Book of Abstracts

Book of Abstracts

Earth System in turbulent times: prospects for political and behavioral responses

September 7-9th 2021

Version of 2 September 2021

Table of Contents Stream 1 - Architecture and Agency ...... 4 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power ...... 134 Stream 3 - Justice and Allocation ...... 126 Stream 4 - Anticipation and Imagination ...... 160 Stream 5 - Adaptiveness and Reflexivity...... 196 Stream 6 - Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to ...... 239

The 2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance is a collaboration between CETIP, SlovakGlobe, Slovak Academy of Sciences and Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, and the Earth System Governance Project. The conference is organized around the five analytical lenses structuring the Earth System Governance research agenda, as captured in the 2018 Science and Implementation Plan; and a sixth stream focusing on specific issues and challenges concerning the current moment of crisis, contestation, and calls for action across the globe.

Note that some abstracts have been allocated to another stream. This is to align the abstract with a relevant panel. The schedule of panel allocations will follow soon.

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they help to find solutions to the global climate Stream 1 crisis.

Architecture and We present work from an edited volume that Agency contributes towards filling this research gap. In the first part, the book takes stock of the existing coalition groups, tracks their formation Panel ID 9 and existence over time, and proposes a classification of the groups. The second part of Global climate conferences as the book then zooms in at the “newcomers”, coordination platforms i.e. those coalitions that only formed after the Parallel Panel Session 2, COP 2009 in Copenhagen. A host of case th Tuesday 7 September 2021, studies on regional and global, formal and 10:30-12:00 CEST informal, small and large negotiation coalitions Chair: Stefan Ayukut investigate their formation, maintenance, and Discussant: Carola Klöck effectiveness. Finally, the third part of the book gives voice to several senior negotiators. These ID118. “testimonies” of experienced negotiation insiders provide a different perspective on the The evolving landscape of coalitions evolution of the UNFCCC process and in the climate change negotiations complement the more academic chapters of the volume. Carola Klöck1, Paula Castro2, Florian Weiler3

1SciencesPo, Paris, France. 2University of Zurich, At the panel, we focus on the first part of the Zurich, Switzerland. 3University of Groningen, edited volume and explore in detail which Groningen, Netherlands types of coalitions have emerged over the course of the climate negotiations, and how A core feature of the climate change these coalitions have shaped the negotiation negotiations, and in fact of any multilateral dynamics. In particular, we classify coalitions negotiation, is that states negotiate not according to their scope (geographic and individually, but through groups or coalitions. thematic), membership (type and size) and Such coalitions have been a defining feature of degree of formality, and use social network the UNFCCC process since its inception, but the analysis to assess to what extent these features landscape of coalitions has changed affect negotiation behaviour. By focusing on considerably since the 1990s. Today, a wide how state actors have responded to the range of diverse and partially overlapping broadening agenda of the climate negotiations coalitions are active in the climate over time, the presentation mainly seeks to negotiations. Despite their central role, we contribute to discussions in the “Architecture know surprisingly little about these coalitions and Agency” conference stream. or groups; little attention has been paid to questions such as how they form and work; whether they help coalition members to attain their (individual) goals; and to what degree

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ID220. the standardization of reporting methods are instrumental to empower cities and coordinate Networks for city GHG emissions their actions with the UNFCCC process. reporting and the polycentric The research aims to contribute to literature on governance of climate change transnational by analyzing the process, mechanisms and power Emilie D'Amico dynamics underlying the convergence of city University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany networks and initiatives around specific norms and practices. Another research objective is to In the last years, non-state actors have gained assess under which conditions these initiatives recognition as decisive partners in the fight effectively bring cities on the pathways to against climate change. The decarbonization. More specifically, this explicitly invites them to scale up their efforts contribution presents a review of literature on and establishes a framework with the potential global urban climate governance and maps the to catalyze their actions. In particular, actors involved in city-level GHG accounting municipal governments, who have engaged in initiatives, before dwelling on the case of the the global arena for the past decades through Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and city networks, are key actors of the new climate Energy. Building on data gathered through regime. participant observation at COP 25, document As global climate policy shifts from analysis and stakeholders’ interviews, it will negotiations to implementation, city networks address the following questions: (i) Who are are claiming their readiness to contribute to the actors involved and what are the rationales the 1.5oC target. In an attempt to strengthen underpinning the adoption of standard the capacity of their constituents and trigger methods for city-level GHG reporting? (ii) How their collective mitigation potential, they have are such instruments designed and following sought to consolidate and coordinate their which objectives? (iii) What are their effects on actions. Consequently, a new model of the practices and coordination of actors transnational municipal climate governance involved? By addressing these questions, the has emerged, based on the adoption of conference paper will contribute to discussions standard methods and tools to report on GHG on “Architecture and Agency”. emissions, and on hybrid governance structures, as collaborations with private actors and international organizations is strengthened.

Scholars have raised the need to further understanding of the capacity of city networks to move from city commitments to action. In particular, the “orchestration” of networks and their integration in the interstate process are promising solutions to achieve their transformative potential and deserves more attention. The intervention will fill this research gap by questioning how and to which extent

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ID230. regular occasions and procedures for the public assessment of voluntary pledges. The second The accountant, the admonisher one is to admonish and exert continuous and the motivator. Conflicting roles pressure on national delegations and of the UNFCCC in the post-Paris businesses. To keep the climate issue on the process political agenda, the UNFCCC elicits scientific assessments (such as the 1.5°C report of the Stefan Cihan Aykut1, Emilie D'Amico1, Jan IPCC) and creates moments of publicity around Klenke2, Felix Schenuit1 ‘climate emergency’. Finally, the third role consist in motivating states and firms to submit 1Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. more ambitious pledges, by forging and 2German Institut for Global Area Studies sustaining the performative narrative of a (GIGA), Hamburg, Germany ‘planetary transition’. As a result, climate The 2015 Paris agreement represents a deep- conferences are more and more used as rooted shift in global climate politics, which has platforms to showcase new initiatives, display been described as a transition from a ‘best practices’ and celebrate success stories. ‘regulatory’ to a ‘catalytic and facilitative In the conclusion, we discuss the ‘dissonances’ model’ of governance. Within the new that accompany the current transformations of architecture, the focus of the UNFCCC is no global climate governance, and relate them to longer primarily on negotiations between the tensions and contradictions between the states. Instead, it is encouraged to elicit, enable three roles. We go on by sketching three and ‘orchestrate’ climate actions by states, plausible pathways for the evolution of climate businesses and subnational entities. The governance. transformation entails a series of institutional reforms and innovations, but also important ID270. discursive and symbolic work.

This paper starts from the assumption that the Staging Expertise at international Paris shift should not be regarded as a climate negotiations completed event, but as an ongoing, conflictual Felix Schenuit and open-ended process. Based on the results of a collaborative event ethnography University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany conducted at COP25 in December 2019 in Climate expertise and international climate Madrid, we analyze how the transition of the policy have been closely interwoven since the UNFCCC to a post-Paris architecture is beginning of the multilateral negotiations. unfolding in practice, and what obstacles it Since the adoption of the Paris Accord and its encounters. implementation processes, international We show that in this process, the UNFCCC -and climate policy has changed significantly. Recent its annual COPs- face the dilemma to fulfil three Conference of the Parties (COPs) provide distinct and partly conflicting roles. The first several examples of diversification of actors one consists in creating an accounting and increasing fragmentation of international infrastructure. It entails the definition of climate policy – changes, that also influence common metrics and reporting formats to the role of climate expertise in climate ensure transparency, and the creation of negotiations. The article argues that the

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changes in climate governance have led to the attention leads to a politicization of the climate role of climate expertise at COPs being best issue. First results indicate that this dialectic understood as ‘staged’. creates tensions that not only have the potential to change the dynamics of climate Based on the participant observation at recent negotiations - they also have a traceable COPs, discourse analysis of COP documents as influence on the practices of climate experts. well as expert interviews, this article examines the changing practice of ‘staging expertise’ in international climate negotiations. Panel ID 11 The article will be based on two interwoven Environmental Security: empirical examples of staging practices. First, the claim by youth activists to “unite behind Conceptual Foundations and Policy the science”: At COP25, activists used the COP Practices to share the media attention they attracted Parallel Panel Session 5, th with scientists and their latest findings. Wednesday 8 September 2021, Although neither the appearance of youth 13:00-14:30 CEST activists, nor the staging of scientists is Chair: Dhanasree Jayaram anything new in climate policy, the new level of Discussant: Hyeyoon Park media and political attention they share raise important questions about the future role of ID73. climate expertise in a post-Paris world. Environmental Security as a Source Second, the article will focus on the Special of Legitimacy for Non-State Actors: Report on 1.5°C Global Warming (SR15) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Exploring the Food-Energy-Water (IPCC). Invited by the UNFCCC, the IPCC Nexus published this report on a specific political Julianne G Liebenguth target just in time with the UNFCCC schedule of the Talanoa Dialogue. This embeddedness in Colorado State Universtiy, Fort Collins, USA addition to proactive communication strategies by the IPCC have provoked Environmental security concepts are substantial conflicts in the UNFCCC as well as in proliferating among global debates about the scientific community. An empirical analysis environmental change and sustainable of the role of the SR15 as a second example development. It is increasingly crucial to also gives insights into new dimensions of understand how security logics function in ‘staging expertise’ at international environmental politics and how securitization negotiations. influences the architecture of global , especially in Based on these empirical examples, the article relation to sources of legitimacy and agency. argues that practices of staging expertise have This paper explores environmental security an inherent dialectic: On the one hand, the discourses across the food-water-energy claim to 'unite behind science' follows the (FEWs) nexus to examine the implications of intention to depoliticise climate change. At the securitizing complex and systemic same time, however, this staging of climate environmental issues. The FEWs nexus is a expertise with high media and political particularly relevant political space for this

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 6 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency project because actors working within and ID107. across the nexus frequently evoke the concept of security to articulate the risks and How are environmental equity and vulnerabilities associated with food, energy, justice impacting climate change and water issues. The persistent inclusion of adaptation in Nigeria? A businesses in proposed solutions to FEWs securitization perspective. issues also prompts important questions about the role of non-state actors in governing Chinwe Philomina Oramah1,2, Odd Einar Falnes environmental security challenges, and how Olsen1 they can or should utilize such authority. In 1University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway. practice, discourses about agents of security 2The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Harstad, have significant implications for the way Norway complex, socio-ecological issues— like environmental conflict and peacebuilding— Climate-related hazards such as flood, drought, are governed by certain actors, for whom, and storm, are increasing as a result of climate how. The purpose of this paper is to explore change. These hazards and their intended such discursive trends to uncover emerging disasters are having devastating security agents of environmental security. More implications world over. Developing countries specifically, I use critical discourse analysis to may have the resources to mitigate the security analyze the authority claims of large businesses implications within their territory, while these and corporations across food, energy, and security implications place most developing water sectors to understand how they countries in a constant state of crises and approach their position as providers of recovery. Developing countries face a greater security, and to whom their authority claims security implication as climate change are directed. Ultimately, this paper seeks to inevitably worsens already existing understand whether and how security is used developmental, socio-economic and political as a source of legitimacy in environmental issues. As a result of this, policymakers are politics and to elucidate the broader relying on securitization argument which relationship between private governance and focuses attention on the dilemma of environmental security. environmental equity and justice especially with regards to the adaptive capacity of

developing countries. There is an increasing realization that environmental equity and justice issues are key for global cooperation to ensure effective adaption to climate change impact, especially for the developing countries that have contributed least to the issue of climate change. Equity and justice are high on the of climate change especially through the establishment of different adaptation funds from the UNFCCC process. Equity and justice has risen in recognition that environmental justice will guarantee the right of vulnerable countries to

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live in a healthier environment. Based on systems are ongoing. These dynamics are equity and justice, policymakers call on causing significant turbulence in energy developed countries to provide technical and systems and energy governance. Changes in financial support to developing countries energy systems are also interlinked with a through funding mechanisms and other range of socioeconomic variables including adaptation governance instruments. Global labour force disruption, access to energy, and adaptation governance instruments also the price of energy-related resources (power, provide states with top down guides and fuels and minerals). While there is an extensive frameworks for adaptation, which operate debate on many of these individual issues, we from the international to local actors. Global argue that the broader, integrated security adaptation governance through securitization implications of the energy transition, at scales argument of equity and justice has implications from the local to the global, have not been for local adaptation practices, particularly in sufficiently discussed. developing countries. This is significant since climate change adaptation often takes place at This paper integrates disparate interpretations the local level mostly by local actors. However, of security with implications for the unfolding there is a signal showing that local actors from energy transition in order to map this evolving developing countries are often not being focus area: national security in terms of foreign involved in the decision-making process during relations (geopolitics) as well as internal affairs; adaptation policies. Through a qualitative climate and environmental security; homeland approach, this paper illustrates the role security; cyber security; and, the risk of undue securitization at the international and national “securitization” in domains that have been level play when it comes to local historically governed through bureaucratic implementation of climate change adaptation and/or civil society mechanisms. These in Nigeria. different perspectives are addressed in the context of key features of energy transition, ID140. including the phase out of fossil fuels, growing reliance on intermittent , Security in the era of energy of energy infrastructure, issues transition of and access, climate-related threats to energy infrastructure, as well as 1 2 Paula Kivimaa , Marie Claire Brisbois , Marco community and prosumer ownership. The 3 3 4 Siddi , Emma Hakala , Dhanasree Jayaram paper argues that issues of security are 1Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Helsinki, intertwined with both technological Finland. 2University of Sussex, Brighton, United developments and ongoing changes in social, Kingdom. 3Finnish Institute of International economic and employment structures. These Affairs, Helsinki, Finland. 4Manipal Academy of dynamics have significant impacts for how Higher Education, Manipal, India these interlinked systems are governed.

Transitions to net zero carbon energy systems The paper contributes to addressing two are already unfolding around the world. Wind, emergent gaps in ESG scholarship: (1) the solar and other green energies provide implications of security perspectives for increasing shares of generation. At the same climate and environmental governance; and (2) time, electrification and digitalization of energy the evolution of energy systems from top-

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down technocratically-governed entities, to number of members of the armed forces, much more dynamic, turbulent and contested namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and systems. Energy security is inherently linked to Peru. cross cutting science plan themes of To achieve our objectives, we examine official democracy, justice, reflexivity, architecture documents and conduct interviews with and agency. members of the armed forces and defense ID308. ministries of the countries mentioned.

Environmental Risk in the Doctrines of the South American Armed Panel ID 13 Forces Understanding performance and change of Earth System Matias A Franchini1, Eduardo J Viola2 Governance from the perspective 1 Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia. of polycentric governance – 2University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil Evidence from water and territorial Extreme weather events and temperature governance variability are becoming more frequent and Parallel Panel Session 5, intense, and levels of environmental Wednesday 8th September 2021, vulnerability are increasing worldwide, 13:00-14:30 CEST particularly in poor and emerging countries. In Chairs: Nora Schütze, Arvind Lakshmisha South America, these changes are leading to Discussants: Matteo Roggero, Katharina variations in the habitability of coastal cities, Gugerell energy production (especially hydropower), food production, forest fires and ID203 in large cities, among others.

Consequently, the main objective of this paper Polycentric natural resource is to identify how the armed forces of South governance in young democracies - American countries are coping with Experiences with recent water environmental risk in a context of increased governance reforms in Mongolia economic/political instability and decline in the 1 1 global economy. Is regional and global Ines Dombrowsky , Mirja Schoderer , Jean 1 2 environmental change expected to increase Carlo Rodriguez , Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj the risk of inter-state conflicts in a peaceful 1German Development Institute, Bonn, region? Is the incidence of crime and civil Germany. 2Mongolian Academy of unrest expected to increase? Are the armed Governance, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia forces of the region more willing to cooperate with their counterparts in other countries in Literature suggests that complex socio- the face of increased environmental risk, and in ecological technical systems such as water use what ways? systems usually are – and should be – governed through polycentric governance arrangements. We have selected our cases based on the scale However, our understanding under which of their economy, the military budget and the conditions these polycentric arrangements

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 9 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency perform well in the provision of collective ID530. goods such as the protection of water resources is still limited. First, the role of Institutional fit of polycentric different coordination modes such as coercion, governance systems under climate cooperation and competition for performance change is not yet well understood. Second, we lack understanding how these coordination modes Elke Kellner are influenced by constitutional prerequisites, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and once we leave the realm of long-standing Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, democracies. We therefore present the case of Switzerland recent governance reforms for the protection of water resources in Mongolia, a young A common proposition suggests that democracy with strong hierarchical traditions. polycentric organization of governance First, we ask what patterns of coercion, facilitates provision of good institutional fit for cooperation and competition can be observed complex natural resource systems. Such and how does this influence performance in governance systems would be able to produce terms of the protection of water resources? institutions at levels that are most adequate to Second, we ask how constitutional the ecological scale and the diverse mix of state prerequisites influence these patterns of and non-state actors would be capable to coercion, cooperation and competition and establish complementary knowledge about eventually performance? We find that formal social and ecological systems to develop more provisions mainly rely on coercion and contextually adapted institutions. However, cooperation, but hardly on competition. In accumulating evidence shows that the practice, several deviations from formal combined dynamics between polycentric provisions as well as combinations of all three climate governance and social-ecological coordination modes can be observed, affecting systems create unexplored issues related to performance both positively and negatively. the problem of fit. Climate change effects On the one hand, we observe helpful self- drastically ecological systems and related organization in view of legal uncertainties. On socio-economic repercussions at different the other hand, we also find that cooperation spatial and time scales and with various and self-organization seem to be limited by cascading effects that might go beyond the strong hierarchical tendencies rooted in capacity of existing governance systems, nomadic traditions and the socialist past. polycentric or not. Thus, polycentricity may not be a sufficient condition for good institutional

fit under changing contexts. In this paper, I suggest that a larger set of attributes and

framework conditions need to be taken into account in order to understand institutional fit of polycentric governance systems.

This paper examines this argument using a case study research design for a case of polycentric climate change adaptation in Switzerland. I selected the governance processes of

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multifunctional water uses in a region close to 2000. The 36 km stretch of the Danube valley Zurich in Switzerland as a critical case in this pictures a fluvial landscape, bordered by a regard. Data were collected through semi- unique tessellated landscape of terraced structured interviews and document analysis; vineyards, apricot plantations and charming and analysed through qualitative content villages. Heritage studies have pointed out, analysis guided by the Networks of Action that landscapes are repositories of socio- Situations approach. The results show that cultural history and present practises, including ecological fit of institutions is theoretically institutional and collective practises which are possible, as decision‐making centers have also linked to decision and governance jurisdiction over the relevant spatial, temporal, processes. In our conference contribution we and functional range of water resources. are using a polycentricity lens to improve our However, social fit of some institutions is poor. understanding of the governance They do not reflect the changing interests of system system on three layers: (i) level of the water users under climate change, because decision centres; (ii) the coordination they generally have inadequate voice in mechanisms and institutional form of one institutional design. As a consequence, some decision centre (Bylaw Association Wachauer institutions do not regulate water uses in a Marille g.U.) over time, showing its adaption to sustainable way and consider the preferences changing conditions; and (iii) involved actors in of the water users. The results further show the the polycentric network. Our research shows, conditions under which polycentric that the governance network is co-evolving governance processes can provide good with its context, causing either adaption or institutional fit or not. fundamental changes on the three above mentioned layers. While on the first layer we ID146. can identify the emergence and disappearance of decision centres, delving one layer deeper Unpacking Adaptive Capacity in a we can see the interplay of competitive, Polycentricly Governed World coercive and cooperative mechanism at the Heritage Cultural Landscape same time; the third level on the single actor level illustrates where we can observe 1,2 1 Katharina Gugerell , Marianne Penker boundary spanning and gatekeeping. Hence, 1University of Natural Resources and Life for understanding the actual practise of the Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Economic governance arrangement it is crucial to look Development, Vienna, Austria. beyond the surface appearance and include 2Montanuniversität Leoben, Department of the thee mentioned layers: (i) the level of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics, involved decision centres, (ii) level of Leoben, Austria institutional forms and mechanism, (ii) individual actor layer. ‘Guiding change’ is one of the core guidelines for retaining a cultural landscape’s particular values and authenticity of UNESCO World

Heritage Sites. The cultural landscape Wachau is a pristine example of a cultural landscape of outstanding universal value, which was enlisted as World Heritage Site (UNESCO) in

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ID148. structure, with implications implications for (multi-level) climate policy. PolycentriCities - different paths to ambition in climate cooperation ID154. among cities Sustainable Polycentric Cross- Matteo Roggero, Anastasiia Gotgelf, Klaus border Governance in the European Eisenack Union

Humboldt-universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Martin Špaček1, Tatiana Kluvánková2 Germany 1CETIP Network, Prague, Czech Republic. 2 Subnational actors like cities and business Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of networks are increasingly cooperating Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia transnationally to address global challenges. The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Many global, as well as regional and local, Energy (GCoM), for instance, encompasses environmental, social and economic problems more than 9000 member cities from all and challenges emerge and develop across continents. Many of them have committed to diversified administrative and political targets or plans for climate action. Is this an jurisdictions. It seems that cooperation across example for successful polycentric climate national borders is essential to effectively governance, effectively achieving address complex and dynamic issues around decarbonisation and climate resilience? the world. However, cross-sectoral and cross- Present research is still inconclusive in this level cooperation of actors from different respect. The question, in particular, is still open institutional arrangements brings new concerning the interplay between the actions obstacles into account. Multilevel mismatch, of cities and those at the national level. We when similar political and administrative address this question through a qualitative competences are allocated at different comparative analysis (QCA) of about 200 cities, governmental levels, and different levels of exploring the cities’ varying degree of ambition decentralization in decision taking represents through both city-level and country-level key challenges in relation to the cross-border conditions. While showing multiple, different governance. An efficient cross-border paths towards ambitious climate goals at city cooperation inherently demands for level, our present findings show an only sustainable but flexible and adaptive moderate role of national governments’ arrangements of governance, such as commitment to international cooperation on polycentric governance. climate. By contrast, the networking among cities emerges as a driving force towards Governance arrangements in polycentric climate action. Most importantly, however, systems are seen self-organized by multiple horizontal and vertical coordination play governing authorities, nested in several levels different roles in different contexts, of general-purpose governments or specific predominantly in light of differences in the purpose governance, each unit exercises available capabilities and the vested interests considerable independence in making and at play. This supports the view of an enforcing rules within a circumscribed scope of increasingly heterogeneous polycentric authority for a specified geographical area.

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The contributions uses the polycentric lenses Panel ID 16 to analyze cross-border cooperation in Central Share or Spare? Explaining the Europe between new and old member states of the European Union. Stakeholders and Nature and Determinants of institutional analysis was conducted based on Climate Finance Coordination the interviews with 57 informants and Parallel Panel Session 8, th document analysis. Results provide evidence Thursday 9 September 2021, about adaptation of cross-border governance 15:30-17:00 CEST towards multiple innovative governance Chair: Jakob Skovgaard arrangements which go beyond current Discussant: Carola Klöck hierarchical governance systems and enable flexible interactions among relevant actors ID182. from different sectors and levels of governance. The support from the European Coordination as Political Practice: Union’s territorial cooperation schemes Climate Finance as a Microcosm of contribute to the development of more Fault Lines in the Global Climate effective coordination of cross-border Governance Complex activities based on polycentric cross-border governance solutions to overcome key Kevin M Adams1,2, Adam Moe Fejerskov3, Jakob institutional challenges in cross-border Skovgaard4 governance. Common characters of polycentric 1Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, and hybrid governance in cross-border Sweden. 2London School of Economics and cooperation are self-organization of regional or Political Science, London, United Kingdom. local actors, well-defined common problem, 3Danish Institute of International Studies, co-evolution from existing institutional Copenhagen, Denmark. 4Lund University, Lund, arrangements as well as at least partly Sweden autonomous decision-taking. On the other hand, there is no systematic promotion of The Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Climate these new institutional innovations, which Investment Funds (CIFs) are two of the largest potentially hampers their long-term and most influential players in the climate sustainability, even though they seems to play finance landscape. Whereas the GCF is part of crucial role in addressing key global social and the United Nations Framework Convention on environmental challenges. Climate Change (UNFCCC) system, the CIFs are anchored in the World Bank. Charged with channelling critical resources to developing countries to mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gasses and adapt to the adverse effects of a warming world, both the GCF and CIFs play essential roles in the modern climate policy architecture. Yet, the GCF and CIFs struggle to coordinate their activities, despite similar mandates and ambitions, as well as sustained urging from the UNFCCC.

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How is coordination conceptualised, practiced, ID188. and produced in the climate finance landscape? This paper explores this question Enablers and barriers to climate by studying coordination between multilateral finance coordination: A climate funds as a political practice whereby comparative assessment of Kenya actors navigate and exploit a complex regime and Zambia to their advantage. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted on-site at the GCF and Zoha Shawoo1, Adis Dzebo1, Kendra Dupuy2, CIFs in 2018 and 2019, this paper argues that Mikkel Funder3 coordination challenges in climate finance 1Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, extend beyond technical issues and are Sweden. 2Peace Research Institute Oslo, Oslo, fundamentally rooted in longstanding political Norway. 3Danish Institute for International cleavages. As such, the evolving relationship Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark between the GCF and CIFs is principally reflective of shifting power relations between Climate finance has been an integral Parties and indicative of broader trends in component of the international response to global environmental governance, including climate change since the establishment of the the growing power of developing countries. United Nations Framework Convention on Both the GCF and CIFs play active roles in Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. Evidence coordination other multilateral climate finance suggests that whilst climate finance does actors, the GCF coordinating other UN involve the mobilisation of new funding institutions and the CIFs Multilateral sources, overlaps exist with official Development Banks such as the World Bank development assistance (ODA) and other and the Asian Development Bank. There is little funding sources targeting development needs coordination between these two clusters. In of low-income countries. Different kinds of this way, the patterns of coordination reflect concerns have been raised in critiques of the wider fault lines within the global climate climate finance regime. Some of these relate to governance complex. Specifically, the UN various forms of “fragmentation” and thus institutions in which developing countries have relate to the structure of the international greater influence mirror the interests finance architecture and the way climate and perceptions of ”good” climate finance of finance is delivered to developing countries, these countries whereas the World Bank including the relationship between climate and institutions in which industrialised countries development finance. Fragmentation can take have more influence mirror these countries’ different forms. In international finance, funds interests and perceptions of ”good” climate are delivered through a wide array of channels. finance. Coordination across this political fault The allocation of funds follows many different line is difficult due to fundamentally different sets of norms, and donors and financial views on the nature and purpose of climate institutions have different strategic goals and finance. investment priorities. For developing countries, the sheer number of funding

channels and poor coordination among government agencies, development partners and implementing entities, can create high

transaction costs and make it difficult to access

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 14 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency and use the available climate finance to ID194. catalyse long-term, structural change. Studying climate finance An emerging literature therefore calls for improved coordination of climate coordination across levels: Keep it finance. While there is a growing literature on politics climate finance coordination at the global level, Jakob Skovgaard1, Kevin M Adams2,3, Kendra few studies have examined how it is unfolding Dupuy4, Adis Dzebo2, Mikkel Funder5, Haakon at the national level in developing countries. Gjerløw4, Erik Lundsgaarde5, Adam Moe This paper therefore presents findings from a Fejerskov5, Zoha Shawoo2 comparative assessment of climate finance coordination practices in Kenya and Zambia, 1Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 2Stockholm drawing on semi-structured interviews, policy Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. documents and the relevant literature. The 3London School of Economics and Political paper asks the question ‘How is climate finance Science, London, United Kingdom. 4Peace in Kenya and Zambia coordinated, and what Research Institute Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 5Danish are the enablers and barriers to its Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, effectiveness?’, aiming to examine the scope of Denmark coordination challenges in the respective Climate finance is a key feature in the climate finance arenas and analyse barriers to implementation of the Paris Agreement on coordination by investigating the political and climate change. In order to be effective and institutional factors that shape coordination of successful, the use and allocation of such climate finance in the two countries. finance has to be coordinated among a variety The paper argues that although technical of actors. So far, much literature on climate barriers to climate finance coordination finance coordination has focused on identifying (e.g. capacity gaps, limited awareness and lack the challenges and gaps in coordination. Less of functioning coordination mechanisms) can attention has been paid to the ways in which be addressed through apolitical measures, underlying political and institutional dynamics coordination cannot be enhanced without also shape climate finance coordination. In addressing political barriers. These barriers particular, we know little about how climate include diverging ag finance coordination emerges and develops across different levels of scale and in different endas between government and development organisational environments. Understanding actors, lack of political will from higher political this is however important in the current levels, and a lack of enforcement of the context of climate finance, with its emphasis on legislative frameworks in place. disseminating public climate funding through global climate funds, multilateral agencies and bilateral donors to a variety of national and

subnational actors in recipient developing countries.

Building on studies of climate finance coordination on the international and recipient

country levels, this paper identifies patterns of

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 15 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency coordination and factors shaping these Panel ID 100 patterns. On the international level, the paper Sub-national climate governance focuses on the role of the UN-based Green Parallel Panel Session 3, Climate Fund (GCF) and the World Bank-based Tuesday 7th September 2021, Climate Investment Funds (CIFs), which each 16:30-18:00 CEST have been key players regarding coordination of climate finance among multilateral actors. Chair: Jennifer Allan On the domestic level, the paper focuses on coordination among donors in Zambia and ID638. Kenya, two important recipients of climate finance. The key finding of the paper is that the Subnational Climate Commitment patterns of coordination and the factors Index – a study of subnational units shaping them are similar across levels. Not only climate commitment in Brazil does coordination mainly take place among Thais Lemos Ribeiro actors with shared interests and perceptions regarding what constitutes good climate Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil finance, it is also an inherently political process. Unlike the predominant understanding of Since the 1990s, non-state actors are present in coordination a technical process, we find that global climate governance. Research about coordination is enabled and hindered by more governance architecture has pointed to their fundamental political dynamics among actors. expanded role, especially from 2009 on, These dynamics include diverging agendas accompanied by an increase in governance between actors and lack of political fragmentation. This role is not only related to commitment from higher political levels their potential to reduce GHG emissions, but (member states in the case of the GCF and the also with their engagement in an increased CIFs, governments in the case of Kenya and number of governance processes either in the Zambia). A key aspect of these similar dynamics climate international regime or at alternative on international and domestic levels is that arrangements and the experimentation and they are not independent. Rather, as key actors innovation that this engagement brings. In this – notably the GCF and the CIFs – operate across context, and considering that seven out of the levels, and important political fault lines also ten major GHG emitters are countries with reappear across levels, factors influencing federated regimes, understanding national to coordination on one level spill over to the other local dynamics and the role of subnational units level. of government appears to be a relevant research subject.

Nevertheless, how to measure and evaluate subnational units actions in a comparable manner have been an issue of debate, and most proposals focus on outputs – e.g. GHG emissions – and outcomes – e.g. reduction targets. The Paris Agreement has called for a greater engagement of non-party stakeholders and a tool for reporting (the Nazca Platform)

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 16 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency but has not offered a unified approach to ID510. measure such an engagement. From the outside in: The role of Therefore, the purpose of this work is to international donors in India’s sub- present the Subnational Climate Commitment national climate policy Index (SCCI), a measure to evaluate the climate commitment of subnational units based on an Shruti Neelakantan emission profile – a measure of impact Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland composed of absolute GHG emissions, emissions per capita, and emissions by US$ India has a unique governance structure. While 1,000 of GDP – and a policy profile – a measure most decision-making powers remain with the of engagement with governance processes (the centre, increasingly, development-related building of institutions and policies) both issues are piloted by international donor internally (domestic policies and institutions) agencies. In 2009, when the Government of and externally (foreign policy). India asked all Indian states and Union Territories to prepare State Action Plans on This proposition is based on grand theories of Climate Change (SAPCC), Tamilnadu has been global governance and the assumption that involved in initiating state level plans and has global climate governance is fragmented. It engaged with a single donor agency, Deutsche also uses middle-range theories of climate Gesellschaft für Internationale commitment, paradiplomacy, and Zusammenarbeit GIZ to advance their climate orchestration. It builds a numerical index of efforts. This paper applies Kingdon’s Multiple climate commitment based on public data Streams Framework to understand the about GHG emissions, GHG emissions per influence of donor presence in steering sub- capita, and intensity in GDP, and information national climate efforts, analysing how their about subnational governance processes role has evolved (2009-2019) within the Indian regarding domestic and foreign policy and institutional structure through the case study applies it to the 27 Brazilian states (or of Tamilnadu. While the donors successfully federated units). initiated missions addressing climate action in The result of this work is an index that at the partnership with state departments, the same time allows the understanding of performance results varied mainly across subnational units' climate commitment and states. Regardless of the changing political offers insight for national public policies to leadership and varied geographical conditions; respond to climate change. Subnational units donor engagement impacted subnational may be classified as conservative - “business as climate routine. usual” behavior - to reformist - a position of In some cases, policies would not have taken engagement and compromise with climate shape to the extent it has and in some others, change mitigation and transition to a lower their presence cause disruptions. Building on carbon intensity development. in-depth interviews, the paper explains how international institutions integrate into local governance policy interactions within a federal nation such as India. The paper contributes to the dialogue on inclusion and engagement of

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international donors in subscriber countries, to endure flooding in the city of Belém. By implications on sub-national response and contrast, in the city of Paragominas, local their role as policy entrepreneurs in climate lawyers and policymakers were moved to development. enlarge the riverbanks to mitigate floods in 2019, only one year after an extreme rainfall Keywords: International donors, sub-national, devastated this municipality. A key difference climate policy between these cases is that while legal and political actors perceive floods as a matter of ID620. natural disasters in Belém, their counterparts in Paragominas approach these problems as Global Environmental Change, Local issues of law and public policy. These two Governance Challenges: Grappling Amazonian cities, therefore, illustrate the with Subnational Climate Politics challenges to the local governance of global environmental change. Vitor Martins Dias

Indiana University, Bloomington, USA ID74.

The immediate impacts of climate change Exploring city agency in global include sea-level rise and changing rainfall climate governance: a Latin America patterns. These ecological risks cause perspective unpredictable floods that are increasing in frequency and magnitude everywhere. Ana Mauad Academics studying climate governance posit Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, (i) that developing countries are Colombia disproportionally affected by these problems and (ii) that mitigation and adaptation policies The architecture of contemporary global at the global, national, and local levels are climate governance entails multilevel urgently necessary. This literature has also dynamics, engaging diverse actors across documented how international and national levels. Cities have emerged as key actors in this laws influence institutional frameworks scenario and have played a central role in devised to handle climate impacts at the scale setting the agenda and establishing new of the city. Yet, the role of subnational climate interactions, negotiating within Transnational politics in building and operationalizing Municipal Networks (TMNs) as well as in solo governance systems targeted at climate- enterprises. In that direction, many mitigation and -adaptation remains international relations studies and related understudied. Employing archival and fields explored the meanings and the level of ethnographic research methods, this inquiry agency of cities under global climate contributes to this scholarship by analyzing the governance. Departing from this literature, the strikingly distinct responses to floods in two paper aims to add another layer to the debate urban centers of Brazil’s Amazon. Despite a by focusing on Latin American cities engaged in multilevel governance structure established to global climate governance. The paper invest in flood-mitigation and lawsuits filed to questions whether the global agency improve the public administration of such attributed to cities is extended to cities from climate hazards, half a million people continue developing contexts, specifically Latin America.

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Furthermore, the paper questions if the city Panel ID 101 agency is credited to cities as individual and Global climate governance: independent actors or if it is collectively constructed, facilitated by TMNs. The objective dynamics and capacity for climate is that the results of these inquiries will help to action build the theory regarding new actors in IR and Parallel Panel Session 2, th in climate studies, as well as provide policy Tuesday 7 September 2021, implications for the processes underway. 10:30-12:00 CEST Therefore, we hope to contribute to the studies Chair: Jennifer Bansard on architecture and agency lead by ESG from a Latin America perspective. The work is ID13. developed using qualitative methodology, combining literature review and empirical Orchestrating Global Climate analyzes from the main cities in the region: Governance Through Data: The Mexico City, São Paulo, and Buenos Aires. By working with the data provided by our cases, UNFCCC Secretariat and the Global we intend to bring questions to the agency Climate Action Platform debate that were little explored from a global 1 2 south reality regarding levels of development, Laura Mai , Joshua Elsässer financing, and quality of governance. 1King's College London, London, United Kingdom. 2Potsdam University, Potsdam,

Germany

Since the lead-up to the Paris Agreement, sub- national and non-state actors have positioned themselves as central participants and stakeholders in global climate governance. Scholars have argued that the growing

recognition and importance of these actors induced a shift in the UN climate change regime towards more hybrid forms of governance, including both top-down and bottom-up implementation efforts. In this

context, the mobilization of actors across national, transnational and sub-national scales and in the private sector has become a key element in the modus operandi of the post- Paris climate change regime. Recent studies have shed light on the crucial role of the UN climate secretariat in facilitating and guiding sub-national and non-state climate action to encourage more ambitious target-setting at the national level. Specifically, the secretariat is acting as an orchestrator by seeking

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intermediary support from sub-national and departure is the identification of two logics of non-state actors in its endeavor to manage or state-led climate action: those able but bypass state-led climate politics. In this paper, unwilling (free-riders); and those willing but we explore how data and new technologies with limited capability to tackle climate change have become important tools for the UN (stranded riders). In fashioning remedies to climate secretariat’s ambitions to orchestrate these challenges, sanctions are always used for global climate governance. Specifically, we free-riders, while incentives are deployed for trace the evolution of the Global Climate stranded riders. Drawing on developments in Action Portal (formerly known as NAZCA) and the international climate regime over the past analyze how the initiative intends to influence three decades, this paper articulates a two-club policy-making at the (inter-)national level. In so approach to addressing the problems of free doing, we discuss the potential and challenges and stranded riders in global climate action. of using data as a means of orchestration and Exclusionary Clubs would deal with the free- reflect on implications for orchestration rider problem, while Affinitive Clubs would theory. deal with the limited capability problem.

ID611. ID271.

