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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
Three Hundred Years of Assaying American Iron and Iron Ores
Bull. Hist. Chem, 17/18 (1995) 41 THREE HUNDRED YEARS OF ASSAYING AMERICAN IRON AND IRON ORES Kvn K. Oln, WthArt It can reasonably be argued that of all of the industries factors were behind this development; increased pro- that made the modern world possible, iron and steel cess sophistication, a better understanding of how im- making holds a pivotal place. Without ferrous metals purities affected iron quality, increased capital costs, and technology, much of the modem world simply would a generation of chemically trained metallurgists enter- not exist. As the American iron industry grew from the ing the industry. This paper describes the major advances isolated iron plantations of the colonial era to the com- in analytical development. It also describes how the plex steel mills of today, the science of assaying played 19th century iron industry serves as a model for the way a critical role. The assayer gave the iron maker valu- an expanding industry comes to rely on analytical data able guidance in the quest for ever improving quality for process control. and by 1900 had laid down a theoretical foundation for the triumphs of steel in our own century. 1500's to 1800 Yet little is known about the assayer and how his By the mid 1500's the operating principles of assay labo- abilities were used by industry. Much has been written ratories were understood and set forth in the metallurgi- about the ironmaster and the furnace workers. Docents cal literature. Agricola's Mtll (1556), in period dress host historic ironmaking sites and inter- Biringuccio's rthn (1540), and the pret the lives of housewives, miners, molders, clerks, rbrbühln (Assaying Booklet, anon. -
Henry Bessemer and the Mass Production of Steel
Henry Bessemer and the Mass Production of Steel Englishmen, Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) invented the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively, essential to the development of skyscrapers. Modern steel is made using technology based on Bessemer's process. Bessemer was knighted in 1879 for his contribution to science. The "Bessemer Process" for mass-producing steel, was named after Bessemer. Bessemer's famous one-step process for producing cheap, high-quality steel made it possible for engineers to envision transcontinental railroads, sky-scraping office towers, bay- spanning bridges, unsinkable ships, and mass-produced horseless carriages. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. In the U.S., where natural resources and risk-taking investors were abundant, giant Bessemer steel mills sprung up to drive the expanding nation's rise as a dominant world economic and industrial leader. Why Steel? Steel is the most widely used of all metals, with uses ranging from concrete reinforcement in highways and in high-rise buildings to automobiles, aircraft, and vehicles in space. Steel is more ductile (able to deform without breakage) and durable than cast iron and is generally forged, rolled, or drawn into various shapes. The Bessemer process revolutionized steel manufacture by decreasing its cost. The process also decreased the labor requirements for steel-making. Prior to its introduction, steel was far too expensive to make bridges or the framework for buildings and thus wrought iron had been used throughout the Industrial Revolution. -
Mechanical Engineering Learning Resource Material (LRM)
Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari(Khurd) Department : Mechanical Engineering Learning Resource Material (LRM) Name of the course: Engineering Metallurgy Course Code: 202048 Name of the faculty: J. M. Arackal Class: SE(Mech) SYLLABUS(Unit 4) Unit IV: Heat- treatment Of Steels (6 Hrs) Transformation products of Austenite, Time Temperature Transformation diagrams, critical cooling rate, continuous cooling transformation diagrams. Heat treatment of steels: Annealing, Normalising, Hardening & Tempering, quenching media, other treatments such as Martempering, Austempering, Patenting, Ausforming. Retention of austenite, effects of retained austenite. Elimination of retained austenite (Subzero treatment). Secondary hardening, temper embrittlement, quench cracks, Hardenability & hardenability testing, Defects due to heat treatment and remedial measures. Classification of surface hardening treatments, Carburising, heat treatment after Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, Flame hardening, and Induction hardening. Lecture Plan format: Name of the course : Engineering Metallurgy Course Code 202048 Name of the faculty: J. M. Arackal Class: SE(Mech) Unit No Lecture No. Topics to be covered Text/Reference Book/ Web Reference Unit 4: Heat- treatment Of Steels 4 Transformation products of Austenite, 1,2 1 Time Temperature Transformation diagrams, critical cooling rate 4 Continuous cooling transformation 1,2 2 diagrams. Heat treatment of steels: Annealing, Normalising, 4 Hardening & Tempering, quenching 1,2 media, other treatments -
