan, 1982 on Ardisia Sp
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology Jahr/Year: 2012 Band/Volume: 62 Autor(en)/Author(s): Taptamani Heishnam, Varatharajan Rameiyer, Raman A. Artikel/Article: Biology of leaf gall-inducing Thlibothrips manipurenis Muraleedharan, 1982 on Ardisia sp. (Myrsinaceae) in north-eastern India (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera: Phlaeothripidae). 69-76 ©www.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/ Beitr. Ent. Keltern ISSN 0005 - 805X 62 (2012) 1 S. 69 - 76 15.05.2012 Biology of leaf gall-inducingThlibothrips manipurenis Muraleedharan, 1982 onA rdisia sp. (Myrsinaceae) in north­ eastern India (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera: Phlaeothripidae) With 11 figures Heishnam Taptamani, Ramaiyer VAratharajan and A nantanarayanan Raman Summary Biology of the epiphyllous roll-gall-inducing Thlibothrips manipurensis was studied on Ardisia sp. under laboratory conditions. T manipurensis laid eggs linearly along the margins of tender leaves. Eggs hatched in 6.8 d and the larval duration was 3.4 and 8.2 d for larvae I and II, respectively. After 20.2 h as prepupa, T manipurensis grew into pupa; adult emergence occurred in 4 d. Each female laid 34±7 eggs and the mean longevity of the adult was 10.2 d. Increase in thrips numbers correlated with the age of the gall: 15 individ- uals/gall occurred in young (4—10 d) galls, whereas 28 occurred in mature (20 d) galls, and 36 in old (25 d) galls. Male-female ratio in old galls was 1:5. Mature galls included a homogeneous tissue structure, made of 12-15 layers of parenchyma cells with no distinction into spongy and palisade cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Floristics of Naree and Yantabulla
    Vegetation and Floristics of Naree and Yantabulla Dr John T. Hunter June 2015 23 Kendall Rd, Invergowrie NSW, 2350 Ph. & Fax: (02) 6775 2452 Email: [email protected] A Report to the Bush Heritage Australia i Vegetation of Naree & Yantabulla Contents Summary ................................................................................................................ i 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 1 2 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Site and species information ......................................................... 2 2.2 Data management ......................................................................... 3 2.3 Multivariate analysis ..................................................................... 3 2.4 Significant vascular plant taxa within the study area ............... 5 2.5 Mapping ......................................................................................... 5 2.6 Mapping caveats ............................................................................ 8 3 Results ................................................................................................................ 9 3.1 Site stratification ........................................................................... 9 3.2 Floristics ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.PDF
    Version: 1.7.2015 South Australia National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 An Act to provide for the establishment and management of reserves for public benefit and enjoyment; to provide for the conservation of wildlife in a natural environment; and for other purposes. Contents Part 1—Preliminary 1 Short title 5 Interpretation Part 2—Administration Division 1—General administrative powers 6 Constitution of Minister as a corporation sole 9 Power of acquisition 10 Research and investigations 11 Wildlife Conservation Fund 12 Delegation 13 Information to be included in annual report 14 Minister not to administer this Act Division 2—The Parks and Wilderness Council 15 Establishment and membership of Council 16 Terms and conditions of membership 17 Remuneration 18 Vacancies or defects in appointment of members 19 Direction and control of Minister 19A Proceedings of Council 19B Conflict of interest under Public Sector (Honesty and Accountability) Act 19C Functions of Council 19D Annual report Division 3—Appointment and powers of wardens 20 Appointment of wardens 21 Assistance to warden 22 Powers of wardens 23 Forfeiture 24 Hindering of wardens etc 24A Offences by wardens etc 25 Power of arrest 26 False representation [3.7.2015] This version is not published under the Legislation Revision and Publication Act 2002 1 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972—1.7.2015 Contents Part 3—Reserves and sanctuaries Division 1—National parks 27 Constitution of national parks by statute 28 Constitution of national parks by proclamation 28A Certain co-managed national
    [Show full text]
  • Square Kilometre Array Ecological Assessment Commercial-In-Confidence