Two Logics of Global Climate Action Slow, yet turbulent: Strengthening the international Loss & Damage Kennedy L Mbeva governance architecture to address African Research & Impact Network (ARIN), slow onset climate impacts Nairobi, Kenya. University of Melbourne, 1 2,3,1 Melbourne, Australia Mariya Aleksandrova , Idil Boran , Steffen Bauer1 Multilateral efforts to address climate change 1German Development Institute / Deutsches have lost momentum. The ratchet-up ambition Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, mechanism of the landmark Paris Agreement Germany. 2York University, Toronto, Canada. on Climate Change is proving inadequate due 3Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research to the reluctance of states to strengthen their (DIGHR), Toronto, Canada national climate action plans. Free-riding has been diagnosed as the major challenge to The recent UN climate change conference multilateral cooperation on climate change. In COP25 in Madrid exemplified once more how seeking to overcome the problem of free- the notion of “turbulent times” applies to riding, scholars have proposed the formation of multilateral climate governance. Negotiations climate clubs. Such clubs would exclude non- around the governance of the Warsaw members from benefits accrued from International Mechanism for Loss and Damage undertaking more aggressive action on climate associated with Climate Change Impacts (WIM) change. Building on the club theory of are a case in point. All the while climate polycentric governance literature, this paper vulnerable developing countries face even challenges the free-rider diagnosis, and its more turbulent times, especially in view of concomitant institutional remedies, as considerable loss and damage that is bound to necessary but insufficient in addressing global result from slow onset climate impacts. This climate change. The point of conceptual paper explores the conceptual basis for loss

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 20 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency and damage (L&D) governance to address slow ID509. onset climate impacts through strengthening interlinkages with climate change Pledges on Pledges: The adaptation and Institutional Layering of Global Goals (SDGs). L&D refers to adverse impacts Climate Rules since 1992 associated with a wide range of climatic processes, from climate extremes to slow Jen I Allan onset changes that evolve over a long period of Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom time. From its inception under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change There is a widespread discourse that the Paris (UNFCCC), the WIM has recognized the need Agreement represents a fundamental shift in for comprehensive, coherent and integrated how climate change is governed globally. It is a L&D governance mechanisms to address both form of punctuated equilibrium – one set of sudden and slow onset events. To date, rules were created, languished, and re- however, L&D policy directions remain centred negotiated, spurring a fundamentally different around climate-related extremes and disasters, approach. The story goes that the Kyoto resulting in weak interlinkage with climate Protocol was a “top down” model that derived change adaptation. Moreover, the from negotiations that set targets for comprehensive risk management approaches developed countries. Such infringement on proposed by WIM (including risk assessment, sovereignty doomed the to reduction, transfer and retention) overlook the failure, it is argued. The Paris Agreement, critical need of linking L&D with the broader building on the non-legally binding climate change and development policy Copenhagen Accord, overturned this failed context. To remedy this gap, this conceptual model by allowing countries to unilaterally paper draws attention to slow onset events make pledges that would later be multilaterally and highlights the importance of envisioning a reviewed. But the targets inscribed in the Kyoto framework for L&D governance that is strongly Protocol were pledged. There were no connected to adaptation and sustainable successful negotiations to set those numbers. development (at the interface of global, They were unilaterally decided after some national and subnational levels). The discussion backroom diplomatic coordination – much the is premised on the understanding that same as the nationally determined adaptation is integral to contributions for the Paris Agreement. Drawing preventing and reducing L&D from slow onset on interviews with key delegates that events. Through exploration of three negotiated the Protocol and archival research, governance domains - social capacity this paper argues that the history of global (vulnerability, resilience, resources); structure climate governance is best seen as a decades- (policies, institutions) and agency (multiple long process of institutional layering, a form of actors) - the paper explores pathways to incremental change that adds new rules upon advance a broader L&D governance older rules and practices. While layering has a architecture. The paper concludes by strong pedigree in comparative public policy, it proposing four key elements of a broadened is less often used to explain institutional L&D policy framework that could address the change in international relations. risks associated with slow onset events more Beyond a revised history of global climate effectively. governance, this paper is of value to those

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interested in institutional change in global politics to promote socio-ecological reflexivity environmental governance. It draws attention and attune institutions and legal systems to to two underlying dynamics of institutional timescales and rationales of the Earth System. layering. First, the stability of powerful In this perspective, deliberative democracy countries’ preferences coupled with the meta- theory underpins calls for democratising norms of sovereignty can create stability in complex, multilevel and polycentric outcomes by layering minor rule additions and governance in the . From a changes on the same, core set of rules. Second, normative angle, moreover, ecosystem-based layering can obfuscate stagnation, by making approaches (EBA) are considered as promising minor rule changes or additions seem like regulatory strategies for putting eco-sciences breakthroughs in governance. Given this in dialogue with the material needs and history, which indicates more stability than cultural aspirations of human societies in change, the paper concludes by considering specific socio-ecological spaces. Hence, EBA the implications for the Paris Agreement’s provide a suggestive framework that suitability to address the climate emergency. demonstrates potential for hosting deliberative decision-making and shaping

concrete solutions for enabling the Panel ID 103 reproduction of human societies within the Global oceans governance and rationales of the Earth System. Parallel Panel Session 2, Tuesday 7th September 2021, In this paper, we seek to discuss the strengths 10:30-12:00 CEST and weaknesses of EBA for ESG with reference Chair: Elizabeth Mendenhall to a relatively novel policy area: Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). To this end, we will appraise ID169. the governance processes that the European Union (EU) – one of the most active Architectures of Earth System propagators of MSP discourses and practices at Governance in Context: Revisiting the global level – is putting in place to facilitate Marine Spatial Planning in the EU’s the sustainable co-existence of different Regional Seas in light of the ocean-uses in its regional seas. These processes Anthropocene reflect the Union’s long-standing experience with decentralised, transnational, and 1,2 1,2 Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann , Mara Ntona integrated approaches to strategic planning, 1University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United aimed at promoting the ability of regions – Kingdom. 2Strathclyde Centre for defined in terms of their ecosystemic and Governance, Glasgow, specificity – to formulate a shared ‘vision’ for United Kingdom their spatial development. However, although their polycentric architecture is aligned with The Anthropocene poses unprecedented the rationale of ESG, these processes remain challenges for humankind calling for a dominated by closed epistemic communities, profound revision of Holocene governance in which the knowledges of techno-scientific paradigms. Earth System Governance (ESG) and economic actors dominate. We will argue hence seeks to devise innovative patterns of that this flaw stems from structural path-

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dependencies which hinder the articulation of complexes as a governance structure of strong forms of citizen participation and international environmental politics and power contestation. The latter are key preconditions and authority relations conditioned by it. We for the operationalisation of ESG, insofar as use the case of the currently ongoing marine they promote the twin objectives of negotiations to study how democratising expertise and expertising authority and power relations are constructed democracy. We will proceed to problematise and contested based on the assumption that the wider implications of this ‘tunnel vision’ by authority and power can be understood as critically discussing the official position held by social and relational. In order to study these the EU and its Member States within processes, we analyze data gathered at BBNJ international law-making processes relating to negotiations and describe a number of social the (sustainable) use of marine natural networks that constitute the regime complex. resources. In view of the current debate on a Methodologically, we combine ethnography new ‘European Green Deal’, we will conclude and social network analysis. Social network with reflections on the institutional and analysis provides a useful tool to study the regulatory innovations needed to enhance the social origins of power and authority in the capacity of MSP processes taking place in context of international governance structures. Europe’s regional seas to respond to We construct a sample of international Anthropocenic concerns. institutions based on the ethnographic ID337. observations at the negotiations and show how these institutions are connected via thematic Power and authority relations in the or legal overlaps, common membership bases emerging marine biodiversity and cooperative activity. Expressions of authority or power claims are observed regime complex through different measurements such as an Arne Langlet, Alice Vadrot institutional activity and references made in the ongoing negotiations. The study relates the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria authority and power expressions in the The current negotiations on a new legally negotiations to socially powerful positions in binding instrument for the protection and the underlying network with the aim to trace sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond the social origins or power and authority. national jurisdiction (BBNJ) under the United The contributions of this research are Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea threefold: firstly, it provides a methodology to (UNCLOS) take place in relation to an already describe regime complexes by advancing the existing complex international environmental use of social network analysis in international governance system. This paper identifies an relations and combining different data sources emerging marine biodiversity regime complex for a multi-method approach. Secondly, it and describes it as a network of institutions explores the social origins of authority and that exist in relation to each other. In this power of intergovernmental organizations network structure different forms of power contributing to the theoretical foundations of and authority are observed. authority and power in regime complexes and Our study responds to the gap in existing thirdly, it contributes to understanding the literature on regime complexes. We see regime emergence of a new architecture which will

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potentially shape in the I review the international institutions that future. pertain to marine plastic pollution to show that its global governance constitutes a regime ID525. complex. I build on the constructivist conceptualisation of regime theory to The Marine Plastic Pollution Regime contribute to the evolving literature on regime Complex complexes and non-regimes. This analysis lays the groundwork for future research on how the Babet de Groot marine plastic pollution crisis is governed at the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia global level. It also provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in public, The world ocean is becoming a plastic soup. private and non-governmental institutions to Approximately 8 million metric tons of land- cultivate greater institutional integration to based plastic waste enter the oceans each year, address this . adding to a growing sink of mismanaged plastic waste estimated at 6.3 billion metric tons in ID 278 2016. The transboundary and cross- jurisdictional nature of marine plastic pollution Negotiating Ocean Science? has made its governance insurmountably Avenues for and Struggle over the complex. Recent attention to its adverse Uptake of Science in Marine human and environmental health impacts have Biodiversity Negotiations moved international organisations, global business and industry and environmental non- Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki, Alice Vadrot governmental organisations to address the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria marine plastic pollution crisis. However, this has not amounted to a Global Plastics Treaty. The ongoing negotiations for a legally binding Does the global environmental governance of instrument for the conservation and marine plastic pollution then constitute a sustainable use of marine biodiversity regime? beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) are The marine plastic pollution problem has yet to expected to be based on “best available receive academic attention from the science”. With this definition however, it perspective of global environmental remains unclear which actors convey such governance. As a tragedy of the commons, this science, over which ways approach is essential. While there is no single this information gets into the policy- binding legal instrument to globally govern making arena and how and by whom it is marine plastic pollution, it is affected by legitimized within the negotiations. existing international legal regimes (such as UNCLOS), regional agreements, global This paper studies the role of science in institutional frameworks and universal rules, international negotiations, using empirical norms and standards. It is being governed. data, collected through Collaborative Therefore, it does not constitute a regime but Event Ethnography (CEE) at the BBNJ a regime complex, or a set of overlapping negotiation site. In the first section, we identify regimes. the actors and avenues over which science is brought into the BBNJ negotiations. The

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second section processes and an independent Scientific regards the contestation over, as well as the and Technical Body for BBNJ is required. use and non-use of science Furthermore, the article critically reflects on by state and non- the contestation over science in the state actors within the BBNJ negotiation negotiations and discusses why ocean plenary discussions. science emerged as an object of struggle in the BBNJ treaty-making process. Results show that science plays multiple roles at the neg otiation site and throughout the treaty- Panel ID 104 making process. Avenues for science to “enter” the treaty-making Finance and investment Parallel Panel Session 4, process entail consultations Wednesday 8th September 2021, with scientists in preparation of the 9:00-10:30 CEST negotiations,inclusion of scientists on national delegations and statements by scientists in Chair: Carola Klöck the plenary. Moreover, scientific information reaches policy- ID51. makers via academic publications, as well as through exchanges at workshops and Reality check: Interrogating Climate side events and informal talks between Finance for Energy Transitions in scientists and state and non-state actors. Asia and the Pacific Thus, science informs the development of Abidah Setyowati, Kirsty Anantharajah positions and statements of diverse actors before, during and after negotiation sessions Australian National University, Canberra, and contributes to a shared understanding of Australia the issue at hand among BBNJ negotiators. Yet, in Climate change has brought adverse and the formal negotiations themselves, it remai disproportionate environmental, social and ns to be seen to what extent economic impacts across the globe. A key final decisions on the future of marine response to the climate change is the biodiversity will be based on science. While immediate need to transition to a low carbon some actors use references to scientific economy. Such an expeditious transition to a knowledge to justify their positions, others low carbon global economy requires massive refrain from considering science as a legitimate financial investment, which is argued beyond basis for the development of treaty the resources and capability of public finance provisions. alone. However, if climate finance is not effectively steered and governed, the We conclude that to guarantee an effective transition it supports will be a fundamentally and close science-policy interplay during the unequal one: unconstrained, climate finance negotiations and for the implementation of the has the potential to cleave out existing final agreement, that takes into consideration inequalities. One such inequality, is the global expertise from multiple scientific fields allocation of climate financial between and various forms of knowledge, formalized mitigation and adaptation, the former attracts

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a larger share of investment due to its capacity climate finance towards more equitable to generate financial return. Within the outcomes. mitigation project, revolutionizing energy sectors is a key priority as it is currently ID70. responsible for the greatest global emissions contribution. In the energy sector, there is The Global Network of Carbon- significant opportunity for financialisation, Pricing Capacity-Building which has led to its presentation as a panacea to drive a rapid transition to low carbon energy. Katja Biedenkopf However, assuming the neutral impacts of this University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium financialisation in transitions to low carbon energy is problematic. Indeed, in its current Capacity-building can be an important vehicle manifestation climate financial has the to diffuse and promote climate policies by potential to perpetuate existing inequality. equipping jurisdictions with the necessary knowledge and expertise they need to adopt This paper is based on the fieldwork carried out effective measures. Despite this potential, by both authors in Indonesia and Fiji in 2018- capacity-building is an under-researched 2019. In this paper, we critically examine the aspect of global policy diffusion. This paper global discourses on the role of climate finance analyses the proliferation of and interaction in supporting energy transitions in developing among carbon-pricing capacity-building countries. Further, we compare these projects and actors with the aim to identify discourses to the on the ground realities of two patterns and effectiveness conditions for countries in the Asia Pacific region, Indonesia diffusion. It takes an ambitious network and Fiji. We find that climate finance may approach by conceptualising and analysing the perpetuate some of the spatial inequalities global carbon-pricing capacity-building between rural and urban locations, and network, which comprises a considerable between on-grid and distributive generation. number and diversity of actors and activities. We also find that climate finance operating under a principle of project Darwinism, in Capacity-building projects are not exclusively which primarily the most bankable, lowest risk, driven by external experts, governments and organisations; the receiving jurisdiction's highest return, and often the largest scale leverage to steer project design and content projects are able to tap in into the opportunity can be a crucial factor, shaping the process of presented by climate finance. This is infusing external expertise into domestic problematic given the ultimate problem policy-making. They are crucial parts of the climate finance was promised to remedy. As carbon-pricing capacity-building network. The currently constituted, the most vulnerable are types of interactions between the demand and falling outside climate finance benefits. A key supply of policy expertise can influence the way forward is internalizing these learning by degree of capacity-building effectiveness. For reengaging with the role of public finance, this reason, the paper differentiates various particularly by strategizing how public finance types of network interactions. Beyond that, can meet the needs of the most vulnerable and there are multiple suppliers of capacity- exploring avenues for the government to building projects in the field of carbon pricing effectively steer both public and private policy, including NGOs, international organisations and governments. The type of

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interaction among those actors can playing an important subsidiary increase/decrease the effectiveness of role. International environmental institutions capacity-building in a given jurisdiction. The have traditionally not paid much attention to paper maps capacity-building projects in these subsidies. Yet with SDG 12.c committing countries including China, Mexico, South Korea all countries to undertaking efforts to and Kazakhstan. It identifies effectiveness rationalise inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, and conditions by analysing the role that central some countries committing to fossil fuel actors and brokers play and by evaluating the subsidy reform within their Nationally interaction among multiple capacity-building Determined Contributions to the PA, this projects and actors across multiples scales. dynamic may change. ID 359. To study the influence of SDG 12.c and the PA, Assessing the impacts of our framework first identifies major changes to international environmental fossil fuel subsidies drawing on data from the OECD as well as civil society sources. Second, institutions: The case of fossil fuel we outline the pathways through which SDG subsidy reform 12.c and the PA may induce major policy Jakob Skovgaard1, Harro van Asselt2, Åsa change to fossil fuel subsidies, specifically norm Knaggård1, Roger Hildingsson1 diffusion, learning from other countries or reputational costs. An illustrative case study of 1 2 Lund University, Lund, Sweden. University of Indian fossil fuel subsidy reform underscores Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland the contribution of our framework and its usefulness for other scholars studying the International environmental institutions such impact of international environmental as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) institutions on domestic policy. and the Paris Agreement (PA) target policies that were subject to frequent changes already ID423. before the establishment of the institutions. Such policy changes can be driven by domestic Mapping transnational climate factors (e.g. civil society acting as norm finance initiatives entrepreneurs) as well as by international factors (e.g. learning from other countries). Toyo Kawabata This raises the vexed question of how to isolate Keio University, Tokyo, Japan the effects of the international environmental institutions from other factors driving policy The paper presents an analysis on the change. We develop a framework for studying governance architecture for climate finance. the influence of international environmental Transnational climate finance initiatives institutions on domestic fossil fuel subsidy increasingly engage in diverse governance reform. In virtually all countries, fossil fuels are activities including knowledge brokering, subsidised, e.g., through price controls, tax business matching, target setting and rule breaks and the provision of infrastructure. making, which implies governance beyond the Existing research has shown that fossil fuel state. These initiatives include transnational subsidy reform has hitherto mainly been driven non-state actors, non-profit organizations, by domestic (economic) factors, with pressure investor networks, Public Private Partnerships, from international economic institutions often

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business associations and think tanks. Most of By so doing, this paper provides knowledge on those initiatives have arisen after the COP15 the emergent governance architecture of when the bottom-up approach on climate transnational climate finance. As the current actions was getting mainstreamed. pace of growth regarding climate finance flow is not enough the achieve the global climate While a growing number of papers studied change goal, the output of this paper could transnational environmental governance such shed light on the potential significance of as trade, energy and climate change, there has transnational climate finance initiatives that been little attention paid to the climate finance could contribute to accelerate further growth governance. Some existing papers on climate of climate finance flow, which is an important finance governance dealt with small-n case reflection to cope with 'climate emergency'. studies. However, the overarching research such as mapping work on the governance architecture that refers to the larger number of cases is missing in global environmental Panel ID 105 governance studies. Agency beyond the state (ii): non- Transnational climate finance initiatives take state actors in global governance on various functions in governance. As scholars Parallel Panel Session 5, Wednesday 8th September 2021, have studied the role and function of 13:00-14:30 CEST transnational non-state actors in agenda setting, political lobbying, implementing Chair: Nagmeh Nasiritousi international agreements, rule making, technical assistance, knowledge sharing, and ID131. finance provision, this paper also identifies several functions that are typically undertaken Between cooperation and by transnational climate finance initiatives: for confrontation: Non-state action in instance those include information sharing, post-Paris climate governance capacity building, target setting and rule 1 2 making. Jens Marquardt , Cornelia Saga Fast , Julia Grimm3,2 Reflecting the fact that transnational 1 governance has become complex because of Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2 the proliferation of institutions, actors and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 3 norms, this paper deal with the initiatives Netherlands. Cambridge University, across regime types such as public, private and Cambridge, United Kingdom hybrid. Interplay often occurs between those initiatives across regime types in a The Paris Agreement under the United Nations complementary manner to bridge the Framework Convention on Climate Change limitations of public policies through (UNFCCC) marks a significant milestone in reformulating problems, incubating ideas and international climate politics. Not only have experimenting with solutions. With this states agreed to outline their emissions background, the paper maps the governance reduction targets through Nationally roles and functions of the initiatives with Determined Contributions (NDCs). The analytical lens on institutional interplay. agreement also brings non-state climate action to the forefront by actively inviting non- and

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sub-state actors to contribute to climate competing perspectives on the state, societal mitigation efforts. The global climate action change and knowledge-making processes. agenda fosters a dialogue across state- and non-state actors. While global governance and International Relations scholars have widely acknowledged and even anticipated the increasing relevance of non- and sub-state actors, their embracement evokes questions of how to deal with and analyses the role of non- state actors. Based on a critical literature ID213. review, we highlight themes of contestation, conflicts, and ambiguities to propose a more Philanthropic Foundations and nuanced reading of the role of non- and sub- Field-building in Marine state actors in post-Paris climate governance. Conservation Governance We identify research gaps, challenges, and Michele M. Betsill, Rebecca Gruby, Elodie Le tensions in how the literature treats non-state Cornu, Ash Enrici actor involvement in climate change governance and outline a research agenda for Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA social scientists. Insights from other social Philanthropic foundations contribute to earth science fields and disciplines such as science system governance as funders of projects, and technology studies, social movement networks, organizations, policy initiatives, and studies, anthropological studies, ethnography, research activities across a range of and organization and management theory environmental issue areas. In 2015, half of the provide insights into how scholars $800 million in grant funds for ocean conceptualize and construct the diverse nature conservation came from foundations, roughly of non-state action. They help us to illuminate equal to the amount of official development at least three themes of contestation: the assistance from governments. This paper fills a relation of non-state actors to the state, their gap in earth system governance research and ambitions in society, and the authority of the social sciences more broadly by focusing on knowledge on which their claims rest. These philanthropies as agents of earth system foundational categories allow us to develop a governance with the authority and capacity to typology of competing role models of non- influence and steer policy processes, state actors in climate governance: Non-state behaviors, and outcomes. Specifically, we actors can be conceptualized not only as (1) explore how philanthropic foundations cooperative facilitators of and contributors to a exercise agency through the concept of "field- state-led climate action agenda, but also as (2) building". Organizational fields consist of social co-opted instruments which are strategically networks and shared meaning systems that used for state interests, and (3) disruptive and shape how participants in a policy domain confrontational forces in the post-Paris climate interact with one another and engage with change regime. We conclude that climate particular issues. Our research contributes to governance research should not limit itself to the ESG research theme of "Agency and the mechanisms of effective non-state action in Architecture" by exploring the role of (global) climate governance, but also ask how foundations in building the organizational field an inclusive climate regime can respond to for marine conservation. Drawing on

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document analysis and semi-structured experiences around the world. Looking interviews with program officers and staff at 40 through the SDG 17 “Strengthen the means of foundations working in the oceans arena, we implementation and revitalize the global address a number of key questions, including: partnership for sustainable development”, this To what extent do philanthropies explicitly research examines the role of different social acknowledge their field-building role? In what groups in each country - civil society; ways do investments in specific organizations, universities; private sector; local authorities activities, and programs as well as interactions and federal governments - on developing with key stakeholders shape the ways in which strategies of action and institutional designs to marine conservation issues are understood and engage locally into the implementation process managed across geographies and scales? Do of the 2030 Agenda. Brazil and South Africa are donors implicitly or explicitly advance a shared interesting cases to be analyzed on the understanding of their vision for how marine prospects for what extent a global policy conservation goals should be achieved? Does response is effective in local territories. Brazil marine conservation field-building by and South Africa have both taken leading foundations reinforce or challenge the positions in hosting sustainability conferences neoliberalization of conservation? We (1992, 2002 and 2012), establishing conclude by reflecting on the implications of themselves as important Global South players, recognizing philanthropies of agents of and having recently facing political crises that environmental governance. endangered the visions of a sustainable future. The main argument of this study is that social ID367. movements, although lacking in economic resources and global projection capacity, Struggling to Implement the 2030 appear to have a most significant role to play as Agenda: The Centrality of Social the backbone to SDG implementation. Movements to the SDGs Methodologically, the paper combines theoretical approaches on social change, social 1 2 Vasna Ramasar , Thiago G Galvao movements, social constructivism and norm 1Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 2University of localization with empirical document analysis Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil and case studies. The relevance of this paper is to shed some light on the centrality of social This paper presents an analysis based on Brazil movements on: (1) designing projects that fit and South Africa’s experiences on architecture and address inequality and sustainability designs and agency in dealing with the locally; (2) making the other agents implementation of the Sustainable accountable for their actions related to the Development Goals (SDG) and the 2030 Agenda 2030; and (3) resisting global Agenda. SDG has become one of the main imposition by reframing the SDGs agenda frames for political and behavioural change, priorities in local contexts. Community regimes connecting multiple scales of values, ideas, and collective action are thus important for interests and actions from global to local. In steering Agenda 2030 towards just global fact, the success of the SDGs is largely linked sustainability. with the articulations between global, national and sub-national levels on a myriad of Keywords: SDGs, Brazil, South Africa, translations, adaptations and monitoring localization, agency

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making in the field of environmental governance is affected by internal and external pressures to safeguard the environment. Based on interviews with key stakeholders, we Panel ID 106. illustrate the role of actor networks, Environmental governance in institutional set-ups, and international China standards in environmental governance of the Parallel Panel Session 7, highway project in the aspiring EU member Thursday 9th September 2021, state in the Western Balkans. This article 8:30-10:00 CEST contributes towards a better understanding of China’s growing importance as global actor and Chair: Ke Tang increasingly active role in environmental ID334. governance, and what this means for Europe. The case may be seen as exemplary for a larger Environmental Governance of set of BRI projects where geographically, China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A socially and institutionally distant actors case study from Montenegro influence environmental governance in BRI host countries. Johanna Coenen, Jens Newig ID336. Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an Greening China’s Belt and Road ambitious effort to increase trans-continental Initiative: From Normalization to connectivity and cooperation mainly through Institution Building and Beyond infrastructure investments and trade. On the Yixian Sun1, Bowen Yu2 one hand, the globally unparalleled initiative is expected to foster economic growth, but on 1University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom. the other hand, it can have substantial 2Fudan University, Shanghai, China environmental implications. The BRI creates new challenges and opportunities for Since its launch in 2013, the China-led Belt and environmental governance as new actor Road Initiative (BRI) has been widely constellations emerge in BRI host countries to considered as the largest development plan and construct large-scale infrastructure cooperation initiative in generations, which projects. Although China has outlined its vision may significantly contribute to human of building a “green Belt and Road”, it remains development in the developing world in the st unknown how this ambition affects projects on 21 century. But the BRI could cause huge the ground. environmental and social impacts in its recipient countries if its projects are not As an example of a BRI project with potentially probably governed. To date, academic immense environmental effects, we present a research on the BRI mainly focuses on the case study of the Bar-Boljare highway in Initiative’s origin from a strategic point of view Montenegro. We elucidate the complex web of with little attention to its sustainability actors and contractual arrangements involved, governance. While some observers have been and demonstrate how domestic decision- worried about the BRI’s consequences to Earth

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systems, over the last five years many governance of the BRI and its sustainability governance initiatives for greening the BRI impact. have emerged in China, aiming to establish environmental safeguards for relevant projects. China’s practices to green the BRI has evolved from top leaders’ speeches to institution building. Furthermore, the Ministry ID350. of Environment and Ecology launched in 2019 the BRI International Green Development China and norm-making in Coalition – an open, inclusive and voluntary extractives governance: a case study network to ensure that the BRI brings of the Responsible Cobalt Initiative sustainable development to concerned (RCI) countries. How to make sense of the evolution of China’s strategy to green the BRI? Answering Hyeyoon Park this question requires us to address several Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA interconnected questions. Is there a theory of change guiding Chinese policy circle’s thinking The norms literature in international relations of greening the BRI? If yes, what it does (or will) (IR) does not sufficiently explain the impact of look like? Who are advocates of this policy changing power relations among states and the change and what are their motivations to green role of non-Western actors on norm the BRI? Drawing on government documents, development. Reflecting this theoretical gap, interviews with practitioners, and media previous studies in global environmental reports, we map the recent initiatives seeking politics (GEP) have paid little attention to the to green the BRI and assess external and normative influence of China as an emerging internal dynamics that could lead China to this power in global environmental governance new direction. We pay special attention to the (GEG). Meanwhile, China’s increasing historical and future evolution of policies and involvement in GEG raises a question of mechanisms behind this change. We find that whether China is not only a norm-taker but also Xi Jinping has shown strong intention to bring a norm-shaper. Chinese actors recently have ecological civilization into the BRI, but his started engaging in many transnational position has also opened opportunities for extractive governance initiatives that serve as different ministries, state-owned enterprises, a platform for transparency norm and other stakeholders to pursue their own development. China’s role in transnational interests in institutionalizing this green extractives governance is closely related to its movement. However, these efforts seem to increasing demands on mineral resources and suffer from the lack of inter-agency Green Belt and Road Initiative (Green BRI), a coordination such that the Chinese new national strategy to mitigate negative government has yet to adopt a comprehensive environmental impacts of global BRI projects, strategy to green the BRI. By unpacking the including massive mining operations of Chinese interests of different Chinese stakeholders in extractive companies overseas. Moreover, the greening of the BRI and complex China published a Chinese version of extractive interaction among them, the paper makes a governance guidelines on transparency that new contribution to the timely debate on the led to the establishment of the Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI) in 2017.

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Drawing on two-way socialization theory that China has emerged as the world's largest considers the interactions between norm- emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) over the taking and norm-shaping, this research aims to past decade. As a consequence, China has also understand China’s new leadership role in started to take a more visible role in global transnational extractives governance through climate governance. Despite this development, the case of the RCI. I use a process-tracing we still lack holistic knowledge of China's approach that includes a historical analysis of climate governance. To advance the China’s engagement in transnational understanding of China's role in climate extractives governance; a document analysis governance, both domestically and at the that compares a Chinese version of international level, we undertake a systematic transparency guidelines to existing ‘non- review of 102 academic publications in the field Chinese (Western)’ global guidelines; and semi- of climate governance between 2009 to 2019. structured interviews with people who have First, we provide a descriptive analysis to been involved in drafting the Chinese provide a general picture of the state-of-the- transparency guidelines and RCI members. The art, including its development over time, target initial analysis suggests that transnational journals, and authorship. Second, we identify interaction among Chinese and non-Chinese four main themes that dominate the scholarly norm entrepreneurs and international literature on China's climate change demands shaping China’s new identity as an governance: 1) what are the incentives behind emerging power have led to China’s two-way China's climate governance at different levels; socialization in transparency norm 2) what are the policy instruments adopted development. The two-way socialization (what is there in the policy toolbox); 3) who are process reflects both the localization of a global the players involved in governing climate transparency norm and globalization of a change; 4) what is the difference in climate Chinese version of transparency, illustrating governance between China and other the multi-level dynamics of transparency norm countries. We found that current literature development in GEG. Regarding the ESG mainly focuses on how to govern climate conference stream of architecture and agency, change at specific levels through a range of this research contributes to understanding case studies. What is missing is an assessment how China, as an emerging agent in GEP, of the coherence/incoherence among different transforms and re-shape the global governance policy levels and a more detailed analysis of the architecture to solve diverse transnational role and relevance of non-state actors in issues of global extractive resources. China's climate change governance. We encourage scholars to factor in these gaps ID599. when developing future research.

Taming a dragon? China's climate governance over the past decade

Xiaoran Li, Oscar Widerberg, Philipp Pattberg

Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Netherlands

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Panel ID 107 policies, such as new standards and Biodiversity: governance commitments, funding, creating and disseminating information, and executing landscapes projects on the ground, and presenting a Parallel Panel Session 2, diversified landscape of transnational Tuesday 7th September 2021, biodiversity initiatives and highlight differences 10:30-12:00 CEST and similarities. As a useful tool for the Chair: Yves Zinngrebe policymakers, it enables comparison and assessment of transnational biodiversity ID76. initiatives across scales.

Competing or Complementing? ID467. Using theories-of-change to evaluate transnational biodiversity Transforming Biodiversity initiatives Governance in agricultural landscapes: taking stock and looking Oscar Widerberg, Katarzyna Negacz, Philipp forward Pattberg Yves Marcel Zinngrebe1,2, Fiona Kinniburg3, VU-IVM, Amsterdam, Netherlands Marjanneke J. Vijge4, Hens Runhaar4,5, Sabina Khan2 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has largely failed to halt global biodiversity loss. 1University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Beyond the CBD, however, hundreds of 2Helmholtz Institute for Environmental transnational initiatives between states, cities, Research, Leipzig, Germany. 3Technical regions, companies, indigenous peoples, civil University of Munich, München, Germany. society organizations, and other non-state and 4Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. subnational actors, are starting to take action 5Wageningen University, Wageningen, on biodiversity. Little is known about the Netherlands impact of these initiatives on global biodiversity governance. This paper presents Agricultural landscapes cover over 38% of the an evaluative framework that accommodates world’s terrestrial surface and support a wide the heterogeneity of transnational biodiversity range of ecosystem services and habitats. initiatives. It is based on the “theories-of- Nevertheless, the agricultural sector has been change” of four ideal-type initiatives engaging identified as the single largest contributor to in information sharing and networking, biodiversity loss worldwide, principally as a operations on the ground, standards and result of habitat conversion and agro-chemical commitments and financing. The paper applies pollution. While different protected areas with the framework to a set of illustrative case- varying legal status have been installed in many studies. The framework provides a flexible tool countries to set aside valuable ecological areas to structure and assess the performance of (land-sparing), there is an increased initiatives with a set of tailor-made indicators recognition worldwide that reversing for different types of initiatives involved in biodiversity loss in agricultural areas will biodiversity conservation; analyzing require radically different forms of agricultural governance functions that complement public governance to reduce pressures, preserve

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Biodiversity loss is related to different threats Architectures of responsibility: related to agricultural threats. We discuss Understanding obligations for common and diverging threats and trajectories biodiversity in the polycentric of biodiversity aspects in agricultural governance of the UK Overseas landscapes in both developed countries and Territories developing countries. Jasper Montana Based on work around the concept of Biodiversity Policy Integration (BPI), we University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom produce an analytical framework along the criteria Inclusion, Operationalisation, The rapid acceleration of human impacts on Coherence, Capacity, and Weighing. the Earth System – characterised as the Anthropocene – presents particular challenges We find that the overall inclusion of for identifying and implementing biodiversity objectives in agricultural policies responsibility. Negative environmental impacts and practices is generally low. Biodiversity are driven by a wide array of actors across sites instruments and policies are predominantly and scales, from the telecoupling effects of ‘add on’ policies that do not directly address international trade to the legacies of historic biodiversity threatening practices in both introductions of . Not only do developing and developed countries. Though these complex Anthropocenic relations there is increasing evidence on how challenge existing modes of governing, but biodiversity can contribute to agricultural they also signal the need for a possible rethink yields, a ‘productivist’ paradigm that lacks of the distribution and reach of ethics and consideration of biodiversity still dominates obligations. These challenges call for increased most agricultural policies and practices in both attention to the ways in which environmental developed and developing countries. A much responsibility can be appropriately and justly stronger transformation of the agricultural distributed across scales and between state sector and the policies that govern it will be and non-state actors. Considering the necessary to reduce the threat of extinction of Anthropocene as a contextual condition and 1 million species worldwide and meet the applying Architecture and Agency as a research Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), lens, this paper examines the distribution and especially those aiming at preserving life on nature of responsibility for biodiversity in the land (SDG 14) and life in water (SDG 15), as well polycentric governance context of the UK as that relating to sustainable production and Overseas Territories. This set of 14 islands, consumption (SDG 8). Based on our BPI archipelagos and peninsulas harbour 94% of assessment, we identify and discuss four the UK’s unique biodiversity and boast a huge transformation factors with the potential of diversity of governance arrangements, from supporting a transition towards agricultural locally-elected government to management by sustainability. These include a clear vision for a Chief Executive Officer. This paper considers , social capital, responsibility through an interpretive lens: knowledge integration and learning as well as examining the meaning and enactment of the integration of private initiativees and responsibility as an integral part of what others markets.

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have called ‘knowing governance’. The paper coordination between different efforts and brings together document analysis with institutions and the resulting functional interviews from a range of UK and the Overseas overlap. The aim of this paper is to analyze the Territory governments, scientific and civil emergence of a complex governance landscape society professionals currently involved in for biodiversity and to discuss how the CBD can environmental management. It finds that harness the potential of this emerging different environmental actors settle on landscape and better orchestrate the efforts of different definitions of responsibility and international collaborative initiatives. We thereby demand different resources in order to compiled a unique dataset of more than 300 enact their obligations. Reflecting on these biodiversity initiatives by applying semi- findings in light of the anticipated post-2020 automated content analysis and expert global biodiversity framework, the paper interview validation. In order to describe the suggests that creating architectures of evolving institutional landscape and make responsibility that are mutually supporting – policy recommendations, we coded cutting across obligations for nature that are characteristics of each initiative, including inter legal, moral, professional, and beyond – is likely alia, their members, governance functions, to be important for sustaining robust focus areas, goals and commitments made in biodiversity throughout the Anthropocene. relation to global policy goals set out by the CBD. ID629. The preliminary results show that there is an The emergence of a complex increase in the number of hybrid initiatives governance landscape for (involving both state and non-state actors) over biodiversity time. Additionally, international collaborative initiatives are getting increasingly involved in Matilda Petersson, Katarzyna Negacz, Oscar the voluntary commitment process managed Widerberg, Philipp Pattberg by the CBD. We discuss these findings in Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, relation to ongoing scholarly debates in global Netherlands environmental governance on orchestration and polycentric governance. Finally, we Recent decades have witnessed alarming rates propose that these trends provide a window of of biodiversity loss worldwide. Despite global opportunity for synergy effects between efforts to reverse this negative trend, countries actions coordinated by the CBD and have largely failed to achieve the goals set out undertaken by international cooperative by the Convention on Biological Diversity initiatives. (CBD). At the same time, an increasingly complex bottom-up institutional landscape has emerged across multiple issue areas of global environmental governance. This is manifested through a myriad of public, private and hybrid institutions at various levels, often referred to as international collaborative initiatives for biodiversity. An often-cited challenge in biodiversity governance is the lack of

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ID429. loss of biodiversity value on both levels. Based on the assessment of habitat quality in the How to maintain a biodiversity of database of Habitat Mapping, made by the natural habitats under global Agency for Nature and Landscape Protection of change and increasing landscape the Czech Republic, natural habitats, with exploitation? above-average quality and exceeding the minimum area necessary for maintaining the Pavel Cudlín1, Vilém Pechanec2, Marcela given habitat on the site, were selected. From Prokopová1, Renata Včeláková1, Jan Purkyt1,3, these habitats, the Marxan model was used to Ondřej Cudlín1 select optimal habitats for conservation or adaptation measures located in insufficiently 1Clobal Change Research Institute CAS, České protected areas. Budějovice, Czech Republic. 2Department of Geoinformatics, Life Science Faculty, Palacky The results of land cover development showed 3 University, Olomouc, Czech Republic. 3South increased biodiversity value for the whole Bohemian University, České Budějovice, Czech Czech Republic, mainly due to significantly Republic increased areas of meadows and pastures at the expense of arable land and a smaller Nowadays the scientific community is increase of forest area on abandoned soil. On increasingly focused on biodiversity and its the other hand, the biodiversity values of development under conditions. natural and near natural habitats decreased in Climate, land-use and biodiversity are all favour of ruderalized habitats, mostly due to negatively impacted by the human increasing pressure from landscape growth and activities. In a period of global exploitation and climate change. change, we consider biodiversity as a feature that is crucial for nature resistance and Based on the selection of the most valuable resilience, which are prerequisites of an habitats using the Marxan model, measures ecosystem’s ability to mitigate the negative will be proposed, leading both to slowing down impacts of global change on human the loss of species, community and habitat . However, biodiversity is also diversity in the Czech Republic and to highly jeopardized by the climate and land use increasing biodiversity in places more affected changes. Its decline is alarming and further by human activity. deterioration is expected.

The goal of this contribution is to detect these changes in the Czech Republic and outline strategies to reduce biodiversity loss in climate change conditions. An analysis of Corine land cover data time sequences was performed to quantify the changes at the landscape level, while data of the Habitat layer of the Czech Republic from two time periods based on Natura 2000 mapping were compared to define changes in natural habitats. The Habitat Valuation Method was used to quantify the

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Panel ID 108 indicator and describe its variation across countries and industry sectors. The result is a Sustainable Development Goals: much more comprehensive and refined implications for global governance analysis of these public-private intersections Parallel Panel Session 4, than seen in previous studies. In a second Wednesday 8th September 2021, step, we explore the potential of VSS to serve 9:00-10:30 CEST as an implementation mechanism for the SDGs. In a “most-likely” case setting, we zoom Chair: Clara Brandi into a subset of well-established VSS. Drawing on regime theory, we analyse data linked to ID18. their institutional design, institutional context, and policy uptake to gain a better The Role of Voluntary Sustainability understanding of the potential effectiveness Standards (VSS) for the Sustainable and role of these programs for the SDGs. Development Goals (SDGs) ID161. Katharina Bissinger1, Clara Brandi2, Matteo 3 4 Fiorini , Philip Schleifer Effects of the Sustainable 1University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany. 2DIE, Development Goals on global Bonn, Germany. 3EUI, Florence, Italy. governance architectures: Insights 4University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, from a dynamic network analysis of Netherlands 313 intergovernmental The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) organisations are to align the efforts of public and private Maya Bogers, Frank Biermann, Agni actors and to further the integration of Kalfagianni, Rakhyun E Kim governance instruments around their ambitious agenda. While there is a burgeoning Copernicus Institute of Sustainable literature on Development, , Utrecht, interactions, we have little systematic Netherlands knowledge about the degree of public-private complementarity in this policy domain. To The system of global governance is address this gap, this paper uses an original fragmented. International institutions and dataset to explore the intersections of organisations operate in silos, and the need for voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) and more integration has been emphasised for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In a first step, we investigate long. Now, with the adoption of the the overlaps between VSS requirements and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in SDG targets by identifying which SDG targets 2015, an unprecedented trust has been placed are covered by VSS and which are not. in the capacity of global goals to bring together Building on a mapping of 800 VSS and better align these separate institutions. Yet requirements against the 17 SDGs and their little is known about the effects of global goal- 169 targets, we generate indictors for VSS- setting on existing governance architectures. SDG overlaps both at the global and country- Can global goals facilitate integration among sector level. Taking a closer look at the international institutions? Some have argued overlaps between VSS requirements and SDG yes: that goals facilitate the creation of targets, we create a complementarity

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overarching and cross-cutting norms, thus applied for systematic comparison of enhancing integration across international governance architectures. The method has not institutions. Others have argued that while been used in global governance before, and, as integration may occur, this is mainly within the this paper demonstrates, has the potential to own policy domain, thus leading to a significantly advance the field. continuation of the current siloed approach. Again others have even argued that non- ID548. binding goals contribute to institutional fragmentation, potentially complicating Can the SDGs foster integrated international cooperation. To shed light on this sustainability? An expert survey theoretical debate in the global governance Frank literature, where little empirical work has been Francesco Saverio Montesano, Biermann, Agni Kalfagianni, Marjanneke J Vijge done, this paper assesses and explains how the global network of intergovernmental Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands organisations has evolved in its structure before and after the advent of the SDGs. More The integration of socio-economic and specifically, a dynamic network model of 313 ecological systems has become a central intergovernmental organisations is challenge in earth system governance. In 2015, constructed using their websites and the United Nations agreed on 17 Sustainable hyperlinks, over the years 2012 to 2018. Data is Development Goals (SDGs) to advance such collected from the Internet Archive, a digital policy integration across the economic, social archive storing websites. From the archived and environmental dimensions of websites, yearly hyperlink networks are sustainability. Such integration can only created: networks reflecting how the succeed when it is aligned with changes in intergovernmental organizations’ websites awareness, values and practices at both the have connected to each other on the web, over individual and at the organisational level. Yet time. From this model, the paper makes three are those changes observable since 2015? This main analyses: (1) whether the global network paper interrogates two research questions: of intergovernmental organisations is First, how and to what extent do experts and integrating or fragmenting; (2) how professionals across the globe understand and governance architectures compare across operationalise notions of “integrated different policy sectors and SDG domains, over sustainability”? Second, have the SDGs, hailed time; and (3) whether the increasing global as the most advanced attempt at promoting attention for cross-sectoral interdependencies global integrated sustainability, played a role in – across the social, economic and informing their perceptions, priorities, and environmental dimensions – is reflected in the ways of working? To address these questions, network of intergovernmental organisations. we designed an (online) survey, which we With the results of these analyses, this paper broadly circulated to a large sample of experts make a significant contribution to advancing and professionals working for international our knowledge on the effects of global goals in organisations, relying on snowballing global governance, particularly on the currently techniques through access points in both fragmented system of intergovernmental national and international networks and organizations. In addition, this paper makes personal contacts at various organisations. Our use of a highly novel method that can be widely survey first clustered respondents around their

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responses to statements focusing on In 2015, 17 Sustainable Development Goals independent variables such as professional (SDGs) were universally agreed upon, to be affiliation, seniority, and familiarity with reached by 2030. International Organizations sustainability governance. It then investigated provided input during the SDG negotiation respondents’ perceptions about the different process, and many received the role of dimensions of sustainability and their ‘indicator custodian’ for the SDG indicator interdependence. The central dependent framework. Although International variable of the study is the possible change in Organizations therefore play an important role understanding and operationalisation of within the overall governance architecture of integrated sustainability, and the related the SDGs and are crucial for the ‘success’ of this influence of the SDGs. To better classify and set of goals, not much is known about the analyse responses, we applied Pal’s (1995) extent to which these global actors themselves discursive categories, with statements aiming are influenced by global goalsetting. The at studying respondents’ perceptions in terms current study contributes to filling this gap by of scope (what does integrated sustainability studying one of the most prominent entail?), objectives (how should it be international organizations’ uptake and pursued?), process (what is my role/the role of prioritization of the SDGs, namely the World my organisation?), and evidence (what do Bank. The main questions we try to answer in I/does my organisation concretely do?). A this paper are the following: Have the SDGs subsequent rigorous statistical analysis of the become an integral part of World Bank results, centred on clustering techniques, led to discourse? Or are they solely used for outside a number of important findings that reporting? Is the Bank also taking on goals that illuminated significant variations across actors it might not have agreed with during the and organisations in terms of sustainability negotiation process? And if so, how does the priorities, as well as several factors that might Bank use these goals in its discourse? The aim influence such variations, such as of this study is two-fold. Firstly, we study the organisational structure, external cooperation, uptake of different SDGs within World Bank and type of mandate. The analysis provided discourse. Thereafter, we provide a detailed valuable new insights into the actual steering case study of one goal, namely SDG 10 that power of the SDGs. aims to reduce inequalities, a novel goal captured in the SDG framework. This goal has ID580. been one of the most controversial goals that came out of the SDG negotiation process, and Are international organizations it has been remarked by scholars that the influenced by global goalsetting? World Bank disputed the need for an individual The case of the World Bank, the goal on inequality. Since this goal was SDGs and the reduction of nevertheless taken up in the final list, it inequality provides a good case study to explore the extent to which setting goals that might not Melanie van Driel, Frank Biermann, fully resonate with a particular organization Marjanneke J. Vijge, Rakhyun E. Kim can nevertheless influence its priorities and communication. For this study, we compiled a Copernicus Institute of Sustainable corpus consistent of 282 key World Bank Development, Utrecht, Netherlands documents, separated into a pre-SDG (2000-

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2015) and SDG period (2016-2020). These about the potential of global goal-setting to documents include i) speeches of World Bank lead to a more coordinated effort to address presidents, ii) Annual Reports and iii) Flagship these major challenges. A novelty of the goal- Reports. We used (automated) text analysis to setting process related to the indicators of the map the overall coverage and prioritization of Sustainable Development Goals is the the SDGs by the World Bank. Thereafter, we introduction of ‘indicator custodianship’. At used a mixed-method approach to analyze the the global level, 44 agencies within and outside case of SDG 10 on inequality, combining of the UN System have been deemed custodian (automated) text analysis and discourse of one or more of the 244 current indicators. analysis. This resulted in an overall picture of While most custodians have just a small the (change in) occurrence and number of indicators, some, such as the United contextualization of this disputed topic over Nations Environment Programme, are time. responsible for numerous indicators that span multiple goals. These custodians are mandated to lead methodology development; compile, calculate and disperse data series and Panel ID 110 aggregates for their indicator; and provide the Global goals: steering effects and annual narrative for the global progress report. transformative capacity In addition, they are supposed to coordinate Parallel Panel Session 6, national statistical systems by inspiring Wednesday 8th September 2021, capacity-building, data collection and ensuring 17:00-18:30 CEST data comparability and quality. If successful, the custodians could play a crucial role in Chairs: Lukas Hermwille reducing the fragmentation of global ID222. governance by helping implementation monitoring, evaluation and further agenda- Custodians of sustainable setting within the goal-setting process. development? An assessment of However, it remains unclear to what extent "indicator custodianship" by UN assigning exclusive responsibility for individual indicators will lead to the coordination efforts agencies for the SDGs necessary for effective governance of the Melanie van Driel, Frank Biermann, Rakhyun E. Sustainable Development Goals. Some issue Kim, Marjanneke J. Vijge areas, like Goal 3 on Good Health and Well- Being, have only a few custodians, and their Copernicus Institute of Sustainable governance might hence be characterized as Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, rather centralized. Others, like Goal 5 on Netherlands Gender Equality, have many custodians and Global governance has long been characterized appear thus more fragmented. Using by persistent fragmentation within and systematic qualitative document analysis, a between issue areas. The Sustainable comprehensive survey and 25 semi-structured Development Goals, agreed upon in 2015, now expert interviews, this paper explains to what provide a set of 17 goals that cover a multitude extent and under which conditions indicator of these issue areas. Within the Earth System custodianship can increase global-level Governance literature, this raises questions coordination and its effectiveness. The