Primary Mill Fabrication
Metals Fabrication—Understanding the Basics Copyright © 2013 ASM International® F.C. Campbell, editor All rights reserved www.asminternational.org CHAPTER 1 Primary Mill Fabrication A GENERAL DIAGRAM for the production of steel from raw materials to finished mill products is shown in Fig. 1. Steel production starts with the reduction of ore in a blast furnace into pig iron. Because pig iron is rather impure and contains carbon in the range of 3 to 4.5 wt%, it must be further refined in either a basic oxygen or an electric arc furnace to produce steel that usually has a carbon content of less than 1 wt%. After the pig iron has been reduced to steel, it is cast into ingots or continuously cast into slabs. Cast steels are then hot worked to improve homogeneity, refine the as-cast microstructure, and fabricate desired product shapes. After initial hot rolling operations, semifinished products are worked by hot rolling, cold rolling, forging, extruding, or drawing. Some steels are used in the hot rolled condition, while others are heat treated to obtain specific properties. However, the great majority of plain carbon steel prod- ucts are low-carbon (<0.30 wt% C) steels that are used in the annealed condition. Medium-carbon (0.30 to 0.60 wt% C) and high-carbon (0.60 to 1.00 wt% C) steels are often quenched and tempered to provide higher strengths and hardness. Ironmaking The first step in making steel from iron ore is to make iron by chemically reducing the ore (iron oxide) with carbon, in the form of coke, according to the general equation: Fe2O3 + 3CO Æ 2Fe + 3CO2 (Eq 1) The ironmaking reaction takes place in a blast furnace, shown schemati- cally in Fig. -
Comparative Properties of Wrought Iron Made by Hand Puddling and by the Aston Process
RP124 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT IRON MADE BY HAND PUDDLING AND BY THE ASTON PROCESS By Henry S. Rawdon and 0. A. Knight ABSTRACT The hand-puddling method of making wrought iron has not greatly changed for a century. More economical methods in the manufacture of thjs product is the crying need of the industry. A radically new process, recently developed, is now coming into commercial use, in which pig iron, which h>as been refined in a Bessemer converter, is poured into molten slag so as to produce intimate mingling of the two. A comparison of the properties of wrought iron made thus with that made by hand puddling forms the subject of this report. The test results failed to show any marked difference in the products of the two processes. The new product appears to have all of the essential properties usually connoted by the name—wrought iron, CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 954 1. Resume of the Aston process 955 II. Purpose and scope of the investigation 959 III. Materials and methods 960 1. Materials 960 (a) Pipe 960 (6) "Rounds" 961 (c) Slag 962 2. Methods 962 IV. Results 962 1. Composition 962 2. Density 964 3. Mechanical properties 965 (a) Pipe materials 965 (1) Tensile properties 965 (2) Torsional properties 970 (3) Flattening tests 971 (6) 1-inch rounds 972 (1) Tensile properties 972 (2) Torsional properties 973 (3) Impact resistance 973 4. Corrosion resistance 976 (a) Laboratory corrosion tests 976 (6) Electrolytic solution potential 979 5. Structural examination 979 (a) Pipe materials 980 (1) BaU 980 (2) Muck bar 980 (3) Skelp 981 (4) Pipe 981 (&) 1-inch rounds 981 (c) Slag 981 953 : 954 Bureau of Standards Journal of Research [vol. -
New Developments in Advanced Highestrength
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ADVanCED HIGH-STRENGTH ShEET STEELS 30 MAY–2 JUNE 2017 KEYSTONE RESORT & CONFERENCE CENTER KEYSTONE, COLO., USA ABOUT THE PROGRAM Advanced high-strength sheet steels (AHSS) are of increasing importance, particularly to the automotive industry, where their application enables reduced fuel consumption while guaranteeing passive safety. The scope of the conference is to bring together the international community to highlight state-of-the-art research and development pertaining to AHSS. The conference will focus on the latest developments in dual phase, twinning-induced plasticity, martensitic, quenched and partitioned, medium-manganese steels, other third-generation AHSS concepts and hot-stamped steels along with recent experiences with industrial implementation and end-user application performance. A broad distribution