    AECOM SKA Ecological Assessment A Square Kilometre Array Ecological Assessment Commercial-in-Confidence Appendix A Conservation Categories G:\60327857 - SKA EcologicalSurvey\8. Issued Docs\8.1 Reports\Ecological Assessment\60327857-SKA Ecological Report_Rev0.docx Revision 0 – 28-Nov-2014 Prepared for – Department of Industry – ABN: 74 599 608 295 AECOM SKA Ecological Assessment A-1 Square Kilometre Array Ecological Assessment Commercial-in-Confidence Appendix A Conservation Categories G:\60327857 - SKA EcologicalSurvey\8. Issued Docs\8.1 Reports\Ecological Assessment\60327857-SKA Ecological Report_Rev0.docx Revision 0 – 28-Nov-2014 Prepared for – Department of Industry – ABN: 74 599 608 295 Definitions of Threatened and Priority Flora Species 1 Appendix A – Conservation Categories 1.1 Western Australia Plants and animals that are considered threatened and need to be specially protected because they are under identifiable threat of extinction are listed under the Wildlife Conservation Act (WC Act). These categories are defined in Table 1. Any species identified as Threatened under the WC Act is assigned a threat category using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List categories and criteria. Species that have not yet been adequately surveyed to warrant being listed under Schedule 1 or 2 are added to the Priority Flora or Fauna Lists under Priority 1, 2 or 3. Species that are adequately known, are rare but not threatened, or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list for other than taxonomic reasons, are placed in Priority 4 and require regular monitoring. Conservation Dependent species and ecological communities are placed in Priority 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Australia Mulga Shrublands
    Conservation Management Zones of Australia Eastern Australia Mulga Shrublands Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice. Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia. Image Credits Front Cover: Paroo-Darling National Park – Peter Taylor, Parks Australia Page 4: Mulga on John Egan Pioneer Track – Dragi Markovic Page 10: Mulga Parrot (Psephotus varius) – Brian Furby Page 14: Paper daisies, Paroo-Darling National Park – J. Doyle/OEH Page 15: Lake Wyara – Adam Creed, © The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection) Page 18: Cassia flowers, Paroo-Darling National Park – J. Doyle/OEH Page 19: Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata) – Dave Watts Page 21: Australian Painted Snipes (Rostratula australis) – Graeme Chapman Page 22: Wild hop, Paroo-Darling National Park – J.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora Survey on Hiltaba Station and Gawler Ranges National Park
    Flora Survey on Hiltaba Station and Gawler Ranges National Park Hiltaba Pastoral Lease and Gawler Ranges National Park, South Australia Survey conducted: 12 to 22 Nov 2012 Report submitted: 22 May 2013 P.J. Lang, J. Kellermann, G.H. Bell & H.B. Cross with contributions from C.J. Brodie, H.P. Vonow & M. Waycott SA Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Vascular plants, macrofungi, lichens, and bryophytes Bush Blitz – Flora Survey on Hiltaba Station and Gawler Ranges NP, November 2012 Report submitted to Bush Blitz, Australian Biological Resources Study: 22 May 2013. Published online on http://data.environment.sa.gov.au/: 25 Nov. 2016. ISBN 978-1-922027-49-8 (pdf) © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resouces, South Australia, 2013. With the exception of the Piping Shrike emblem, images, and other material or devices protected by a trademark and subject to review by the Government of South Australia at all times, this report is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. All other rights are reserved. This report should be cited as: Lang, P.J.1, Kellermann, J.1, 2, Bell, G.H.1 & Cross, H.B.1, 2, 3 (2013). Flora survey on Hiltaba Station and Gawler Ranges National Park: vascular plants, macrofungi, lichens, and bryophytes. Report for Bush Blitz, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. (Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Australia: Adelaide). Authors’ addresses: 1State Herbarium of South Australia, Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR), GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrubs Shrubs
    Shrubs Shrubs 86 87 biibaya Broom bush Language name biibaya (yuwaalaraay) Scientific name Melaleuca uncinata Plant location Shrubs The biibaya (Broom Bush) is widespread through mallee, woodland and forest in the western part of the Border Rivers and Gwydir catchments. It often grows on sandy soils. Plant description The biibaya is an upright shrub with many stems growing from the main trunk. It grows between 1 to 3 metres high. The bark on older stems is papery. It has long, thin leaves which look like the bristles on a broom. Many fruit join together in a cluster which looks like a globe. Traditional use Can you guess what this plant was used for from its common name? The stems and girran.girraa (leaves) of the biibaya provided a useful broom. Bungun (branches) can also be cut and dried for use in brush fences. Paperbark trees (plants belonging to the genus Melaleuca) had many other uses also. The papery nganda (bark) was used to wrap meat for cooking and as plates, as well as being used as bandages, raincoats, shelter, blankets, twine and many other things. The nectar from the gurayn (flowers) could be eaten or drunk, steeped in water, as a sweet drink. Crushing the girran.girraa provides oil. Young girran.girraa can be chewed, or pounded and mixed with water, to treat colds, respiratory complaints and headaches. This mixture was also used as a general tonic. Inhaling the steam from boiling or burning the leaves provides relief from cold, flu and sinusitis (Howell 1983, Stewart & Percival 1997). The gurayn were also used for decoration.
    [Show full text]