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established coordination per goal was tested responsiveness of some Brazilian agents is by applying a uniform coordination framework, gradually building a governance architecture applied to both centralized and fragmented based on multilevel connections of social governance structures. In concluding, the movements, local authorities, universities and results of this in-depth study are used to assess international organizations (IO) aspiring to the potential of indicator custodianship for a territorialise the SDG in Brazil. Regardless the more integrated global governance approach. erratic behaviour of the national government By doing so, the paper advances ongoing in implementing the 2030 Agenda, social debates within the Earth System Governance responsiveness from science, technology and literature about the desirability of a more or innovation infrastructure (established mostly less fragmented system, and the extent to by public universities) is developing applied which fragmentation impacts the potential to research and socially designed projects aiming establish effective coordination. the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development. Methodologically, ID406. this study is based on Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) to assist in deciphering Governing the implementation of qualitative material and organizing it into the 2030 Agenda without categories; framing theory and social Government: social responsiveness constructivism helps to understand how agents and the territorialisation of the SDG and agency interact with the 2030 Agenda in Brazil implementation in terms of adaptiveness and imagination; foreign policy and public policy Thiago Galvão1, Henrique Menezes2 analysis of primary and secondary sources producing descriptive and analytical inferences 1University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil. 2Federal about ideas and interests that guide Brazilian University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil behaviour. This communication focuses on three Brazilian perspectives aiming to inspire Brazil is certainly pivotal on the global debate reflections to other cases around the world. about environment, climate change and The first perspective (historical context) sustainable development – both because its outlines advances and setbacks in Brazil natural capacities and political position in the regarding the implementation of the SDG Global South multilateralism. The continental between 2015-2020. The second perspective scale of Brazil and the variability of biomes, (political change) discuss the impact of the rise urbanization and developing levels of each part of a right-wing populist government on the of the country is a real challenge to the Brazilian agents and institutions sustainable implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the development architecture. The third Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). perspective (responsiveness) highlight the Moreover, the recent political changes in Brazil strengthening of Brazilian social agents, have rekindled major concerns about how the particularly the education and science country will manage and protect its natural institutions capacity to generate local adaptive resources, as well as support the demands of responses through science production, the most vulnerable people vis-a-vis the innovation and outreach activities, as well as international commitments made by the reflexivity on challenges and silences on the government, specifically since 2015. The main Agenda 2030. Finally, this study tries to unveil argument of this study is that the

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that a network of universities in Brazil is rising Transformations are introduced as a strategy as a locus of anticipation, imagination and to achieve sustainable development goals (1) connections of different actors and groups in a education, gender and inequality; (2) health, logic of governance without government. well-being and demography; (3) energy decarbonization and sustainable industry; (4) ID102. sustainable food, land, water and oceans; (5) sustainable cities and communities; and (6) Challenges and opportunities for digital revolution for sustainable development. Brazil within Agenda 2030 - Those modular blocks will then be discussed transformations towards considering Brazil's contextual conditions sustainability? where a high social inequality and rich diversity are present across the country. The Leandra R Goncalves1, Cristina Yumie A Inoue2, analysis will be empirically detailed through a Ana Flavia Barros-Platiau2, Ana Mauad3, Flavia systematic review of the Brazilian Institute of M Collaço4, Leandro Giatti5, Mateus Henrique Geography and Statistics indicators and data Amaral5, Matias Franchini6, Pedro Henrique C from public and official sources. Therefore, we Torres7, Pedro R Jacobi7 draw on two hypotheses (1) that Brazil's situation in recent years is not favorable for the 1University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. implementation of the 2030 Agenda due, 2University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil. mainly, to the national government's lack of 3Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, confidence in multilateral options, high level of Colombia. 4School of Arts, Science and corruption and the prevalence of short-term Humanities at University of Sao Paulo (EACH- economic interests which in the end impact the USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil. 5School of Public institutional architecture, (2) the lack of Health, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, leadership in the national level opens space to Brazil. 6Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, subnational actors agency in the international Colombia. 7Institute of Energy and Environment agenda. We argue here that ambitious public (IEE), University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil policies require an environment of relative This paper discusses Brazil's role in socio-political consensus, stability and implementing the 2030 Agenda by applying the significant and sustained economic growth as Six transformations framework proposed by increases in public resources would be required The World in 2050 initiative. Brazil has to implement and promote sustainable unquestionable importance in the global development governance. Additionally, from environmental arena, justified by its high index an institutionalist perspective, the Agenda of biodiversity, the forest area coverage, one of 2030 needs to be operationalized within the the largest coastal and marine zones in the structures of government, however, the world, and also by the immense challenge of biggest challenge is to coordinate this across ensuring environmental sustainability, in a levels and scales, respecting the strong context of deep social inequality. interdependencies across the 17 Sustainable Environmental changes in Brazil may cause Development Goals (SDGs) and the broad effects on a global scale, and in sum, economic interaction of multiple public and private development strategies in this country have actors. posed disagreements with socio- environmental agendas. The Six

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ID578. quantitative content analysis on the website texts of 200 international organizations over An integrated approach to global the time period 2012-2019 to answer two issues? Effects of the Sustainable important questions: First, are international Development Goals on issue organizations adopting the SDGs as a integration in international framework? Second, to what extent has attention for cross-sectoral interdependencies organizations – across the social, economic, and Maya J. Bogers, Frank H.B. Biermann, Agni environmental dimensions of development Kalfagianni, Rakhyun E. Kim and across the SDGs – increased after the SDGs were implemented? Our analyses draw on Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands computational text analysis. Specifically, we use dictionary methods, i.e. automated Over the past decades, international keyword searches, to analyse how often terms organizations have become more and more related to the SDGs as a framework are used by specialized in numerous sectoral issues. While international organizations over time. Machine this development has its advantages, increased learning algorithms are then used to assess to specialization has also led actors to operate in what extent the topics embedded in the SDGs silos. This “siloization” is often considered are addressed, and whether this changes over problematic because of the many novel time. Our preliminary results show that the challenges of global governance that are SDGs are increasingly mentioned over time, increasingly complex and interconnected. The which points to an increased adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), SDGs as a policy framework. Our paper makes adopted by the United Nations in 2015, have a significant contribution to advance been heralded as a new global programme of knowledge about the effects of global goals on action to break up these silos and to better global governance, specifically whether non- integrate environmental, social and economic binding global goals are adopted by the larger goals into one coherent agenda. The success of community of international organizations and these global goals, however, depends also on whether this is leading to the integration of whether international organizations adopt issues that the 2030 Agenda calls for. these goals as a new framework of reference and pursue the goals in an integrated manner. Yet, do international organizations really change their behaviour towards implementation of the SDGs? Not much empirical work is available today. Only a handful of case studies have been put forward; they do indicate that at least some international organizations have adopted the SDGs as a framework. However, a larger, comprehensive assessment of SDG adoption and issue integration by international organizations is missing. This is where our study will contribute. We carry out a

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Panel ID 112 Against this background, this paper starts by Learning processes in delineating how the practice of holding events alongside environmental negotiations environmental governance emerged in the early 1970s and what form it Parallel Panel Session 1, takes today. It then makes the case that there Tuesday 7th September 2021, are two ways to apprehend side events from a 8:30-10:00 CEST scholarly perspective –either as objects of Chair: Bregje van Veelen study or as research sites– and reviews existing scholarship for its contribution to these lines of ID200. research. While the first type of research specifically addresses the nature of side events Carving a space in global and requires data “on” them, the second type environmental governance: what would for example center on a given issue or can we learn from studying side actor and require to collect data “at” side events? events. Building on a case study of side events at the UNFCCC, the paper then challenges the Jennifer Bansard conception that side events are the apanage of University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany non-state actors, notably by pointing to the role of governments as hosts and of International environmental meetings such as international bureaucracies as organizers of the Conferences of the Parties of the United such events. In doing so it finally shows the Nations Framework Convention on Climate relevance of side events for studying power Change (UNFCCC) or the Convention on dynamics and struggles over meaning-making. Biological Diversity are key governance sites within their respective policy field. Broadly ID522. speaking, two spaces can be distinguished within these meetings: the formal negotiations The Circular Economy as a case of on the one hand, and the side events on the successful policy-oriented learning other. Contrary to the negotiations and their process at the EU outcomes which are subject to intense Josep Pinyol Alberich scholarly scrutiny, especially in the context of climate policy, side events have received only University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom scant dedicated attention in the literature. Albeit often praised in passing for providing a This article investigates the conditions that space for non-state actor engagement, only a allow the success of policy entrepreneurs to handful of scholars have specifically examined promote policy-related concepts using the side events. Seeing how this scholarship hints circular economy (CE) as a critical case. The first at their variegated role, including in raising new definition of the CE in academic terms was ideas that can permeate to the negotiations, I done by Pearce and Turner (1990). However, argue that this constitutes a clear research gap the CE remained in the shadow for nearly – a gap that is ever more relevant considering twenty years. The circular economy (CE) was that a typical UN conference will nowadays adopted by the European Commission (EC) in host more than a hundred side events. 2014, with the Circular Economy Package of 2014. The following EC wanted to withdraw the

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CE, but after a backlash from for member economic policies based on the principles of states, businesses, and the European circularity. Parliament, the EC recuperated the CE with the CE Action Plan in 2015, and in 2020, the EC ID600. adopted a second CE action plan to mainstream the circular practices in the The lead and the lid: Understanding European Union (EU). The promotion of the CE the possibilities and limitations of is a case of policy-oriented learning, but what MDBs’ goal-guided learning made this case such a, indisputable success? This research has been elaborated by analysing Jecel Censoro, Katharine Rietig, Graham Long a set of 28 semi-structured elite interviews, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, related policy-related documents, press United Kingdom releases and press articles, and the current existing literature. The preliminary results With one-third of the SDGs’ life cycle over, the show that the concept of the CE gained effectiveness of the SDGs’ design, and of their popularity thanks to two actions of policy underlying ‘goals-based governance’ approach entrepreneurship: the Ellen MacArthur remains questionable. Delivery of the SDGs is Foundation (EMF) promoted this concept in off track, according to the UN's 2020 Global the business and academic spheres. The Goals report. Inadequate actions at the country second key entrepreneurship was the role of level, superficial approaches within the private Dr. Potočnik, the Commissioner for sector, limited funding and absence of Environment at that moment, who established complete data to properly track the goals, the European Resource Efficiency Platform to present powerful challenges. However, open up a discussion among key stakeholders influential organizations offer a potential path to promote the CE at the EU level. Although the to expedite actions on SDGs. Multilateral next EC college leaded by Jean-Claude Juncker Development Banks (MDBs) can influence initially attempted to withdraw the Circular global and country agenda using their Economy Package of 2014, the consensus knowledge and financial services. around the CE created by the EMF and the Commissioner Potočnik made the withdrawal Using learning as a framework and MDBs as too controversial, so the Juncker Commission case studies, this research discusses how it is recuperated this concept with the CE Action possible to steer policies and practices towards Plan in 2015. In 2020 the following Commission the achievement of the SDGs in 2030. This headed by Ursula von der Leyen consolidated paper addresses the question, how does MDBs’ this policy idea with a second CE Action Plan in goal-guided learning accelerate the changes 2020, consolidating the CE as the underpinning necessary to achieve the goals? The central of the EU environmental policies. The process hypothesis is that MDB’s can be conduits for of adoption of the CE by the EU is an "goal guided learning" among a broad set of emblematic case of policy-oriented learning, stakeholders, and powerful contributors to where the combined action of an advocacy SDGs’ 'goals-based governance'. Following organization and influential actors promoted a (named authors) definition of learning as policy idea and created enough acceptance to influencing the routines, problem-solving create a policy change and to shape the EU capabilities, and goal orientation of organizations, the research is based on Rietig’s

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Learning in Governance framework and ID621. Multilevel Reinforcing Dynamics. This paper uses elite interviews and process-tracing to Accountability as Transformative examine how MDBs goal-guided learning leads Learning? The Role of NGOs in the to changes in policies, processes and projects Convention on Biological Diversity in organisations. Such organisations include governments, private sector and non- Ana Maria Ulloa governmental organisations. The specific cases University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia studied are the World Bank Group and Asian Development Bank. Considering that biodiversity is key for Earth’s life support systems, ongoing rates of species Findings show that learning from banks steers and ecosystem loss are alarming. However, it is action on the SDGs, but the kind of learning common for states not to comply with the within the banks sets limitations in enabling Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in necessary changes to fully achieve sustainable particular, and with Multilateral Environmental development. Although MDBs manage to Agreements (MEAs) more generally. Because influence organisations, they remain selective enforcement mechanisms are rare in Global on which goals to pursue given the availability Environmental Governance (GEG), of resources, demands of donors and match to accountability mechanisms have the potential its existing portfolio. No changes in the to enhance compliance with MEAs. Yet, states’ underlying beliefs of individuals nor at peer-to-peer account holding, such as in the organisational level signal transformative shift. CBD, tends to be weak. This article argues that The dominant strategy applied at MDBs is a NGOs can strengthen accountability in GEG top-down approach focusing on achieving broadly, and in the CBD specifically. They can results than opening for more learning within. do so by enabling learning through the SDGs’ transformative action is possible through provision of constructive criticism of states’ the support of policy entrepreneurs serving as actions. This can facilitate the implementation mentors on the goals, and the organisational of the CBD and foster broader compliance with openness for experiences and failures to MEAs, which may ultimately lead to better happen. This research allows us to understand environmental outcomes. Using empirical the important role played by organisations, data, this paper aims to: 1) characterize along with their learning, in achieving the accountability arrangements in the CBD; 2) SDGs. The focus on learning also offers a fresh explore the roles of NGOs as watchdogs of approach to the study of goals-based states for the implementation of the CBD, and governance. 3) discus the value of having a functional global sphere, enabled by NGOs, where constructive

criticism can contribute to learning. The paper conceptualizes: constructive criticism as the provision of questions, commentary, and/or demands for change, including condemnation but also praise; and accountability as a relationship based on an active practice of giving and demanding of reasons of conduct. It emphasizes the transformative potential of

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such dynamics to influence (state) behavior and exposing new communities in unforeseen and catalyze (implementation) actions. Results ways. Yet, to date, little attention has been from interviews to environmental NGOs paid to these transboundary climate risks, conducted in this study suggests that NGOs can including where they may manifest, who they challenge states inertia and facilitate could affect, or what political implications implementation of the CBD through might result. This research study presents the knowledge, expertise and critical partnerships. first global assessment of transboundary This learning dynamic catalyzed by NGOs climate risks in agricultural supply chains for six warrants further research as it may contribute key commodities and unpacks the implications to realizing the ultimate goal of accountability for global environmental governance. Using a in GEG: fostering a culture of compliance to quantitative risk modelling approach that improve environmental outcomes. considers climate impact models, trade data, and import dependency characteristics across six key commodities, the study identifies a number of countries who are particularly Panel ID 113 exposed to transboundary climate risks, as well Trade and earth system as several critical actors who are governance: interactions and disproportionately introducing climate risk into policy levers global food trade, and identifies structural Parallel Panel Session 6, differences between commodity markets of Wednesday 8th September 2021, consequence for global . Building 17:00-18:30 CEST on this quantitative approach, the paper then considers the political ramifications of Chair: Christian Elliott addressing transboundary risks for global environmental governance, including for the ID16. climate change and trade policy architecture, Climate Change, Trade, and Global as well as implications for the agency of states as agricultural incumbents shift or the roles of Food Security: Transboundary public and private actors are realigned. Climate Risks and Implications for Global Environmental Governance

Kevin M. Adams

Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom

In a globalising world communities and economies are more interconnected than ever before. While temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, complex global supply chains can act as conduits for climate risk, distributing the adverse effects of climate change hundreds of miles from their sources

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ID105. are often perceived as incompatible objectives, citing WTO law can reassure the audience the Speeding up IEAs Ratification via the most likely to oppose the IEAs and can speed Trade Detour up the ratification process.

Noémie Laurens1, Jean-Frédéric Morin1, James Therefore, we hypothesize that: Hollway2 1. The more an IEA includes trade- 1Université Laval, Québec, Canada. 2Graduate enabling measures, the shorter the Institute, Geneva, Switzerland delay between its conclusion and ratification. Some states ratify international environmental 2. The more an IEA includes trade- agreements (IEAs) several years after their restrictive measures, the longer the conclusion. Such delay is a serious concern for delay between its conclusion and anyone who cares about IEAs’ ratification. effectiveness. This paper investigates this 3. The more an IEA signals its support to problem and asks why certain IEAs are ratified the trade regime, the shorter the delay more swiftly than others. between its conclusion and ratification. Most of the literature explains delays in 4. The more an IEA signals its opposition ratification based on country-specific variables, to the trade regime, the longer the such as the nature of the country’s political delay between its conclusion and system, the degree of democracy, or the ratification. number of veto players. These findings are important to understand ratification decisions, We test our hypotheses with a parametric but they are difficult to translate into realistic survival model and rely on an original dataset and practical recommendations for IEA of 76 trade-related measures included in 2136 negotiators. IEAs concluded since 1945. This paper brings together literatures on linkage politics, treaty Treaty-specific variables, by contrast, can more design and the two-level game of treaty easily lead to policy recommendations. ratification. However, few empirical studies look at the relation between treaty design and ratification rate. This paper takes up this challenge. We ID257. differentiate and test two causal processes Interactions between linking IEAs’ trade measures to ratification decisions. In some cases, trade measures can Environmental Agreements and have significant consequences for importers Trade Agreements – Exploring the and exporters. In this context, we expect that Trade and Climate Nexus the targeted businesses would lobby in favor or Clara A Brandi1, Jean-Frédéric Morin2 in opposition to the IEA ratification. In other cases, trade measures are more symbolic and 1German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, signal broad support or opposition to the trade Germany. 2Laval University, Quebec City, regime’s principles. In a context in which trade Canada liberalization and

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This paper investigates the interaction paper investigates the interaction of the between the Paris Agreement and preferential climate and the trade regime complex by trade agreements (PTAs). The Paris Agreement exploring the implications of trade elements in is based on a “bottom-up” process, meaning the Paris Climate Agreement for the trade that countries identify and subsequently take regime complex. action and report on their own priorities, needs and ambitions included in their nationally ID395. determined contributions (NDCs). This paper analyses countries’ NDCs from a trade Border Adjustment Mechanism: The perspective and finds that many of them unpopular policy tool that can fight contain trade-related elements. We assess climate change which types of trade elements countries have included in their NDCs and to what extent and Laurie Durel how these trade elements affect the growing Université Laval, Québec, Canada number of PTAs and their ever growing environmental content. In 2016, each new PTA Why states that have a carbon pricing system contained on average of 100 different are so reluctant to implement border environmental provisions, which are adjustment mechanisms? These measures can increasingly diverse and extensive. have a significant impact on climate change Environmental provisions in PTAs can, for policies and potentially increase public example, promote the harmonization, revenue, increase industry competitiveness, strengthening and implementation of limit industry relocation and level the playing environmental policies, back-up multilateral field between taxed domestic industries and environmental agreements and cover a untaxed foreign competition. The World Trade manifold of environmental issues including Organization (WTO) recognized that border climate change. The paper assesses whether adjustment mechanisms (BAM) that are the Paris Agreement, and the NDCs it entails, designed to impose similar costs on foreign have an impact on environmental provisions in producers may help address “carbon leakage” the PTAs that have been concluded since the and competitiveness issue. Yet, import tariffs NDCs were drafted by tracking specific trade- for environmental purpose account for less related elements in the context of the Paris than 0.1% of all environmental measures that Agreement, investigating how they affect have an impact on trade that are applied by climate-related provisions in trade agreements WTO members. and studying the underlying causal While political scientists are rather silent on the mechanisms. The paper combines a qualitative matter, international trade law and economic process tracing approach with data from the literature emphasize that one of the main NDC Explorer project, which includes a detailed reasons to explain the unpopularity of carbon coding of trade content in NDCs, as well as the BAM is the complexity and the burden for TRade and ENvironment Database (TREND), states to implement such a measure. That which contains very fine-grained data on more argument is not fully convincing since many than 280 environmental provisions in more states have applied or are applying complex than 680 trade agreements. While existing trade measures such as Tariff-rate quota. research on regime complexes is typically However, states that have a carbon pricing limited to environmental governance, this system appear to also be states that are

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 50 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency actively involved in trade liberalization. In line Panel ID 114 with the path dependency problem, we Assessing the effectiveness of suggest that states that have implemented a carbon pricing system are reluctant to governance initiatives implement carbon BAM because they are also Parallel Panel Session 3, Tuesday 7th September 2021, particularly active in trade liberalization and 16:30-18:00 CEST are not used to create complex measures that might be challenged, compared to other states. Chair: Lena Partzsch Therefore, we suggest that complex trade restrictive measures have declined in the last ID561. 20 years and that the ones still in place have been there for a long period of time. International City Climate Diplomacy: Assessing the Effects of To test our hypothesis, this paper provides a Urban Diplomatic Relations across quantitative analysis of the evolution of all tariffs and non-tariff measures that were in South Africa, Brazil and India place since the last 20 years using WTO Anne B Nielsen1, Fee Stehle2 database. This analysis will assess if states that have a carbon pricing system are more 1University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, reluctant to implement general trade Denmark. 2University of Potsdam, Potsdam, restrictive measures than states that do not Germany impose a price on carbon emission. In cities of the Global South, the necessary This paper will help inform the debates around transformations to mitigate climate change the legal and political conditions needed for an and adapt urban areas to the effects of climatic effective carbon BAM and is especially relevant changes often fall short due to severe since the EU just announced that it will propose underfunding, lack of capacity, a carbon border adjustment mechanism for mismanagement of resources, or political- selected sectors by 2021 as a part of its economic path dependencies. To resolve these European Green Deal. obstacles, quite a few cities have connected with actors outside the sphere of their nation states; activities labelled as city climate

diplomacy or paradiplomacy. In recent theoretical literature, these activities and linkages between cities and actors outside their

national context are expected to make urban climate governance more effective.

City climate diplomacy is increasingly orchestrated through transnational city networks, which have played an important role

in showcasing the potential of cities’ climate governance, building capacity for policy solutions, raising awareness on climate change in an urban context, and facilitating knowledge

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 51 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency transfers between cities. While the climate Explaining the effectiveness of governance literature has covered these transnational climate initiatives dimensions of diplomatic relations between cities extensively, there is much less Sander Chan1,2, Thomas Hale3, Kennedy consideration of linkages between cities and Mbeva4,5, Manish Shrivastava6, Victoria other external actors, such as international Chengo5 organizations, development banks, and private 1German Development Institute/Deutsches corporations. In a similar vein, cases of city Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn, diplomacy that have a positive connotation, for Germany. 2Copernicus Institute of Sustainable instance, peer-learning and policy diffusion, Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, are much more prominently considered than Netherlands. 3Blavatnik School of Government, power struggles and rivalries between national University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. and subnational governments over 4Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia. responsibility, resources and influence. 5African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. 6TERI, New Delhi, India This paper addresses this gap by mapping relevant counterparts of city climate diplomacy Transnational climate governance initiatives and examining the phenomenon of power have expanded rapidly in scale and scope over struggles in the international and domestic the past decade, and now form a central part sphere. The article compares the cases of of the global climate regime. Recent estimates Brazil, India, and South Africa to analyse which show such initiatives have significant potential features in international, national and local to reduce greenhouse gases and bolster governance systems are likely to negatively adaptation above and beyond national efforts. affect cities climate diplomacy. It builds on Despite a growing body of literature on extensive desktop research of the government transnational climate governance, however, systems characterising each of the three cases we lack systematic evidence regarding the as well as on interviews with city actors from effectiveness of initiatives, nor have the each of the case countries. determinants of effectiveness been tested The paper shows that the diplomatic activities empirically across the larger population of of local governments are constrained by initiatives. international and domestic governance frameworks and power dynamics. Cities’ This article presents findings from a database diplomatic trajectories vary substantially analysis of the hitherto largest original dataset across space depending on the political- of transnational climate governance initiatives. economic context and institutional landscape. Using a novel methodology to logically frame In order for cities to tap their full potential, outputs by individual initiatives, we assess their their role in international climate politics needs performance of between 2014-2019. to be more formalised, both in domestic and While we find relatively strong performance, international governance frameworks to with two-thirds performing well by 2019, we enable cities’ diplomatic activities. also observe significant variation in effectiveness across different kinds of ID236. initiatives. Adaptation initiatives perform worse than mitigation initiatives, and energy

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and transportation initiatives outperform unanimity – thus giving each of the 190+ initiatives in other sectors. countries a de-facto veto right. While this equips the UNFCCC with a very high level of We statistically probe the plausibility of legitimacy, the unanimity principle makes it different explanations for initiatives’ very difficult to move beyond the lowest effectiveness, finding inter alia that initiatives common denominator all countries can agree orchestrated by international organizations on. This challenge is exacerbated by and initiatives associated with major UN governments who actively obstruct domestic summits tend to perform better than average. climate action, giving them de-facto a veto right on ambitious international climate action ID402. via the UNFCCC. This paper addresses two The Value of Mediation for research questions: 1. How can this procedural challenge of the UNFCCC be overcome? 2. How increasing the Effectiveness of can the UNFCCC secretariat and session chairs International Climate Negotiations moderate the negotiations more effectively? Katharine Rietig1, Christine Peringer2, Sarina This contribution examines the role of Theys1 mediation and facilitation approaches in softening and ultimately overcoming 1 Newcastle University, Newcastle, United negotiation deadlocks in negotiations that 2 Kingdom. World Federalist Movement require consensus decision-making. It Canada, Ottawa, Canada contributes to the Earth System Governance How can mediation approaches help the literature by examining the changes necessary facilitators of complex international in the global governance architecture to negotiations to improve the effectiveness of effectively address the climate crisis. Based on negotiation outcomes? Progress towards the interviews with negotiators and non-national implementation of the Paris Agreement and actors as well as participant observation, it limiting global temperature increases to 1.5- develops propositions on how the UNFCCC 2°C via Nationally Determined Contributions negotiations could be facilitated more (NDCs) by countries emerges as inadequate. effectively using mediation techniques that Despite the initial negotiation success of the preserve the high level of legitimacy while Paris Agreement, the slow progress of COP-25 allowing for more effective negotiation in Madrid 2019 made it clear that the United outcomes in line with the Paris Agreement. Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations have now entered an ever more challenging phase that requires all countries to agree to, commit to and implement increasingly ambitious climate policies. The emission reduction targets required from countries are moving beyond GHG emission reductions of 80-90% by 2050 compared to 1990 towards carbon neutrality by 2050. Yet, the UNFCCC still operates without formally agreed rules of procedure under the consensus principle, which is interpreted as

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ID442. covariates (population density per forest areas, poverty level, and marginalization level) and Local effectiveness of forestry biophysical variables (elevation, slope, distance programs implemented in three to the nearest road, and settlement) that will REDD+ priority areas in Mexico be assumed to remain fixed over time. Data on the forestry program implemented at the local Jovanka Špirić, Miguel Angel Salinas-Melgoza level will be obtained from official government databases, while the socio-economic and Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía biophysical variables will be extracted from Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de additional geographical data. Understanding México, Morelia, Mexico the success of REDD+ policies implemented at Mexico started getting ready for REDD+ in the local level in Mexico should help guide the 2008, and the readiness phase was completed further national planning and policy design of by publishing the national strategy REDD+ in this mechanism. 2017. In this period forest policy design in the country was led by the REDD+ objectives. In ID331. addition, to test the feasibility of REDD+ design on the ground, from 2010-2015 the National Tracing the lineage - An overview of Forest Commission (CONAFOR) implemented frameworks developed on the basis the REDD+ special forestry programs in the of the Institutional Analysis and early action areas experiencing high Development Framework (IAD) deforestation rates. The objective of this 1,2 2 investigation is to analyze the effectiveness of Mirja Schoderer , Jampel Dell'Angelo forestry programs implemented during the 1German Development Institute, Bonn, REDD+ readiness phase in Mexico to preserve Germany. 2Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, or recover forests at the local community levels Netherlands in three early action regions: the Monarch Butterfly Reserve in central Mexico Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and (state of Michoacán), the Coahuayana river Development Framework (IAD) provides a basin in Western Mexico (Jalisco), and the area common ground for investigations into how of influence of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve rules come to be and how they can generate in South-eastern Mexico (Campeche). To sustainable social-ecological outcomes. It has identify and measure forest loss (deforestation facilitated communication and collaboration and degradation) and forest recovery, detailed across disciplinary and professional boundaries land cover and land-use change cover maps for and sparked numerous empirical investigations 2008 and 2018 will be produced from high- from multiple disciplines since its inception. It resolution satellite images. A Difference-in- has also garnered significant theoretical differences (DID) regression modeling will be interest as scholars from various disciplines used to compare the differences in forest cover have adopted - and adapted - the IAD to fit outcomes before (2008) and after (2018) their research interests. While some of these REDD+ readiness phase between groups of frameworks link closely to the original research local communities with and without forestry interest and ontological underpinnings of the programs. The model will combine data on IAD – such as the Social-Ecological Systems forest cover change with socio-economic (SES) framework, the Combined IAD and SES

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 54 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency framework (CIS), or the notion of Networks of Panel ID 115 Adjacent Action Situations (NAAS) – others Norm conflicts, norm emergence, diverge rather strongly from the IAD’s game theoretic foundations and its assumption of and norm glocalization bounded rationality. Parallel Panel Session 7, Thursday 9th September 2021, For researchers that are new to the topic of the 8:30-10:00 CEST commons, of natural resources governance, or Chair: Fariborz Zelli of community-based management, the number of frameworks that are available and ID538. that claim a lineage that goes back to the IAD can be confusing. Even for more experienced Norm glocalization: How and why researchers, it is hard to keep track of the India has glocalized the United theoretical developments and to identify which Nations’ climate change norm framework would be most applicable for which purpose. In this paper, we thus aim to provide around the Paris climate change an overview of the frameworks that have been conference developed up to now in explicit reference to Chris Höhne the IAD, based on a systematic literature review. We identify their main contributions, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany situate the frameworks in terms of their The international bottom-up architecture on ontological implications and provide examples climate change with top-down elements of empirical applications to which they lend requires conceptual ways to better understand themselves. global-domestic governance dynamics. I develop the ‘norm glocalization framework’ based on insights from norm scholarship,

comparative politics, public policy and sociology in order to investigate the global- domestic dynamics around the UNFCCC’s

international climate change norm, defined as the prevention of dangerous climate change. For answering the research question of how and why do nation-states engage on internationally negotiated norms and what happen to those norms when they travel to the nation-state, I apply the norm glocalization framework to the case of India’s engagement with the international climate change norm under Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the run-up to and after the Paris climate change conference (2014 to 2019). India is a particularly important case, as it is the third largest GHG emitter of the world, whose

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 55 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency climate mitigation actions will be needed to ID273. prevent dangerous climate change.

Based on the premise of an active agency of Norm conflicts as governance both external and domestic actors, the norm challenges for Seed Commons: glocalization concept elucidates the Comparing cases from Germany and mechanisms and conditions of norm the Philippines engagement and illuminates the different ways Julia Tschersich of meaning attributions to internationally negotiated norms. I, thereby, address three University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany research gaps. First, the norm literature rarely offers integrated approaches of active norm The enclosure and commodification of goods promotion and engagement by both external and services has been described as one of the and domestic actors. Second, in terms of the dominant forces transforming societies since th results of norm diffusion, the literature has the mid-19 century. This development is mostly focused either on full norm adoption or particularly visible in the food and seed sector, on local reconstruction, but would rather where the traits of cultivated varieties and benefit from approaches that consider varying seeds that are promoted are those that make forms of meaning attributions by actors. Third, them suitable as a commodity on the market. A the dynamics between international norms Seed Commons approach can help to highlight and domestic governance have not yet been the common struggle of diverse seed initiatives sufficiently scrutinized in the policy field of in the Global North and South in light of this climate change. I provide an answer to the dominant pathway that threatens food research question based on interviews sovereignty and cultivated plant-genetic conducted in India and the analysis of primary diversity. In this paper, the Seed Commons and secondary documents. I find that domestic framework is applied in a systematic document actors have proactively promoted the analysis of global regimes surrounding the international climate change norm based on governance of seeds and (supra)national seed their own particular interpretation, leading to legislation in the EU/Germany and the several policy and organizational changes as Philippines. The paper assesses how the well as to the starting implementation of conflicting norms and rules of this international international promises, while external actors regime complex are reflected in national seed only played a minor role. marketing laws in Germany and the Philippines and how they shape the scope of action for This research contributes to the conference Seed Commons in Germany and the stream of architecture and agency by Philippines. This paper shows that the scope of addressing the question of how climate change action of Seed Commons initiatives is strongly issues are influenced by global interactions shaped by a complex set of norms and rules of across scales and decision-making arenas. It regimes with conflicting objectives. A pathway also speaks to the conference stream of of commodification and enclosure is deeply governance intervention by highlighting under embedded in the international system and which mechanisms and conditions governance poses a shared struggle to diverse types of interventions and actions are realized. Seed Commons initiatives. The IPR regimes promote an enclosure of seeds far beyond its regulatory scope and have strongly influences

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the design of national seed marketing. While improve knowledge on how new norms the rules of Nagoya have not (yet) had practical emerge. It is specifically argued here that impacts on Seed Commons initiatives, the contingent interventions in norm emergence norms advanced by the CBD and the Seed cannot be neglected. However, agency seems Treaty have contributed to exceptions in EU to strongly matter as these contingencies need seed marketing law that provide essential to be actively connected to the new norm for it scope for action for Seed Commons initiatives. to have substantial impact. The paper thus In the Philippines, where more legal space still contributes to the existing norm dynamics remains, an opposing trend towards stricter literature, providing a theoretical tool for requirements for seed marketing threatens to systematic analysis. outlaw current Seed Commons practices. ID601. ID588. Translating international norms into Contingent interventions in norm domestic action? A quantitative text emergence on environmental analysis of national policy responses norms to climate change

Elin Jakobsson Chris Höhne1, Christian Kahmann2, Mathis Lohaus1, Thomas Risse1 Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, Sweden 1Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 2Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany The way new norms emerge has received attention from constructivist IR literature for Scholars of international norms examine how decades. Some parts of this literature identify the meaning(s) of norms evolve as actors key factors to explain norm success in engage with them. Due to its broad mandate international politics. In doing so, literature on and diverse membership, the UN Framework norm dynamics tends to attribute some Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a explanatory leverage to external conditions particularly relevant case for analyzing and so-called windows of opportunity. different norm translations. We use Nevertheless, these aspects are rarely properly quantitative text analysis to trace shifts in theorized or thoroughly assessed — a deficit meaning and distinguish different types of which this paper seeks to remedy. Drawing interpretation of the international climate from empirical examples related to change norm, which is defined according to the environmental security such as climate- UNFCCC as the prevention of dangerous induced migration and disaster risk reduction, climate change in a time frame that allows for this paper sets out to concretize contingencies natural adaptation, food security and in the norm emergence process. The paper sustainable economic development. Since the identifies the characteristics of contingent 2000s, parties to the Convention have adopted interventions and tries to determine when and a wide range of documents outlining how they how these contingencies influence the pursue the goal of preventing and adapting to outcome. The paper builds further on existing dangerous climate change. To assess their literature on norm evolution and complements content, we have collected more than 1,000 this with insights from the policy literature to national documents from all countries that are

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 57 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency party to the UNFCCC. These national climate Panel ID 116 laws, strategies and action plans, regulatory Science and expert knowledge frameworks, and other documents provide the Parallel Panel Session 7, basis for our analysis. We employ unsupervised Thursday 9th September 2021, topic modeling – a quantitative text analysis 8:30-10:00 CEST method – to identify patterns in how states discuss climate change and set domestic policy Chair: Carina Wyborn priorities. This approach reveals that states vary in the emphasis they put on aspects such ID577. as economic development, renewable energy, or adaptation to climate change. Furthermore, Expert Knowledge and Global we examine to what extent governments’ Environmental Governance: positions on climate change correspond to Exploring the Social Networks of the their participation in UNFCCC negotiating IPCC, IPBES, WCRP and groups and various economic, ecologic, and Katri Mäkinen-Rostedt1, Aleksis Oreschnikoff2, political factors at the national level, such as Petri Uusikylä3 the GHG emission levels, economic growth, vulnerability to climate change, and level of 1Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. 2GEG - democracy, among others. Illuminating the Groupe d'Études Géopolitiques, Helsinki, varieties of national climate change Finland. 3Complexity Research Group, understandings helps to better understand University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland how central government are planning to cope and limit climate change domestically, which is In the search of a transformative change particularly interesting in the current towards sustainable future, scientific international bottom-up climate architecture knowledge has been given a central role within of domestic actions. This research, therefore, the multiple nested and complementary contributes to the conference theme of regimes of the earth system governance architecture and agency by “address[ing] architecture. To that end, numerous insights institutional frameworks and actors implicated from both and science in earth system governance” with particularly and technology studies have explored the best focusing on central government’s responses to institutional balance that could warrant the challenge of climate change. It also speaks credibility, legitimacy and saliency of the to the conference theme of governance knowledge needed. Understanding how to interventions by highlighting in which diverse balance not just individual institutional ways policy actions are undertaken by central settings, but the overall global architecture so governments by all parties to the Convention. that it channels knowledge into transformative change is crucial. In this paper, we contribute

to such discussions by looking at the experts taking part in the knowledge assessments fora of the International Platform on Ecosystem

Services IPBES and the International Panel for Climate Change IPCC, and to the expert network fora of the World Climate Research Programme WCRP and Future Earth.

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In our analysis we compare the social networks can better anticipate the emergence of regime of two major environmental assessment complexes in global governance. processes and their environmental expert networks. In order to map out the architecture ID593. of global environmental knowledge creation processes, we concentrate on the embedded The science of climate change: A (power) relations between actors and source of national-level variation structures that enable architectures to emerge. rather than commonality In doing so, we explore the degree to which polycentric, fragmented or complex attributes Conrad George can be identified. Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain

Our network analysis is based on data collected International assessments of science have during 2020-2021. The data consists of played a critical role in defining the individuals (N = 1530) appointed as experts international governance of climate change. carrying out the assessments for the IPCC and The role of states within that governance IPBES, as well as the experts appointed to the architecture shifted significantly under the steering or advisory committees of various Paris Agreement (2015) from a global to programmes of WCRP and Future Earth nationally determined responses. This raises between 2015-2021. The total coverage new questions about the role of science within accounts for 175 different fora. In addition to earth system governance. Specifically, whether the co-membership attribute, other the science that informs international background variables like assumed gender, governance is also the science at the national organizational affiliation, and citizenship were level that informs national policy making? If coded for each expert. The analysis has been not, what does that science look like and how performed with the UCINET network analysis does it differ from the global science? Such program. Preliminary analysis shows that inquiry builds off literature demonstrating that multiple architectures (polycentricity, science is co-produced, rather than objective fragmentation, complexity) might be present facts as commonly viewed. From this at once, and further research into aggregated perspective, where the social context shifts contexts of institutional cross-interaction can from the global to national level, the science provide valuable insight for organizational (re- that is produced is necessarily affected. I study )design or policy approaches. this issue by focusing on how the science is understood. To this end, I developed a Our analysis highlights the role and position conceptual framework based around three individual experts acquire within, and as parts possible characteristics of how science is of, networks. Conducting qualitative understood: status; mode of determination; evaluations will allow more detailed analyses and function. I apply this framework to study on the agency of relevant individuals nested the cases of India, the United Kingdom, and the within broader, globally significant governance United States, as well as the Intergovernmental architectures. We argue that by looking and Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The research comparing at both the profiles of the social comprises a content analysis of engagement networks (fragmented, complex, polycentric) with the science of the IPCC in national and the cross-institutional relationships, we legislative committees/processes and the

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IPCC’s methods and institutional procedures. Desertification (UNCCD) and the Global Soil From the findings, I describe in detail the Partnership (GSP) of the Food and Agriculture distinct understanding of the science of climate Organization (FAO), which operate in the under change in each case. Such variation has not researched issue-area of global soil and land previously been identified. Diversity instead of degradation. Unearthing the key role of the commonality in how science is understood UNCCD and GSP secretariats in steering the across states, rather than undermining earth interplay between scientific advice and policy- system governance may instead suggest new making, the study shows that science-policy lines of academic inquiry on the scope for, and activism does not only benefit the interests of location of, sources of reflexivity within states. institutional non-state actors, but also exacerbates the fragmentation of global ID678. environmental governance.