of presentation topics is scheduled from international and domestic speakers from industry as well as academia. The conference is the latest installment in a series of product-specific conferences following the AHSS symposia in Winter Park, Colo., in 2004, Orlando, Fla., in 2008 and Vail, Colo., in 2013. WHO SHOULD ATTEND The conference should be attended by steel researchers interested in new high- strength sheet steel products, along with engineers responsible for the production and implementation of the products in steel mills, automotive facilities, and other industries, along with government and academic professionals and students. Visit AIST.org/byoyp for more information ORGANIZED BY AIST’s Metallurgy — Processing, Products & Applications Technology Committee and The Colorado School of Mines’ Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center. ScHEDULE OF EVENTS TUESDAY, 30 MAY 2017 4–6 p.m. 6 p.m. Registration Reception WEDNESDAY, 31 MAY 2017 7 a.m. -
Final Exam Questions Generated by the Class
Final Exam Questions Generated by the Class Module 8 – Iron and Steel Describe some of the business practices that Carnegie employed that allowed him to take command of the steel industry. Hard driving, vertical integration, price making Which of the following was/is NOT a method used to make steel? A. Puddling B. Bessemer process C. Basic oxygen process D. Arc melting E. None of the above What are the three forms of iron, and what is the associated carbon content of each? Wrought <.2% Steel .2-2.3% Cast Iron 2.3-4.2% How did Andrew Carnegie use vertical integration to gain control of the steel market? Controlled the entire steel making process from mining to final product Who created the best steel for several hundred years while making swords during the 1500’s? A. Syria B. Egypt C. Japan D. England Describe the difference between forging and casting. When forging, you beat and hammer the material into the desired shape. When casting, you pour liquid into a mold to shape it. Describe the difference between steel and wrought iron. Steel has less carbon Which of the following forms of iron has a low melting point and is not forgeable? A. Steel B. Pig Iron C. Wrought Iron D. None of the Above What two developments ushered in the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age? More iron ore and greater ability to change its properties using readily available alloying agent (carbon) 1 Final Exam Questions Generated by the Class What is the difference between ferrite and austenite? A. -
Optimizing Microstructure and Property by Ausforming in a Medium-Carbon Bainitic Steel
ISIJ International, Vol. 60 (2020),ISIJ International, No. 9 Vol. 60 (2020), No. 9, pp. 2007–2014 Optimizing Microstructure and Property by Ausforming in a Medium-carbon Bainitic Steel Guanghui CHEN,1) Haijiang HU,1,2)* Guang XU,1) Junyu TIAN,1,2) Xiangliang WAN1) and Xiang WANG2) 1) The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081 China. 2) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7 Canada. (Received on January 28, 2020; accepted on March 23, 2020) The transformation behavior and microstructure in a medium-carbon bainitic steel were investigated by combination of metallography and dilatometry. The fine micro-structural units of carbide-free bainite in non-ausformed and ausformed materials were measured by a transmission electron microscope. Mechanical stabilization of austenite in deformed material and its effect on property were analyzed by nanoindentation and tensile tests. Ausforming with a strain of 0.2 at 573 K can not only accelerate bainite transformation, but also improve the comprehensive properties. The strength and ductility of nanostruc- tured bainitic steel can be simultaneously enhanced by ausforming, which should be attributed to the refinement of bainite and the enhanced volume fraction of retained austenite. Compared to the non- deformed material, the mechanical stabilization of austenite can be optimized by ausforming, resulting in good transformation-induced plasticity effects. Also a very important advantage was that, the bainite transformation time could be minimized into practical scale by prior ausforming compared to traditional low-temperature austempering. KEY WORDS: ausforming; bainite transformation; retained austenite; property; mechanical stabilization. -
Effect of Ausforming Temperature on the Microstructure of G91 Steel
