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The Shell Disease Syndrome in Marine Crustaceans

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The Shell Disease Syndrome in Marine Crustaceans - -.'~ .-"!' ~, _, _'r:',.,_ ._.- . ~ .''- ~' . ~ .-...... A : &&2kSCZZ&U:cz u:;a.: • __ .,;,... --.,,~ P389-162523 J i NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEc-64 The Shell Di~ease Syndrome in Marine Crustaceans ,- >; ,, :'::'--- --,~ - :~:!~,"~~~;?:.,.~.;:--:,~ ",". '·NatiO.:.~==!:~:~~!~e.:;~on " .' " National Marine Rsheries ServIce .,~ : Nor:theast Rsheries Center ~::'Woods Hole, Massa~. REPRODUCED BY u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . , NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE: ~.. -:,,-.:! ,'--' SPRINGAELO. VA. 22161 •.•- ·.j<,t·.~ .. :'~"3;f. .•..•.. •.•. ,: ..-: .•(,,, .. _.J __ -.. .:~~:' w- ..;- ,. '".-, .... -"'r __ ._._ ....r'A~t-~'- '~-.. ~".~~"'!-' '.' Recent issues in this series 34. Oc:e:InoIogy: BiologyoCtixOcean. VoIame2.Biological Prodac:tivi:yor tIxOcean. 8yM. E. Vmogradov. editor iu cbief. FtrSt priuted by Nauka Press. Moscow,lm. Tnmslated from the Russian by Albert L Peabody. January 1985. x + 518 P .. 81 figs.. 59 tables. NTIS Accea No. PB85-204683/AS • .~ 3S.~ I'IEMP Reportoa tIx Health or tile N~CoastaIWakn.l982.. By Joha B.Pearce. Carl R Berman, and MarleneRRmea, eds., a::Id Robert N.Reid (benthos), Catherine E. Warsh (water qnality), and Edith Gould (biological effects), topic coorcls. January 1985. xi + 68 P .. 29 figs.. 5 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB85-219129/AS. 36. Growtb aad Sarriwl orLanal Fishes ia Relation to tb~ Tropbod;naz.Jics or Georges Bank Cod aad Haddock. By GcofIrey C. Ulmence and R Gregory Lough. January 1985. xvi + 150 p .. 67 f"JgS.. 15 tables, 1 app. NTIS Access. No. PB85-220093/AS. - 37. Regional Action Plan. By Bruce E. Higgias, Ruth Rehfus, John B. Pearce. Robert J. Pawlowski, Robert L. LippsoD, TUIlobly Goodger, SUSaJ1 MeUo Roe, and Douglas W. Beach. April 1985. ix + 84 p .. 4 figs.. 6 tables, 9 app. NTIS Access. No. PB85-2l9962IAS. 38. The Sb~lrJS1oIX Front South or Naatucket Shoals aad Georg!:s Bank as Ddia~t~ by Satellite Inrrarrd Imagery and SbipbG3rd Hydrographic: and naa:aon Obsen'ation.~ By J. B. Cohoa, Jr.. J. L. AJKIersoa, J. E. OReilly, C. A. EVaDS-Zedia, and R. G. Marshall. May 1985. vi + 22 P .. 14 figs. NTIS Access.. No. PB85-221083! AS. 39. USA ~Istorkal Catch Data. 1904-82. ror Major Georges Baak rasb.-ries.. By AnDc M. T. Lange and Joan E. Palmer. May 1985. iii + 21 P .. U figs.. 2 rabies. NTIS Access. N!>. PB85-2339481AS. 40. ladexing tb~ Ecoaomk Health or the u.s. FIShing ladastry's Hanes:..::og Sector. By Vagil J. Norton, Monon M. Miller, and Elizabeth Kenney. May 1985. v + 42 p .. 44 figs.. 25 tables, 1 app. NTIS Access. No. PB8S-2179S8/ AS. 4L Calculation or SlaDdiag Stocks and E:lergdk Requil'ftlJe"IIls or the Cda«aas or th~ Northeast United Slates i Outer Coalfllftltal SbeIC. By Robert D. Kenney, Manila A. M Hyman. aoad Howard E. Wma. May 1985; iv + 99 i P.. 1 fig.. 5 tables, 1 app. NI1S Access. No. PB85-239937/AS. i 42. Status of tile f1sIJery Resoaras orr the No~ United States ror 1985. By Coaservation &. UtilizatiOD Division, Northeast FISheries Cearer.August 1985. iii + 137 P .. 46 r.gs.,49 tables. NIlS Access. No. PBS6-l2S4731 1 AS. 43. Status or the FIShery Resources orr tile Nortbeastn"D United States ror 1986. By Conservati'lA &. Utilization . Division, Northeast FISheries Center, September 1986. iii + 130 P .. 45 figs., 48 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB87- lZZll5/AS. 44. NOM·s Northeast MonitoriDgProgram (NEMP):ARrportoa ProgrrssorlM First F1w-Years (1979-84) and a l'Iaa for the Fatare. By Robert N. Reid, Menon C. Ingham, and Jolm B. Pearce. eds.. and Catherine E. Waish (water quality), Robert N. Reid (sediments &. bottom organisms), Adriana Y. CantjJIo (trace contaminants in tissacs), aad Edith Gould (biological effects), topic coords. May 1987. xi + 138 p .. 13 figs., 1 table. 9 app. NTIS Access.. No. PB87-210100: - 45. Food and Distribution or JD\'aIIIes or Sevmtem NortJnrrst Atlantic: rash Species., 1973-1976. By RBy E. Bowmaa, Thomas R Azaroritz> Esther S. Howard, and Brian. P. Haydetl. May 1987. xi + 57 p .. 10 figs.;, 19 tables. N'IIS Access. ~. PB87-2l58SlIAS. 46.laI1ueaceorFrrslnnlterlnflowsOD EstaarJa.tProdacthity. ByJamesG. Turek, Tunotby E.Goodger, Thomas E. Bigford. and John S. NIchols. May 1987. iii + 26 p. NTIS Access. No. PB87·2l3666IAS. (ccntinued on i1rside back'cover) -------... ". ':..".r ;.... ',' -' ---- .... " .. - --. - ...-!. -.--------~-., - '--. ---,..-"".--------- ... _-------.- ~---.--- NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-64 This TM series is used fordoeumentation and timely communication of preliminary results. in1erim reports. or !<pI!ciai purpose information. and has not reeeived complete formal review. editorial control. or det!iled editing_ The Shell Disease Syndrome in Marine Crustaceans Carl J. Sindermann Oxford Lab_. National Marine Fisheries Serv., Oxford, MD 21654 ; I U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher. Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration William E. Evans, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Brennan. Assistant Administnltor fol' Asheries Northeast Fisheries Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts February 1989 ---_._-----..... .."'j,. , -- .. ~ .. · - -~ ~-------- ABSTRACT The shell disease syndrome has been reported from many freshwater and mari~e crustaceans of economic importance. Signs of the disease syndrome include erosion and pitting of the exoskeleton, resulting from activities of chitin-destroying microorganisms--bacteria and fungi of several genera. Infection is usually limited to the exoskeleton, although underlying living tissues may be invaded by other opportunistic microbial pathogens. Shell disease is usually relatively rare in natural populations, although a few epizootics have been reported. High prevalences occur in captive populations, especially in overcrowded holding facilities, probably because of greater likelihood of damage to the cuticle and the presence of other abnormal environmental conditions, including organic loading with consequent high bacterial populations. Mortalities from shell disease have been observed, occasionally at high levels, in impounded populations. Destruction of gills and adhesions of the exoskeleton which prevent ecdysis have been considered to be responsible factors, as have secondary systemic infections which develop after perforation of the" chitinous integument. -----'Shell disease has been observed in crustaceans from badly degraded coastal/estuarine waters, often associated with so­ called "black gill" syndrome. Exoskeletal erosions are common in lobsters, crabs, and smaller crustaceans from areas where contaminated sediments occur, and the shell disease syndrome has been produced experimentally by exposure of normal animals to sediments from sewage sludge and dredge spoil disposal sites. Organic loading in degraded waters, with consequent increases in populations of heterotrophic bacteria--some of which may be facultatively pathogenic--may be a significant factor. --""Shell erosion in Crustacea is, . therefore, a particular problem in impoundments, _ in aquacuItarefacilities, and in degraded habitats. It is contagious, but its etiology is complex, involving chitinoclastic and other microorganisms and environmental stressors.-,,:. It may contribute to mortality, principally by providing a "route of entry for other facultative pathogens, but also by destr'oying the gills of crustacean hosts and by interfering with molting. ~ .' -iii- .~' - .~- ABSTRACT The shell disease syndrome has been reported from many freshwater and marine crustaceans of economic importance. Signs of the disease syndrome include erosion and pitting of the exoskeleton, resulting from activities of chitin-destroying microorganisms--bacteria and f~ngi of several genera. Infection is usually limited to the exoskeleton, although underlying living tissues may be invaded by other opportunistic microbial pathogens. Shell disease is usually relati..-ely rare in natllral populations, although a few epizootics have been repcrted. High prevalences occur in captive populations, especially in overcrowded holding facilities, probably because of greater 1 ikel ihood of damage to the cuticle and the presence of other abnormal environmental conditions, including organic loading with consequent high bacterial populations. Mortalities from shell disease have been observed, occasionally at high levels, in impounded populations. Destruction of gills and adhesions of the exoskeleton which prevent ecdysis have been considered to be responsible factors, as have secondary systemic infections which develop after perforation of the chitinous integument. Shell disease has been observed in crustaceans from badly degraded coastal/estuarine waters, often associated with so­ called "black gill" syndrome. Exoskelet31 erosions are common in lobsters, crabs, and smaller crustaceans from areas where contaminated sediments occur, and the shell disease syndrome has been produced experimentally by exposure of normal animals to sediments from sewage sludge and dredge spoil disposal sites. Organic loading in degraded waters, with consequent increases in populations of heterotrophic bacteria--some of which may be facultatively pathogenic--may be a significant factor. Shell erosion in Crustacea is, therefore, a particular problem in impoundments, in aquaculture facilities, and in degraded habitats. It is contagious, but its ~tiology is complex, involving chitinoclastic and other microorganisms and environmental stressors. It may contribute to mortality, principally by providing a route of entry for other facultative pathogens, but also by destroying the gills of crustacean hosts and
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