IPCC-envy? Shaping global soil and ID6. land governance through science- policy activism Science Diplomacy as an Emerging Shaper of Institutions Matteo De Donà Zane Šime School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway The analysis of the processes of science-policy This paper is outlined as an invitation bridging, including the role of the actors addressed to the core thinkers of the Earth participating in and fostering this activity, is System Governance to explore whether and crucial in the study of global environmental how the conceptual modalities of science governance. The fields of science and diplomacy might serve as complementary technology studies (STS) and international building blocks or a broader contextual relations (IR) have both addressed such topic, background for the core theoretical avenues reaching different conclusions and occasionally defined by the global network. engaging in informative interdisciplinary Science diplomacy is a way of defining relations debates. However, none of these fields has between science and diplomacy in three thoroughly addressed the agency of distinct interrelationships. Thinkers focusing on institutional non-state actors such United the first research lens "Architecture & Nations (UN) bureaucracies and secretariats as Governance" are encouraged to glance at the far as science-policy dynamics are concerned. growing body of literature on science Furthermore, limited attempts to do so in the diplomacy. Since architecture is understood as IR field have not been accompanied by a web which entails principles and practices, sufficient theorization. Introducing the concept the evolving conceptual thinking on the of science-policy activism, this paper aims to fill theoretical and applied modalities of science this gap in the global environmental diplomacy is of relevance. Moreover, the governance literature by fostering a theoretical dynamics taking place in the EU scholarly dialogue between IR and STS. They paper is circles are a good example of what a based on the study of two UN institutions, the considerable scope and breath the thinking on science diplomacy is benefiting from. It United Nations Convention to Combat

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 60 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency demonstrates a substantial potential to impact Panel ID 117 the institutions and the way certain institutions in Europe might structure their interactions Interdependency, with the scientific community in the future. interconnectedness, and

Moreover, the resonance of science diplomacy interactions in the EU should be seen in the context of the Parallel Panel Session 8, th on-going tidal wave of the ‘practice turn’. It Thursday 9 September 2021, gives a new breath and appeal of the re- 15:30-17:00 CEST interpreted Bourdieusian perspective on Chair: Stefan Renckens agents and the ways their perceptions and actions shape how the institutions are ID58. functioning. Therefore, ‘practice turn’ coupled with the science diplomacy becomes an ever Policy issue interdependency and more interesting scholarly niche for those the formation of cross-boundary Earth System Governance researchers who are examining the diversity of agency, especially collaborative networks the shift from an examination how institutions Johanna Hedlund1, Örjan Bodin1, Daniel shape behaviour to how institutions Nohrstedt2 themselves are changing. 1Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, The brief introduction of science diplomacy to Sweden. 2Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden the Earth System Governance circles is aimed at supporting the remarkably comprehensive view adopted by this global network. Besides has been celebrated the highlighted topicality in the context of the as an effective response to rising EU and EU Studies, science diplomacy has been interdependency between, and within, discussed concerning a multitude of research complex societal and environmental problems. domains world-wide. The articles published by Such problems are commonly addressed by the magazine “Science & Diplomacy” is the policy actors when they focus their work on most resourceful repository in this respect. different challenges, here referred to as policy Thus, the overall scholarly interest in science issues that actors typically need to respond to diplomacy matches the international scope of collectively. These policy issues also exhibit the reflection process captured by the Earth specific interdependencies with each other by System Governance project. being intertwined with other policy issues through common and overlapping policy processes, and/or through biophysical linkages across space and time. However, this far policy issues have been treated as undefined stimuli for action. Despite the great impact that policy

issue interdependencies may have on collaboration, there is still a knowledge gap about the manner in which policy issue interdependencies, as a significant aspect of complex problems, drive collaboration. Here we investigate whether and how actors’ engagement in policy issues and policy issue

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interdependencies influence their selection of and migration flows create cross-scale and collaborative partners. We use network cross-sector interdependencies with important modeling (Exponential Random Graph Models) environmental and social impacts. For to test two alternative explanations of social tie example, palm oil produced in Southeast Asia formation. The first model assumes that for the European market leads to widespread partner selection is driven by actors’ deforestation and transboundary haze. I some engagement in policy issues, while the second instances, complex interactions between distal model emphasizes social positions and governance actors and arrangements have attributes of others. Understanding these emerged to address these globally alternative, or complementary, models behind interconnected sustainability problems. social tie formation can enhance our Recently, such work on global interconnectivity understanding of actors’ interests, perceived has been framed in terms of “telecoupling” challenges, and abilities to succeed when between distant geographical regions. While engaging in collaboration. We test these work on telecoupling has been growing, the models by a study of two platforms for multi- sustainability governance implications of global actor collaborative water governance in the interconnections have remained relatively Norrström basin, Sweden. Our results unexplored. demonstrate that while actors consider shared policy issues in their selection of partners, they In this paper, we conduct a systematic do not deliberately select partners on the basis literature review on telecoupling research of policy issue interdependency. This paper (without necessarily using the term) that also advances research on whether and how covers governance aspects. Applying the collaboration is effective for addressing the PRISMA scheme for systematic reviews, we policy issues and policy issues identified some 3900 journal publications of interdependencies it is there to solve. the years 2011 – 2018, from which we retained 120 for further analysis, excluding false positive ID355. hits of our initial search string. We study what the literature tells us about how the Mapping environmental environmental implications of telecoupling governance in complex global phenomena are currently governed. Judging interconnections – a systematic from the 120 papers in our sample, the literature review scholarly community on governance of global telecoupling appears to be a relatively Benedetta Cotta1, Johanna Coenen1, Jens dispersed and fragmented network. Overall, Newig1, Edward Challies1,2 the most-often mentioned flows were the trade of commodities and agricultural products 1Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, such as forestry products and palm oil, Germany. 2Waterways Centre for Freshwater followed by non-material flows such as of Management, University of Canterbury, investments, tourism and labour migration. We Christchurch, New Zealand find that governance of telecoupled flows occurs at international/transnational level as Globally interconnected environmental well as at national levels in “sending” regions problems pose substantive challenges to and in “receiving” regions, evidencing the existing governance architectures. In complexity of institutions and mechanisms to particular, global commodity trade, tourism

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govern such telecoupled phenomena. The on Sustainable Finance, and standard-setting most prevalent governance instruments responses such as the European Union’s include public initiatives through legislation taxonomy for sustainable activities and green and regulation, followed by multi-stakeholder bond standard. Yet scholarship on what we initiatives such as voluntary certifications and term sustainable finance governance initiatives standards schemes. We present results as to (SFGIs) often arrives at inconsistent how, by which actors and with what conclusions: segmented case studies often governance instruments particular telecoupled result in incompatible inferences about the flows and associated environmental issues are overarching governance architecture and its addressed. This allows for a nuanced implications. Using an original dataset of 90 assessment of the emerging governance SFGIs, we systematically test five hypotheses architectures in telecoupled systems. Finally, drawn from the literature, adjudicating claims our research points to a number of governance on who governance targets are, the functional challenges arising from distal flows in terms of logic of SFGIs, the importance of NGOs as a legitimacy of governance initiatives as well as source of legitimacy in initiative coalitions, policy incoherence across states and whether private or public authority fragmentation in the international normative predominates, and whether the proliferation settings. With this research we also aim to of initiatives is a response to a governance gap contribute to a better understanding of how to or is led by public political decisions (several effectively and legitimately govern reference 1) . Contrary to common depictions, environmental challenges in the face of our preliminary findings suggest that increasing interconnectedness between sustainable finance is far broader than just specific distal places. entrepreneurial private governance by bankers or institutional investors, and instead involves ID632. diverse coalitions of public and private authorities engaged in both competitive and Public-Private Governance cooperative dynamics. As such, our effort to Interactions in the Regulation of map the population of initiatives in sustainable Sustainable Finance finance empirically grounds discussions of public-private interactions in the regime Stefan Renckens, Christian Elliott complex and polycentricity literatures University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Keohane and Victor, 2011; Abbott et al., 2016; Zelli et al. 2017; Green and Auld, 2017; Jordan Among the panoply of global environmental et al., 2018; Cashore et al., 2020; Renckens, governance initiatives active today, 2020), and helps evaluate the potential of transnational efforts focusing on the SFGIs to contribute to governing sustainable sustainability of the financial sector have finance. proliferated in number and prominence in recent years. The increasing density and energy of initiatives addressing “sustainable finance” has even pressed the question for governments around the world, eliciting exploratory responses like the UK’s Green Finance Taskforce and Canada’s Expert Panel

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ID626. across industrial processes, petrochemicals play a critical role in maintaining fossil fuel lock- Networks in global socio-technical in by ensuring the ubiquity of oil, gas, and coal regimes: Addressing petrochemicals in provisioning systems. We analyse global MNC-networks through joint ownership Joachim Peter Tilsted, Fredric Bauer interlocks in the global chemical industry. Using a dataset containing the subsidiaries of the top Lund University, Lund, Sweden 50 largest chemical firms, we demonstrate that Connecting actors across sectors, scales and not only is the sector highly connected on a decision-making arenas, complex global global scale with all major companies being networks make up central elements of the formally integrated through joint ownership, social structure of earth system governance. interlocks across value chains also works to Taking a relational perspective, the notion of maintain the value of fossil capital. Moreover, global socio-technical regimes places networks realising that the capacity for agency differs, within the centre of discussions on stability and we assess the network structure including change. Described as dominant institutional homophily and polycentricity as well as the rationalities diffusing through specific configurations to understand which internationalized networks, regimes work to actors are in the most structurally stabilize global socio-technical systems. The advantageous positions. Through this analysis, configuration of the networks through which we contribute to the understanding of global regimes are diffused and maintained help networks as a specific governance challenge. decide both how actors resist and respond to The findings underline the need for parallel change. Aiming to substantiate debates on transitions in different socio-technical systems architecture and agency in global governance, including energy, chemicals, and plastics to this article explores the role of break from fossil fuel dependency and achieve internationalised networks in maintaining decarbonisation. This requires addressing the carbon lock-in, focusing on the petrochemical global governance architecture around plastics industry. As the industry is both highly and fossil fuels respectively to recognise and globalised and networked with strong inter- tackle the role of petrochemicals in sectoral ties to the fossil fuel and plastics maintaining fossil fuel lock-in. sectors, the petrochemical sector constitutes a unique avenue for understanding how global networks influence environmental issues across sectors. The fact that petrochemicals are not well addressed by the existing institutional architecture across decision- making arenas point to the importance of understanding what structures governs the industry at the global scale.

Constituting a critical gap in research and policy, the petrochemical sector has often been overlooked in energy debates, despite being the most energy intensive industry of all. Used

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Panel ID 118 we look at 65 programs from 22 climate- Urban climate governance related city networks and use Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to link conditions experiments: innovation through related to the programs with high participation connectedness of networks members in these programs. Parallel Panel Session 8, Among the most relevant conditions, are the th Thursday 9 September 2021, capacity the program offers to its participants. 15:30-17:00 CEST Our results provide useful insight to improve Chair: Marta Berbes-Blazquez city networks programs by identifying what kind of programs get high participation. ID325. Surprisingly, programs that provide more capacities are not the ones with higher Successfully integrating cities in the participation. Instead, programs that provide climate regime through city either knowledge or implementation support networks: how city network’s (but not both of them) have high participation. program with high participation High participation programs that provide look like recognition are sometimes (but not always) associated with providing knowledge, but are V. Sayel Cortes Berrueta always associated with no implementation. The results suggest that different cities search Wageningen University & Research, for different capacities when engaging with Group, Wageningen, climate-related city networks, implying that Netherlands diverse cities do benefit from participating in City networks provide capacities to cities some city networks program. However, it also (knowledge, implementation support, suggests that targeted programs attract more recognition) through their programs which participants; thus, city networks should be empower cities to implement urban climate strategic when designing their programs and action. On this expectation, city networks have cannot expect ‘one-size fits all’ programs to be grown as a promising structure to integrate successful. local governments into the multilevel climate regime. Until recently, however, these ID218. expectations have not materialized, and some claim only big and affluent cities have the Where (or whom) does novelty resources to turn their participation into city come from? Governance networks into urban climate action. Recent entrepreneurs in climate literature has started to recognize that not all transnational municipal networks city networks are equal and that within this diversity, smaller cities can find networks Marielle Diane Papin helpful for them. In this emerging trend of McGill, Montreal, Canada understanding the diversity of climate-related city networks, we make a comparative analysis Global climate governance is populated with to identify what kind of programs (in terms of more and more transnational municipal the capacities they provide) promote high networks (TMNs). Although they have in participation from the city members. For this, common a mission to help cities exchange on

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 65 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency

climate-related issues, they also bear many involve agency almost as much as they involve differences. Some belong to a period of structure. Empirically, this paper stresses the municipal voluntarism, while others were fact that the involvement of governance launched during a time of strategic urbanism. entrepreneurs and private foundations in Some also appear to be more visible than TMNs must lead us to questions of others. Finally, some seem to be more be accountability and legitimacy. With more and creating more tools and techniques to orient more cities joining these networks worldwide, the behaviour of their city members towards discussing these issues and reflecting on the climate action. In that sense, this paper posits democratic dimension of urban and that some TMNs, such as ICLEI or C40, are more transnational climate governance appears to innovative than others. What are the reasons be a crucial task in the quest for global climate explaining these differences of innovativeness mitigation and adaptation. All in all, this paper among TMNs engaged in global climate contributes to two crucial streams of Earth governance? System Governance.

This paper focuses on one possible ID283. explanation, i.e. the presence of one or several governance entrepreneurs inside the The role of networking in urban innovative network. It offers an empirical climate change mitigation: cases of analysis made of a cross-case analysis of 15 Helsinki, Madrid and Stockholm TMNs and a comparative case study on C40 and 100RC based on documentary observation, Milja E Heikkinen informal talks and interviews with TMN, TMN member, and TMN partner staff members. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Although the two TMNs are both rather recent Cities play important role in climate change and have similar amounts of organisational mitigation. Networking is often mentioned as a resources, C40 appears to be much more significant tool to promote climate change innovative than 100RC. The two cases are thus mitigation work in the city level. Various worth examining into depth. international, regional, and local networks seek The empirical analysis identifies a significant to increase cooperation between cities and difference between the two TMNs, i.e. the also between cities and other stakeholders. presence of a governance entrepreneur in the However, the impact of these networks name of Michael Bloomberg, former New York remains poorly understood. In this study, I City mayor, founder of a major private analyse the role of different institutionalised foundation, and involved in several networks in the climate change mitigation transnational high-level climate fora. Using his work in the context of three cities: Helsinki, personal skills and contacts, Bloomberg has Madrid and Stockholm. managed to push for change in C40. All in all, The analyses are based on semi-structured his activities have considerably increased the interviews with stakeholders working with level of innovativeness of the network. The different climate related networks in the case paper concludes arguing that, at the individual cities. The respondents are working in the cities or at the network level, it seems that or in organisations that cooperate with the interactions facilitate the rise of novelty. cities. In the interviews, I ask questions related Theoretically, it thus shows that networks to motivation to participate in different

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 66 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency institutional networks, the most important ID669. cooperation relationships, and outcomes of network participation. Transnational climate governance The data is analysed based on a framework and domestic policy change: from earlier literature. The framework is Assessing pathways of climate mainly based on transnational municipal policy implementation in Indian networks participation in German case cities. cities Here, I test how well it works in the context of cities situated in other European countries, and Supraja Sudharsan when also local and national networks are Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA considered. When needed, I develop the framework further based on the empirical When is transnational climate governance evidence. effective in promoting domestic policy change? Despite the growing momentum in The results include the notion that different intergovernmental policymaking to combat actors inside the same organisation highlight climate change in recent years, transnational partly different motivations to mechanisms continue to be participation. However, also similar widespread. In this, the rise of subnational motivations and outcomes can be find governments is distinctive. For example, between different case cities. Participation in hundreds of local governments across nation- different networks has different goals and states have adopted the Paris Climate outcomes from more practical assistance to agreement goals. This engagement in symbolic contributions. The respondents have transnational governance by subnational variable views on the importance of governments is seen as a promising path institutional networks, and this may also forward, owing to the proximity of local depend on network in question. There also governments to both the causes and seems to be interesting differences between consequences of climate change, as well as the case cities. resources available to local government The information produced in the study organizations through transnational network contributes to the research field by testing and organizations. developing previous framework for analysis of the importance of network participation. It However, little attention has been paid to takes a step towards analysing network effectiveness of subnational networks in participation in multiple levels, which is promoting implementation in the domestic interesting considering the urgent need for polity. Careful assessment of the extant better understanding of complex systems that literature on network impacts reveals two are not limited to global or local level. In problems. First, is the problem of endogeneity, practice, the information produced can be used where networks seem to be effective in those to develop the networks further. Also, it can cities that have a prior climate agenda. Second, help cities to evaluate and develop their is the problem of selection bias owing to network participation. Therefore, the article networks constituting a larger share of local relates to the conference theme ”Architecture government members from advanced and Agency”. countries.

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Based on case studies of climate policy Panel ID 119 implementation among local governments in Policy coherence for sustainable India, this paper assesses the effectiveness of subnational climate networks on local policy development change. The paper presents a unique Parallel Panel Session 1, Tuesday 7th September 2021, theoretical framework that brings together IR 8:30-10:00 CEST literature on international institutions, urban studies literature on climate policy Chair: Abbie Yunita implementation, and more recent works on transnational climate governance, and argues ID457. that a network’s effectiveness is contingent upon the local institutional capacity. The paper From Millennium to Sustainable provides a framework of local institutional Development Goals: evolving capacity and assesses the mechanisms through discourses and their reflection in which networks promote implementation Policy Coherence for Development when faced with different local institutional 1 2 capacities. Eileen de Jong , Marjanneke Vijge 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. The paper contributes to the conference 2Copernicus Institute - Utrecht University, theme titled, “Architecture and Agency.” Utrecht, Netherlands Specifically, the focus on subnational climate networks and their effectiveness contributes to The discourse of sustainable development is answering the question of how differences in highly influential in global and national architecture and agency across scales promote governance frameworks, though its meaning or impede climate governance. and operationalisation are context-dependent and have evolved over time. The transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflects the most recent evolution in this discourse. We analyse key differences in storylines between the MDGs and SDGs and develop a conceptual framework to study these, focusing on the objectives of sustainable development, the means to reach those

objectives, and the relations between developing and developed countries. We use

this framework in quantitative and qualitative discourse analyses of the Policy Coherence for

Development (PCD) approach of the Netherlands. This shows that global discourses are closely reflected in national-level policy frameworks. During the MDG era, the key objective of sustainable development was poverty reduction to be reached through

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 68 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency economic growth and participation in the ID286. global trade system. The SDGs aim for a broader set of objectives across the full Reinventing the Wheel for Policy spectrum of the economic, social and Coherence? The Questionable environmental dimensions. This is reflected in Impact of the Sustainable the Dutch PCD approach, first through a Development Goals in the conceptualisation of environmental and social Netherlands safeguards for trade and economic growth, and later with social and environmental Abbie Yunita, Frank Biermann, Rakhyun Kim, sustainability as equally important objectives Marjanneke Vijge alongside poverty reduction. While the MDGs mainly focus on national averages and the Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands poorest, the SDGs target the most marginalised Policy coherence, or the systematic promotion and vulnerable groups with a focus on of mutually reinforcing policies, is widely disaggregate data. In this respect, the endorsed as essential to the attainment of the Netherlands was ahead of its time; already in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). the early 2000s it acknowledged that “there is However, despite procedural reforms to no question of “the” developing countries”. improve coherence in many countries, these Related to this, the Dutch PCD approach also reforms have often fallen short of ushering reflects the changed conceptualisation of the substantive policy change. How then, and to relations between developing and developed what extent have the SDGs influenced policy countries. This changed from aid to developing coherence, and to what effects? This paper countries as reflected in the MDGs, toward addresses these questions through a detailed partnerships with them, initially for the case study of the Netherlands, where the purpose of stimulating economic growth and concept of coherence has long featured in trade, later also aimed at environmental development and sustainability policies. Based sustainability. The article ends with a reflection on an extensive analysis of the existing on how our research findings relate to changes literature and official documents, in addition to in broader discourses around (sustainable) a series of semi-structured interviews with development governance and cooperation. policy actors, this paper explains the influence of the SDGs on institutional arrangements, and

their subsequent effects on policy ideas, development and change (or lack thereof). Covering the period between 2012 and the present, it first traces the processes through which certain institutional arrangements were constituted to promote coherence and coordination in SDG implementation. The analysis focuses on four institutional arrangements: (1) high-level National SDG

Coordinator within the Dutch government; (2) the network of SDG Focal Points embedded in each ministry; (3) the ‘SDG Check’, an impact assessment tool within the Dutch government;

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and (4) the Wellbeing Monitor, a statistical pollution, while indirectly – via European meat monitoring tool based on SDG indicators. production and spreading of livestock manure Second, it examines how these mechanisms – entailing nitrate pollution in ground and and instruments work within the institutional surface waters in the receiving regions. context in which they operate. More specifically, it explores how they interact within While such globally ‘telecoupled’ linkages due and across ministerial domains to influence to international trade and subsequent issues of how policy actors propagate the ideas that gain unsustainability have been precisely saliency, deliberate and articulate policy documented, it is less clear how to govern imperatives and integrate individual goals. them towards more sustainable regimes. Third, having described these new mechanisms Existing multi-stakeholder initiatives have not and instruments in detail, the paper explains proven overly effective in alleviating the the extent to which they influence policy mounting sustainability issues of soy development and change. While earlier production and trade. contributions on policy coherence indicate that procedural reforms do not necessarily lead to Not least due to the recent developments the intended change, very few explain the gap around the EU-Mercosur trade agreement we or lag between procedural and substantive will in this paper study the potentials of trade change. This paper fills this gap. It goes beyond law and policy to effectively address the examining the effects of the SDGs on national prevailing unsustainability of the soy trade institutional arrangements, to analysing their regime between Latin America and the EU. An policy implications in the context in which they important challenge lies in the incoherence of work. This is instructive to discern how and to existing and emerging governance systems what extent the SDGs affect national policy with respect to sustainability clauses. The processes and outcomes. Word Trade Organization (WTO) does not provide for a sustainability chapter or specific ID412. exceptions to allow measures aiming at sustainable trade. In contrast, more recent Sustainability in global trade law Free Trade Agreements, and in particular the and policy – multi-level interactions released EU-Mercosur chapters contain and policy (in-)coherence in global expressive provisions on (environmental) governance sustainability. However, while at the outset, the existence of those chapters appears Jens Newig, Jelena Bäumler promising, the soft language as well as possible enforcement of stricter WTO rules leaves their Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany effectiveness highly uncertain.

International trade often produces negative In order to allow for a realistic assessment of spillover effects, which may result in severe the ‘sustainability potential’ of different environmental degradation of global governance initiatives and legal institutions, we commons. We study the case of soy production proceed as follows. First, we summarize the and trade between Latin America and the following governance institutions of European Union (EU), with exported soy being importance to furthering sustainability of EU- mostly used for animal feed. Soy production Latin America soy trade: Relevant WTO rules, has been causing forest loss and local chemical

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regional trade agreements such as the EU- each country context and to align cooperation Mercosur agreement, national legislation such together with country partners accordingly. It as the recent French duty of vigilance law, the also implies to stop certain development- Swiss Responsible Business Initiative, the cooperation activities altogether in spite of German Supply Chain Act initiative; as well as vested interests. In contrast to these private governance initiatives, notably the objectives, inconsistencies persist in the EU’s Roundtable on Responsible Soy. Based in this, development cooperation as well as across we conduct a legal analysis to assess how these sectoral policies. This paper applies a climate governance systems interact, to what extent policy integration framework to European they are (in-) coherent, and draw conclusions development cooperation to identify deficits in for their applicability. the EU’s climate policy integration as well as obstacles to policy coherence at the nexus of ID272. the EU’s climate policy and development cooperation. On this basis it maps and The quest for European leadership: discusses the opportunities and limits of the EU Opportunities and limits of to underpin its multilateral climate diplomacy development cooperation to foster by means of development cooperation. EU leadership in multilateral climate Empirically, the paper will focus in particular on diplomacy climate change mitigation efforts through EU cooperation with middle income countries, and Steffen Bauer1, Gabriela Iacobuta1,2 the role of EU climate diplomacy in bilateral, trilateral and multilateral partnerships of EU 1German Development Institute / Deutsches development cooperation. Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany. 2Wageningen University & Research,

Wageningen, Netherlands

The EU has traditionally considered itself a leader in global climate governance, even as recent UN climate change conferences have been hampered by a palpable lack of Panel ID 121 leadership. In view of recent turbulences in the Agency beyond the state (i): realm of multilateral governance as well as the women, social movements and the EU’s own long-term strategy towards a climate- neutral economy (“Green Deal”) that is private sector consistent with the objectives of the Paris Parallel Panel Session 9, Thursday 9th September 2021, Agreement, the EU braces itself to resume a 17:15-19:00 CEST more credible leadership role in multilateral climate governance. This will require a Chair: Katharina Rietig comprehensive strategic approach that is consistent with the aim for 1.5°C-compatibility ID22. throughout EU domestic and external action. This applies also to the EU’s international and Situating Women’s Agency-as- development cooperation, which needs to be Leadership: a case study of Payment consistent with 1.5°C-compatible action in

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 71 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency for Ecosystem Services in Southeast agency and leadership experiences in PES- Asia schemes in three countries: Indonesia, Vietnam and Myanmar. Our paper has both an Lorraine Elliott, Abidah Setyowati empirical and conceptual purpose. It begins with a short overview of the background to this The Australian National University, Canberra, research and describes in brief our selected Australia field-sites in which women have existing This paper addresses questions in the ESG community roles as either users or providers of Science and Implementation Plan about ecosystem services. The paper then sources of agency, the injunction to avoid demonstrates how a conceptual framework overgeneralizing and singularizing sources of that draws on ideas about ‘institutional agency, and the importance of understanding indigenization’, embedding institutions in local diverse forms of agency. It does so through a practices, hidden agency and closed spaces, critical study of women’s agency as leadership and gender as a power relationship can support in payment for ecosystem services (PES) a more locally-contextualised and gender- schemes. sensitive approach to understanding the agency pathways created by or available to PES schemes involve negotiated agreements women. In this regard, and through the process between providers (managers) and users of gathering individual narratives of women’s (beneficiaries) of local ecosystem services on leadership journeys in PES schemes (including how those services will be managed, improved, non-elite journeys), our research remains open measured and rewarded. They have the to the possibilities of locally-embedded, potential to deliver conservation gains and gender-nuanced and non-elite practices that improve local livelihoods in the service of are not always recognised in conventional equitable and sustainable human development theories of leadership and agency. outcomes. To be successful and credible, PES- projects require participatory and transparent ID438. governance practices. They must be locally relevant, deliver accessible knowledge Understanding “deep green” systems, and account for distributional diversity and response to “benefit outcomes. Despite demands for strong sharing” framing in boosting community control over PES-projects, support for climate action: A study researchers have paid little attention to the of Fridays for Future participants emergence of local agency and leadership in from Germany PES-governance. Furthermore, research on women in a PES-context has rarely addressed Ilkhom Soliev1, Marco Janssen2, Insa questions of agency through various forms of Theesfeld1, Calvin Pritchard2, Frauke Pirscher1, leadership but has tended to focus on their Allen Lee2 domestic roles in female-headed households 1Department of Agricultural, Environmental and their economic roles as smallholders. and Food Policy, Martin Luther University Halle- 2 The paper introduces the framing of a two-year Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. Center for project that addresses these overlapping gaps Behavior, Institutions and the Environment, through grounded-research on women’s Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA

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Many scholars argued that framing, whereby greens. Further, looking at individual footprints some characteristics of an action or reported by participants on mobility and phenomenon are emphasized more than energy use, but also analyzing their attitudes others (for example, benefits versus risks, gain and beliefs in relation to a number of key versus loss), can help boost public support for climate-related issues, the study also reveals climate action. Although a large and increasing rich diversity within the deep green group strand of literature exists demonstrating itself. Ongoing research and the findings various framing effects in myriad social- obtained by far on the one hand are in line with environmental contexts, authors largely agree the challenge of designing an agreed set of that social-behavioral factors inducing public interventions towards sustainability in complex support for climate action are not yet very well resource systems such as climate; on the other understood, and that there is a particularly hand these findings reignite the debate on the urgent need to test effects from combinations need for more tailored and diversified of tailored intervention methods. Our first approaches to climate action. research question is here whether and how framing that emphasizes the shared benefits of climate action could boost support for a stronger climate policy. Reviewing the ID507. literature and particularly drawing from social- behavioral scholarship, we have designed a More than the sum of its visible survey that aims to test such framing effects parts: Insurance, global change and from a combination of treatments. In the climate adaptation period of November and December of 2019, we have collected responses from 119 Vanessa Lueck participants of the Fridays for Future Arizona State University, Tempe, USA demonstrations in the east of Germany. Our preliminary results show that there are indeed InsuResilience Global Partnership framing (order) effects with control and [InsuResilience], launched by the G7 in 2015, experimental group participants indicating exists to increase access to insurance for the distinct levels of support for example for world’s poor and climate vulnerable against introduction of carbon tax. global climate change. One of InsuResilience’s goals is to drive climate adaptation through this Our second research question is how diverse a insurance finance mechanism. Insurance and group of environmental activists or so-called the insurance industry are not new actors in deep green group is and whether framing has the liberal international order, yet with the an effect on this particular group’s policy exception of a few literatures the discussion of support. Many studies in the literature suggest its impact has largely remained invisible, that pre-disposition of individuals in relation to confined to financial, insurance and legal certain issues or their existing beliefs systems experts and journals. Analyzing insurance are likely to guide what people accept or reject, using a complex adaptive systems lens sheds thus rendering simple framing efforts largely light on the interdependencies and irrelevant. As noted above, our preliminary interrelationships across time, scale and place results indicate presence of treatment effects that otherwise go unnoticed, especially for our purposefully sampled group of deep insurance’s global rules and network impact on

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local communities and, the inverse, local is difficult to control and detect, certain impact on global insurance and financial governance actions such as transparency, networks and markets. Focusing on these communication and cooperation can combat interconnections and interdependencies IUU activity. These changes, although reveals the various impacts of insurance, implemented by governments, must be provides theoretical understanding for motivated or approved by the people or the apparent contradictions in local political changes will not be effective nor be likely to choices and for connections between global stay implemented. Those countries engaged in financial changes, local disasters and re- data transparency from vessel monitoring development. Furthermore it opens up showed improvements in identifying vessel alternative manners to view insurance and its activity. Conversely, the countries widely did role in the current changing global order. not share the same improvements by implementing the Agreement on Port State

Measures (PSMA) but did facilitate communication between governments. In this way, PSMA has been able to increase global

response and encourage more widespread ID546. sustainable governance while combatting IUU fishing. As these findings show, the use and Analysis of Interventions to Manage sharing of transponder data will be influential IUU Fishing in Comparative Context: in the coming years, and will promote more countries to increase monitoring, transparency Transponders and PSMA for and global communication. This study Enhanced Transparency demonstrates the importance of not only Allison Lobbia, Mark Axelrod monitoring resource use, but also how that information is used after it is collected. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Additionally, while PSMA facilitates increased communication and transparency, it does not Every year, billions of US dollars are lost due to influence countries’ IUU responses to the same illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) level transponders are able to achieve. fishing around the world, not to mention the severe toll IUU fishing plays on the long-term sustainability of fish stocks, but countries can Panel ID 122 take action through policy to combat these practices. India, Cambodia, Namibia, Peru, Networks, coalitions and alliances Somalia, and Indonesia, six countries with Parallel Panel Session 8, th variable levels of government involvement in Thursday 9 September 2021, 15:30-17:00 CEST international sustainable fisheries policies, are compared to determine if certain policies lend Chair: Kate O'Neill themselves to decreases in IUU fishing. By assessing catch quantities and IUU catch ID95. estimates over multiple data points, trends were discovered in connection with policy implementation choices. While illegal behavior

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Pathways to Carbon Neutrality: they work internally, their functions as well as What role for coalitions and climate their potential for reducing emissions. Thereby alliances? the paper provides a timely contribution to the debate about the need for deeper forms of Gunilla Reischl1, Naghmeh Nasiritousi2 international collaboration in order to mitigate climate change, and addresses a gap in the 1Swedish Institute of International Affairs, literature on the politics of climate coalitions. Stockholm, Sweden. 2Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ID268.

While the adoption of the Paris Agreement has Joining Forces for Sustainable provided a basis for collective climate action, Development – A Social Network the world is far from on track to hold global Analysis of Multi-stakeholder warming well below 2 °C. The recent COP25 meeting, held in Madrid in December 2019, Partnerships for SDG showed once again the limitations of the Implementation UNFCCC process. Both researchers and Lisa-Maria Glass1, Simon Ruf2 practitioners have pointed out that cooperation among smaller groups of political 1Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany. actors could accelerate ongoing transitions and 2Independent scholar, Berlin, Germany help fulfil the objectives of the Paris Multi-stakeholder partnerships have been Agreement. In particular, the degree of deemed essential for the implementation of transformation needed requires much deeper the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In forms of international collaboration than the the light of an alleged declining capacity of shallow forms that the world has seen so far. governments to effectively steer societal Recent studies show that by creating development towards a more sustainable cooperative platforms for climate action, future, contributions of non-state actors to the different actors can be induced to work implementation of the 2030 Agenda offer great together to arrive at more ambitious climate potential to leverage synergies in the path to commitments. In recent years we have seen an sustainable development. Since the SDGs are increase in coalitions bringing together highly interrelated and involve numerous ambitious and pioneering countries and cities complex trade-offs regarding social, economic aiming to achieve an accelerated and environmental objectives, multi- transformation, e.g. the Climate Ambition stakeholder partnerships can help to share Alliance and Carbon Neutrality Coalition. Yet knowledge, values and resources and thus we know little about the capabilities and facilitate SDG achievement. The 2030 Agenda, prospects for such coalitions to achieve actual as part of SDG 17, explicitly calls for the decarbonization. Drawing on the literature on enhancement of these partnerships as clubs and a new dataset, this paper pursues an important means of implementation. in-depth analysis of these coalitions to understand the political aspects behind While research has focused on identifying forming and advancing an agenda toward interlinkages between different SDGs in theory decarbonization amongst a set of relatively or through case study approaches, less is ambitious actors. The paper examines the known about the emerging architecture of mechanisms for formation of coalitions, how multi-stakeholder partnerships for the SDGs

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and the synergies it creates in practice. In this Matthew Paterson article, we aim at exploring the underlying University of Manchester, Manchester, United structure and actor composition of 4,086 multi- Kingdom stakeholder partnerships and voluntary commitments registered on the Partnerships Research on global climate governance now for the SDGs online platform. Since data is only recognises that this phenomenon cannot be available through a browser-based web understood as a single site of governance interface, we develop an automatic crawling through the United Nations. Rather, it entails a software to systematically retrieve the myriad of governance efforts by states, information provided and conduct computer- subnational actors, businesses, NGOs, and assisted identification and matching of entities others. The resulting effect has been variously to create a structured database of actors with described as a ‘regime complex’, ‘polycentric normalized names. Subsequently, we explore governance’, or a ‘global climate governance the structured data by means of a Social complex’. Two questions (at least) arise out of Network Analysis (SNA). this shift to a governance complex. One concerns questions of interaction between We investigate what kind of interlinkages governance initiatives, the potential for between different SDGs can be identified in the enhanced coordination across initiatives, and multi-stakeholder partnership network and whether the patterns of interaction across the how these reflect nexus previously identified complex improve or harm its overall by research. Additionally, we analyze what performance and potential effectiveness. The type of actors (UN Member States, civil society, other is how the political authority across the local authorities, private sector, scientific and complex, rather than within individual technological communities, academia) governance arrangements, operates. combine in which constellation to address which goals. Here, we further assess the nature One way to approach these questions of of the links identified between individual SDGs coordination and authority is to focus on the by calculating the betweenness centrality of networks of individuals and organisations that different types of actors. Finally, we examine generate, organise, and contest these the centrality of actors in the network and test initiatives. Social network analysis (SNA) shows for potential differences between public and that network structure can play an important private stakeholders’ connections to the role in determining the effectiveness of overall network. The findings shall provide coordination, learning and strategizing both insights on the structure of transnational within individual initiatives and perhaps more governance for the SDGs, the topology of the importantly across them, as well as in shaping current multi-stakeholder partnership network who gets into positions of authority to shape and on how synergies for SDG achievement are the initiatives. But we have little systematic leveraged in practice. knowledge about the structure and dynamics of the social networks involved in climate ID276. governance.

Networks, coordination, and This paper aims to make a starting contribution authority across the climate to mapping these networks, as part of a much bigger project. It is based on the construction governance complex of a database of those governing within specific

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climate governance institutions: around 100 the seminal paper of Ostrom, Tiebout and international or transnational climate Warren (1961), we frame interaction as taking governance initiatives, both within and beyond varying forms and degrees of cooperation, the UNFCCC. It then uses some key competition and coercion, which co-evolve and methodological techniques in SNA (measures co-exist next to each other. Secondly, we aim of network density, clustering, core/periphery to shed light on whether and how different relations, and the centrality of particular cooperative, coercive and competitive nodes) to analyse how specific individuals, and interaction can be related to performance of the organisations they work for, can be polycentric governance. understood to exert authority across the These questions are addressed through a ‘climate governance complex’, through their comparative case study of two Spanish river roles as gatekeepers, as well as a range of basins, the Guadalquivir and Jucar, using data processes across governance institutions such collected in qualitative interviews and grey as diffusion of ideas and governance models. literature. The empirical context is cross-level and cross-sectoral interaction of private and public actors to reduce water concessions of

agricultural water users in the context of implementing more efficient irrigations systems. The analysis shows that despite same ID332. overarching and constitutional rules of the two river basins, as well as similar political contexts Cooperation and coercion in shaped by the implementation of the European polycentric governance: Water Framework Directive, river basins Comparative case study on the perform differently in terms of actually reduction of water rights in the reducing water concessions. Moreover, forms agricultural sector of two Spanish of cooperative and coercive interaction within river basins the two river basins among the River Basin Authority and water users vary. Empirical Nora Schütze, Andreas Thiel evidence suggests that difference in interaction and performance might be explained by University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany variances in biophysical characteristics of the Recent literature on polycentric governance of river basins, levels of trust of involved actors, social-ecological systems is moving beyond as well as actors’ interests and goals. normative claims of positive outcomes of polycentricity, by rigorously scrutinizing pathways and conditions of effective Panel ID 123 polycentric governance. This paper aims to Re-thinking institutions: climate contribute to this literature strand, by firstly addressing the question of what are factors policy and beyond Parallel Panel Session 4, explaining the emergence of different types of Wednesday 8th September 2021, interaction among and between public and 9:00-10:30 CEST private actors across the agricultural and water sector, and across scales and levels. Based on Chair: Matthew Paterson

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ID116. climate vulnerabilities as well as historically established concordance between civil and ‘Climatizing’ Military Strategy? A military actors on their respective roles. Case Study of the Indian Armed Forces In this context, this paper analyzes the Indian military’s engagement with climate issues – as Dhanasree Jayaram a part of its security practices – using the framework of ‘climatization’. It enunciates the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, drivers, processes and characteristics of Manipal, India ‘climatization’ of military strategy within the Indian armed forces. In this study, climatization With climate change becoming the center- is classified into four broad types, based on the point of global environmental governance and motivations of the actor and nature-cum- increasingly being integrated into security intensity of the process: symbolic, strategic, narratives, the role of the military in ‘climate precautionary and transformative. Since the security’ assumes significance. While the existing literature mostly looks at securitization security logic continues to influence this (or lack thereof) of climate change in the Indian triangular relationship (climate change, context, this paper goes one step ahead to security and the military), other processes such identify other processes, mainly climatization, as riskification and climatization also have a that have manifested themselves in different bearing on the academic/policy discourse on it. ways within the Indian military, either due to Climatization, in particular, can be analyzed organizational dependencies or autonomously and utilized in terms of how climate change has developed procedures. The study also begun to dominate other domains of global attempts to develop an analytical framework of and local politics and governance; and how the climatization, based on the limited existing climate logic introduces new principles of literature on it (as compared to securitization), action and practices in the security sector. divergences with the notions/processes of riskification and securitization, and more The role of the military in environmental and importantly, empirics of the actions of the climate tasks is facilitated through various Indian armed forces related to climate change- frames and lenses. While ‘greening defence’ is related issues. a more popular rhetoric, framing of climate change as a ‘threat multiplier’, exacerbating security threats/risks, especially in conflict ID303. scenarios is also gaining traction. However, Remaking Political Institutions: military-climate-security interface is neither Climate Change and Beyond straightforwardly explained, nor diversely represented. In addition, fears related to James Patterson ‘militarization’ of climate change and ‘green washing’ in this context have not been Copernicus Institute of Sustainable adequately addressed. Another angle that is Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, more prominent in developing countries such Netherlands as India is the gradual movement towards While transformations in governance systems mainstreaming climate change into military are required to address many urgent global strategy based on the military’s perceptions of

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sustainability challenges, we still have poor empirical investigation. Altogether, this understanding of the processes by which such provides a robust foundation for studying how transformations might occur. The role of institutional improvements are, or may be, institutional change is particularly central but generated. undertheorized. For example, in the context of These findings contribute to understanding climate change, many nations struggle to prospects for political responses for Earth reform political institutions to support rapid System Governance in turbulent times. First, and ambitious climate action capable of they contribute to understanding institutional constraining climate change below agreed aspects of transformations in governance global targets of 1.5-2C. Such institutions need through advancing process-oriented to support decarbonization across all sectors of theorizing, which enables the study of society, adapt to shifting environmental unfolding processes with incomplete boundary conditions, and foster a long-term outcomes. Second, they contribute to view in political decision making. While explaining the production of social action, institutional weaknesses and failures are which innovatively bridges the gap between ex widely catalogued, an understanding of how post explanation and ex ante political improvements may be realized is lacking. A key responses. Third, they contribute to studying need is to explain and theorize the processes how trajectories of institutional development by which institutions are ‘remade’ within can shift and thereby break out of path historically and socially embedded settings (i.e. dependency. Altogether, this impacts on involving heterogeneity, contestation, path- debates at the intersection of several ESG dependency). Research Lenses (Architecture & Agency, In this paper, I develop an approach to Adaptiveness & Reflexivity) and Contextual conceptualizing and analyzing institutional conditions (Transformations, Anthropocene). remaking. I define institutional remaking as the activities by which agents intentionally develop ID392. political institutions in anticipation of, or in response to, institutional weaknesses and Conceptualizing national failures. First, I build on explanatory arguments sustainability institutions from institutional theory (e.g. gradual 1,2 Michael Rose2, Jens Newig2 institutional change, institutional work, path Okka Lou Mathis , dependency) and normative arguments from 1German Development Institute / Deutsches political philosophy (i.e. insights from Amartya Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Sen concerning comparative improvement and Germany. 2Leuphana University Lüneburg, ‘comprehensive social realizations’), to Lüneburg, Germany develop an analytical lens for studying (i.e. observing, explaining) institutional remaking. Global agendas like the Paris Agreement on Second, I develop a heuristic typology Climate Change and the Agenda 2030 on comprised of five broad dynamics which Sustainable Development hinge on ambitious disaggregate multiple forms of action and action at the national political level. National struggle within processes of institutional political processes are thus key to understand remaking (i.e. Novelty, Uptake, Decline, what shapes countries’ sustainability and Stability, and Coevolution), to provide entry climate policies and performances. In this points for building and testing hypotheses in context, the role of formal institutions that are

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deliberately set up to promote sustainability in their function, such as coordination, advice, political decision-making is expected to be monitoring, public participation or knowledge decisive. In this study, we consider institutions integration. Fourth, we cluster different in the sense of political bodies that are formally theoretical types of institutions to better deal part of the national polity: councils, with the variance in institutional design, commissions, ombudspersons or civic considering, inter alia, the institutions’ formal assemblies on the topic of sustainability. While links to the political power branches most countries have established at least one of (legislative, executive, or judiciary) and its these specialised political bodies, there is membership (political office-holders or surprisingly little (comparative) research on external actors). Throughout the paper, we their characteristics and their impact on draw on empirical examples of sustainability sustainability governance and performance, institutions from both the Global North and lacking in particular studies on the Global South to underpin and apply our South. The overarching motivation to study conceptualizations. sustainability institutions is to assess whether they indeed effectively promote sustainability in ongoing politics. In this paper, we prepare the conceptual grounds for assessing and comparing sustainability institutions asking: ID498. How are national sustainability institutions supposed to work and what are theoretically Institutional arrangements and relevant characteristics for the performance? policymaking in transition states: comparing environmental First, we define sustainability institutions, arguing that an array of specialized institutions governance in Georgia & Armenia explicitly created to deal with either all three Ellie Martus “dimensions” of sustainability (ecological, social, economic), and/or future generations Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia (intergenerational justice) and/or the global While much attention has been paid to the common good (intra-generational justice), can experience of Western liberal democracies, our be subsumed under this broad category. understanding of environmental governance in Second, we present a causal framework, transition states is limited. This paper examines arguing that sustainability institutions can be how institutional arrangements shape expected to shape politics and policies under environmental policymaking, comparing the certain conditions of institutional design and if experiences of two post-Soviet states, Georgia granted political powers. Third, we carve out and Armenia. The paper explores formal criteria that probably moderate the political governance arrangements for the environment impact of sustainability institutions. We in these states, how these have changed over propose to assess sustainability institutions time, and the consequences of these along three dimensions: a) their objective arrangements for the policymaking process. covering the institution’s concern with Ultimately, the paper seeks to comment on ecological, social and economic sustainability how these arrangements influence a state’s as well as with inter- and intra-generational capacity to address its environmental justice, b) their structure covering institutional concerns. Drawing on a series of interviews design, actors and political instruments, and c)

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with NGOs, international organisations, framework to examine the institutionalization policymakers, and industry, the evidence of climate adaptation, mapping different suggests that ministerial arrangements shape institutional tools to deliver adaptation in environmental policy in these states in a urban areas. We suggest a conceptual number of key ways, including how issues are understanding of institutionalization where framed, the way in which conflicts are aired, adaptation escalates through spiraling stages the level of policy activity, and interaction with of recognition, groundwork and action across other actors. Institutional instability was found time. We map different tools that deliver to be a major factor undermining adaptation outputs relative to these stages. environmental capacity. The applicability of this framework is shown through the comparative analysis of three

Spanish local government adaptation initiatives in Bilbao (an urban development project), Barcelona (a local climate policy) and

Madrid (a nature-based program). We documented the initiatives and worked closely with local stakeholders to systematize evidence of the use of institutional tools and ID517. their purpose. Results show a diversity of tools and combinations used to advance adaptation Institutionalization through in each of the cases which go beyond mere spiraling stages of adaptation: a policy outputs. We found evidence of the comparative analysis of Bilbao, central role of institutional innovation that departs from early processes of visioning Barcelona and Madrid across these three urban Spanish cases. We Marta Olazabal1, Vanesa Castán Broto2 also identify and highlight the importance of coupling processes of recognition, groundwork 1 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Leioa, and action to enable processes of learning 2 Spain. University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United through time, which have the potential to Kingdom enable more transformative adaptation Comparative studies of urban climate processes. We frame our contribution in two of adaptation have evaluated the progress, the conference streams: Architecture and means and scope of adaptation planning. Such Agency, as our work addresses the question of assessments show a wide range of ways of how institutional frameworks evolve to face intervention for adaptation -within and outside emergent needs of climate change adaptation plans- from the delivery of coordinated, pivoting in a series of available tools, and, planned measures to the ad-hoc interventions secondly, Adaptiveness and Reflexivity, as our demonstrating innovation. The local politics of work also contributes to the conceptualisation climate adaptation advance through various of adaptation through an escalating spiral and strategies to align different spheres of action or suggests an analysis framework to compare disrupt mainstream practices. However, an adaptiveness by mapping institutionalisation. understanding of how adaptation action is institutionalized in urban areas is still lacking. We propose a conceptual and analytical

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standards (TSS). I provide a contribution to an emergent literature bridging the global value chain (GVC) and environmental governance (EG) fields, which seeks to account for the rise of transnational sustainability standards (TSS). This literature identifies two critical barriers to the uptake of TSS: (1) the low level of consumer demand for products certified as ‘sustainable’

and (2) coordination problems between different firms across the value

chain (Reference 1). It is argued, high standards are most likely to be found in ‘buyer-

driven’ GVCs, in which lead firms exercise control over upstream suppliers but whose brand reputation is sensitive to changing consumer preferences and hence vulnerable to social activism and consumer boycotts. Panel ID 125 Environmental treaties: design, However, what happens when the interactions and performance aforementioned preconditions are not met? Does it mean that meaningful standards cannot Parallel Panel Session 9, emerge without the presence of brand- Thursday 9th September 2021, sensitive, buyer-driven GVCs? Extant literature, 17:15-19:00 CEST for the most part, focuses on ‘unipolar’ GVCs, Chair: D.G. Webster yet here I turn my attention to ‘multipolar’ GVCs. According to (reference 2) a unipolar ID668. GVC is one in which lead firms are easily identifiable and prevailing governance Global value chains in land-use mechanisms are understood as a function of change governance: an account on the dominant role played by these lead firms. transnational sustainability By contrast, multipolar GVCs are ones in which standards. lead firms are harder to identify and/or in which a plurality of ‘drivers’ (state and non- Paulina Flores Martínez1, Tony Heron1, Patricia state actors, as well as firms) and complex Prado2 value chain dynamics and governance 1University of York, York, United Kingdom. mechanisms are likely to exist. Apart from the 2North Umbria University, United Kingdom typology introduced by (reference 3), alongside some of (reference 4) empirical work, there has Global land-use change for agricultural and been little advancement on these forestry purposes is amidst the largest drivers contributions, despite the strong potential to of biodiversity loss, water scarcity and soil widen the scope of GVC and EG research degradation. In this article, I analyse private agendas. global land-use change governance I begin with a critical engagement with the mechanisms via transnational sustainability recent GVC and EG scholarship to develop a

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framework for understanding the politics of been found to vary along several key sustainability governance in multipolar GVCs. I dimensions. then turn to explore key governance structures of major oilseeds and meat produce, paying I argue that by conceiving states as unitary particular attention to the key distinguishing blocks that merely interact with one another, features of multipolarity and embeddedness, standard explanations fail to account for the and relate these features to the form and role of the individuals involved in international efficacy of different TSS adopted within the negotiations. An added layer of analysis that chains. Finally, I explore the implications of theorizes transboundary interactions among these findings for prevailing and emergent public officials can contribute to a deeper forms of global governance. understanding of treaty design that more closely reflects reality. To this end, I suggest that the concept of transnational policy

communities, which has primarily served to explain national decisions up until now, can also shed light on international negotiations.