metals Article Effect of Ausforming Temperature on the Microstructure of G91 Steel Javier Vivas *, Carlos Capdevila, José Antonio Jimenez, Miguel Benito-Alfonso and David San-Martin Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Gregorio del Amo, 8, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (J.A.J.); [email protected] (M.B.-A.); [email protected] (D.S.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-91-553-89-00; Fax: +34-91-534-74-25 Received: 18 May 2017; Accepted: 23 June 2017; Published: 27 June 2017 Abstract: The development of thermomechanical treatments (TMT) has a high potential for improving creep-strength in 9Cr-1Mo ferritic/martensitic steel (ASTM T/P91) to operate at temperatures beyond 600 ◦C. To maximize the number of nanoscale MX precipitates, an ausforming procedure has been used to increase the number of nucleation sites for precipitation inside the martensite lath. Relative to standard heat treatments (consisting of austenitization at about 1040 ◦C followed by tempering at about 730 ◦C) this processing concept has enabled achieving a microstructure containing approximately three orders of magnitude higher number density of MX precipitates having a size around four times smaller in ASTM T/P91 steel. On the other hand; this TMT has little effect on the size and number density of M23C6 particles. The optimized microstructure produced by this TMT route proposed is expected to improve the creep strength of this steel. Keywords: creep resistant steels; carbonitrides precipitation; martensite; tempering; thermomechanical treatment; ferritic/martensitic steel; MX nanoprecipitates 1. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ausforming And
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ausforming and Tempering of a Computationally Designed Ultra-High Strength Steel A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering by Johny Quan September 2018 Thesis Committee: Dr. Suveen N. Mathaudhu, Chairperson Dr. Masaru P. Rao Dr. Peter A. Greaney Copyright by Johny Quan 2018 The Thesis of Johny Quan is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements The research work of this thesis was carried out at the Mathaudhu Research Lab, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis (CFAMM) at the University of California, Riverside. The research was funded by QuesTek Innovations LLC under the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) project “Adaptation of Ferrium M54 for Personal Armor.” This research work would not have been possible without the support of many these past two years. I would like to acknowledge and thank: • Dr. Suveen Mathaudhu for not only serving as my advisor, but for guiding my research and fostering my passion for materials science and superheroes. It has been such a huge blessing to learn from you these past four years since ME 114. I also thank you for your patience with me when I would be off skydiving or staying up all night watching Luke Cage when I should have been in the lab or getting rest for a full day of work at PNNL. I look forward to many more years of friendship with you, Alicia, Leia and Maya. • Dr. Thomas Kozmel from QuesTek for providing the opportunity to work on such an exciting project and providing technical expertise these past two years. -
Ironworks and Iron Monuments Forges Et
IRONWORKS AND IRON MONUMENTS FORGES ET MONUMENTS EN FER I( ICCROM i ~ IRONWORKS AND IRON MONUMENTS study, conservation and adaptive use etude, conservation et reutilisation de FORGES ET MONUMENTS EN FER Symposium lronbridge, 23-25 • X •1984 ICCROM rome 1985 Editing: Cynthia Rockwell 'Monica Garcia Layout: Azar Soheil Jokilehto Organization and coordination: Giorgio Torraca Daniela Ferragni Jef Malliet © ICCROM 1985 Via di San Michele 13 00153 Rome RM, Italy Printed in Italy Sintesi Informazione S.r.l. CONTENTS page Introduction CROSSLEY David W. The conservation of monuments connected with the iron and steel industry in the Sheffield region. 1 PETRIE Angus J. The No.1 Smithery, Chatham Dockyard, 1805-1984 : 'Let your eye be your guide and your money the last thing you part with'. 15 BJORKENSTAM Nils The Swedish iron industry and its industrial heritage. 37 MAGNUSSON Gert The medieval blast furnace at Lapphyttan. 51 NISSER Marie Documentation and preservation of Swedish historic ironworks. 67 HAMON Francoise Les monuments historiques et la politique de protection des anciennes forges. 89 BELHOSTE Jean Francois L'inventaire des forges francaises et ses applications. 95 LECHERBONNIER Yannick Les forges de Basse Normandie : Conservation et reutilisation. A propos de deux exemples. 111 RIGNAULT Bernard Forges et hauts fourneaux en Bourgogne du Nord : un patrimoine au service de l'identite regionale. 123 LAMY Yvon Approche ethnologique et technologique d'un site siderurgique : La forge de Savignac-Ledrier (Dordogne). 149 BALL Norman R. A Canadian perspective on archives and industrial archaeology. 169 DE VRIES Dirk J. Iron making in the Netherlands. 177 iii page FERRAGNI Daniela, MALLIET Jef, TORRACA Giorgio The blast furnaces of Capalbio and Canino in the Italian Maremma.