Indeed, I hypothesize that under certain conditions, public officials from distinct ID346. countries come to form policy communities that share common understandings, norms Explaining Variation in International and beliefs regarding the conduct of their work, Treaty Design: A Study of transcending state boundaries. As such, Enforcement Provisions in belonging to a community preconditions the International options that public officials will consider Agreements as appropriate to include in IEAs, explaining the discrepancy between the current literature’s Mathilde Gauquelin expectations regarding enforcement Laval University, Quebec City, Canada. Ghent provisions and the actual form that they take. University, Ghent, Belgium I test this proposition through a survey of A great deal of scholarly attention is devoted to around 300 public officials working on IEAs explaining the design of international worldwide. I map out existing transnational agreements, but dominant approaches such as policy communities based on respondents’ the rational design of agreements or policy frequency of interaction, depth of interaction, diffusion often come up short of fully trust and sense of belonging, and relate them accounting for variation in treaty content. A to their preferences regarding enforcement stark example concerns enforcement provisions. I find that while not all individuals provisions in international environmental who interact form communities, there exist agreements (IEAs): even when treaties contain several communities tied with specific similar substantive commitments for environmental issues (such as climate change environmental protection, which much of the and biodiversity), as well as geographic regions. literature would expect to be associated with As a whole, respondents who belong to similar enforcement provisions, the latter have transnational policy communities also tend to

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prefer more cooperative solutions for systemic risk beyond those directly affected? enforcement and to perceive jurisdictional Environmental problem-shifting, or protecting dispute settlement procedures primarily as a one part of the environment by damaging deterrent. another, is a major dilemma arising in global governance. Yet the issue remains under- investigated, requiring an urgent scientific inquiry into its causes, consequences, and solutions. Here I provide a first overview of the complex dynamics of environmental problem- shifting between international environmental treaty regimes. I begin with a literature survey

on related concepts such as negative spillovers and ancillary costs and develop a conceptual

framework. I then present a meta-analysis of empirical cases found in the scientific

literature, where I explore (1) conditions under which problem-shifting occurs between international environmental treaty regimes; (2) systemic risks of problem-shifting through cascades; and (3) solutions for optimizing the ID552. currently fragmented global environmental governance system. Based on the analysis, I When environmental treaties do highlight promising avenues for future earth more harm than good: A meta- system governance research in the era analysis of environmental problem- characterized by globally networked shifting cases “Anthropocene risks”. The study contributes to the theoretical debate on the architecture of Rakhyun E. Kim global governance and its overall problem- solving effectiveness, and offers practical Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands insights for international law and policy- International environmental treaties (e.g., makers. Paris Agreement) are designed to solve specific environmental problems. Yet their potentially ID554. negative impact on environmental issues other than their own is rarely studied. Until now Focal Points, Forum Shopping and global governance theories have assumed that Credible Commitments: The environmental treaties are inherently ‘green’, Regulation of HFC Gases between and hence, any adverse consequences are the Kyoto- and Montreal Protocols conveniently set aside as unintended or inevitable. But is that true? In this paper I Florian Rabitz, Jurgita Jurkevičienė, Vidas question, do international environmental Vilčinskas treaties ever pursue their objectives by merely Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, shifting problems to others? If so, when and Lithuania why? Does such buck-passing create any

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When governments regulate new and Determined Contributions under the Paris emerging issues, they usually operate through climate agreement weakening the prospects of focal points, that is, institutions that are widely ambitious and collective long-term action on recognized to exert authority over such issues. HFCs, the Montreal Protocol offered a non- Focal points facilitate collective action by focal point setting designed for credible and contributing to the convergence of actor sector-specific long-term commitments. We expectations; they provide social scripts; and conclude with a theoretical discussion on the their pre-existing rule frameworks make them relevance of credible commitments for state relatively efficient at regulating new and behaviour in fragmented, multi-institutional emerging issues that fall within their governance architectures. jurisdiction. Collective action through non- focal points thus creates a puzzle for institutionalist theory: why do states choose to act through institutions that do not hold jurisdiction over an issue; do not provide established social scripts; and do not offer efficiency gains? This paper analyzes the case of international hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) regulation. HFCs are an industrial gas that came into widespread commercial use after the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Panel ID 128 the Ozone Layer mandated the phase-out of Architecture of global governance: ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). While emerging challenges (ii) not an ozone-depleting substances, HFCs are Parallel Panel Session 6, Wednesday 8th September 2021, greenhouse gases and thus contribute to global 17:00-18:30 CEST warming. Responding to drastic increases in global HFC emissions, in 2016, governments Chair: Ina Möller instituted the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in order to phase-down ID543. global consumption. Thus, rather than operating through the international climate Informational governance for regime, particularly the Kyoto Protocol, sustainable development: social governments chose to regulate a greenhouse dilemmas in providing gas under the international ozone regime. environmental data for national Theoretically, we draw on the literatures on reporting in the context of forum shopping, regime shifting and non- international obligations regimes. Using a mixed-methods design that combines a case-based approach with large- Anastasia Gotgelf scale text mining of negotiation records, we Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, find that the shift from a focal- to a non-focal Germany point primarily results from institution-specific differences in the credibility of commitments: In 2015, the United Nations (UN) adopted the with the impending shift towards Nationally- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sub-

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goal 15.3 aims to achieve a "Land Degradation information users and producers interact Neutral" (LDN) world by 2030 through the (rather than the quality of the information national efforts of UN member states. Since itself) affects the provision of environmental 2018, countries supporting LDN are information for national reporting. Addressing encouraged to report to the UN on the status these deep tensions would ensure greater and change in three globally recognized coherence between information processes and indicators: land use, land productivity, and soil the environmental governance structures organic carbon stocks (SOC) within their involved. national borders. All this requires the adoption In light of the similar institutional architecture of an accurate methodology for assessing land of the Central Asian countries, the findings are degradation. also relevant to other countries in the region. In Kyrgyzstan, the first LDN report identified a However, I argue that learning is possible both serious gap in national SOC data. Recent efforts in the broader context of developmental aid to develop scientifically sound methods for and for advancing SDG 15.3. Specifically, the assessing SOC address this gap. However, results highlight key issues that are relevant methodological developments alone will not beyond the LDN context and could be fruitful guarantee success in achieving LDN objectives for current developments of the without a functional information system. In a Measurement, Reporting and Verification nutshell, sound measurements are useless if (MRV) systems in both developing and they are not embedded in a suitable developed countries. institutional architecture. This raises an interest in the factors that might impede the ID149. provision of environmental data for reporting under international commitments. Preliminary Integrating sustainability in evidence points to a number of complications international organisations: the that make measuring the SDGs challenging. case of the International Labour Major problems at the national level Organisation include lack of capacity and insufficient collaboration and information sharing across Francesco S. Montesano, Frank Biermann, Agni governments, but these are very general. This Kalfagianni, Marjanneke J. Vijge raises the question: is there anything else that Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands hinders effective monitoring and assessment of land degradation? In the Anthropocene, integrating socio- Based on qualitative interviews and group economic and ecological systems has become discussions with local experts, this work a central sustainability governance challenge. analyzes existing institutional architecture However, have international organisations, as relevant to LDN assessment, monitoring and key actors in global governance, responded to reporting. Drawing on and extending the new this challenge? The existing literature on concept of informational governance, this change towards sustainability in international paper characterizes the deep tensions in key organisations focuses on the ‘end-results’ of governance arrangements that affect LDN change, and tends to overlook how contextual reporting in the Kyrgyz context. It shows how changes such as the Anthropocene can impact the institutional context within which the institutional and organisational level.

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Drawing on international relations theories advances the understanding of the relations that emphasise the incorporation of change between the Anthropocene and (institutional) into the analysis of political phenomena, this transformations – two of the four key paper develops a novel conceptual framework contextual conditions highlighted in the 2018 with ideas, norms and institutions as the key Earth System Governance Science Plan. interdependent stages of context-informed Additionally, little is known about whether and processes of change. It then applies this how new global sustainability governance tools framework to assess integrated sustainability- such as the Sustainable Development Goals oriented change processes in the International (SDGs), allegedly the most advanced Labour Organisation (ILO). The ILO, whose ‘integrated’ attempt, can impact the policies of original mandate already addressed the international organisations towards integration between social and economic sustainability. Via its analytical approach, this development, constitutes an ideal case study paper also provides valuable insights into the to see whether environmental sustainability is steering role of the SDGs in this direction. making inroads at all levels. Focusing on the last 10 years, this paper carries out a systematic qualitative content analysis of primary documentary sources, complemented with expert interviews and analyses of budgetary and operational data. First, it investigates the ID180. emergence and development of sustainability- related ideas within the ILO. Linking back to the Politics of Scale in Global framework, ideas are operationalised as Environmental Governance discursive themes that appear in non- Miriam Prys-Hansen, Alexandr Burilkov normative contexts. Second, it examines whether and how sustainability-related ideas GIGA German Institute of Global and Area have evolved into ILO norms. Norms are Studies, Hamburg, Germany operationalised as the content of all (100+) One of the defining features of great powers is negotiated documents (Resolutions, that they (can) have an impact across all levels Recommendations, and Conventions) issued by of organization in international politics. They the International Labour Conference in the engage in bilateral, transnational, regional, and 2010-2019 period. Third, it assesses to what global interactions and often have, within one extent normative developments have informed issue-area, a choice of venues within which to more concrete sustainability-oriented pursue their interests. And while the causes institutional developments, which are and consequences of what has been called operationalised as concrete initiatives (notably “horizontal fragmentation” or “institutional those in the framework of the Green Jobs overlap” have been an important topic in Programme), as well as budgetary and Global Environmental Politics (GEP), vertical organisational developments. The paper institutional fragmentation, i.e. overlaps, identifies promising yet uneven trends of complementarities and conflicts between ideational, normative and institutional change different levels of policy-making (rather than towards the integration of environmental different regimes or issue-areas) have not elements into the ILO’s approach to received much attention. In this paper, we sustainable development. As such, it also argue that international actors of all kinds, but

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in particular those with a wide reach engage in Global urban climate governance has gained a “politics of scale” of a global extension. The prominence over the last decades. Its most concept of “politics of scale” is borrowed from important actors are cities, and transnational political geography and is defined here as the municipal networks (TMNs). Climate TMNs are way in which actors take decisions on how structures cities from different countries create intensely, in what ways and within which or join to exchange good practices, discuss institutions to engage. States have varying climate related issues or collaborate on possibilities to shift their (and others’) projects tackling these issues. TMNs voice institutional focal points within an issue-area cities’ concerns in international forums. and take on different roles according to the Through their different governance functions, level or venue at which they are active. While, they are likely to impact their member cities' for instance, India’s governmental responses to climate actions, as well as that of other actors climate change a the global level continue to involved in urban issues. expose a strong “North-South imaginary it has While scholars have looked at TMNs and cities increasingly played a much more constructive individually, the literature lacks analyses of role at the regional level. In this paper, we aim these actors as a group or a system. We notably to identify important factors that have an have little understanding of the composition impact on whether or not emerging powers will and inner dynamics of this system, including take on “great power responsibilities” – who has the most influence. This issue is crucial however defined – in the environmental field. to better understand who and whose ideas We expect one of them to be the level at which might affect global climate action, however. environmental policies are formulated and We thus ask the question: who dominates enacted, beyond the particular characteristics global urban climate governance? of the issue-area and the type of external pressures that is exerted on emerging powers. Our study is descriptive and analytical. Using a GEP is of particular interest here as mostly, political economy lens, we conduct a social solutions to the particular governance problem network analysis of 15 TMNs and the (we initially focus on climate change) at hand constellation of actors surrounding them, require particular financial or other economic including cities and non-city actors, and a burdens from participating states (with case qualitative cross-case analysis of the selected studies on India, Brazil, South Africa). They are TMNs. This analysis is a necessary preliminary hence a particularly interesting case for step to understand the composition and inner assessing the readiness of emerging powers to dynamics of global urban climate governance. take on “responsibility”. Results emphasise the visibility of certain types of cities in TMN membership, and of non-city ID542. actors in TMN partnership. Small and middle- size cities are the most numerous in TMN While Nations Talk, Which Cities membership, yet not the most visible. Those Act? appear to be cities that appear in two or more TMNs and which are most often global cities. 1 2 Marielle Papin , Jacob Fortier Our analysis also reveals important differences 1McGill University, Montreal, Canada. between membership from the Global North 2Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada and membership from the Global South. Many member cities from the Global South are

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global, and the presence of ordinary cities from Using a database of 3,000 financial deals for a the Global South is marginal. While often sample of seven oil major companies in Europe, ignored by the literature, non-city actors seem we analyse the merger and acquisitions waves to play an increasing role in global urban of alternative technologies to oil, as well as the climate governance. Future studies need to chains of investment disposals. In order to analyse and measure their impact on the way identify the policy contexts associated to each cities govern climate change. deal, we coded and selected all renewable energy deals. We then complemented the 221 Our study is in line with ESG's architecture and resulting deals with its associated press agency research lens, since it looks at TMNs as release, and manually coded explicit mentions structures of global urban climate governance. to forms of state aid and policy for three main It also talks to the democracy and power lens, renewable technologies: solar, wind and underlining the influence non-city actors might . have on cities and their climate actions.

The data allows to compare similar companies’ investment behaviour per technology to show

how oil multinationals renewable investment behaviour varies with different state aid mechanisms, its behaviour across regions, and ID655. how oil multinationals use shifts in government support to justify abandoning their renewable Resisting change. How oil energy businesses and resist change over time. multinationals justify abandoning In the grip of mounting climate pressure, we their renewable energy businesses? are now starting a new wave of renewable energy investments by oil multinationals. This Elena C Pierard research will provide concepts and tools to University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom assess if the current investment wave is different from past. Climate change has prompted energy systems to innovate into new and cleaner technologies to solve excess CO2 emissions. For nearly 20 Panel ID 130 years now, oil multinationals as large energy players have both acquired and abandoned Governance of nature: synergies, renewable energy companies, often following performance and challenges policy opportunities or their demise. To date oil Parallel Panel Session 5, companies have made little progress overall to Wednesday 8th September 2021, advance their businesses in cleaner 13:00-14:30 CEST technologies despite having held significant Chair: Eduardo Gallo resources over time, prompting to question the role oil multinationals have played in the ID221. energy transition, as well as the use of policy and state aid mechanisms by this type of Nature-based solutions with co- players. benefits: maximizing synergies

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 89 Stream 1 – Architecture and Agency across climate and biodiversity Kunming Action Agenda for Nature and People. action agendas Through a review of the literature followed by a first-cut analysis of nature-based Idil Boran1,2,3, Sander Chan3,4, Miriam Garcia5 cooperatives and initiatives, our goal is to identify knowledge gaps and key challenges to 1York University, Toronto, Canada. 2Dahdaleh effectiveness in building synergies across Institute for Global Health Research (DIGHR), platforms. We conduct an empirical analysis of York University, Toronto, Canada. 3German the nature-based cooperatives and initiatives, Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für and their linkages to the UNFCCC and CBD Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany. platforms. The analysis of the cooperatives and 4Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. initiatives is based on governance criteria, such 5Institute of International Relations, University as lead actors, funders, and location where of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil implementation takes place. In light of the The world stands before a double challenge: to empirical analysis and an overview of the main reverse the trend on biodiversity loss and to issues, we discuss governance and policy respond to accelerating climate change. challenges for maximizing synergies across Current state-centered governance is falling action agendas, and make recommendations woefully short on both challenges. for policy and for future research. Governments need to step up their ambition both under the UNFCCC and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). At the same time, ID326. much vision and ambition can be found beyond the (inter)governmental sphere of governance. Addressing green and atmospheric Thousands of non-state and subnational actors water in global environmental have committed to their own collaborative efforts to bend the curve of species loss, to governance reduce greenhouse gases, and to aid Sofie A. te Wierik, Joyeeta Gupta adaptation to already occurring impacts of climate change. The enormous potential of University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, non-state and subnational actors to contribute Netherlands to both challenges has increasingly been Increasing water scarcity is driven by acknowledged in the UN system. Both the population growth, economic growth, UNFCCC and the CBD have built platforms to urbanization, technological development and elicit efforts additional to those of states climate change. However, when addressing the through high-level mobilization efforts, notably impact of these drivers, this seems to be based the Global Climate Action Agenda and the solely on blue water despite our growing Sharm El Sheikh to Kunming Action Agenda for understanding of the systemic nature of water, Nature and People. which is embedded within a complex system of This paper discusses the role of local and non- land-vegetation-climate interactions. This state nature-based solutions with co-benefits accordingly leads to the risk of overseeing the to global biodiversity and climate action majority of the fresh water, as well as agendas. The focus is on the Global Climate underestimating the impact of these drivers on Action Agenda and the Sharm El Sheikh to the hydrological cycle on local to global scales. Hence, we argue that there is a need to revise

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the framework that addresses water issues in understand how the drivers influence the global environmental governance. systemic nature of water, what are the implications for nature and society, and which In this research, we first address the question instruments would be suitable for the why it is relevant to expand water governance governance of green and atmospheric water. research and policy to include green and atmospheric water. Green water, which is the water in the soil comprising approximately half of the available terrestrial fresh water, and atmospheric water, which is all water in the atmosphere. Subsequently, we address the limited focus on green and atmospheric water in global environmental governance by applying a content analysis on three major earth system governance assessments that shape the current environmental research and policy agenda: Intergovernmental Panel for

Climate Change (IPCC), the Global Environmental Outlook (GEO), and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). ID544. Furthermore, we analyze the goals, targets and indicators of relevant Sustainable Governance challenges to wicked Development Goals (SDG). We examine only land-use related sustainability the latest reports, by searching for both explicit problems: A framework of analysis and implicit reference to water governance and with empirical illustrations from soil related terms, as well as descriptively analyzing subsidence in peatland areas in the the indicators used to address the impact on Netherlands water resources.

Through this analysis, our preliminary findings Mandy A. van den Ende, Peter P.J. Driessen, show that a) the impact of drivers on green and Dries L.T. Hegger, Heleen L.P. Mees atmospheric water are less addresses in Copernicus Institute of Sustainable comparison to blue water; b) green and Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, atmospheric water are implicitly addressed via Netherlands land use assessments; and c) recommendations following the assessments Unsustainable land use is a worldwide regarding research and policy subsequently do phenomenon that appears in different forms, not explicitly address green and atmospheric with various levels of intensity, and for short to water. We conclude that, considering the long time periods. A commonality is that increasing anthropogenic interventions in the unsustainable land uses offer a potential hydrological cycle, global environmental nurturing ground for complex sustainability governance assessments should include problems like soil subsidence, land degradation indicators that address water beyond blue and loss of biodiversity. Experience shows that water subset. Accordingly, we need to better land-use related sustainability problems are

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complicated to deal with, as they typically empirical research to examine the governance involve different stakeholders with conflicting challenges to soil subsidence in Dutch peatland land-use claims that do not easily arrive at a areas. We expect that applying an analytical shared understanding of the problem or reach framework that combines insights of two consensus on solutions. It is due to this strong bodies of literature (on the wickedness of normative aspect that environmental sustainability problems and creeping crises) governance scholars have labeled land-use enables a better understanding of governance related sustainability problems as ‘inherently challenges to this – and other – sustainable wicked’. Yet the longer it takes for a land-use problems. sustainability problem to be tackled, the longer it is warranted to keep slumbering and accumulating into a creeping crisis that carries the potential for great societal disruption. A thorough understanding of which governance challenges these wicked sustainability problems face is required to develop an effective and legitimate governance approach. However, the literature has described governance challenges to wicked sustainability problems in a rather general and abstract way hitherto. To address this knowledge gap, the ID627. current paper presents a framework to analyze the governance of slowly developing land-use Delivering on their goals? related sustainability problems, drawing on Conditions for effective literature on ‘wicked problems’ and ‘creeping performance of international crises’. We illustrate the analytical added value collaborative initiatives for of the framework by operationalizing it for and biodiversity applying it to the sustainability problem of soil subsidence in peatland areas in the Katarzyna Negacz, Matilda Petersson, Oscar Netherlands. The cause of soil subsidence in Widerberg, Philipp Pattberg these areas is peat oxidation - a process that occurs when water levels are artificially IVM-VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands lowered. In the Netherlands, this form of water management to enable agricultural activity on National governments have largely failed to marshy land has been practiced since the halt biodiversity loss and to live up to their Middle Ages. Over the years, however, soil promises made within the Convention on subsidence has led to threats like increased Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD has often flood risk, damage to infrastructure and been described as “gridlocked”, slow, and buildings, loss of biodiversity and GHG ineffective for addressing biodiversity loss. In emissions. It exemplifies a wicked problem that parallel to the state-led efforts within the CBD, governments find difficult to address, but a complex landscape of international which, in the absence of an effective strategy, collaborative initiatives, involving both state can eventually evolve into a creeping crisis. In and non-state actors, has emerged over the that context, we are currently conducting last decade. This in turn, has created an

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increasingly complex but also promising loss. We discuss these findings in relation to governance landscape, whereby initiatives may ongoing policy debates within the CBD as well complement efforts by governments. scholarly debates on the changing nature of transnational governance and emergence of In this paper, we argue that meaningful collaborative initiatives. contribution of these international collaborative initiatives to the state-led conservation efforts under the CBD depends on the initiatives’ ability to fulfil their own goals.

Collaborative initiatives undertake a wide variety of actions to improve conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. Even though their individual contributions may not have a direct significant impact on the overall state of biodiversity, the sum of their goals and commitments can create synergy effects. Therefore, there is a growing need to evaluate their ability to deliver on their stated goals and identify conditions supporting and hindering Panel ID 133 their success. Conservation governance and institutions In this study, we systematically evaluate the Parallel Panel Session 3, ability of international cooperative initiatives Tuesday 7th September 2021, operating within biodiversity governance to 16:30-18:00 CEST achieve their stated goals. Drawing on the latest developments in the literature on Chair: Ingrid Visseren-Hamakers transnational governance and multistakeholder partnerships, we apply a ID81. framework to examine conditions under which the initiatives can implement their goals. We Transforming land governance in test the framework empirically on a dataset of northeastern Madagascar through more than 300 biodiversity initiatives collected transdisciplinary research? via semi-automated content analysis and Julie G. Zähringer1, Flurina Schneider1, O. validated through expert interviews. Based on Ravaka Andriamihaja1, Jorge C. Llopis1, Enrico our results, we formulate recommendations on Celio2, R. Ntsiva N. Andriatsitohaina3, Zo H. how biodiversity initiatives can be supported in Rabemananjara3, Patrick Laby3, Bruno S. achieving their goals. Ramamonjisoa4, Clara L. Diebold1, Peter The preliminary results reveal an increasing Messerli1 number of hybrid initiatives accompanied by a 1Centre for Development and Environment, good implementation of accountability University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 2Planung mechanisms, which are supporting factors. At von Landschaft und urbanen Systemen PLUS, the same time, effective leadership and Institut für Raum- und Landschaftsentwicklung sustained funding, pose challenges, which may IRL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. 3Mention hinder the progress in halting the biodiversity

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Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure pushing their individual agendas. Over the last des Sciences Agronomiques, Université five years, we have been involved in inter- and d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. transdisciplinary research approaches 4Ecole supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, implemented through an international Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, research partnership, to disentangle these Madagascar complex interlinkages between global and local land use decision-making and the impact of Reconciling economic development with the local land use changes on human wellbeing and of natural resources the environment. To do so, we applied a flow- in poverty-prone contexts remains one of the centered approach to investigate stakeholders' most wicked global sustainable development social networks and power relations. Our challenges. Tropical forest landscapes not only results, framed through a telecoupling lens, have to meet people’s immediate livelihood show how conflicting demands on land by needs and their broader development stakeholders from different sectors and scales aspirations. They are also expected to provide lead to strong competition over land resources. environmental benefits through biodiversity Furthermore, resulting land use changes from conservation or carbon storage to people shifting cultivation to permanent agroforestry worldwide. This leads to conflicting global and systems for cash crop production led to diverse local claims on land, triggering land use outcomes for locally defined human well-being change processes with often irreversible and entail pronounced sustainable impacts on the environment and substantial development trade-offs. Based on this changes to people's lives. Therefore, the "systems knowledge", we are currently question of how to transform currently engaged in co-designing transformative unsustainable land use change processes activities together with diverse stakeholders through improved land governance in tropical towards improving land governance in the forest landscapes is key. region. In this paper, we attempt to provide a synthesis of interdisciplinary research results We explore this question using the example of and of successes and failures related to a north-eastern Madagascar, a context, which transdisciplinary research process, which aims has been receiving much attention from at actively contributing to the transformation international researchers, development of land governance in north-eastern practitioners, and stakeholders involved in Madagascar. commodity trade (e.g. of vanilla, clove) for decades. This is due to the region's high levels ID426. of endemic biodiversity and important forest carbon stocks threatened by ongoing Institutional architecture, deforestation, important development conservation, and livelihoods in the challenges related to health, education, and Caucasus infrastructure, as well as the favourable climate for cash crop production. At the same Owen Cortner, Rachael D Garrett time, the quasi-absence of the Malagasy state ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland in the governance of these different claims has led to a somewhat inscrutable situation of Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in international and national stakeholders 1991, the Republic of Georgia has experienced

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major political, economic, and social Eduardo Gallo-Cajiao1,2, Tiffany H. Morrison3, upheavals. It is in the heart of the Caucasus Richard A. Fuller1 region, a cultural crossroads, a crucial transit 1University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. route for energy from the Caspian basin to 2University of Washington, Seattle, USA. European markets, and a Conservation 3James Cook University, Townsville, Australia International biodiversity hotspot and WWF global 200 ecoregion. Institutional Solving environmental problems across more architectures have changed significantly in than one country usually entails governance Georgia since the end of the Soviet era, yet systems with sets of multiple institutional they are still tinged with the legacies of that arrangements. Social-ecological fit, generally period. With evolving legal and government understood as the degree to which governance arrangements, liberalizing markets with new systems account for biophysical dimensions, foreign actors including land buyers, and has emerged as a normative tenet of overlapping challenges in conservation and environmental governance. Migratory species, livelihoods, Georgia presents an opportunity to given their long-range movements, can include understand the effectiveness of different types multiple countries as part of their life cycle. of governing architectures and agencies. These taxa have been declining around the world and governance systems have now Using institutional analysis and system emerged for their conservation. The social- mapping combined with data on land prices, ecological fit of governance systems for credit creation, and forest disturbance, we conserving migratory species have, however, examine how changes in institutional received little scholarly attention from an arrangements over the last three decades have empirical standpoint using spatially explicit impacted forests, agriculture, and related approaches at the macro level. Here we livelihoods. By examining connected changes in address this gap using migratory shorebirds in land tenure, credit creation, and market the Asia-Pacific as a case study. We focus on structures, we show that in contrast to the the two main threats (i.e., habitat loss and Soviet period, earth system governance is now hunting) to migratory shorebirds, using a more contested, complex, fragmented, and mixed-methods and comparative approach. polycentric. Future scenarios for climate We first identify the specific governance change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, architectures, including the actors and and social wellbeing will depend on the path institutional arrangements, for the two taken by actors within Georgia’s physical different threats. We then assess the boundaries but also outside it as the coordinating capacity of each architecture, movements of capital, ideas, people, and measure their institutional coverage for each goods continues to grow. migratory shorebird species across their ID492. corresponding range states, and determine the degree of institutional connectivity for the Conservation governance for migratory network of select taxa. We show that migratory shorebirds in the Asia- social-ecological fit is higher for the governance of habitat designation than for the Pacific is fit for habitat protection governance of hunting management. Scientists but not for hunting management and policymakers could perhaps now shift to an implementation-focus in the case of habitat

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protection, but further institution building to recognition of some of their social practices as address hunting. alternatives in national policies. Not adopting policies and developing alternative practices ID604. on the ground can be a strong form of everyday resistance, especially when initiatives promote Creative spaces for Seed Commons alternative values and norms that challenge through alternative social practices: the logics of the existing system. Maintaining, resisting or changing institutions

Julia Tschersich

University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

Research on social movements and political change tends to overlook forms of everyday resistance or quiet activism. Seed Commons initiatives counter dynamics of seed enclosures and commercialization, by pursuing alternative ID124. practices related to community-based conservation and breeding. This paper applies Transformations in grassroots the approach of ‘institutional work’ to assess global conservation governance and how such everyday social practices of implications for human security: Commoning in seed initiatives maintain, reject, insights from Kenya change or create institutions, and thereby contribute to institutional change or Jeremiah O Asaka persistence. A comparative case study of six Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, initiatives in Europe and the Philippines reveals USA the high degree of agency of Seed Commons initiatives and their capacity to reinterpret, Global conservation governance is chose from or resist external institutions. The characterized by change and continuity. This use of gray areas and informal spaces through paper is a case study of grassroots global everyday practices is essential for preserving conservation governance in Kenya. The paper's and widening the initiatives’ scope of action governance analysis is specifically focused on and preventing the extension of regulations three parameters: approach, actor, and that could further restrict their legal space. At knowledge. It is based on key informant the same time, acting within the existing set of interview and household survey data from rules means contributing to their maintenance fieldwork conducted in the country during the and strengthening them implicitly. Hence seed months of June, July and August 2016. The initiatives should be conscious about their paper documents, among others, how the actions and potential political effects. At the governance of wildlife conservation in Kenya same time, by demonstrating the viability, has transformed since the first world desirability and achievability of alternatives, conservation strategy of 1980. Beyond Seed Commons initiatives especially in the documenting transformations in conservation Philippines have succeeded in pushing for the

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governance, the paper also discusses actual and potential implications of the same for human security of indigenous Samburu pastoralist community, which has long shared its land with wildlife. With regards to human security, the paper argues that the noted transformations present a mixed bag of opportunities and challenges to the land- dependent Samburu pastoralists. It notes that the greatest challenge concerns how to ensure a healthy balance between pastoralism and conservation – two currently competing yet vital land use types in the region. A review of literature published over the past decade reveals that much of the recent resource- related conflict in this region is attributable to the competition for land between pastoralism and conservation. Other factors that drive conflict in the region include political incitement, warrior culture, inter-ethnic rivalry, proliferation of small arms, and climate variability among others. Finally, the paper suggests possible paths to a sustainable and less-conflicted future that will benefit both nature and society.

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Conventional democratic theories are equally Stream 2 challenged by recent and ongoing environmental crises and subsequent calls for Democracy and Power these materially grounded forms of democracy. In particular, the continued prevalence of democratic theories that are Panel ID 20 centred on institutional forms of democracy Democratic innovation and limits our ability to grapple with democratic exnovation in the Anthropocene experiments of resource governance that are not firmly rooted in institutionalised Parallel Panel Session 4, Wednesday 8th September 2021, democracy. For us, an integral aspect of the 9:00-10:30 CEST issue of democratic innovation is thus the development of new analytical and conceptual Chair: Jasper Finkeldey tools for understanding democratic governance. ID152. In this paper we therefore seek to disconnect Assemblage-democracy: “democratic idea(l)s from their specific reconceptualising democracy institutionalised semantics” and explore how through material resource such a process of disconnection can foster us to governance rethink and broaden the possibilities of connections between democracy and resource Will Eadson1, Bregje van Veelen2 governance. We do so by exploring how an 1Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United assemblage lens can offer new insights in these Kingdom. 2Durham University, Durham, United emergent democratic projects, and the ways in Kingdom which they seek to enact democratic resource governance. Assemblage-democracy (our term At a time where many feel that existing political for democracy from an assemblage structures and institutions are insufficient for perspective) is an emerging concept that has governing the complexities of modern-day life, not yet been fully explored. Here we seek to there has been a proliferation of civic demands develop this concept through a materially- for democratisation of energy, water, food, grounded approach, focused on experiments in and other material resources. These calls energy governance. We develop our indicate a desire to transform how societal conceptualisation through an empirical needs are provided, controlled, and owned, investigation of community energy projects in and act as ‘loci of hope’ for achieving a more the UK, the type that are often deemed to be desirable and equitable future. However, while at the heart of energy democracy visions. activists increasingly using the language of democracy to advocate for a transformation of Our ‘assemblage-democracy’ perspective adds the social, economic and political relations to existing thinking on (energy) democracy in enacted through the governance of these three particular ways: it frames materiality as resources, it often remains unclear what form central to the concept of democracy; it or purpose such new, material, forms of emphasises connectivity; and it explores the democracy should take. role of scales and networks of assemblages in

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producing wider movements towards desire for procedural justice. This talk will democratic horizons. examine this focus on a more material notion of political participation both theoretically and ID223. as articulated by historical and contemporary movements. It makes the argument that Material Participation, Democratic material participation illustrates a very political Transformations, and the Politics of implementation of the concept of new Sustainable Practice materialism – a sustainable materialism. And it explores this notion and practice against the David Schlosberg accusations that both new materialism and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia “lifestyle activism” are apolitical or post- political. Environmental movements of practice – the development of systems, sustainable ID228. fashion, and community energy, for example – are an important and growing area of Living frameworks: institutional environmental engagement. Their focus is on design for the Anthropocene the sustainable flows of materials through Jonathan Pickering individuals, communities, and nonhuman systems. Activists in these movements are University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia often motivated by desires for participation and procedural justice, but these recent The unstable conditions of the Anthropocene – notions of participation are often material in an emerging epoch characterised by pervasive nature, and practice-based. Classic notions of human influence on the Earth system – pose a political participation or procedural justice are troubling dilemma for the design of political mainly instrumental – we vote for an specific institutions. On the one hand, institutions need outcome, participate toward an end, or protest to be flexible enough to respond to rapid to get a message across and change policy. The changes in social-ecological conditions such as idea of participation in sustainable materialist wildfires, floods or species collapses. On the movements, however, is articulated as a other hand, institutions need to be stable demand for material participation; activists enough to protect long-term interests, repeatedly emphasise the importance of including the wellbeing of young people and increasing community involvement in future generations and the flourishing of the production and flow of the basics of ecosystems threatened by biodiversity loss. everyday life, including energy. This is not only Placing a democratic lens over this dilemma a demand for classic political participation, but raises further complex questions, including an insistence on a sense of material whether strategies to safeguard long-term participation, social inclusion in the very flows interests (e.g. constitutionally entrenching the of food, energy, or other goods and things right to a healthy environment) are at odds through bodies, communities, and lives. with future citizens’ democratic prerogatives Material participation is about doing. Such a to rebalance environmental and other sense of material participation exists in these priorities as they see fit. Conversely, failure to movements alongside more traditional institutionalise the protection of long-term democratic processes of participation and the interests could undermine the environmental

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 99 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power preconditions that enable people to meet their Panel ID 201 basic needs and thereby have the capacity to The power and limits of participate in democratic practices. transparency This paper aims to explore whether the Parallel Panel Session 1, th creation of ‘living frameworks’ can help to Tuesday 7 September 2021, achieve a democratically legitimate 8:30-10:00 CEST reconciliation of the dilemma outlined above. Chair: Shruti Neelakantan Living frameworks comprise robust legal or policy parameters for the protection of long- ID234. term social-ecological interests, coupled with periodic review of those parameters and their Can transparency help to close the implementing arrangements in the light of adaptation gap under the Paris shifting social-ecological conditions. Living Agreement? frameworks could be seen as a form of governance innovation and also as a means of Timo Leiter ‘exnovating’ existing practices that are London School of Economics and Political revealed by periodic review to be Science, London, United Kingdom unsustainable or undemocratic. Building on a brief account in literature of living frameworks, The Paris Agreement has given new impetus to I begin with a conceptual account of the efforts to address climate change, but the gap compatibility of living frameworks with between current emission levels and what is principles of democratic legitimacy, drawing on needed to reach the temperature targets of 2°C theories of deliberative democracy and or 1.5°C is grossly inadequate. Increasing reflexive governance. I then set out a typology climate impacts point to the need for greater of living frameworks that spans (i) policy adaptation to climate change which likewise instruments that could constitute building faces a gap in implementation despite blocks for these frameworks, and (ii) political economic benefits of early action. The bottom- conditions that may either foster or stymie the up structure of the Paris Agreement which functioning of those frameworks. I then apply builds on self-determined national pledges this typology to multilateral institutions for requires a solid review mechanism to be able Earth system governance, examining first the to assess whether the combined pledges are extent to which the Paris Agreement on climate sufficient to achieve the goals agreed in Paris. change displays elements of a living The transparency framework and the Global framework, then exploring possibilities for the Stocktake under the Paris Agreement are post-2020 global biodiversity framework under designed to build trust and provide clarity on the Convention on Biological Diversity to serve countries’ aims and achievements in the hope as a living framework. The paper concludes of leading to a virtuous cycle of increasing with a range of policy recommendations for the ambition. Literature on transparency has been design of living frameworks. largely critical about its potential to drive ambition in global climate governance. However, most of this literature has focused only on mitigation of greenhouse gases which is concerned with governance of a global public

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 100 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power good. There is no systematic assessment to ID608. date about the specifics of transparency of adaptation which is more local and context- Assessing state compliance with specific, and how these characteristics affect multilateral climate transparency the ability of transparency to influence requirements adaptation outcomes. The present paper will therefore investigate how transparency of Romain Weikmans1, Aarti Gupta2 adaptation differs from mitigation in substance 1Université Libre de Bruxelles, Ixelles, Belgium. and procedural aspects under the Paris 2Wageningen University and Research, Agreement, and what this means for Wageningen, Netherlands transparency as a mechanism to drive ambition. From a governance perspective, the Transparency is increasingly central to focus on adaptation is particularly interesting multilateral climate governance. In this paper, since all respective transparency provisions of we undertake one of the first systematic the Paris Agreement are entirely voluntary. assessments of the nature and extent of Hence it is pertinent to examine motivations to compliance with transparency requirements engage, what countries have communicated on under the United Nations Framework their adaptation efforts so far, what they could Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). communicate under the transparency rules of Extensive resources are now being devoted to the Paris Agreement as specified in the setting up national and international Katowice Rulebook, and which pathways might transparency systems that aim to render visible lead to an improvement in adaptation what individual states are doing with regard to ambition. This paper therefore contributes to climate change. It is widely assumed that such the research question “under what conditions transparency is vital to securing accountability, does transparency contribute to more trust and thereby also enhanced climate accountable and legitimate earth system actions from all. Yet, whether transparency governance?” as defined in ESG’s 2018 science lives up to this transformative promise remains and implementation plan under the research largely unexamined. We generate a first lens "Democracy and Power" (p.55). systematic overview here of the nature and extent of state engagement with and adherence to UNFCCC transparency requirements. Drawing on extensive primary documents, including national reports and technical expert assessments of these reports, we generate ‘Transparency Adherence Indices’ for developed and developing country Parties

to the UNFCCC. Our results reveal wide variations in adherence to mandatory

reporting requirements, and no clear general pattern of improvement since 2014. Our

Indices help to illustrate trends and highlight knowledge gaps around the observed adherence patterns. This is timely, since the 2015 Paris Agreement calls for an ‘enhanced

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transparency framework’ to be implemented builds on the analytical framework of Ciplet et by 2024 that builds on existing UNFCCC al. (2018) that interrogates transparency’s transparency systems. We conclude with transformative power in the realm of climate identifying a research and policy agenda to finance. This framework argues that specific help explain observed patterns of adherence, norms dominate the uptake of climate finance and emphasize the need for continued scrutiny transparency and subsequent accountability of assumed links between transparency and mechanisms. Their cascade and climate action. implementation significantly impact the transformative capability of transparency in ID612. shedding light on the delivery of adequate and equitable climate financing. We build on this Disclosure or obfuscation in climate analysis by focusing on what countries are finance? Assessing performance in disclosing to each other about climate finance multilateral transparency through participation in UNFCCC transparency arrangements arrangements. The article focuses on both developed and developing countries, and Robert Bergsvik, Ina Möller, Aarti Gupta includes participation in all stages of the arrangements, including a final face-to-face Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen public account-giving session. The analysis University and Research, Wageningen, focuses on eighteen countries that have Netherlands completed a full UNFCCC reporting and review Ambitious climate action by developing cycle in the period 2014-2020: Australia, countries hinges on the provision of climate Bangladesh, Canada, China, France, Germany, finance from developed countries. Elaborate India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Mauritania, transparency arrangements are set up by the the Netherlands, Norway, Papua New Guinea, United Nations Framework Convention on South Africa, Togo, the UK, and the US. There Climate Change (UNFCCC) to track climate have been four cycles of reporting and review financing provision and receipt. The where these countries have participated, assumption is that these arrangements provide although to varying degrees. The methods countries and the international community consist of analyzing countries’ reports; the with the necessary tools to hold each other reviews/analyses of submitted reports by accountable for their actions and conduct in technical experts; and video recordings of face- this realm. However, the relationship between to-face account-giving sessions. Qualitative transparency and accountability is more coding is applied to identify themes and assumed than empirically proven, including in patterns related to state-to-state reporting on the area of climate financing. While there are climate finance within these arrangements, a several non-state tracking initiatives for gap in the literature thus far. As the 2015 Paris climate finance, it is essential to interrogate Agreement relies on similar arrangements, what countries themselves reveal in these critical interrogation is needed of how dedicated multilateral transparency processes. countries perform with regard to reporting on This article studies what countries make visible climate finance; and whether and how this in their transparency reports and how helps to further (what type of) accountability of reporting under the UNFCCC transparency donor and recipient countries. arrangements is furthering accountability. It

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ID613. governments are held accountable for the various commitments. The paper highlights The (in-)transparency of negative substantial discrepancies between the long- emissions: Rendering visible how term climate commitments, short-term countries aim to realize aspirational Covid19 recovery policies, and nationally Net-Zero emission targets determined contributions of G20 countries. It examines discrepancies between short and Heather L Jacobs1, Ina Möller2, Aarti Gupta2 long-term targets with regard to negative emissions technologies. Global projections rely 1World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. on extensive deployment of these technologies 2Wageningen University and Research, to achieve the ambitious 1.5 target, which may Wageningen, Netherlands increase the potential for mitigation deterrence. Scenarios focused on using these The recent flurry of mid-century net-zero technologies may disincentivize the urgency of emissions targets across the globe represents a meeting 2030 goals while providing highly shift from a decade ago when discussions were uncertain predictions. The paper also shows focused on emissions in 2100. This momentum how differences in the ambition of long-term, provides the impression of increased ambition; mid-term and short-term climate targets are however, it is problematic. The very goal net- subject to very different mechanisms of zero targets seek to achieve runs the risk of accountability. There exists no formal link lowering ambition and action in the short- between long-term and short-term goals term. Observers have criticized that the 2050 considered in UNFCCC transparency targets distract from short-term climate action, agreements, without which countries can be and that the apparent increase in ambition expected to commit to more conservative relies on large amounts of speculative negative short-term goals while planning for long-term emissions technologies. To avoid a situation in visionary and aspirational strategies. The paper which countries make promises that they contributes an important analysis of the cannot deliver, it is important to better institutional settings that shape long-term and understand the relationship between long- short-term climate policies and highlights the term and short-term climate commitments. need for accountability mechanisms that This paper provides an overview of challenges scrutinize the compatibility of these climate identified in preliminary assessments of first targets and policies. round net-zero targets, examines concerns posed by the lack of concrete plans to achieve these targets, and interrogates the assumption that this momentum necessarily entails greater action. The paper studies the relationship between long and short-term commitments in the case of the G20 countries. It compares the content of the climate commitments that these countries have made for 2050 with 2030, and with policies that they have implemented to kick-start economic recovery following the Covid19 pandemic. It then compares the institutional settings and mechanisms in which

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ID623. regime theorists suggest that reporting and review can help promote compliance with Opening the Black Box of international agreements. According to the Transparency in Multilateral ‘managerial school’, reporting and review can Climate Governance: Causal provide insights into the root causes of non- Pathways of Reporting and Review compliance, which can help bring a state back into compliance. Moreover, reporting and Harro van Asselt1,2, Romain Weikmans3, Antto review can influence state behaviour, by giving Vihma4, Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb1 states information on whether they are achieving their policy objectives, providing 1University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, other states information that allows for Finland. 2Utrecht University, Utrecht, diplomatic responses, offering non-state actors Netherlands. 3Université Libre de Bruxelles, information that can generate domestic Brussels, Belgium. 4Finnish Institute of pressure, and facilitating learning. International Affairs, Helsinki, Finland This paper aims to open the black box of Transparency, in the form of regular reporting transparency in multilateral climate by nations and expert and multilateral peer governance by identifying the causal pathways review, has become a backbone of the through which transparency arrangements, international climate change regime. Although such as reporting and review, can contribute to reporting and review have been part of the improved international and national climate implementation of the United Nations governance. The paper will present a Framework Convention on Climate Change theoretically informed analytical framework (UNFCCC) since its inception, with detailed that distinguishes several ideal-typical causal obligations for developed countries, their pathways through which reporting and review effects have been highly contested, and leads to certain procedural effects (e.g. compliance has been mixed. The explicit empowering certain stakeholders) and emphasis on transparency in the 2015 Paris substantive effects (e.g. improved reporting, Agreement is therefore of particular interest. climate policy changes, increasing ambition), Whereas previous reporting and review and specify the role of various actors (e.g. processes under the UNFCCC mainly focused governments, civil society organisations, on developed countries, the Paris Agreement is international organisations) in each pathway. applicable to all Parties, whilst providing In doing so, the analytical framework will form flexibility to developing countries with limited an important bridge between international capacities. regime theory, critical transparency studies and empirical studies on the functioning of The hope is that transparency can indicate multilateral transparency arrangements. whether the level of collective efforts undertaken by countries is adequate to address climate change, by shining a light on what countries do individually. However, very little is still known about whether and how such transparency arrangements bring about effects such as increased ambition, stronger policies and/or greater accountability. International

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Panel ID 202 nature require an inclusive and empathic Future generations and nature's imagination that surpasses anthropocentrism. Both future generations and nature can only be futures: rights and representation enfranchised with the aid of representation, Parallel Panel Session 2, but different theoretical problems may be at Tuesday 7th September 2021, play for each of the two categories, as is visible 10:30-12:00 CEST in legal practice of courts. Chair: Michael Rose The paper’s methodology is characterised by ID38. combining legal practice with political theory on deliberative democracy and representation. Rights of Nature v Rights of Future In a substantive introduction, Nancy Fraser’s Generations work on the transnational public sphere will be connected to Dryzek & Pickering’s Politics of L.E. Burgers the Anthropocene, underlining the relevance of University of Amsterdam Faculty of Law, enfranchising future generations and nature in Amsterdam, Netherlands the legal-political system (Section A). The paper subsequently turns into the legal-conceptual The Anthropocene has painfully slapped and theoretical differences between the two, humankind in the face. Human activities demonstrating that it matters whether we transform the earth we live on to our own speak of group or individual rights when we detriment. It has been analysed how our represent future generations or nature in our current legal-political system suffers from legal-political system (Section B). That these ‘pathological path dependency’ and that the theoretical submissions hold true in practice is politics of the Anthropocene needs to be showcased with the aid of various instances redirected so as to cross national boundaries where future generations and nature were and to include future generations and non- represented in court cases on climate change humans [Dryzek&Pickering2018]. The latter (Section C). The paper ends with some two are addressed in this paper. concluding remarks.

In available literature on environmental ID219. governance, nature and future generations are often mentioned in one breath. Likewise, Designing fair and inclusive transnational legal practice shows both a institutions for future generations: growth in emerging rights of future generations lessons from the capability and a global emergence of rights of approach nature. Many instances of climate change litigation form attempt to enforce such rights. Nicky van Dijk Relatively little attention is paid, however, at University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia the conceptual, theoretical and practical differences between these two categories: It is widely accepted that the current future generations and nature. Whereas rights generation has some obligations towards of future generations might help us to better people alive in the future, but the precise scope anticipate for the coming centuries, rights of and nature of these obligations are

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underspecified. Should we protect a safe this paper applies lessons learnt from analysing climate and clean air for future people, or also our intergenerational obligations, to current for example wilderness areas and places of proposals for institutions for future cultural significance? And to what extend generations. These proposals—whether they should we preserve, change or build these consist of commissioners for future resources for future people? Theorising about generations, constitutional reform, or other such intergenerational obligations is important more administrative commitment devices— because it is unlikely that our short-term each make different assumptions about our focused democratic process can consider the intergenerational obligations, and interests of future people in a fair and unbiased institutionalise these assumptions through the way. Especially now we face the current mandate and powers given to the legal or climate emergency, neglecting or delaying an institutional reform. Thoroughly analysing adequate governmental response to climate these proposals is essential, as it could change will have an immense impact of the promote a fair and inclusive design of quality of essential living conditions and institutions for future generations. opportunities of young people growing up and of future generations. ID598.

This paper aims to analyse the Captured Futures: The Future in intergenerational obligations of state Environmental Politics governments facing a climate emergency, and discusses how this improved understanding of Jeroen Oomen, Maarten A. Hajer our intergenerational obligations could inform Urban Futures Studio / Utrecht University, institutional and legal reform proposals aiming Utrecht, Netherlands to improve the representation of young people and future generations in our democratic Over the past half-century, the ‘environment’ system. To do so, first, this paper uses the has become a main conceptual driver for policy Ingrid Robeyns’ modular framework of the (references 1). As Biermann (2020) also capability approach as a theoretical lens. recognizes, ‘the notion of ‘environmental’ Following the approach’s central focus on policy has become a mainstay in public and human agency and diversity, it identifies the academic discourse’. Crucial in this most essential interests of future people development was the construction of ‘the through analysing self-proclaimed essential environment’ as a policy object. Looking values of groups of people over time. importantly to expertise and science, Acknowledging individual diversity is environmental policy constructed an idea of important, as honouring this could prevent the Earth and its systems as an object of global institutionalising a bias towards majority or governance (references 2). In the process, the privileged groups in society into the future. It environmental became subject to technocratic combines currently existing capability and expertise – and a monochromatic conception human rights lists with grassroots literature, to of the future that simply extrapolated trends ensure the inclusion of currently from past and present into the future. Even underrepresented groups, and groups that are now, environmental policy still looks to science specifically vulnerable to the impacts of climate to provide (often economised) ‘facts’ for change, such as First Nations Peoples. Second, politicians to act upon – the limits within which

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human societies (globally) should remain. our collective interdependence with Nature Against this logic, we pit another history – that have been renewed. All sectors must respond of environmental politics rather than policy. to these new understandings in science. Law is This is a history that started with concerned no exception. citizens and scientists, with social movements campaigning on the streets, with a cultural In this paper we argue the environmental rule politics emerging around the environment, one of law is now a critical linch-pin in the that was eventually channelled into Anthropocene to guide humanity towards institutional politics and policies accompanied preservation of the Earth-system and to by ecomodernist categories. We argue that maintain international peace and security. We environmental policy, and correlated ideas emphasise how existing legal concepts and such as Earth System Governance, pay too little principles of IEL must, therefore, be urgently attention to the cultural politics in which the reconceptualised in light of these new and centralised discursive logic is challenged by updated scientific understandings to guide activism on the streets, and by alternative humanity towards the “safe operating space”. conceptions of the future in the process. In short, we assert that while there is ample Central amongst these, the very notion of attention for the future of environmental sovereignty itself is too frequently still being policy, there is a gap on understanding the misrepresented in critical multi-lateral fora to future in environmental policy and politics. avoid, or at least delay, necessary actions. Understandings of critical Earth-system ID609. processes undoubtedly necessitate common actions and common responsibilities. We argue Responding to the inter-locking how sovereignty must be understood, as a legal crises – updated notions of concept, in light of these scientific sovereignty and Rights of Nature as developments. The current crisis has indeed fundamental tools to promote only served to illustrate further that a portrayal of sovereignty as withdrawal into isolationist respect for the integrity of the approaches is untenable. However, we argue Earth-system that cooperation between sovereign states, as Susan Shaw, Annaïg Nicol an intrinsic requirement of sovereignty, mandates a purposive approach towards Living Law, Glasgow, United Kingdom preservation of common goods and respect for the integrity of the Earth-system, on which all Notwithstanding a plethora of MEAs in of humanity depend. international law in the field of the environment (“IEL”), environmental At the same time, this conceptualisation of degradation within narrowly defined political sovereignty must not be misrepresented as state-borders continues to cause substantial undermining the importance also of nationally risks to the integrity of the Earth-system. tailored actions in the environmental field. This Humanity has already collectively transcended remains essential to notions of legitimacy in critical planetary boundaries identified by decision-making and governance at leading Earth scientists. As the world faces a national/sub-structure levels. This is reinforced new wave of unprecedented crises consequent by refined conceptions of common but on ecological breakdown, understandings of

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differentiated responsibility and respective would otherwise be the ‘Forgotten Billion’ – capabilities. the world’s billion poorest people – in global policymaking. Yet to what extent do they Under the power and democracy theme, we succeed in performing that role? While existing also aim to contribute to enhanced research has mainly focused on the understandings of the risks of poorly representation of the interests of the poorest implemented transition pathways in the countries in intergovernmental negotiations on Anthropocence which can exacerbate acute global sustainability, whether and how civil inequalities and promote opportunistic power- society organizations legitimately represent grabbing and/or domination by powerful the ‘Bottom Billion’ in these negotiations voices/actors to the detriment of local and remains a largely unexplored question. indigenous populations/groups. We conclude by drawing on developments in the Rights of This paper assesses the representation of the Nature field as critical to strengthen the rule of global poor in institutionalized civil society law, promote equitable responses and participatory mechanisms during the upholding existing human rights towards negotiations on the Sustainable Development harmony with Nature. Goals (SDGs), a process hailed as the most inclusive ever organized at the United Nations Panel ID 205 (UN). We perform our analysis at three levels. Participation, representation and First, we quantitatively assess the deliberation in earth system representation of people and civil society governance organizations from the world’s poorest Parallel Panel Session 3, countries, the Least Developed Countries, in Tuesday 7th September 2021, the civil society Hearings of the UN Open 16:30-18:00 CEST Working Group on the SDGs. We see quantitative representation of the global poor Chair: Okka Mathis as legitimate if 12 percent of participants to the Hearings are from the Least Developed ID17. Countries, in line with these countries’ share in In Whose Name? Civil Society and . Second, we qualitatively analyze how the global poor are procedurally the Representation of the Global included within the Major Groups, the main Poor in Earth System Governance. institutionalized mechanism for civil society representation in UN negotiations. Legitimate Carole-Anne Sénit, Frank Biermann procedural representation entails that the Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Major Groups include formal and iterative Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, mechanisms that allow the global poor to Netherlands provide input to civil society statements and hold civil society representatives accountable. Civil society is often uncritically recognized as a Third, we discursively evaluate the extent to democratic force in Earth System Governance. which the civil society organizations that speak Civil society organizations aim to hold States on behalf of the global poor in the SDGs and intergovernmental institutions negotiations legitimately represent the accountable and channel the voices of what interests of these populations. Legitimate

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discursive representation entails that the their consumption patterns. However, we narratives conveyed within the statements argue that these approaches as such are delivered by global civil society representatives unlikely to prevent environmental degradation on behalf of the global poor qualitatively taking into account the constrains imposed by matches the interests of these populations, as human biology: in our evolutionary past, we expressed in global citizen surveys or have not evolved to respond to knowledge on deliberations. We find that the global poor collective threats or to limit individual were underrepresented in the negotiations on consumption for the good of large groups. On the SDGs, with participants from Least the contrary, natural selection has favored Developed Countries contributing merely 6 resource use typical for the Tragedy of percent of the total participants to the Commons, reflected to the current society as Hearings. Additionally, unclear procedures for externality-driven capitalism, conspicuous input and lack of internal civil society consumption and resource overuse. This does accountability mechanisms undermined the not, however, justify biological determinism. inclusiveness and representation of the global Environmentally detrimental human behavior poor’s interests, eventually perpetuating tends to realize especially in large outgroups planetary injustice in Earth System typical for global capitalistic system, whereas Governance. cooperation and social control thrive in small ingroups and allow us to overcome the Tragedy ID25. of Commons. In our study, we present a realistic alternative for current democracy, Representative Ingroup Democracy: Representative Ingroup Democracy (RID), Modelling a democratic society which incorporates the fact that human resistant to environmental behavior drastically differs between ingroups degradation and outgroups.

Katariina E. M. Vuorinen1, Jiska van Dijk2, Tuva By building on behavioral ecology, evolutionary B. Munkeby1, Terje Bongard2 psychology and game theory, the RID model suggests a society where decision-making 1Norwegian University of Science and structure consists solely on ingroups, were we Technology, Trondheim, Norway. 2Norwegian have a tendency to choose strategies of Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, cooperation and contribution over egoism and Norway corruption. In the model, all individuals judged old enough for participating into decision- At present, no realistic political or making are divided into groups of 25 people, governmental alternative exists for stopping applying Dunbars Number. On this basis, a the fossil fuel driven global economy from nested system of ingroups forming ascending causing environmental degradation. There is decision-making levels is built: each ingroup an overall consensus that current consumption selects a representative to the next level, again rates exceed earth’s production capacity, but forming groups of 25 people. This is repeated disagreements arise when solutions are until we reach the highest level with only one discussed. It is common to argue that e.g. more ingroup of 25. From each group, an elected precise environmental knowledge, green representative enters the next level, where consumerism and resource efficiency are he/she is presenting the views of the lower needed for individuals and societies to change

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ingroup. As an example, we apply this model to participation in MSPs demands a focus on the the context of Norway, where the RID structure incentives for participation, which are could be implemented to the population of 5 informed by contextual factors. Consequently, million (160 000 primary ingroups) with only 5 research should focus on improving the decision-making levels. We predict that the RID region’s stakeholder participation in MSPs to model will enable stable and democratic overcome the observed limited inclusion. sustainable production, distribution, equality Against this background, using the Partnership and social security. for SDGs online platform and survey of participating stakeholders as well as expert ID518. interviews, the research seeks to understand the motivations for participation in MSPs with Enhancing Inclusion in multi- Nigeria as a critical case. Understanding the stakeholder partnerships (MSPs): incentives for participation in MSPs among Understanding motivations for stakeholders and reflecting the outcome in the participation in MSPs: a case study design and enabling of partnership presents a on Nigeria possibility for enhanced participation of stakeholders both in qualitative and Okechukwu Enechi, Philipp Pattberg quantitative terms. Exploring diverse incentives for participation could help in Department of Environmental Policy Analysis, overcoming the risk of contentious outcomes IVM, VU, Amsterdam, Netherlands and priority mismatch while enhancing inclusion for optimal outcome of partnership Multi-stakeholder Partnership (MSP) is initiatives in the region. increasingly promoted as an inclusive and participatory mechanism in the ID639. implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Can Sustainability Be Democratic? Agreement (PA). MSPs play critical roles of Comparing Sustainability and facilitating knowledge sharing, technology Democracy as Forms of Political transfer, and resource mobilization critically needed for actualizing the twin global agenda Representation and systemic transition to global sustainability. Marco Billi Studies also show that partnerships fill implementation gaps particularly in the Sub- Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Saharan Africa region. Both the UN and Santiago, Chile UNFCCC, the implementing platforms for SDGs and PA respectively, recognize the important When we speak of 'sustainability' -and even roles of partnerships. However, MSPs are more, of its political and governance challenged by limited inclusion, particularly, implications- we tend (somewhat acritically) to limited participation of stakeholders from sub- frame our discussion and assessment in Saharan Africa due to such obstacles as limited democratic terms. Beyond the simple resources and capacity. This limitation has constatation that embracing sustainability has, consequences on partnership initiatives, historically, led many thinkers to pursue non- including risks of contentious outcomes and or at least non-fully democratic pathways, the mismatch of priorities. Improving stakeholder paper aims to question, on a more

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fundamental level, the compatibility of accordance with the inner laws of Nature, the sustainability and democracy as normative claim challenges the immanence and equality principles. Since both concepts are intrinsecally inherent to democracy. To overcome this polisemic and controversial, an answer to such dilemma, the boundaries of the political arena question is contingent on the specific must be significantly redrawn. understanding of democracy (and sustainability) that is brought forward at any ID662. given time. Can deliberative citizens’ This paper seeks to bring a new perspective to assemblies increase public support the debate on sustainability and the need to for costly climate policy? ‘democratize’ it, observing the relationship 1,2 3 between democracy and sustainability from Lukas Fesenfeld , Lennart Kuntze the perspective of (symbolic) political 1ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 2University of representation. To that aim, the paper starts Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 3Harvard University, with a brief genealogy of the notion of Boston, USA sustainability, followed by a general comparative summary of some of the most Ambitious climate policies are urgently needed prominent contemporary interpretations of for reaching the Paris climate targets. Yet, the the different representative, deliberative, implementation of such policies implies a populist, epistemic and constitutional trade-off for policymakers. Effective climate dimensions of democracy. We particularly mitigation often leads to visible costs and discuss and compare the views of some of the restrictions of personal liberties for individual most prominent contemporary scholars on citizens, and their political feasibility can hence democratic theory, including Nadia Urbinati, be ultimately limited. Deliberative democracy Sofia Näsström, Hans Lindahl y Margaret has been suggested as a way to increase Canovan. On that base, we then delve into legitimacy and public support for ambitious but exploring to which degree and in what specific costly climate policies. Specifically, it is argued configurations the ideas of sustainability and that randomly sampled citizens’ assemblies are democracy may be led to be compatible a way to integrate different perspectives on normative aims, and derive policy and wicked issues, incorporate public feedback, governance implications. We hold that the induce a concern with the common good, call concept of sustainability underpins a claim to to mind the interests of future generations and political representation of a community of insulate citizens from the influence of interests interest, spanning all Earth and across groups that seek to prevent ambitious climate generations (and, arguably, across species). policies. In this study, we empirically assess to Such a representative claim, we contend, is what extent ambitious but costly climate caught on a dilemma: on the one hand, it policies proposed by randomly sampled requires active governance and the respective citizens’ assemblies - compared to expert trade-offs upon individual interests, suggesting councils and governments - truly garner higher it is a prominently political representation - public support. In doing so, we use and, consequently, one which may be subject comparative survey-embedded conjoint to democratic standards of representation; and experiments with over 3000 respondents in on the other, where governance must act in China, Germany, and the United States and rely

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 111 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power on data from over 40 semi-structured Panel ID 206 interviews with citizens. Our preliminary Decentring power results point to an unexpected finding Parallel Panel Session 9, contradicting more optimistic perspectives on Thursday 9th September 2021, deliberative democracy. While citizens 17:15-19:00 CEST generally tend to have low self-efficacy when it comes to climate policymaking and perceive a Chair: Arvind Lakshmisha lack of effective opportunities to participate in climate governance, they also tend to distrust ID463. their fellow citizens and support costly climate policy proposals more if proposed by expert Same, same but different? Populism councils compared to citizens’ assemblies. and the legitimacy of climate While previous research has shown that governance in three democracies deliberation in citizens’ assemblies can help to Jens Marquardt1, Cecilia M. Oliveira2, Markus transform individuals’ existent values into Lederer3 preferences for ambitious climate action, our research suggests that the political feasibility 1Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. and legitimization of such deliberate forms of 2Institute For Advanced , climate governance is limited. Future research Potsdam, Germany. 3Technical University of should investigate both public and stakeholder Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany preferences for a combination of different forms of climate governance to overcome While the Paris Agreement expresses far- political gridlock. For example, climate policy reaching commitments to combat climate proposals prepared by experts and randomly change, populist movements, organizations, selected citizens that are then voted on by all and individuals around the world have spread eligible voters could increase the political skepticism against climate action by feasibility and legitimacy of ambitious but challenging the undemocratic and elitist costly climate policies. underpinning of the policy field. Building on the tensions between an effective global climate change regime and the democratic legitimacy of decision-making, populists have largely criticized the global “sciento-political consensus” behind climate action. Revisiting earlier debates on the interlinkages between populism and climate change politics, we argue that populists critically question the legitimacy of climate change governance efforts based on

at least two interrelated aspects: (1) Since climate knowledge has been globalized over

decades, the global phenomenon has become detached from local meanings and world

views. (2) The technocratic, apolitical and science-centered framing of climate change narrows down any room for public disputes or

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democratic intervention dismissing political results from three survival analyses suggest struggles. These conceptual arguments on the they are: politically decentralized countries are tensions between climate politics and significantly more likely to adopt BRTs when democratic decision-making are substantiated they are democratic. Moreover, jurisdictions here with empirical observations from three that host an international environmental NGO distinct democratic systems, where populist advocating for BRT are significantly more likely leaders gained power through regular to adopt BRT demonstration projects. The democratic elections: Brazil, the United States, results show how political institutions critically and the Philippines. Examining the discourse in shape the deployment of low-carbon urban all three countries sheds light on how populists innovation, and call attention to civil society as (strategically) erode the legitimacy of climate an important enabling international actor. governance by highlighting the gaps between a globalized, technocratic, and elitist climate ID672. regime, and the people’s everyday contexts and experiences. We conclude that climate Trust in institutions under the governance needs to more seriously respond COVID shock in the context of food to local contexts and give room for democratic insecurity intervention in order to engage with populist claims and the contested nature of any efforts Johanna Koehler against climate change. Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, ID649. Netherlands

When do cities deploy low-carbon Our democratic governance institutions have infrastructure? Evidence from the been put to a test through COVID-19. This Global South study examines how trust in national and newly decentralised subnational institutions in Kenya Nicholas E. Goedeking has been affected by the pandemic with University of California, Berkeley, USA respect to legitimacy, authority, and service delivery in a context where half of the Decarbonization will require significant population face severe food insecurity as a deployment of low-carbon infrastructure over result of the pandemic. It contributes to the next decades, particularly in cities in low- understanding the links between citizen and middle-income economies. Deployment perception and trust in their democratic decisions that lead to cleaner urban institutions, compliance and the provision of infrastructure, however, are not yet well food, water, sanitation and health services. understood. To advance our understanding of Originally devised as a state fragility framework pathways to low-carbon urban infrastructure, for conflict settings by Stewart and Brown, here this paper leverages a novel dataset of 92 Bus we advance the framing in the context of a Rapid Transit (BRT) adoptions between 1974 global shock and its impact on the and 2017 to examine whether political sustainability of essential services. This study decentralization and democracy, alongside draws on a primary dataset capturing attitudes international NGOs, are associated with from 864 participants towards the COVID greater chances of BRT deployment. The pandemic in rural Kenya and explores

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behavioural responses towards COVID emancipatory collective futures that are not regulations and implications. Determinants of organised around nation-states and (state-like) trust in institutions are examined as follows: international institutions. legitimacy is tested by measuring the approval of government measures; authority through In order to decenter debates in ED from the citizen compliance; and service delivery is hegemonies of both deliberation and statism, examined with regard to the provision of food, we use insights from eco-anarchism (ref 2) and water, sanitation, and health services. These cosmopolitics (ref 3). These theories help us to factors are disaggregated by the experience of appreciate a greater diversity of legitimate food insecurity. The study reveals power political actors, strategies and existing asymmetries in terms of wealth and access to practices, and allow us to look differently at sustainable services with far-reaching ‘classical’ questions of ED (around implications for both existing and new representation, inclusion, justice). governance institutions and their capacity to introduce interventions to mitigate the risks With regards to the deliberation paradigm, faced by the citizens they are meant to serve. eco-anarchism advances a more oppositional political praxis, while cosmopolitics helps us ID537. think about nonhuman political work and human-nonhuman entanglements that render What eco-anarchism and obsolete the conventional thinking about the cosmopolitics can teach us about representation of nonhumans. Similarly, with ecological democracy regards to the state and existing institutions, cosmopolitics proposes to radicalise Jacob Smessaert, Giuseppe Feola disagreement with the modern, capitalist state to the ontological level, while eco-anarchism Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of builds on a long tradition of dual power and Sustainable Development, Utrecht, counterinstitutions that acknowledges and Netherlands exacerbates conflictual relationships with state institutions and capitalism. Deliberate social-ecological transformations ask for democratic renewal at different levels. While acknowledging the limitations that these Ecological democracy (ED) has addressed some theories present, in turn, in thinking of the tensions raised by this challenge, yet comprehensively about social-ecological calls for rethinking democracy persist and point transformations, we argue that they can inform to the need to transform both the conception a broader ecological democratic research and practice of democracy (ref 1). agenda that starts from concrete performances to analyse occurring processes of In this paper, we assess recent literature on ED transformation and prescribe desired ones. through an analytical framework comprising Avenues for future research are empirical the following dimensions: actors, praxis and (i) studies in multispecies collective political processes, and institutions. From this analysis, subjectivation (actors), theoretical- we find that the main limitations of current (ii) empirical studies on the complementarity debates in ED lie in (i) their excessive focus on between different types of democratic praxis deliberation as the quintessential democratic (deliberative, agonistic, material,…) (praxis and praxis, and (ii) their difficulties in envisageing

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processes), and (iii) empirical studies in the processes, relying instead on more powerful relationships and tensions between new third-party intermediaries (or ‘proxies’) to act community institutions and existing ones on their behalf. Such challenges of proxy (institutions). accountability are both intensified and complicated by the recent popularity amongst In sum, this paper advances the debate on ED private regulatory schemes of a ‘sector in two ways: it enriches and diversifies transformation’ paradigm, which foregrounds understandings of ecological democracy, and it efforts to catalyse changes beyond directly foregrounds ongoing democratic praxis at the regulated supply chains by means such as grassroots level as the central locus for future influencing government policies, creating new ecological democratic theory and action. organizational capacities amongst local producers, and empowering workers and

communities to build regulatory policy ID Panel 207 alliances with social or governmental allies. The Energy and Natural Resources: complex, interactive character of governance processes associated with such a paradigm accountability and power diffuses causal processes through which the dynamics exercise of power is linked to distributional Parallel Panel Session 2, outcomes—blurring corresponding Tuesday 7th September 2021, relationships of power, responsibility and 10:30-12:00 CEST accountability. Drawing on illustrations from a Chair: Joost de Moor range of private regulatory systems in natural resource sectors in Southeast Asia and Latin ID27. America, this paper develops a preliminary framework for conceptualizing the multiple Proxy Accountability in Private forms of both top-down and solidaristic proxy Sustainability Regulation: accountability that emerge within the Contested Pathways to ‘Sector interactive governance processes associated Transformation’ with a ‘sector transformation’ paradigm, and explores the conflicting and often highly Kate Macdonald context-specific distributional implications of University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia such alternative variants of proxy accountability. Amidst sustained scrutiny of the social and environmental impacts of natural resource extraction, private and voluntary modes of transnational accountability have proliferated. While such accountability systems claim to enable communities negatively affected by resource extraction to hold companies, governments and other powerful players to account, in practice affected communities often lack sufficient information, power or institutional access to steer accountability

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ID48. accountability for natural resource extraction in three transitional areas: the Middle East, the Proxy Accountability for Natural African Great Lakes Region, and South Resource Extraction in Transitional America. It examines the hollowing out and States reconfiguration of relations between state, society and nature, analyzing the prospects for Michael Mason1, Teresa Kramarz2, Lena stakeholder representation and Partzsch3 empowerment.

1The London School of Economics and Political ID175. Science, London, United Kingdom. 2University 3 of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. University of Governance Gaps and Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Accountability Traps in the Global In regions characterized by political systems in Shift to Renewable Energy transition, there is often little public Susan M Park1,2, Teresa Kramarz3, Craig accountability for social and ecological harm Johnson4 caused by natural resource extraction. 1 Resource curse literature suggests that natural University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 2 resource rents may undermine structures of Technical University of Munich, Munich, 3 public accountability (e.g. from increased elite Germany. University of Toronto, Toronto, 4 capture and corruption) in states with weak Canada. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada capacity. However, there has been little comparative research on the development of The global uptake of renewable technology has new accountability mechanisms targeting been both dramatic and insufficient to achieve resource extraction in transitional states, a 2 degree world by 2050. Ramping up notably the rise of private and voluntary modes renewable energy production relies on of accountability. These mechanisms and logics intensifying a global supply chain that begins are associated with actors others than nation- with the extraction of required minerals, states, from supranational bodies and non- metals, and materials from developing governmental organizations to industry and countries. This paper examines the labelling organizations. As a result, governance gaps and accountability traps that communities negatively affected by resource constitute the regulatory landscape of supply extraction increasingly find multiple parties, chains for renewable energy. We develop a often from abroad, claiming to represent their constructivist analysis of the global governance interests (e.g. on environmental and human and accountability initiatives for renewable rights issues) in an exercise of what has been technology, specifically onshore wind, solar PV, labelled “accountability by proxy” (Koenig- and lithium-ion batteries, which are vital Archibugi and Macdonald, components of decarbonizing global energy 2003). Accountability by proxy blurs public, sources and systems. We reveal what is and is private and voluntary purposes, obscure not governed in those global supply chains, and actors’ biases for action, and distorts analyze what accountability initiatives do and sanctioning mechanisms available to affected do not do. The governance of some aspects of stakeholders. This paper develops a conceptual the supply chain has emerged in response to framework for investigating proxy normative pressure to address harmful

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practices, leading state and non-state actors to government institutions do not have concede to protective standards. Governance developed a coal phase-out plan. In December gaps pertain to our knowledge of state, 2020, the South African president appointed industry, and voluntary activity, and an the Presidential Climate Change Coordinating absence of protective norms and regulations. Commission that will advise the president on We outline gaps in governance evident how to ensure a just and fair transition away upstream and downstream of the supply from coal for communities and workers in the chains. These gaps provide a sharp relief to coal regions. The commission comprises where governance has been concentrated, in representatives from governments, civil initiatives such as the Extractive Industry society, business, academia and traditional Transparency Initiative, which seek to hold leadership. Especially the pace of the energy actors accountable. Yet these processes of transition is expected to cause conflicts accountability may lead to traps: focusing on between members of the commission. what can be done rather than what should be done to mitigate the harmful effects of the This paper asks how social movements, such as global shift to renewable energy, and who the South African climate justice movement, should be recognized and included in frame the energy transition and how they accountability mechanisms. Documenting how mobilize supporters for their objective of a just global governance of renewable energy is transition, inside the presidential advisory constituted, demonstrates how some social commission and among civil society actors. The structures, and not others, become taken as paper is empirically motivated by South Africa’s given. This analysis is particularly timely during long and rich history of protest, among them a climate emergency, when an urgent focus on environmental protests against pollution and carbon emission reductions can defer environmental racism, especially by poor and questions of process and justice. often black communities. Resistance against coal mining is not only evolving from ID618. environmental organizations, but also in coal- mining affected communities and even among South Africa’s energy transition: some trade unions that demand a just investigating the role of social transition away from the current coal regime. movements Drawing on qualitative research, such as interviews, as well as newspaper articles, Almut Mohr reports by environmental organizations and Willy Brandt School of Public Policy at the official policy documents, the paper analyzes University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany how such social movements affect the processes of energy transitions and the In September 2020, the government of South implementation of policy decisions towards Africa – a highly coal-dependent country - low carbon futures in South Africa. With this, it announced a net zero GHG emissions target by theoretically contributes to the literature on 2050. However, this goal includes continued energy transition in the Global South and the coal in the energy mix even after that date and role of social movements in such transition further lacks an implementation strategy of processes. respective transition policies to achieve an enduring energy transition. So far, the

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ID633. regime stability is widely acknowledged on a general level (reference 5), the exact Natural Resources and the tipping interdependence between natural resources points of political power and regime stability has been marginal so far. Third, the question how national resource Jasper Finkeldey, Petra Dobner strategies could become compatible with the concepts of ESG is hardly addressed. Our aim is Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, thus to synthesize and systematize our Halle(Saale), Germany knowledge on the interface of ESS, ESG and In the face of climate change, earth system democratic national politics. science (ESS) contributes to our After some preliminary considerations on ESS “understanding of non-linear mechanisms that and ESG concerning natural resources and ultimately shape the planetary mode of system stability, we first offer a systematic operation” (reference 1). In this context, overview of natural resources with respect to reflections on natural system stability and their socio-political dimensions like resilience are at the core of ESS debates. One substitutability, recyclability e.g. Second, we crucial question is how to steer complex earth look at the role of natural resources and systems away from planetary tipping points political power in democracies without (reference 2)? The earth system governance however essentialising resources as the only (ESG) approach tackles this challenge by source of political power. Third, we discuss looking especially at global rule systems and three resource regime ideal types and their actor networks capable of governing the particular contribution to or obstruction of Anthropocene (reference 3). ESG: global extractivism, mitigation and In order to enhance earth system governance adaptation, and a sustainable resource regime. however one also has to understand the role of We conclude by reflecting on the implications resources for and in political strategies on the for future research on the interface of ESS and state level. Availability, extraction, usage, ESG and political system stability. government and strategies to secure future access to resources are central for the economic and political life cycles of states.

Their handling of resources therefore influences the prospects of a more advanced and sustainable resource management on the global scale as envisaged in ESG. But confronting ESG aspirations with national resource strategies reveals three important research gaps: First, albeit natural resources are constantly categorized a holistic and systematic approach from a social science perspective is still missing. Second, while political science takes a great interest in regime stability and collapse in general (reference 4) and while the importance of resources for

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Panel ID 208 mountainous forest lands of the country, Extractive industries and creating dispossession and marginalizing previously viable rural communities, as well as extractivism serious environmental and public health Parallel Panel Session 6, problems. Wednesday 8th September 2021, 17:00-18:30 CEST With an openly extractive vision, the current Chair: Sherrie Baver mining law defines mining as an activity of public interest; supports the imposition of ID143. mining on community or private lands at the discretion of the federal government; grants The Search for Alternatives to corporations preferential access to water and extractive Economies through legal lands despite existing rights; almost exempts Changes in mining Regions of them of fiscal obligations and permits financial Mexico secrecy for their operations. The law doesn´t consider the violation of human rights or Leticia Merino environmental damage as causes for concession removal. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Societal responses have included social mobilization and judicial defense, and have For the last three decades, Mexico´s frequently met with repression by local participation in global markets has been governments, corporations and organized increasingly oriented to the production of crime. I propose to analyze the results of seven mineral exports. As in other Latin American community workshops in diverse regions of countries, extractive activities acquired Mexico with open pit mining and frequent prominence despite previous industrial socio-environmental conflicts. The workshops growth. Political elite capture has enabled the were implemented to discuss proposals for imposition of this economic model, resulting in changing the environmental law. Community increased political and economic inequality. responses range from a total rejection of The implementation of the North American mining activities and skepticism about the Free Trade Agreement was accompanied by viability of changing the law, to demands to new legislation that challenged the role of the mobilize for profound legal changes. Differing state as responsible for the public good, positions reflect the diverse impacts of mining opening access to natural resources to private activities on local lives and communities´ corporations at the expense of environmental cohesion. We aim to analyze the social viability quality, livelihoods and public health. In order of alternative frameworks to extractivism in to favor extractive activities, the new land the context of economic and social crises in tenure, water and mining laws created rural Mexico and in the Latin American region. concession systems for water and minerals that ignored traditional and even constitutional rights of communities and individuals. From

2000 to 2016, the number of mining concessions increased, reaching 33% of

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ID377. structure of these decisionmaking processes might be transformed to be more procedurally Power and Procedural Justice in just for communities where UOGD is proposed. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: The Overriding of ID381. Local Governments and Democratic Extractivism, water spirits and Practices in the US and UK science – Understanding mining and Stacia S Ryder, Patrick Devine-Wright water governance in Mongolia through the lens of governmentality University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom Mirja Schoderer Unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD), and in particular hydraulic fracturing German Development Institute, Bonn, (fracking) has transformed the energy world Germany. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, since the early 2000s. While the practice has Netherlands shifted markets and brought great economic benefits to the United States, it has also faced Since transforming to a market-based economy much contestation around the world, including in the 1990s, Mongolia has experienced a in the US and the UK. Activist and concerned mining boom that has given a significant boost community members have resisted efforts to to economic performance metrics such as GDP drill in both of these countries, primarily on the growth, but has also induced significant water basis of concerns for health, public safety and resource degradation and sparked public the environment. The practice has also created contestation. Protestors demanded better tensions and conflict across governance scales protection of water resources but also between local authorities and state or national contested the large presence of multinational level governments. Despite differences in the corporations, arguing for increased resource US and UK decisionmaking processes for nationalism. The economic contributions of the managing oil and gas proposals, in both cases extractive sector and the associated promise of decisions generally left to local governments increased incomes and a better standard of are taken out of the communities and being living are powerful motivators for decision- made at state or national governance scales. As making at the individual and at the collective such, local government officials and residents level. Simultaneously, Mongolian identity in communities impacted by UOGD share politics are heavily tied to the notion of living in similar concerns about their lack of procedural harmony with nature. In particular in the rural justice in these processes. Drawing on nearly areas and among older citizens, traditional 100 semi-structured interviews, participant forms of managing and conceptualizing observation and document analysis we briefly interactions with water resources persist, such highlight the different ways that decisions as behavioral norms and taboos that are based about UOGD have been moved out of local on animistic beliefs. Over the last decade, communities in both the US and the UK, reforms pertaining to the public sector in producing similar experiences of procedural general and to water management in particular injustices in communities on the ground. have brought the country’s legislative Finally, we discuss what constitutes framework closer in line to the institutional ‘community’ in these contexts and how the prescriptions of the Integrated Water

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Resources Management paradigm, which has Panel ID 209 long been promoted by the academic The environmental state and its community and by international development organizations. The simultaneous presence of discontents extractivism, traditional notions of nature, and Parallel Panel Session 5, Wednesday 8th September 2021, science-based natural resources management 13:00-14:30 CEST are expressions of powerful rationalities that have shaped actors’ interests, beliefs, and Chair: Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann decisions over long periods of time. ID137. This paper uses Foucault’s concept of governmentality to shed light on how diverging Non-majoritarian institutions in rationalities – the art of governing through a) national climate change state sovereignty, b) discipline, c) truth, and d) governance: Towards a unified neoliberal governmentality, respectively – analytical framework interact and overlap to produce the governance and management system currently Diarmuid Torney in place. It is based on several rounds of Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland fieldwork conducted in Mongolia between September 2017 and November 2019, as well Increasingly, national governments have as an in-depth literature review of Mongolia’s created non-majoritarian institutions (NMIs) to legislative framework as it pertains to water shape their policy responses to climate change. and mining. These are defined as “governmental entities that possess and exercise some grant of

specialised public authority, separate from that of other institutions, but are neither directly

elected by the people, nor directly managed by elected officials” . NMIs take different forms.

These include expert bodies such as the UK Committee on Climate Change, stakeholder institutions such as the Dutch Energy Agreement process, and instruments of public participation such as Ireland’s Citizens’ Assembly on climate change. Their form varies widely, as does the degree to which power is delegated to them, but they share the common characteristic of being removed to some degree from elected institutions. To date, there has been no systematic research on NMIs in a 4 climate policy context.

This conceptual paper will seek to develop a three-fold conceptualisation of NMIs. First, NMIs can be differentiated according to their

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 121 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power composition. Second, NMIs can be ID120. differentiated according to their authority, which captures both their independence from Mining in Sweden. Unpacking the the executive and legislature as well as the state and its inherent degree to which decision-making power is delegated to them. Third, NMIs in the climate contradictions. governance context can be differentiated Sara Moritz according to their policy function(s), which can be divided into the stages of agenda setting, Stockholm University, Department of Political policy formulation, policy adoption, Science, Stockholm, Sweden implementation, and evaluation. This paper maps and analyses narratives and The paper proposes a new theory of NMIs to tensions within the Swedish state’s account for their impact on climate governance engagement with mining in peripheral in terms of policy processes and policy outputs. municipalities in the north, viewed from the First, with respect to policy process local perspective. characteristics, NMIs can shape perceptions of legitimacy of climate governance. NMIs can In Sweden, the northern region's relationship also impact the deliberative quality of climate with the central state authorities and the state governance which, following the systemic turn mining company is complex. Historically, the in the deliberative democracy literature, is extraction of natural resources in the northern conceived of as a distributed characteristic of mountain areas is connected to the governance systems. In terms of policy establishment of national borders and deeply outputs, NMIs can be theorised as impacting intertwined with the colonization of Sámi land. on the strength of policy outputs. Reflecting In the mining municipalities of Kiruna and the distinctive characteristics of climate Gällivare, the dependence on the state-owned governance and going significantly beyond mining company LKAB is substantial and the standard accounts of NMIs, these institutions traditional role of the north as a resource can also, in a climate context, shape the industry region continues. However, during the innovativeness of climate policy. Illustrative recent global mining boom, several conflicts examples will be used to showcase the utility of concerning planned mines emerged. the framework, but the paper’s contribution is primarily theoretical and conceptual. The Previous research on extractive industries in paper contributes to the “Architecture and various parts of the world has primarily Agency” and “Democracy and Power” focused on resource conflicts and particularly conference streams. highlighted community resistance against mining expansion. Moreover, debates on the resource curse have demonstrated the role of the central state and political elites in pushing for extraction due to the profits it generates. A few studies have addressed the state’s role, paradoxically describing the state as being both absent and “hollowed out” yet present and authoritative. This paper contributes to these

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 122 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power debates by exploring the dynamics between ID113. different levels and sectors of the state. Why is South American Theoretically, this paper draws on an environmental governance understanding of the state as non-monolithic declining? and continuously constructed through its interactions with other social forces. Ana Flávia Barros-Platiau, Cristina Yumie Aoki Empirically, the study is based on a collection Inoue, Eduardo Viola of local media material from 1950 to 2020 and Earth System Governance Research Centre at additional semi-structured interviews with the IR Institute. University of Brasilia, Brasilia, local representatives. The paper analyses the Brazil contradictory narratives on what the state is and should be that are articulated concerning From a complexity thinking perspective, this mining issues from the local perspective. Based paper analyses three major areas of on the findings I will theorize the relationship environmental policy in South America with between the state’s constructed inside (state global impact: forest, climate and oceans in the institutions and its representatives) and 2014-2019 period. A systemic approach of outside (civil society and other social forces) three different but interconnected governance and how such relationships have changed over complexes sheds light on regional emerging time. patterns and future outcomes. By providing for novel empirical findings about South American countries benefited a lot from the strategies and practices of state the commodities super boom (2003-2013) engagement in extraction over time and how it having had high economic growth, poverty is reflected locally, the paper contributes to reduction and expansion of a new middle class. debates on extractive governance. Through During this prosperity period, most countries unpacking the state and its inherent improved environmental policies. Forest and contradictions, the paper advance debates on climate regulations were established and how to conceptualize the extractivist state and marine protected areas increased. For shed light on the multiple and conflicting claims example, among Amazonian countries, Brazil within government institutions and beyond had the most significant progress in reducing them, and also how the boundaries between deforestation around 2005-2014. the inside and outside of the state are upheld and reinvented. However, corruption grew dramatically and these countries did not take up the challenges

of doing very needed economic, social and political reforms. In addition, policies did not

consider the nexus between climate change and biodiversity in the air, land and water. Consequently, most South American countries entered in deep economic, political and environmental crisis after the end of the commodities super boom. In this sense, 2014 is a tipping point for the region. New middle

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 123 Stream 2 - Democracy and Power classes became extremely disappointed and ID445. social upheaval undermined the stability of most governments, either right or left wing. Failures of the environmental state Environmental policies were also undermined during the crisis, with the exception of Chile James Meadowcroft and Uruguay that successfully promoted Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada renewable energy. The most dramatic case of erosion being Brazil: since 2015, Amazonian Over the past few decades scholars have deforestation has increased, reaching in 2019 directed increased attention to the twice the area of 2012, when it had the lowest development of the 'environmental', 'green' or rate. Besides, the main sources of greenhouse 'ecological' state. Although usage of these gases emissions augmented and tend to terms varies, all draw on the fact that modern increase in the near future. Concerning the states have increasingly become enmeshed in ocean, sustainable policies and regulation are the challenge of environmental governance. still lacking. Regional cooperation is rather During the last third of the twentieth century fragile and there is no regional fisheries advanced industrial states built elaborate management organization for the South mechanisms of regulation, specialized Atlantic. bureaucracies, and ideational and knowledge systems for addressing environmental Two main issues engender feedback loops and challenges. And environmental argument durable unsustainability: the lack of policies became an irreducible feature of and the incapacity to deal with environmental contemporary political life. Over the ensuing damage, as it was the case with forest fires and decades much has been done to improve oil spills in 2019. Using quantitative data and environmental conditions in the most qualitative analysis, this study identifies the developed states, and yet the shortcoming, actors interactions, and governance processes inconsistencies and the fragility of that led to the demise of environmental environmental states are continuously on policies in this region, which plays a key role in display. Setting aside the complex and 'wicked' the stability of planetary systems. The main problems of climate change and biodiversity proposition is that South American political and decline, even on the most mundane issues of air economic crisis (2014-2019) shifts the public and water pollution supposedly sophisticated support, partisan coalitions and policies away states (such as Germany or the United States) from environmental issues and low carbon are prone to serious 'lapses'. Consider the economy, undermining Earth systems' Volkswagen diesel engine emissions scandal governance. which exposed hundreds of millions of citizens (especially in Europe) to elevated particulate

and NOX emissions. Or the lead contamination in drinking water brought to the fore in Flint

Michigan, but which has much wider ramifications across North America.

This paper explores the gap between the claims

and practical accomplishments of contemporary environmental governance,

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focusing particularly on the example of conventional air pollution. It deals with the dynamics of regulatory control, industry resistance, environmental advocacy, internationalization and evolving scientific understanding. And it revisits discussion of the environmental state in light of the empirical record of state performance over the last two decades. The paper draws on the recent contributions to state theory, comparative politics and environmental governance. It does not present new empirical data. Rather it offers a synthesis of recent assessments of studies the effectiveness of air pollution control mechanisms and offers a new interpretation of their significance.

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Stream 3 objectives and impacts over moral relationships. When we begin our ontology with moral relations, we do not think of action Justice and Allocation in terms of impacts but in terms of considerate relations. The space of the world is not a blank Panel ID 15. slate or a field to be shaped, but is crisscrossed and created through myriad relations of Planetary Justice: Aspirations, accountability that constitute the Contestations and Efforts towards social. Being people and stewarding good Realization institutions in such a space is a matter not of Parallel Panel Session 5, acting on the world but of meeting others Wednesday 8th September 2021, appropriately, respecting them, and of 13:00-14:30 CEST interacting with all our relations in considerate ways. An entirely different map of the world Chairs: Agni Kalfagianni, Dimitris Stevis, Stefan Pedersen emerges when moral relations are prioritized over agency. ID5. A second reason to be concerned with a focus Decolonizing Earth System on agency and its implicit ontology is that it Governance: From Agency to Moral does not make room for many indigenous Relationships forms of life in which moral relations are the basis of everything, including how one Jeremy D. Bendik-Keymer conceives of action. One might think that if Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Earth system governance wishes to be more USA than Eurocentric it should consider an ontology of moral relations before agency. In such a The Earth System Governance Project involves light, constructively resituating agency as a agency as a special focus of research. Agency, secondary concern behind the primary according to this broad focus, is the power of ontology of moral relations would amount to people, institutions or other agents to make “decolonizing” Earth system governance in a changes in the world, advance their interests, small but fundamental way. and so on. It is a broad extension of what in the Eurocentric philosophical tradition has been In this paper, I explore how an ontology of the domain of practical reason: the power to moral relations shifts how we approach seek goods as determined by those who act agency. I intend to show that a focus on moral intentionally. Such a broad concept involves an relationships not only goes some distance as implicit ontology: the world is to be acted decolonial work on Earth system governance, upon; impacts are to be made in and on social but that it does, in many ways, a better job of space; and the main preoccupation of people in getting at what our concern with agency really the world advancing their interests is to is. achieve their own objectives.

One might be concerned with this ontology for several reasons. The first is that it prioritizes

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 126 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation

ID85. policy approaches. Ultimately, a stream on planetary health within the Earth System Planetary health and planetary Governance project would be very useful justice: strengthening the links for outcome of this paper and associated improved governance discussion.

Kathryn J Bowen ID100.

Australian National University, Canberra, Planetary justice as an analytical Australia device and practical guide in earth The concepts of planetary health and planetary system governance justice are contemporaneous. Planetary health 1 2 refers to "the health of human civilization and Agni Kalfagianni , Dimitris Stevis , Stefan 3 the state of the natural systems on which it Pedersen depends" (Horton, 2015). Planetary justice is 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. about effectively addressing the global 2Colorado State University, Colorado, USA. environmental challenges we face now and in 3University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom the future, while safeguarding social, cultural, economic and other protections. The two The paper aims to initiate a debate on the concepts have inherent commonalities yet the promises and limits of planetary justice both as linkages between them have not been an analytical device and as a practical guide for thoroughly explored. Both concepts are realizing justice in turbulent times. fundamental when considering transformations to sustainability. It is clear The paper starts from the observation that we that, for example, the greatest burden of the are currently experiencing major planetary health impacts arising from climate change will transformations that are multidimensional and fall mostly on the those communities and interconnected. The first is ecological or what countries that have emitted the least many scientists call earth system greenhouse gases. When attempting to transformations. These mark an develop and implement solutions to the health unprecedented change in key indicators that impacts of climate change it is vital that these keep the earth system hospitable to human endeavours adopt a planetary justice beings, thus signifying a new geological era, the approach. This will help to ensure that those Anthropocene. Second, it is proposed that who are most at risk are included in earth system transformations occur in parallel governance processes so that health responses and in many ways are driven by socio-economic are just and do not exacerbate inequities. This transformations. Although these are very paper will provide an overview of the concept diverse and include population growth, of planetary health and its potential usefulness urbanization, and changes in income and within the planetary justice debate. The paper wealth, what is staggering is the observation by will outline current planetary health activities, many analysts that the imprint on the earth future directions and priorities. Areas for system has been mostly driven by a fraction of greater linkages with planetary justice will be the global population living in OECD countries. presented, in order for a coherent and Third, we are facing major governance complementary path for future research and transformations reflecting a shift from

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 127 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation hierarchical forms of steering with states as the ID229. central actors to multi-actor, multi-level decision-making and to even a privatization of Planetary justice and ‘healing’: governance, with business actors featuring decolonizing environmental particularly prominently. futures?

In view of these transformations, this paper Adrienne Johnson underlines the need to reconceptualize core University of San Francisco, San Francisco, USA values of earth system governance, specifically the idea and practice of justice. For this Environmental scholars have long debated purpose, the paper develops a number of definitions of ‘justice’ in connection to fair and questions for deliberation and debate equal allocations of, and access to, regarding the distinctiveness of planetary environmental resources. Conversations justice versus traditional notions of justice: surrounding ‘just’ environmental outcomes First, does the term ‘planetary justice’ capture have exploded in recent years as scientists a fundamental departure from thinking about bring our attention to, as some say, the justice in Holocene terms? Second, does irreversible multi-scalar harms that affect planetary justice encompass but is also beyond human and non-human systems in the current any particular locality in which environmental era known as the Anthropocene. The term, change is experienced? Does/should it thus ‘Planetary Justice’ has been offered as a way to evoke an understanding of ‘space’ that is simultaneously account for the emerging multidimensional and interlinked? Third, does global, intergenerational, and non-human planetary justice encompass but is also beyond dimensions of justice and the multi-scalar the present time to include both the past and institutions and strategies that are needed to the future intertemporally? Does it thus evoke remedy and move beyond current ecological an understanding of ‘timescapes’ rather than injustices. Following efforts by Earth System single times? Fourth, does planetary justice Governance (ESG) researchers to rethink and encompass but is also beyond global justice expand the concept of ‘justice’ under with its focus on the global order, international Anthropocene conditions, this paper argues for institutions, and nation-states? Fifth, does the consideration and integration of the planetary justice invite us to think about the Indigenous notion of ‘healing’ as an important ‘interrelatedness’ among species as well as concept in both ESG research and justice between the human species and the entire scholarship more broadly. Doing so may lead to planet? And sixth, which are the practical the envisioning and development of implications for realizing planetary justice? environmental futures that promote intersectional and representational justice –

both important principles in the achievement of justice at the planetary level. ‘Healing’ can be described as the process of ‘righting’ past wrongs. For many Indigenous peoples, this is closely linked to the assertion of self- governance and autonomy through environmental practices following the devastating effects of state and non-state

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 128 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation institutionalized power relations aimed at Panel ID 24 erasing their existence. The concept of healing Earth System Law (i): also acknowledges the subtle continuation of colonialism in current environmental Transformation and law futures management frameworks and aims to forge Parallel Panel Session 5, Wednesday 8th September 2021, pathways towards inclusive and diverse 13:00-14:30 CEST environmental institutions and ideas through the process of ‘decolonization’. This paper Chair: Catherine Blanchard draws on on-going participatory ethnographic research with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, a ID30. non-federally recognized Indigenous group located in California, United States. It examines Transformative Pathways in Pursuit their experiences as they seek to heal from past of Earth System Law for the environmental and social injustices by Anthropocene reclaiming land within their traditional territory, and revitalizing Indigenous culture by Louis Kotzé teaching and sharing traditional skills focused North-West University, Potchefstroom, South on native plant regeneration and language Africa. University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United knowledge. Their ultimate goal is to renew Kingdom their relationship to their ancestral territories while strengthening tribal bonds. The paper This paper builds on two earlier publications concludes with some critical possibilities that that have respectively: i) made out a case in the concept of healing may offer to planetary support of rethinking environmental law justice scholarship in ESG research. alongside an Earth system perspective and to develop a new juridical paradigm called “Earth system law”; and ii) elaborated three considerations that environmental law will need to embrace in the course of its transformation to Earth system law

(i.e., inclusivity, interdependencies and complexity). Putting the cart before the horse,

as they did in a sense, neither of these publications explained in full what an Earth

system perspective would actually mean for environmental law’s much needed transformation to Earth system law; neither did they offer a thoroughgoing definition of Earth system law, nor did they map and describe the critical transformative pathways in pursuit of Earth system law for the Anthropocene.

In this paper I will endeavour to address these epistemic gaps by critically interrogating, in Part 2, what an Earth system perspective

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 129 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation entails and what its regulatory implications ID435. could be for environmental law. In Part 3, I offer a more elaborate definition and Social Resilience in the conceptual description of Earth system Anthropocene: A New Role for law. Part 4 identifies six characteristics of Environmental Law? environmental law (there may be several others), that could potentially prevent, or at Brita Bohman least complicate, its transformation to Earth Department of Law, Stockhom University, system law. These are: i) environmental law’s Stockholm, Sweden state-centrism and virtually exclusive embrace of conventional, top-down, “hard” law; ii) its Governance principles for achieving social- fetish with creating a specific type of selectively ecological resilience are rather well privileged order; iii) its preoccupation with established. They are principles such as geographically bounded jurisdiction; iv) its adaptive governance, multi-level governance, almost exclusive anthropocentric focus on diversity and stakeholder participation, which protecting and advancing the interests of the are also increasingly reflected in law. Some autonomous human legal subject and its aspects of these principles are equally promotion of associated predatory patterns of important for social resilience as they are for human mastery; v) its one dimensional ecological resilience. However, the emphasis in functional pursuit of prohibiting and these principles are generally in achieving penalising, instead of also encouraging, ecological resilience. Meanwhile there is an rewarding and accommodating alternative accelerating focus on the role of social modes of compliance and enforcement; and vi) resilience in Earth System change and the its fragmented and compartmentalised Anthropocene. Of course, social resilience is architecture that leads to problem-shifting to depending on ecosystem services, but there the extent that it treats specific are also other key values for keeping a society “environmental’ issues as discreet, in a stable or sustainable state. As the concept unconnected problems. Finally, Part 5 of interconnected social-ecological resilience formulates potential pathways to confront also acknowledge, the interplay between social these six obstructions that could facilitate and ecological is an interdependent environmental law’s transformative pursuit of relationship where ecological resilience is becoming Earth system law. equally dependent on social resilience. Achieving and establishing social resilience is

an important role for law both in the concept of social-ecological resilience and in Earth

System Governance. Law will moreover only be a truly effective tool if it is legitimate and acts in its different roles to achieve social resilience.

In parallel to the facts laid out above, international and EU environmental law and environmental law structures are successively adjusting to a changing environment. These changes in the structures of environmental law

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and governance are present in many different take seriously, or to areas. A significant change is the role of experts assume that humanity has lost the ability to and scientists in decision-making and in avoid what I call a ruptured Anthropocene. I defining legal norms. This challenges the begin by highlighting that global tipping traditional structures of how laws are adopted signifies the end of as we and changed. In turn that could have affects know it. When the Earth System crosses the legitimacy of these laws. Moreover, in light irreversible tipping points and begins a of Earth system change and the Anthropocene nonlinear transformation into a hostile state and the effects that this may have on the dubbed a ‘Hothouse Earth’, the concept of environment and natural resources, protecting the environment from human environmental laws need to focus more on interference loses its meaning. Not only the questions of access and distribution of dichotomy between humans and nature resources. Participation may be of great becomes irrelevant, but the environment itself importance also in these matters. Achieving no longer exists as an object for protection. My fair distribution and access to resources may main thesis is that, for international also be or become an important factor for environmental law to stay relevant in the social resilience in the Anthropocene. ruptured Anthropocene, it needs to shift away from its traditional focus on restoring the This paper aims to map out and discuss these planetary past, and instead play an active role features of law and questions of legitimacy in in the making of planetary futures. The need its role to create access to resources and the for such a paradigm shift in international role of achieving social resilience. The analysis environmental law (or environmentalism more will primarily deal with these issues on a broadly) speaks to the idea of ‘Gaia 2.0’, the general theoretical level, but to some extent term Lenton and Latour recently introduced to also in regards to relevant examples from denote a fundamentally new state of the Earth marine governance, protecting biodiversity or System. In Gaia 2.0, the emphasis is on the climate change governance. agency of life-forms and their ability to make conscious choices for deliberate self-regulation ID555. or planetary stewardship. The corresponding form of international environmental law 2.0 is Earth system law in Gaia 2.0 then not so much about maintaining or restoring the integrity of the Earth System and Rakhyun E. Kim ‘let nature be’, and instead it will need to Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands contribute to planning and steering the course of the Earth System towards a desirable future, The current critique of international while remaining centrally concerned with the environmental law builds on the assumption questions of social justice on a planetary scale. that humanity still has a chance to avoid International environmental law scholarship, crossing irreversible tipping points in the Earth therefore, faces uncomfortable questions that System. Yet, earth system scientists challenge the foundations of international increasingly voice their concern that ‘we might environmental law. The nascent concept of already have lost control of whether tipping earth system law provides a promising happens’. In this paper I ask what it means for alternative paradigm, and I offer my take on international environmental law scholarship to how it could capture what is required of

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international environmental law 2.0 in the other disciplines situated in the humanities and ruptured Anthropocene. the natural sciences, since a thoroughgoing interdisciplinary dialogue still seems to be in its ID584. infancy. Third, legal scholarship is often criticized for not having yet fully embraced a Exploring new frontiers in earth more thoroughgoing engagement with society system law: An invitation to fellow in asking and answering questions that matter epistemic travellers to all interested and affected stakeholders. Recently, earth system law has been proposed 1 2 Louis J. Kotzé , Rakhyun E. Kim , Catherine as an alternative innovative legal imaginary 2 2 3 Blanchard , Frank Biermann , Cameron Holley , that is rooted in the Anthropocene’s planetary 4 5 Margot Hurlbert , Marie Petersmann , Harro context and its perceived socio-ecological 6 van Asselt crisis. This paper serves as an invitation to 1North-West University, Potchefstroom, South fellow epistemic travellers hailing from various Africa. 2Utrecht University, Utrecht, legal fields, other disciplines, and from a broad Netherlands. 3University of New South Wales, range of interested and affected stakeholders, Sydney, Australia. 4University of Regina, to join the conversation that seeks to explore Regina, Canada. 5Tilburg University, Tilburg, new frontiers in earth system law. Here, we Netherlands. 6University of Eastern Finland, elaborate the need to embrace a systems- Joensuu, Finland oriented ontology as a justification for the need to work collaboratively. We explore the stifling The need to go beyond reductionism in earth limitations as they exist with respect to silos system governance points to the need for more within law as a discipline, between law and intensive co-learning and problem-solving to other disciplines, and between scholars and occur. Law and legal scholarship have an stakeholders, that might inhibit the type of important role to play in this endeavour. One collaboration we need to shape law for the key concern that requires critical reflection is Anthropocene. The discussion in each of these the prevailing inability of law to embrace an three parts ultimately seeks to reveal the earth system ontology. Unless law does so liberating prospects of thoroughgoing sooner than later, it will remain ill-equipped to collaboration and co-learning that would be respond to the most recent understanding of necessary to further explore earth system law global governance challenges emanating from as a viable alternative for law in the an interconnected Earth system. More Anthropocene. specifically, the perceived incompatibility between law and earth system governance challenges revolves on three concerns. First, we observe that legal scholars often confine their research within their specific areas of legal specialisation such as criminal law, property law, and tort law, and research collaborations, to the extent that they occur, are more often the result of haphazard interactions. Second, we question to what extent law as a discipline has engaged with

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Panel ID 26 Such policies include moratoria on new fossil Earth System Law (iii): Earth fuel development, coal export taxes, levying fees for leasing land to fossil fuel extraction, system law and global governance and the removal of subsidies to fossil fuel Parallel Panel Session 9, production. While the precise environmental Thursday 9th September 2021, and socio-economic impacts of these policies, 17:15-19:00 CEST as well as their political feasibility, remain Chair: Laura Mai subject to further research, the interdisciplinary literature on fossil fuel ID89. production and climate policy has only paid scarce attention to the role of the law in Governing Fossil Fuel Production in regulating fossil fuel production. This paper the Age of Climate Emergency: makes a first step towards addressing this gap Assessing the International Law of by disentangling the applicable international “Leaving it in the Ground” legal framework for fossil fuel production in light of climate goals. Covering a range of Harro van Asselt relevant—yet disparate—issue areas, including University of Eastern Finland Law School, international energy, environmental, trade and Joensuu, Finland. Utrecht University, investment, and human rights law, as well as Copernicus Institute of Sustainable the activities by informal institutions (e.g. the Development, Utrecht, Netherlands. Stockholm G20) and transnational governance Environment Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom arrangements (e.g. the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative), the paper will uncover Climate policy—both globally and the extent to which international law and domestically—has focused on the demand-side governance provides normative guidance to (i.e. consumption) of fossil fuels, aiming at states and fossil fuel companies on the reducing the greenhouse gas emissions that transition away from fossil fuel production. occur with fossil fuel combustion. This has Drawing on the theoretical literature on the resulted in policies and measures to roll out fragmentation of international law and regime low-carbon technologies and practices (e.g. interactions), the paper will show the extent to carbon pricing, renewable energy support, which international legal regimes, informal energy efficiency measures). The supply-side— institutions, and transnational governance i.e. fossil fuel production—has been largely arrangements interact with each other, overlooked in the policy discourse and in including possible instances of normative research. To achieve the long-term conflict and institutional cooperation. By temperature goals set by the 2015 Paris shedding light on the various institutions and Agreement, however, fossil fuel production their interactions, the paper will provide an cannot continue to proceed unabated. assessment of the overall coherence of Economists and social scientists have international law and governance of fossil fuel accordingly begun to look into the potential for production in the current age of climate supply-side climate policy to complement emergency, and offer suggestions on how existing, more demand-side-oriented international law could support the shift away interventions, with a view to bringing about a from fossil fuel production. transition away from fossil fuel production.

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ID133. scholarship. Second, it will qualitatively characterize key trends in the orientation of Specialist Environmental Courts and existing literature, noting methods and Earth System Law: reviewing the dominant emphases. Ultimately, it will use this literature and identifying research foundation to identify opportunities to opportunities advance analysis, to increase its coherence, and to pursue synergies that equip Michael Angstadt, Maddi Schink environmental court scholarship to advance emergent Earth system law research efforts. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA ID132. Amidst turbulent times and growing demand for innovative environmental governance International Relations and the institutions, a community of Earth system Analytical Dimensions of Earth governance (ESG) scholars has advocated a System Law new Earth system approach to law. These researchers note that analytical and normative Michael Angstadt efforts to reimagine legal structures will bear implications for how best to achieve the Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA envisioned futures. These questions, and The development of Earth system law demands attention to potential institutional models, analytical tools and frameworks that align closely with existing scholarship comprehensively address interlinked examining how domestic legal institutions environmental and human-social changes. It might better accommodate environmental also presents an opportunity to reimagine concerns. In particular, researchers have existing research frameworks and to advance explored an emergent trend to establish interdisciplinary engagement that promotes specialist environmental courts and tribunals, practice-relevance. This presentation will share institutions that exclusively hear progress on a draft chapter by the same name environmental cases. These institutions have which is under preparation for the forthcoming taken diverse forms across national settings, ESG edited volume, {Anonymized}. It highlights and the existing literature mirrors this how existing international relations (IR) and fragmentation in both substance and global environmental politics (GEP) tools and approach. Additionally, while relevant theories can benefit Earth system law scholarship exists across disciplines and has researchers. It will suggest that existing IR and been produced for several decades, a GEP scholarship may advance efforts to equip systematic literature review remains absent. environmental law to more comprehensively address Earth system challenges. Specifically, it This project reflects a first effort to will argue that existing IR evaluation of norm comprehensively characterize existing green diffusion and judicial globalization can facilitate courts literature. Complementing recent legal practices that reflect an Earth system harvesting efforts within the ESG community, approach. Further, it will suggest that this project will aim to categorize and leveraging existing theory offers both academic conceptualize existing analysis. First, it will and applied benefits. First, in an academic descriptively characterize temporal, sense, it will suggest that explicitly geographic, and disciplinary trends in

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incorporating social science insights from hydrological connectivity at higher geospatial beyond the legal discipline will (1) help align levels. Even more critically, most management Earth system law with broader Earth system institutions lack the regulatory means to governance scholarship, (2) answer directly address water resource dilemmas longstanding calls to more clearly integrate IR when the source of the problem is located and social science theories with international outside their administrative boundaries, and law, and (3) promote theoretical and must engage in cross-level collaboration if they methodological pluralism within Earth systems aim to treat root causes and not merely research. Second, in an applied sense, it will symptoms. This becomes especially suggest that drawing upon multiple existing problematic at the global level, given the lack disciplines and theories can help an emergent of global water governance institutions, and Earth system law approach to address the fact that human activities are now identified shortcomings of environmental law, increasingly altering the production and including its reductionism and inability to distribution of precipitation – the primary rectify limitations of the dominant state- driver of flow through Earth’s hydrological centric approach. system.

ID201. The growing focus on Earth system governance as a field of research presents an Perspectives on Earth System Law: opportunity for interdisciplinary study of The Case of Global Social- global social-hydrological systems and the hydrological Systems current dispersed regulatory capacity across sociopolitical jurisdictions. Such analysis can 1 2 Hanna Ahlström , Jacob Hileman go beyond resolving transboundary water 1Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, governance problems and include principles, Swedish royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures, Sweden. 2Stockholm Resilience Centre, which can enable an improved socio-legal Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden analysis. We elaborate on this proposition following the specific notion of law used by Earth’s hydrological system is characterized by the Task Force for Earth System Law, where complex interdependencies and feedbacks law is recognized as a “social institution that that keep water resources in a state of constant plays an increasingly important, but flux across local, regional, and global scales. sometimes questionable and often ineffective, This implies that, in any given location, role in addressing the pressing problems of sustainable solutions to water resource earth system governance, from the local to dilemmas – water scarcity, declining water the global.” Building on recent literature in the quality, and related challenges – must field, we delineate earth system law in terms necessarily address the multi-level of institutional fit, complexity, interconnectedness of water resources. interconnectivity, and polycentricity in context However, current water governance regimes of Earth’s global social-hydrological system. are poorly equipped to handle this reality; We advance the conceptual understanding of management institutions remain largely key hydrological phenomena – in particular divided along political and administrative global moisture cycling and telecoupling – boundaries, which typically do not account for beyond the biophysical realm, and into the

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socio-political. Additionally, we elaborate on which animals should be considered in human the need to better integrate understanding of practices, with the main approaches including the functioning of earth system processes into animal welfare, liberation and rights, theories of international law, in this case the underpinned by different conceptions of science of global hydrological cycles. We justice. Discussions follow a longstanding conclude with identifying some key challenges debate on the priorities in conservation; the when applying such complex and abstract individual animal or the species. Examples concepts to international environmental law, include synergies and trade-offs between implications for practice, and potential biodiversity conservation and the welfare of avenues for future research. wild animals in protected areas; promoting (trophy) hunting to finance conservation; and Panel ID 301 combatting Invasive Alien Species (IAS), in Rights, Ethics and Justice for which individual animals are killed to conserve nature native species or ecosystems. Parallel Panel Session 8, Thursday 9th September 2021, This paper advances our understanding of the 15:30-17:00 CEST relationships between animal and biodiversity governance in order to enhance the Chair: Alejandra Mancilla performance of, and synergies between the two domains, and to explain why conceptions ID277. of justice and animal ethics are increasingly Integrative animal and biodiversity important in this regard. With this, the paper contributes to debates on earth system governance: justice and the governance more generally and Integrative institutionalisation of animal ethics Governance (IG, defined as the theories and Cebuan Bliss, Ingrid J Visseren-Hamakers practices that focus on the relationships between governance instruments and/or Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands systems) more specifically. Using an IG framework, we can determine how animal At first glance it may be assumed that the ethics are institutionalised and implemented in relationship between the issues of animal practice at multiple governance levels. welfare and rights on the one hand and biodiversity conservation on the other are The paper will present a preliminary empirical synergistic, but this relationship is much more analysis of synergies and trade-offs between complex. Moreover, despite their dependent the animal and biodiversity governance relationship, a thorough empirical analysis of systems in the European Union in the form of a the synergies and trade-offs between animal comparative case study between the and biodiversity governance is lacking. In the Netherlands and Germany. Moreover, it will last four decades of development, just how provide insights into how the SDGs can be have animal ethics been institutionalised in better implemented in an integrative manner, biodiversity conservation and what does this whilst strengthening the incorporation of mean in terms of justice? animal issues, on which several of the SDGs implicitly depend. One of the core debates in the animal governance literature has been the extent to

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ID607. not per se take precedence over the interests of individual natural beings and legal persons. Pachamama as Ecosystem Integrity - 2) Since, in contrast to individual natural The Rights of Nature in the beings, ecosystems are not ontologically Constitution of Ecuador and their independent entities, their rights cannot be environmental ethical justification justified analogously to those of natural persons. 3) According to the Association Stefan Knauss Theory of legal personality (reference 1). The environmental personhood (Gordon 2018) has Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, to be understood as a human construct The Halle, Germany yardstick for the damage to ecosystems cannot be “found” as an objective criterion inherent in The constitution of Ecuador (2008) is the first in nature. Rather, ecological damage to the the world to contain the Rights of Nature “integrity, stability and beauty” (Leopold 1949) ("RoN"). Nature is named as a legal entity next of nature is damage to human values. As such, to people and corporations (Art. 10). It is in the case of the Ecuadorian constitution, they granted a right to existence and regeneration arise primarily from non-instrumental human (Art. 71), which applies independently of references to nature. Eudaimonistic value and human rights (Art. 72) and can be claimed by all moral self-worth are ascribed to nature people worldwide (Art. 73). Although the (Potthast et al. 2007). constitution is based on the indigenous concept of nature pachamama and the well- Keywords: rights of nature, environmental being of nature is framed within the Andean constitutionalism, integrity of nature, concept of good life (span. buen vivir), there , ecosystem integrity are great similarities to positions of environmental ethics. The holistic ID502. understanding of nature is similar to ecocentrism, as nature as a supra-individual Justice in translation: understanding whole is assigned an irreducible protective the meanings of justice in nature status. The ecocentrism of the constitution of based solutions work Ecuador can be defended against the following three criticisms: Ecocentrism seems to be Katinka Wijsman1, Marta Berbés-Blázquez2 incompatible with the methodological 1 2 individualism of human rights. Since The New School, New York City, USA. Arizona ecosystems are at least partly dependent on State University, Phoenix, USA the human observer they lack ontological Justice and fairness have recently become key stability. Furthermore ecosystems don’t considerations in the thinking about and provide an inherent criterion for damage. application of nature based solutions (NBS), The concretization of ecocentrism in relation to following environmental justice activists and the constitution of Ecuador allows three critical scholars who have long argued that the theses: 1) The protection of nature as a supra- environment is an inherently political space individual whole must not be misunderstood as and requires an analysis of benefits and the sole ethical principle (monistic holism). burdens associated with its existence, use, and Within a pluralistic holism, ecocentrism does access. However, what justice means and how

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 137 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation it is expressed, recognized, or achieved is often ID90. implicit or only partially addressed in the literature on NBS, even though underlying Ethical dilemmas of climate change theorizations of justice shape the kinds of attribution - a critique and analysis we do and the actions we propose. alternative approach This paper starts from the premise that justice is not a universal concept or principle, but Henrik Thoren1,2, Lennart Olsson2 instead knows many different interpretations, 1Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland. 2Lund therefore warranting scholars and University, Lund, Sweden practitioners working on NBS to carefully consider the differences and frictions between In recent years a debate has flared up within competing meanings of justice. Drawing from the detection and attribution community the rich history of social and environmental concerning the appropriate methodology for justice theory, we give an account of some key attributing climate change as a cause for justice theories (e.g., utilitarian, liberal, extreme events. The conventional approach, communitarian, deliberative-democratic, and based on the use of dynamic climate models feminist) and their tenets as it relates to the and frequentist statistics, is problematic for end, means, and participants in the making of two reasons: it is conservative (yields many justice. From this, we draw out the questions type-II errors) and it is disadvantageous for and commitments academics and practitioners data poor regions. Both these problems are in the NBS space should grapple with more epistemological and profoundly ethical. Our explicitly, relating to both form and content. paper will provide a critique and suggest an We argue that the emergent tension between alternative approach based on how attribution pragmatic policy approaches and critical is approached in epidemiology – a field with a theoretical engagement is hindering a version long and rich tradition of attribution in a of NBS that goes beyond a reflection of the context of strong ethical considerations. justice implications of NBS to ensuring that NBS contributes to the furthering of justice. We The kind of attribution of global warming advocate for the inclusion of critical social caused by anthropogenic radiative forcing sciences and the humanities perspectives and presented in early IPCC reports (TAR and AR4) approaches beyond tokenism to instead was independent of geographically explicit encourage ontological, epistemological, and data, hence unproblematic from an ethical political reflection of the work academics and perspective. Recent and more advanced practitioners do in the NBS space. approaches to attribute particular extreme events (such as heat waves, droughts, and floods) to climate change are highly data dependent and downplay causal links. This is

where the ethical dilemmas arise, particularly in the context of the political discussions of loss and damages. The alternative approach is inspired by the Comparative Risk Assessment method (CRA) used in epidemiology. The CRA approach is primarily theory driven and is neutral in terms of potential type-I error

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(overestimating the role of climate change) or investors (e.g. Export Credit Agencies). Hence, type-II errors (underestimating the role of this paper addresses the question: What climate change). arguments are used by shareholders and investors in making their financial flows We argue that event attribution based on consistent with phasing out fossil fuels, and frequentist statistics is politically problematic what do these arguments imply for: access to from an allocation and access point of view fulfilling needs; allocation of related resources, because of its inherent bias towards type II responsibilities and risks; and, the right to errors and dependence on the availability of (sustainable) development? This paper uses long time series of geographically explicit data. the access and allocation framework in In discussions about loss and damages we combination with the inclusive development suggest that a more theory driven attribution concept to assess the differing responses to should be practiced. To support our case, the this question put forward in the literature. It presentation will provide illustrations of both develops five investor scenarios and assesses approaches. each for its impact on access and allocation. It concludes: (a) that despite the trillions of dollars involved, LFFU remains under- Panel ID 302 researched from a socio-environmental justice perspective; (b) the access and allocation The role of finance, investment framework allows for a comprehensive socio- and philanthropy in advancing environmental justice analysis of the impacts justice of large investors in FF phase-out. Parallel Panel Session 9, Furthermore, (c) there is prima facie Thursday 9th September 2021, evidence that FFs are doomed to become 17:15-19:00 CEST obsolete and hence a stranded asset. This implies that shareholders and investors (mostly Chair: Sander Chan in industrialized countries) should not transfer ID29. this ‘stranded asset’ to developing countries using the Right to Development as an excuse. Access and Allocation: The Role of This is because such transfers have negative Large Shareholders and Investors in access and allocation impacts – creating, inter alia, a FF infrastructure and path dependency Leaving Fossil Fuels Underground in the South and amounting to a de facto Joyeeta Gupta1,2, Arthur Rempel1, Hebe transfer of a carbon budget along with carbon Verrest1 dependency to the Global South.

1 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands

An under-researched story in greenhouse gas mitigation is how leaving fossil fuels (FFs) underground (LFFU) is being undertaken by large shareholders (e.g. Pension Funds) and

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ID71. ID101.

Climate Justice and Carbon Pricing Private foundations as norm entrepreneurs in global Katja Biedenkopf sustainability governance University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Agni Kalfagianni

Carefully crafted and ambitious carbon pricing Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands policies can be powerful tools for transitioning to a low-carbon economy. They capture the Private philanthropic foundations – such as the external costs of carbon emissions and increase Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation- have become the price of high-carbon products and services, key political actors in global sustainability which makes low-carbon products and services governance. Their collective efforts amount to financially more attractive and competitive. over USD 112 billion for the implementation of Yet, increasing prices for certain products and the UN’s ambitious plan to deliver on services affects some parts of the society more seventeen interconnected Sustainable than others. For this reason, some carbon Development Goals (SDGs). This corresponds pricing policies incorporate provisions that to about a quarter of governmental address and remedy inequalities and climate contribution through Official Development injustice. Assistance for the same purposes.

As a first step, this paper analyses and Many of these foundations implicitly or compares European and North American explicitly aim to foster global justice, through carbon pricing policies with regard to the ways for example, empowering women, reducing in which they address climate justice aspects. A inequalities and promoting democracy. They typology of different ways to incorporate thus act as norm entrepreneurs shaping the climate justice in carbon pricing policies is substance and practice of justice in global developed. As a second step, the observed sustainability governance. But what does this differences and similarities are explored and direction of private money into supporting explained in a Qualitative Comparative Analysis global justice norms really mean? This question (QCA). QCA identifies necessary conditions and deserves scrutiny especially against a context unveils combinations of sufficient conditions of diverse and contested meanings of for explaining a specific outcome. It captures justice and because philanthropy -beyond an causal complexity expressed in conjunctural act of giving- is often an exercise of power. causation, equifinality and causal asymmetry. The explanatory factors that will be tested Using critical discourse analysis of texts include framing by different actors in the produced by foundations which are key political debate, interest group constellations funders of the UN Sustainable Development and power, level of ambition of the carbon Agenda, this paper examines how private pricing policy, and policy mixes. Categorising foundations frame global justice and with what climate justice provisions in carbon pricing implications for sustainability governance. policies and understanding why they were adopted can help improve future policy designs.

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ID362. The Brazilian case indicates that CORSIA may allow local political dynamics changes in Carbon offset from the Amazon unpredictable ways, and may have varied and forest to compensate aviation unforeseen social and environmental impacts, emissions: global solution, local despite of public debate, particularly involving struggles local communities that will be affected.

Veronica Korber Gonçalves Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Panel ID 303 Alegre, Brazil Justice in water governance Parallel Panel Session 3, The paper focus on the actors’ engagements in Tuesday 7th September 2021, climate governance and the politics of scale to 16:30-18:00 CEST study how actors re-signify locally a climate international agreement involving carbon Chair: Tatiana Acevedo-Guerrero offset in terms of their differential interests and understanding about the material and ID34. symbolic meaning of the territory. Approved in 2016, the Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme Current trends and dilemmas in for International Aviation (CORSIA) defines that water ‘ownership’ part of the greenhouse gases emissions from Joyeeta Gupta, Hilmer Bosch international aviation will need to be offset by purchasing carbon credits. Should forest University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, carbon credits be accepted under the scheme, Netherlands it would greatly stimulate forestation projects as well as programs for combating Through history, water has been either deforestation. The paper analyzes the Brazilian ‘owned’ by local communities, public debate about the eligibility of forest carbon authorities or privately owned by, especially, credits’ implications under CORSIA, as the land owners. Different systems of ownership scheme may impact on land use in Brazil. The developed in different parts of the world. argument is that, at the global level, CORSIA However, with colonization and globalization, may be about fighting climate change; neo-liberal messages on water ‘ownership’ however, at the local level, it is about defining have been marketed by different public and legitimizing ways of living and using agencies. This paper examines the question: territory and forests. The study is based on What are the different trends in water extensive empirical research as well as ownership in different parts of the world? qualitative analyses of primary and secondary What dilemmas are apparent in these sources. Semi-structured interviews were ownership trends? This paper is based on a conducted with key members of different content analysis of water laws and policies in groupings. many parts of the developing and developed world, and the emerging literature on the subject. It concludes that: (a) surface water is generally owned by the state or is in the public domain; (b) groundwater is owned by land

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 141 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation owners, communities and/or the state, and ID174. increasingly by private sector organizations; (c) there is legal pluralism in groundwater control; A systematic review of justice and (d) there is growing donor driven privatization water governance or commercialization in municipal water supply systems in the developing world; (e) while Stijn Neuteleers ironically, there is growing re-municipalization Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands of water supply systems in the industrialized world; (f) ownership systems are becoming There are several challenges to water more hybrid and confused and states are governance, such as population growth, finding it increasingly difficult to compensate changing management views (e.g. role of water owners when they try to redistribute the markets) and in particular climate change. All water in the public interest; (g) communist these challenges have potential distributive countries are increasingly moving from state effects. There is therefore an increasing ownership to private ownership; (h) even number of authors arguing that there should where the state controls or owns the water, be more attention for the topics of justice, the use of permits leads to de facto private equity and fairness in water governance, partly ownership of water with consequent also because this might be part of realising challenges for water governance; (i) new long successful climate adaptations. There is a term contracts is another instrument that is gradually emerging debate on these topics but leading to the de facto privatization of water it is fragmented across different disciplines and ownership; and (j) in many parts of the world approaches and it is not very clear what the water ownership is being unbundled. These main topics, approaches and definitions are. trends show that countries are experimenting This study aims to examine what is known from with how to deal with de jure and de facto the existing literature about justice in the field ownership; countries with water shortage or of water governance and to identify main inequalities in distribution are finding it research discourses and research gaps on increasingly difficult to redistribute while water justice. compensating the erstwhile owners, and there is no clear narrative about how to reconcile the For this, we conduct a systematic literature fugitive and non-substitutable nature of water review, using the databases Web of Science with the needs of farmers, businesses and and Scopus. A combination of relevant search municipalities to have reliable and predictable strings and exclusion criteria resulted in a access to water. selection of 154 papers for analysis. This sample will be analysed both quantitatively, by scoring the papers on a set of standardized coding categories, and qualitatively in a way close to a regular narrative review.

The quantitative analysis will provide data (frequencies) on: water justice topics (e.g.

drinking water, irrigation); definitions of justice; (macro)regions and countries; focus

population (seen as unjustly treated);

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 142 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation frameworks used; methods used; and ID454. descriptive data on science output (journals; evolution number articles; countries authors). The role of the 2030 Agenda for This quantitative data can subsequently be governing the Water-Energy-Food compared with other systematic reviews on Nexus - The case of controlling water governance in order to reveal specific groundwater abstraction in the features of the water justice debate (e.g. Jordanian highlands particular regions). Ines Dombrowsky, Ramona Haegele The qualitative analyse will focus on following questions: What is justice (dimensions, levels) German Development Institute / Deutsches and how is justice conceptualised (approaches, Institut fuer Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, discourses)? How is injustice coming about Germany (mechanisms)? What are the consequences of injustice? We will also examine the arguments An integrated implementation of the 2030 why authors believe dealing with justice issues Agenda with its 17 Sustainable Development is relevant? For instance, because an unjust Goals (SDGs) requires the mobilization of approach might have blind spots, or because a synergies and the mitigation of trade-offs just approach might increase support for between economic, social and ecological policy, or because justice is important as such. dimensions of sustainable development. For Finally, we will look whether authors also example, water, energy and food security and propose a positive account – how to evaluate thus SDGs 2 (Zero hunger), 6 (Clean water and and design just policies – besides a negative sanitation), 7 (Affordable and clean energy), 13 one (criticising injustice). (Climate action) and 15 (Life on land) are closely linked. Particularly in water-scarce Taken together, we aim to provide a countries, the question arises as to how water comprehensive picture of current water justice use among different sectors can be governed in debates, which will allow us to point out such a way that social, economic and ecological research gaps and directions for future goals can be achieved simultaneously. We research. analyze this question using the case of the Jordanian highlands, where groundwater resources have long been overexploited, and where households, smallholder farmers, profit- oriented farmers and ecosystems compete for shrinking groundwater resources. Specifically, we conduct a Social Network Analysis, semi- structured interviews with government representatives at multiple levels, donors, civil society and academia, as well as a policy document analysis to assess if and how the 2030 Agenda affects policy implementation on

the ground and which actors interact to achieve the ambitious goals of the 2030

Agenda. Preliminary insights indicate that the

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implementation of the 2030 Agenda in Jordan moisture changes will be experienced has not yet affected the governance of the most acutely in rainfed landscapes that are water-energy-food nexus in the Jordanian characterized by differential access to political highlands. A possible explanation for these and economic power, exacerbated by other shortcomings can be found in the Kingdom’s forms of privilege. Environmental justice is a organization of political power, the so-called theoretical lens through which we can directly shadow state that influences policies, actors examine these disproportionate impacts that and water resources. Our findings show that in may characterize moisture recycling systems. order to improve groundwater management In this work, we introduce for the first time, and strive for an inclusive implementation of principles of environmental justice for the 2030 Agenda, deeper reforms are needed. moisture recycling, including: (1) Equitable distribution of risks and benefits associated ID643. with a changing atmospheric water cycle; (2) Fair and meaningful participation in decisions Principles of environmental justice that alter moisture recycling; and (3) Equitable for advancing moisture recycling protection from harm if moisture recycling governance conditions change.

Patrick W Keys We explore these principles in the context of School of Global Environmental Sustainability, multiple case study locations, globally, based Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA on case-specific analysis of the sources and sinks of moisture from 1979-2014. Based on The atmospheric water cycle can broadly be these explicit biogeophysical connections to described as water evaporating from the both upwind and downwind areas, we then surface of the Earth, flowing through the explore how the proposed principles of atmosphere, and precipitating elsewhere environmental justice practically manifest in downwind. This process, when it occurs over terms of historical land-use changes, social land, is often referred to as moisture recycling. power dynamics, and tele-coupled global Humanity is capable of significantly modifying pressures. We find that there is a substantial moisture recycling via land-use change in gap in achieving environmental justice in evaporation source regions, and, such changes moisture recycling systems, owing primarily to can impact downwind regions leading to an absence of actual governance. We discuss changes in precipitation and impacting rainfed how nascent, theoretical approaches to livelihoods. These changes do not stop here, moisture recycling governance could be but percolate through socio-political systems, strengthened by including our principles of and can lead back to evaporation source environmental justice. Finally, we situate our regions. Thus, these moisture recycling results in the broader Anthropocene, systems could have extensive implications for emphasizing the need for cross-scale coupled human and environmental systems. approaches to the complexity of moisture Understanding these systems is urgent, given recycling governance. that changes in moisture recycling are likely disproportionately impacting marginalized communities, including women, minorities, and indigenous communities. This is because

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Panel ID 304 dividends of production. This is a major change National and regional contexts of in the smallholder-company relationship resulting from a 2006 legislative change that justice sought to reduce corporate risk from Parallel Panel Session 6, smallholder schemes. We examine the impacts Wednesday 8th September 2021, of these new contractual arrangements via an 17:00-18:30 CEST ethnographic analysis of three divergent Chair: TBC villages linked to one plantation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Our approach gives ID190. explicit attention to differences in livelihood outcomes at both village and sub-village levels. Livelihood outcomes in smallholder We find differences in the benefits obtained by schemes in Indonesian palm oil: An smallholders and identifies smallholders’ pre- examination of recent policy existing wealth and status, as well as village- reforms level land holdings and leadership as critical reasons for these differences. We do not find Samuel A Levy, Janina Grabs extreme negative impacts others have found to ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland result from KMSA systems. Instead, reductions in potential benefits (e.g. size of smallholding) Oil palm is a globally important, yet highly appear to be offset by improved security of controversial commodity. Palm oil accounts for land tenure. However, we conclude by arguing 38% of world vegetable oil production, is linked that these relative benefits may change over to rural and national development in the the course of the scheme as the benefits of countries that grow it, but also to increased secure tenure may not outweigh reduced greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, monetary returns. This case has relevance to land grabbing and land conflict. In Indonesia, wider debates on the role of private companies where 55% of world production occurs, palm in development, because it presents a case of oil is a major tool for advancing rural corporate-driven policy reform having some development goals by promoting the potentially beneficial livelihood outcomes participation of smallholders in its production. relative to previous government-led schemes. A key vehicle for implementing palm oil as a development tool in Indonesia is the smallholder scheme – whereby smallholders are tied by contract to a central mill/plantation company, in theory ensuring guaranteed supply for the company and agricultural extension and inputs for smallholders. This project examines the livelihood impacts of the “One-Roof Management” or Kemitraan Manajemen Satu Atap (KMSA) smallholder scheme system whereby the plantation company is able to manage both its landholding and that of the smallholder scheme with smallholders receiving only the

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ID383. findings point to the setback in the recognition and guarantee of human rights of indigenous Brazil’s anti-environmental politics: people, especially the territorial rights, by “too much land” for "so few changes to legislation and dismantlement of indigenous groups"? the administrative structure. Besides, the findings revel the increase of violence against Veronica Korber Gonçalves1, Marcelo Eibs indigenous communities and other forest Cafrune2 communities in the region, but also to the intensification of the transnational 1Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto mobilization among indigenous groups and its Alegre, Brazil. 2Federal University of Rio supporters to denounce and give international Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil visibility to these International law violations. Brazil is facing a change in its Most part of the protected forests in Brazil are environmental policies, one that allows the located in public lands, and a significant part of agribusiness and mining sectors to expand its these lands are indigenous territories. activities. The stigmatization of indigenous and Understanding Brazil’s environmental politics – forest peoples as enemies of development and a megadiverse country and one of the top as synonym of poverty resume an anti- greenhouse gases emitters – involves indigenous ideology from the Brazilian colonial comprehending how Brazil regulates and period that has been recaptured by the federal protects the territorial rights of indigenous government, and has been translated into a groups. After the election of Jair Bolsonaro as sovereign rhetoric in opposition to a proactive president in 2018, a strong rhetoric against role in global environmental governance. environmental policies and indigenous rights has emerged and, as consequences, the deforestation rates and the violence ID514. against forest communities has increased Out of sight – out of regulation? - continuously. The paper aims to address how Ensuring sustainable underground far Bolsonaro government anti- environmentalism went in its first year, in legal governance in the UK and institutional perspectives, specifically Kevin Grecksch concerning indigenous territories. The paper maps the recent regulation changes on University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom demarcation of indigenous lands since 2019 and the Federal Administration responses to In the light of increasing claims on the loggers and land grabbers activities in the underground space for fracking, transport or indigenous territories, with a focus on the storage, I assess the question how an improved States of Acre, Roraima and Pará, in order to and sustainable governance of underground provide empirical elements to qualify Brazil’s space can be ensured. Geological underground environmental politics. The lens of models deliver only frameworks for possible environmental justice allows us to assess the uses and we do not know much about the impacts of the Brazilian government policies on context between geological characteristics and the land rights of indigenous groups, in order human uses, demands and changes of to analyze how the indigenous groups are underground space. Moreover, governing mobilizing against these policies. The empirical underground space can be complicated as it

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involves conflicting objectives and regulatory develop a national subsurface strategy, while frameworks. One key objective therefore must the UK has a fragmented planning system, be to conceptualise and implement new keeping things local but not without problems approaches to underground governance taking as the example of fracking shows. All of these into account its diverse uses and various aspects matter and there is an stakeholders’ claims. interdependence between them requiring a coordinated, interdisciplinary and integral Although humanity has been using approach. Hence an ‘underground dialogue’ is underground spaces for thousands of years for necessary that includes a larger and more example for extracting mineral resources or diverse range of stakeholders and the public. water, the systematic use of underground space, especially in urban areas is a developing ID589. field and laws are not keeping pace with the demand for, and opportunities of underground Examining the Expansion of space. Construction, transport, groundwater, Ecosystem Services Policy in geothermal energy, geomaterials, storage or Southeast Asia: Implications for mining are possible uses of underground Participation and Pluralistic spaces. Extreme cases can be seen in London, Valuation where so-called iceberg houses are extended extensively underground. Hence, the Pamela McElwee1, Tuyen Nghiem2, Ida underground has become an economic and Ansharyani3, Win Maung4 political arena with potential consequences for 1Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA. example for safe drinking water supply. 2Central Institute for Natural Resources and Furthermore, the governance of underground Environmental Studies (CRES), Hanoi, Vietnam. space can be complicated as it involves 3U of Samawa, Sumbawa Besar, Indonesia. conflicting uses and legal regulations. For 4Myanmar Environment Institute, Yangon, example, whereas in the UK coal, gas, minerals, Myanmar silver and gold belong to the Crown, groundwater is owned by the landowner, yet For the past twenty years since the Millennium its use is limited to reasonable use or governed Ecosystem Assessment, the need to identify, by abstraction licenses. This paper introduces classify, value, and preserve ecosystem the current situation of underground space services (ES) has become a major component governance and regulation in the UK, of many environmental policies, including discussing themes such as property rights, payments for environmental services (PES), regulation, planning, groundwater, fracking biodiversity and carbon offsetting, natural and the future of underground space use capital accounting, and other approaches. exemplified by the storage of nuclear waste. Particularly in developing countries, such as Property rights in underground space exist, but those in Southeast Asia, attention to ES and they differ across jurisdictions, and in order to policies based on them have been strongly enable underground activities, property rights promoted by states and donors as a solution to have been adapted over time. Groundwater is rapid declines in biodiversity and conflicts over an essential resource that is endangered by natural resources. As ES concepts become activities such as shale gas exploration. more widespread in policy, however, there is a Moreover, the Netherlands were are able to need to understand and explain the underlying

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 147 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation assumptions regarding how nature’s benefits ID232. to humans are defined, measured, and valued. Yet the transfer of knowledge around ES into The Nature of Peace – The dynamics policy, decision-making and research is often between post-conflict implicit but underexplored. peacebuilding and environmental justice Our project has been examining the emergence of policies and decision-making based on ES in Fariborz Zelli1, Alejandro Fuentes2, Torsten three countries of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Krause1, Andrea Nardi2, Micael Runnström1, Myanmar, and Vietnam. By assessing how ES Britta Sjöstedt1, Sandra Valencia3, Josepha I concepts and valuations are being Wessels4 incorporated into governance at different 1 2 levels across a single region, we aim to address Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Raoul 3 gaps in understanding how sustainability, Wallenberg Institute, Lund, Sweden. Chalmers 4 efficiency and equitability of ES provisioning is University, Gothenburg, Sweden. Malmö being addressed. Through interviews with University, Malmö, Sweden nearly 50 policymakers at national and This paper presents mid-term results from a subnational levels across the three countries, three-year inter-disciplinary research project we note that ES concepts have been included that scrutinizes the mutual constitution in only some policies, but not others, leading to between environmental protection, contradictions and conflicts for management environmental justice and peacebuilding of some resources, like water and forests. We processes after internal armed conflicts. show that ES concepts, when used to design new policies like PES, are not yet inclusive of An integral part of our research design is the multiple stakeholders, and that ES policies do difference in timing between our two selected not appear to have increased public case studies. In Uganda, the signing of the participation in policymaking. The implication peace agreement officially ended the conflict in is that there are few formal processes to December 2002. Tensions over resources have include multiple values for nature in decision- persisted, implying mineral exploitation, land making, despite active academic literature on grabs and conflicts between returnees and ES valuation across multiple methods (e.g., community members. Together with high nonmonetary methods like deliberate poverty and low education levels, they bear a valuation) and multiple ES (water, carbon, high potential of relapse into violent conflict. pollination, etc.). We discuss the implications Colombia, by contrast, is still in the midst of the of these findings for earth systems governance, peace process. Areas formerly used by and provide some suggestions for ways to guerrillas as hiding places are now undergoing improve just ES policymaking across the region, rapid transformation with land conversion, particularly in ensuring stakeholder voices are illegal land grabbing, new forms of natural heard and multiple conceptualizations of resources exploitation and the growing of illicit nature are recognized. crops. We ask to what extent certain lessons for environmental justice, positive and

negative, can be learnt from Uganda for the Colombian case.

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The linkages of internal armed conflicts to its objective of sustainable and environmental justice are complex. Such equitable peace? conflicts may entail direct environmental 6. Responses: Which lessons can we learn destruction and a deterioration of livelihoods, from these causes and consequences e.g. through population displacement, land to safeguard environmental justice in grabbing and illegal extraction of natural peacebuilding processes? resources. On the other hand, internal armed conflicts may provide an unintended protection for forests, wetlands and other ecosystems. Panel ID 305 Justice in a global context Notwithstanding increasing scholarly Parallel Panel Session 8, acknowledgement of this interlinkage, we lack Thursday 9th September 2021, theory-driven comparative empirical analyses 15:30-17:00 CEST for the nexus between post-conflict Chair: Vitor Martins Dias peacebuilding, justice and the natural environment. Our inter-disciplinary research ID495. project provides such an analysis for the Colombian and Ugandan cases, guided by the Rethinking the Polycentricity-Equity following research questions: Paradox: On the North-South Imbalances in Transnational Climate 1. Taking stock: To which extent are Change Governance environmental concerns integrated or neglected in the post-conflict Cille Kaiser peacebuilding process, especially through environmental institutions Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands and legislation? Tensions between the global North and South 2. Causes: What are major drivers and have complicated international climate conditions underlying this integration negotiations from the outset. Due to global or neglect? asymmetries in the distribution of greenhouse 3. Environmental Consequences: How gas emissions and the associated impacts— does the post-conflict peacebuilding which in turn are driven by larger, structural process impact each country’s natural inequalities—the international system of environment? states struggles to implement and maintain a 4. Social Consequences: Which one-size-fits-all approach through which these consequences do peacebuilding equity deficits can be appropriately addressed. activities, and their environmental implications and omissions, have for In contrast, the transnational climate change local communities that depend on regime (TCCR), led by sub- and non-state actors certain ecosystem services or natural including businesses, municipalities, and NGOs, resources? holds greater potential for the meaningful 5. Political Consequences: How do these involvement of marginalized peoples, in part by various developments feed back into virtue of its polycentric character. But while in the peacebuilding process and affect theory polycentric governance does stimulate

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 149 Stream 3 – Justice and Allocation more diversity among stakeholders, the ID496. relationship between polycentricity and more equitable governance remains puzzling. This The Role of International paper explores this relationship in the context Organizations in Equitable Planned of the TCCR. Relocation

To this end, I answer two interrelated research Gabriela Nagle Alverio1,2, Sara H Hoagland2, questions: 1) how is the TCCR organized along Erin Coughlan de Perez3, Katharine J Mach4 the global North-South divide? And, based on 1Duke University, Durham, USA. 2Stanford the TCCR’s geography, 2) does its polycentric University, Stanford, USA. 3Red Cross Red character contribute towards more equitable Crescent Climate Centre, The Hague, governance between the global North and Netherlands. 4University of Miami, Miami, USA South? Based on a large-N case study involving the mapping of 174 governance arrangements Since 2010, States party to the United Nations and 1196 relevant stakeholders, I argue that Framework Convention on Climate Change the TCCR’s geography remains notoriously have recognized planned relocation as a viable uneven, gravitating visibly towards the global adaptation to climate change. Planned North and its existing centers of international relocation has been attempted in many diplomacy. In line with the theoretical notion of communities globally and has raised serious mutual adjustment, I identify synergies issues of equity in some cases. Implementation between the international and transnational driven by principles of equity is crucial in regimes, calling into question to what extent ensuring successful planned relocations that polycentricity is an objective condition to begin decrease loss and damage. In this Policy with. Analysis, we put forth a framework for equitable planned relocation rooted in theories That the rapid increase in transnational climate of justice as a basis for implementation. The change governance arrangements has made framework centers around three principles: little to no meaningful contributions to the comprehensive recognition of affected equitability of the global climate governance stakeholders in decision-making, consideration system, I argue, is because of the system’s of socio-cultural risk factors relevant to monocentric tendencies, which—despite relocation, and evaluation of multiple sounding paradoxical—are integral to most, if measures of well-being. not all, polycentric systems. Until the active, bottom-up call for deliberation on this matter, There are many actors involved in planned these monocentric tendencies will, within the relocation. Unique features and abilities of (normative) context of our current political international organizations lend themselves to economy, likely continue to gravitate promoting equitable planned relocation in transnational climate change governance partnership with other stakeholders. Through towards the global North. the exploration of case studies, we identify best practices that international organizations

have available to influence the design, implementation, and evaluation of planned relocation processes. These practices are relevant when striving for equity for all

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affected individuals and communities. Points of To answer these questions, we develop a intervention include agenda-setting and theoretical framework based on organizational advocacy, funding and implementation ecology (ref 1). As a structural theory, standards, and facilitation of international organizational ecology emphasis the structural cooperation. International organizations also determinants of the environment in which the face barriers to supporting equitable planned organizations operate. Therefore, we focus on relocation. Limitations include lack of the institutional impacts on the participation of enforcement mechanisms, limited resources, social justice groups at the UNFCCC. We and fundamental dependence on existing compiled a dataset on justice-oriented groups governance structures and global at the UNFCCC annual conferences from 2003 collaboration. As the necessity of planned to 2019. Three main findings illustrate the relocations grows, the need for leadership participation pattern of these groups. First, from international organizations in there has been a significant growth of these implementation is magnified, underscoring the groups since 2009. The increase, however, is importance of developing and evaluating accompanied by a high turnover rate of approaches to just implementation. organizations. Second, institutional features such as organizational density and resource ID547. scarcity shape the justice groups’ participation. Finally, unpacking the population of justice The organizational ecology of justice groups at the UNFCCC shows the coexistence groups at the UN climate change of collaboration and competition among summits groups with different justice claims.

Bi Zhao The significance of this paper is twofold. First, Whitworth University, Spokane, USA many existing studies on non-state actors’ participation in global governance focus on How have social justice advocacy groups arisen individual-level factors such as organizational at the United Nations climate change annual finance, capacity, and membership. By conferences? Over the years, non-state contrast, we know little about the effects of observers focusing on climate justice and structural and institutional factors on NGO human rights became a new element at the participation. The findings of this paper add annual conferences of the United Nations new insights from a structural perspective. Framework Convention on Climate Change Second, this paper also spells out broader (UNFCCC). While they have different issue implications for future research on advocacy focus—be it gender equality, indigenous rights, groups at global climate governance venues. or intergenerational justice—they all worked While climate negotiations are often hard to raise awareness of the unequal considered highly technical and economic- distribution of the negative climate impacts driven, the social impact of climate change has among societal groups. What kind of garnered increasing attention at the global participation pattern of these justice groups level. The advocacy groups brought the can we observe at the UN climate change interests of oft-neglected societal groups into governance? What explains the growth of the spotlight, as well as shaped the rhetoric these organizations and the dynamics among and norms around climate change at the themselves? UNFCCC. Their political clout calls for a better

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and more comprehensive understanding of on a set of scientific articles and research their roles and activities in global climate networks engaged in science-policy interfaces governance. on climate change and sustainable development, we find that knowledge ID204. production on global change remains dominated by a small set of research Misrepresentation and institutions in North America and Europe. Marginalization of Least Developed Specifically, this paper maps a lack of Countries in Global Change Science representation of South-based institutions and a marginalization or even misrepresentation of Frank Biermann, Carole-Anne Sénit the interests of least developed countries in Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands scientific knowledge production and politically significant assessment reports on global The planetary-scale changes associated with environmental change. Ultimately, the global the Anthropocene carry major risks for the norms designed on the basis of such reports world's poorest countries, the Least Developed are likely to be unresponsive and unsuitable to Countries, which soon will represent about one the specific environmental vulnerabilities faced fifth of humanity. These countries are not only by the world’s poorest. This paper hence poor today, but are also disproportionately makes vital contributions to the 2018 Earth vulnerable to increasing risks of global System Governance Science and environmental change, and they lack adaptive Implementation Plan, by directly engaging with capacity to cope with future transformations of themes such as justice and allocation; the earth system. In this situation, one would anticipation and imagination; agency and expect that the least developed countries play architecture; as well as the larger thrust of the a central role in global change science and Earth System Governance community to would be the focus of scholarly assessments become a more global and more diverse and studies. But is this the case? What network. knowledge, and whose knowledge, prevails in politically significant assessment reports on global change? This paper provides a detailed and comprehensive study of the representation of research institutions from least developed countries in mainstream scientific knowledge production on global environmental change. The study of knowledge production is crucial to the understanding of power dynamics in earth system governance: the production of knowledge is shaped by inherently plural, contestable and political processes that are underpinned by a multiplicity of values, ideologies and interests, which again determines how issues are represented and politics are defined. Using both statistical analysis and discourse analysis

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Panel ID 308 involvement and the trespass into private Earth system law: new directions interest’s category. As a result, it will lead to fatal consequences for the future development (i) of Chinese environmental PIL, making adverse Parallel Panel Session 7, impacts not only on its social recognition, but Thursday 9th September 2021, taken as a whole, on judicial resource 8:30-10:00 CEST scheduling and trial neutrality as well. There Chair: TBC are three reasons for the inflating situation. First, the undefined concept of “public ID112. interest” are blurring the boundaries between public and private interest litigation; next, the Innovative yet Inflating: An power-deprived procuratorate branch are Introspection on Chinese overwhelmed by the new-born supervisory Environmental Public Interest power in their position crisis, owing to the 2018 Litigation Regime Constitution’s amendment; finally, the environmental supervisors are using Ke Tang environmental PIL to divert public attention China University of Political Science and Law, away from government failure. In response to Beijing, China. William & Mary Law School, this, three measures must be taken to ice- Williamsburg, USA break present deadlock, starting with separating the environmental interest of Facing a more rigorous eco-crisis than ever “publicity” from that of the “private”, including before, China used to seek a pathway towards the state and collective, and thus precluding modern environmental governance. Now the their benefits from the scope of environmental answer is clear, instead of depending merely on PIL regime. Second, reducing limitations placed active administrative supervision, on the NGO in filing environmental PIL also environmental public interest litigation (PIL) plays a critical part in solving the inflating regime as a passive, judicial way to counter the problem, which makes it possible to decrease current pledge, is playing a more crucial role the procuratorate branch’s unnecessary under present Chinese politics-priority system. involvement. Last but not least, a better option In response to the political mission of for Chinese legislators is to strengthen the reinstating natural surroundings from constant convergence between environmental criminal deterioration, three amendments, the 2014 prosecution and public interests lawsuits. By Environmental Protection Law, 2017 Civil internalizing PIL’s cost into that of the former, Procedure Law and 2017 Administrative courts can do maximum savings to judicial Litigation Law entitled the NGO and resources. In addition, policy-makers are able procuratorate branch to file lawsuits aiming at to offset the outflow of people procuratorates’ protecting environmental public interest. political power. However, such litigation, notwithstanding its theoretical merits, shows an inflating phenomenon in practice. Statistical analysis shows that such a matter could be divided into three parts: The inflation of overall amount, the expansion of procuratorate branches’

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ID242. is a tangible example of earth system law, which both exemplifies the qualities of earth Law for the Anthropocene: earth system law, and offers insight into the system law and the rights of nature normative contours of law necessitated by the Anthropocene. Alice D.R. Bleby Drawing on emerging scholarship in the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia domain of earth system law, earth system governance research and the contextual Global ecological degradation, on an conditions and research lenses identified in the unprecedented scale and catalysed by human- Earth System Governance Science and social systems and activities, lends strong Implementation Plan 2018, and a broader evidential weight to the conclusion that we are range of scholarly discussions about the now living in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene, this paper posits three core implications of this new, turbulent era for law, tenets of earth system law: promoting an governance and society are profound; the ecocentric approach; embracing complexity; systems that have helped create this crisis are and adopting a planetary perspective. It ill-equipped to respond to it, and urgent discusses how these themes or qualities adaptation and reform is needed. Earth system manifest in burgeoning rights of nature laws, as law, derived from and related to earth system expressions of earth system law. Finally, it governance, and explored in this paper through argues that the normative underpinnings of the the illustrative example of the rights of nature rights of nature doctrine could inform the doctrine, seeks to address this imperative. evolving normative content of earth system law – and the political and behavioural The Earth System Governance Project has been responses it may facilitate – suggesting there is pursuing an integrated approach to great potential for fruitful exchange between synthesising the challenges and objectives of these two emerging frameworks for legal social science research and practice and the reform in the Anthropocene. principles of earth system science for more than a decade. However, exploration of the legal and juridical dimensions of this agenda remains relatively underdeveloped. Earth system law is a nascent discipline emerging to address this gap, with potential to both describe and prescribe paradigmatic shifts in law for the Anthropocene.

The movement to recognise legal rights and legal subjecthood of nature and natural entities is gathering pace around the world, with laws recognising nature as a legal subject and rights- holder in force in Ecuador, Bolivia, the USA, Aotearoa New Zealand and elsewhere. This paper argues that the rights of nature doctrine

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ID493. the Urgenda case, the Netherlands Supreme Court cited from the case law of the European Jurisprudential Cross-Fertilization in Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). And the UN Climate Litigation Human Rights Committee referred in its Views in the Teitiota-case to an advisory opinion and Otto Spijkers judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, a general comment of the Wuhan University’s Research Institute of African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Environmental Law (RIEL, Rights, and a series of judgments of the ECtHR. http://en.riel.whu.edu.cn/), Wuhan, China In their application instituting proceedings This paper purports to look at the actuality and before the ECtHR, a group of Portuguese potential of jurisprudential cross-fertilization, children and youngsters refer extensively to i.e., the emergence of interconnections the ruling in the Urgenda case, inviting the between the rulings of various domestic, ECtHR to take part in this phenomenon of regional, and international courts, tribunals, jurisprudential cross-fertilization in climate and other norm-shaping bodies and litigation. This is only the beginning of that institutions, in climate litigation. We see the phenomenon. emergence of a community of judges, to facilitate judicial cooperation, urging courts to ID615. further harmonize the fundamental rules of Whither the ‘System’ in ‘Earth international (human rights) law that serve as foundation of climate litigation. In a blog post System Law’? of 2015, Ziccardi Capaldo already described this Michael C Leach task and responsibility of the judge. She noted that “it is the duty of the courts, in fulfilling Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, Tilburg, their role of applying the norms of Netherlands international law, to contribute to its harmonious development eliminating the The concept of ‘Earth System Law’ at first points of conflict which may arise from the glance seems to need little explanation about interplay between international rules, or what the ‘system’ is that ESL refers to. The between these rules and domestic laws, as well ‘system’ of ESL is the biochemical systems that as from the coexistence of different characterize the ‘Earth System’ models, and/or international courts and tribunals” (Reference as the socio-ecological system of the ‘Earth’. In 1). In my paper, I will show that various courts either case, ESL structurally characterizes ‘law’ indeed already attempt to be consistent with in a very particular way as a kind of regulatory each other, to interpret-away apparent response mechanism to the complex empirical inconsistencies, and to elucidate aspects of the reality that they describe, a rendering that has relevant norms of international human rights largely been used to promote a normative law that remain unclear. They feel responsible, imperative that ‘law’ writ large should better not only to settle a particular controversy or ‘reflect’ or ‘respond’ to the systemic question put before them, but also to provide phenomena modelled as the ‘Earth System.’ further clarity and coherence to the law. In How exactly law and/or lawmakers can fulfill doing so, they refer to each other’s case law this normative goal on planetary and lower and argumentation. For example, in its ruling in levels is, however, is still very unclear. While it

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is true that ESL is still in its conceptual infancy, this paper will argue that its current structural and functional imaginary for law can only go so far, and even restricts the ability of ESL scholars to recognize its broader dimensions as a normative project. The purpose of this paper is to propose that it is worth considering that the ‘law’ component of ‘ESL’ has systemic characteristics of its own that may be different, albeit not separate, from the systems that Panel ID 310 characterize Earth System sciences. Doing so will allow for a richer appreciation of how the Just energy transitions and climate ‘reflective’ relationship between law and Earth justice Systems as imagined by ESL is far from Parallel Panel Session 9, th straightforward and requires further Thursday 9 September 2021, theoretical consideration. Looking at ESL from 17:15-19:00 CEST a systemic perspective may offer a useful sense Chair: Pablo Serra-Palao of what the nature of the change is that ESL is advocating at a fundamental level. The paper ID274. will offer a critical and exploratory overview of the different schools of systems thinking Is the current energy transition a (autopoeisis, complexity, etc.) that could be just energy transition? applied to understand that ‘reflective’ relationship between law and Earth Systems. Larissa Basso As such, the paper will contribute to the central Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden conference theme by considering the structural dimensions of both how and where Although the world remains highly dependent law can be expected to ‘respond’ to the Earth on fossil fuels – they answered for 81.3% of System as both a regulatory mechanism and a total primary in 2017, against structural dynamic operating both upon and 86.8% in 1973 (IEA, 2019) – there is definitely within socio-ecological systems at multiple an ongoing energy transition towards levels and scales over the planet. In so doing, it renewables in electricity markets. Investment will locate ESL as a particular kind of normative in research and development of renewable project with that construct in order to derive technologies and storage is going strong; more insights into the relevance and scale of its self- and more utilities relying primarily on described task and purpose. renewable sources enter grids; in many places, building and running new utilities with renewable sources became less expensive than their fossil fuel counterparts. This is great news for climate change mitigation – though partially, as we still need technology

breakthrough in storage to counter fossil fuel dominance. But is this energy transition also

contributing to a just transition, towards

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integrating the needs of different peoples who Sweden is a particular case. As one of the will be differently affected by climate change? Nordic countries, its political culture focusses on consensus building. The country’s electricity In this paper, we focus on the tension between production is already mostly decarbonised, due the ongoing energy transition and the idea of a to hydro and nuclear electricity generation. just energy transition. We divide our analysis in However, a considerable expansion of wind two parts. First, the global political economy of power, especially in the North of the country is wind and solar energy and its developments well underway, leading to conflicts around the since the 2000s is demonstrated, focused in siting of new turbines. Another critical question showing how technology has developed and is the decarbonisation of the transport sector. who and what drove it. Then we compare its A recent increase in fuel taxes has given rise to developments in two countries, Brazil and the movement Bensinupproret 2.0 (“gasoline South Africa, most-different cases in terms of revolution 2.0”), which claimed to have several electricity matrix but very similar in terms of hundred thousand supporters, even though vulnerability to climate change as well as protests in Sweden have not turned as violent institutional challenges. Our objective is to and confrontational as in France. Nevertheless, identify how the transition towards more these points highlight the challenges that even renewable electricity is developing in both a country such as Sweden, which is blessed countries and which interests are driving it. We with ample hydro and bio-energy, has to face argue that although the ongoing energy when instigating a transition to a decarbonised transition is highly positive – even if still and fossil-free energy system. In this paper, we insufficient – from the point of view of reducing set out to map conflicts related to the energy dependence from fossil fuels, it is system in Sweden. The purpose of this exercise fundamentally not aligned with the idea of a is threefold: first, to identify and understand just energy transition, beyond the objectives of energy conflicts in Sweden; second, to inform energy access and energy poverty. policymakers of the challenges they face when they are to instigate a just transition and third, ID551. to identify gaps in the literature on energy justice in Sweden. Examining Justice Claims in the Energy Transition in Sweden This systematic review builds upon 35 scholarly articles focusing on energy conflicts in Sweden. 1 Henner Busch1, Eric Vasna Ramasar , All articles were written in the time period from Brandstedt1, Krisjanis Rudus2 January 2012 to July 2020. All articles were 1Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 2Norwegian peer-reviewed in scientific journals and Technical University, Tromso, Norway published in English. The papers were analysed using a framework for energy justice that The way in which we produce and consume focused on the elements of distributional and energy has profound implications for our procedural justice and justice as recognition. societies. How we configure our energy systems determines not only our chances of The findings of the review suggest that there successfully dealing with climate change but has been little explicit focus on energy justice also, how benefits and burdens of these in the literature on Sweden's energy system. systems are distributed. In this context, Issues of distributional justice are most raised

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and procedural and recognition justice are survey questions will compare the social often conflated. Whilst conflicts over support for carbon pricing in Canada with and hydropower and nuclear have dominated in without accompanying fairness provisions for the past, wind energy in Sami territory is most workers and communities, such as support for problematised in the reviewed literature. retraining and relocation. This will cast light on Another missing element in the understanding the potential role of climate justice as an of justice in the Swedish energy system is a accelerating device for climate action, for the rigorous handling of ecologically unequal idea of complementing climate policy with exchange. targeted fairness measures may or may not increase their social acceptability. ID642. ID251. Can Climate Justice Accelerate the Energy Transition in Canada? Access for Whom: The Politics of Resource Allocation in Urban Alexandre Gajevic Sayegh Adaptation and Mitigation Planning Université Laval, Québec City, Canada Devon Cantwell

The central hypothesis of this project is the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA following: can climate justice reduce the social and political tension surrounding climate policy Cities have been enthusiastically developing implementation, and thereby accelerate the and revising climate action plans to target transition in Canada? The adaptation priorities and to signal support for inclusion of fairness measures in the green mitigation efforts over the last decade. As the economy transition – especially by targeting international community begins to give more workers in the most affected sectors (e.g. those weight and attention to subnational actors, in oil and gas sectors in Alberta and and especially cities, it begs an ethical Saskatchewan) – should impact the political question: who reaps the benefits of climate acceptability of climate policy. This paper will action planning? In essence, who are cities thus formulate just transition measures and choosing to save through their climate action then test – via surveys – whether they increase planning priorities? the social acceptability of climate policy. This paper uses ArcGIS, spatial ethnography, and policy document analysis to explore the The background of this paper was given by a relationship between economic access, previous assessments of net job creation, gender, race, and social capital and the investments projections and price-increase of allocation of resources related to city carbon intensive goods in Canada between adaptation and mitigation planning efforts. 2020 and 2030. This will allow in Part I in to Four case studies are used to explore this better formulate fairness-based provisions relationship: Mexico City, Seoul, Ho Chi Minh aiming to support workers, communities, and City, and Buenos Aires. This research industries in the energy transition. In Part II, contributes meaningfully to the current this paper will include these measures in survey literature on urban climate action planning by questions in order to test the social providing additional empirical and global acceptability of climate policy. For instance, accounts of adaptation and mitigation

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planning at the city level and by connecting this research with larger normative and ethical questions of justice in environmental governance.

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Stream 4 recognizing the rights of non-human entities. Courts in different corners of the globe have similarly identified rights held by non- Anticipation and humans—the Whanganui River in New Imagination Zealand, the Ganges and its tributaries in India, the Atrato River in Colombia, and Mother Nature herself (Pachamama) in Ecuador. These Panel ID 10 worldwide movements casts doubt on the idea The Role of Emerging Technologies that humans are the only class of legal subjects for Sustainability Governance worthy of rights. In this paper, I present an Parallel Panel Session 3, interdisciplinary framework for evaluating the Tuesday 7th September 2021, conditions under which some robots might be 16:30-18:00 CEST considered eligible for certain rights. This framework derives inspiration from Chair: Karsten Schulz contemporary paradigm shifts observed across Discussant: Ruben Zondervan several disciplines, including the Anthropocene ID46. turn in philosophy, the materialist turn in the humanities and social sciences, the ontological Greening the Machine Question: turn in environmental law, the relational turn Towards an Ecological Framework in ethics, and the relational turn in robotics. Bringing together heretofore disparate for Assessing Robot Rights concepts and empirical evidence from Joshua C Gellers anthropology, law, ethics, philosophy, and robotics, I introduce an analytical tool designed University of North Florida, Jacksonville, USA to help academics, activists, judges, lawyers, and policymakers evaluate the extent to which Should robots have rights? This question has rights might apply to a given robot. In so doing, inspired much debate among philosophers, I herald the arrival of what I call the ‘robotic computer scientists, policymakers, and the turn in human rights.’ Ultimately, I argue that a popular press. However, much of the critical, materialist, and broadly ecological discussion surrounding this issue has been interpretation of the environment, along with conducted in the limited quarters of decisions by jurists establishing or upholding disciplinary silos and without a fuller the rights of nature, support extension of such appreciation of important macro-level rights to non-human entities like certain developments. I argue that the so-called robots. ‘machine question’, specifically the inquiry into whether and to what extent intelligent machines might warrant moral consideration, deserves extended analysis in light of these developments. Two global trends seem set for a collision course. On the one hand, robots are becoming increasingly human-like in their appearance and behavior. On the other hand, legal systems around the world are increasingly

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ID47. we focus on “smart city” and “smart agriculture” pilot projects initiated by Chinese AI for Good? The application of municipalities and companies to illustrate the artificial intelligence for sustainable benefits and challenges of AI deployment for development in China sustainability. Compared to the mainstream literature on China’s AI innovation agenda, our Yixian Sun1, Karsten Schulz2 analysis seeks to provide a more nuanced account of practical AI applications, while 1University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom. simultaneously suggesting concrete 2University of Groningen, Groningen, governance pathways to mitigate risks and to Netherlands further align AI innovation with sustainability goals. The impacts of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly discussed in public, but it remains a challenge ID484. for most researchers, business professionals and policymakers to fully comprehend the Anticipating sustainability scale of the fundamental changes that AI may transitions: the adoption of climate- bring to human societies in the 21st century. AI related technologies in oil technologies can further accelerate incumbents communication and coordination within our Elena C Pierard societies, but they also present us with challenges, questions, and ethical as well as University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom regulatory choices, which contemporary science and philosophy are rather ill-equipped Ongoing technology developments have made to address. One of the key questions regarding more solutions available to address current the use of AI is whether its application has the climate and sustainability challenges. However, potential to enhance sustainable development the process of change towards the adoption of and climate action, or whether the imminent new technologies has been difficult to imagine risks of technology deployment would for established organisations and actors which outweigh potential benefits. To address this usually concentrate most of the polluting social question, we explore the application of AI to and technological structures. The new enhance sustainable development in China. technologies designed for greater sustainability are disruptive to incumbent or Today, China is a global leader in many areas of established companies when their adoption AI research and development, yet there is a requires the redesign of the organisation itself surprising dearth of empirical research on the along with the new proposed product. governance and societal impacts of AI Furthermore, they include a long-term technologies. Especially the use of AI for planning component distinctive of sustainability in the context of China’s national sustainability decisions that for most AI strategy has received relatively little organisations is hard to grasp fully. This paper scholarly attention. Thus, we first conduct a proposes that oil major companies and their mapping exercise on China’s AI strategy and attempts and setbacks in the development of policies to identify the broad implications of AI new renewable energy technologies exemplify for China’s sustainability agenda. Moreover, processes of imagination and anticipation

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present in established organisations that study of incumbents’ responses to require to adopt new climate-related technological disruptions. technologies. Particularly since oil companies need urgently to reimagine their organisations ID536. and identity in terms of new technologies in order to achieve global emission reduction Anticipatory Governance of AI and targets. The literature on incumbent firm’s Data Driven Precision Agriculture adaptation to technical change has proposed Technologies several factors to explain the heterogeneity in 1 1 2 a firms’ adoption of disruptive technologies, Benjamin E.K. Ryan , Asim Zia , Maaz Gardezi , 1 such as its organisational structure, Donna M Rizzo stakeholders, its ecosystem and environment, 1University of Vermont, Burlington, USA. 2South as well as the cognitive models of its members Dakota State University, Brookings, USA and its identity. This paper explores this heterogeneity by asking how companies decide The term, farming 4.0 has been used to to turn disruptive climate-related technologies characterize technologies and practices in into profitable businesses in the future –a precision agriculture (PA), generally defined as crucial step towards fully transitioning to software and hardware technologies for data sustainable technologies. And which factors collection, analysis, and control of farm facilitate the processes of anticipation and equipment and rural infrastructure. These imagination for engaging with these technological transformations in agriculture technologies. To address these questions, this have the potential to improve economic paper follows an inductive research design to productivity and environmental sustainability, identify the external and internal processes of but can be disruptive to the future of eight European oil majors over the last 20 years agricultural work and workforce. As certain in their engagement with renewable energy tasks become more efficiently performed by technologies, as a type of climate-related machines, jobs will be lost. However, other jobs technology. With the analysis of corporate will emerge and flourish that augment worker historical records and interviews with key productivity and could improve quality of managers, the paper will present a detailed life. Corporate ownership of farm level data analysis of the processes of anticipation and across the supply chains, ranging from seeds to imagination present in the adoption and the harvesting of agricultural products, pose backtrack of climate-related technologies, as serious ethical and governance well as the cognitive frames formed within the challenges. Little is known about how farmers organisations when facing these decisions. The and consumers come to trust artificial research aims to contribute to the intelligence (AI)-based PA technologies and organisational literature on incumbents’ what governance and regulatory arrangements responses to technology disruptions by are needed for PA’s effective adoption among detailing the evolution of processes associated farmers. This paper explores the potential of an with the adoption of climate-related anticipatory governance framework to co- technologies over time. And aims to provide design and co-develop AI and data driven PA one plausible avenue for integrating studies in technologies with multiple stakeholder organisations and climate change with the groups. Anticipatory governance is broadly defined in the literature as "governing in the

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present to adapt to or shape uncertain University of Trento, Trento, Italy futures". In this study, we apply an anticipatory governance framework – utilizing probabilistic, Synthetic biology aims to exercise control in plausible, pluralistic and performative the design, characterization and construction approaches – to understand multiple of living organisms and biological parts. No stakeholder perspectives about governing and longer the domain of science fiction literature, co-designing PA technologies. Six focus groups it has progressed by leaps and bounds in recent with stakeholders representing farmers, policy years, accompanied by great promises and makers, academics and PA technology grave risks. Law and governance lag behind. developers were implemented in South Dakota Lab experimentation and field trials take place and Vermont in 2019. A foresight method for in a legal vacuum. On top of companies and co-production of knowledge was also applied research institutes, a vibrant do-it yourself as part of these focus groups. Foresight is an community is engaged in research, claiming to anticipatory method used to draw out future democratize innovation. Global deliberations visions held by various actors. We used a mixed on the environmental and socio-economic methods approach, with a focus on qualitative impacts have only recently begun under the thematic analysis of foresight data and auspices of UN multilateral environmental quantitative statistical analysis of survey data, agreements, and policy-relevant academic to examine probabilistic, plausible, pluralistic analysis is urgently needed. This paper will and performative implications for anticipatory present the framing and planning of socio-legal governance of PA. We found stakeholders research undertaken in the framework of a across the food value chain shared governance Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship, concerns of PA regarding data ownership, which aims to develop a new integrative access and privacy. There was also strong framework for the governance of synthetic consensus among stakeholders to co-design PA biology, developed on the basis of an technologies specifically using performance- investigation from the macro-level based payment for ecosystem services (international environmental law and mechanisms for sustainable agriculture. Trust institutions for global governance) to the was found to be fundamental in willingness of micro-level (actors involved in lab research), farmers to adopt and implement PA also addressing the meso-level of institutional technologies, citing power asymmetries structures for risk management and between corporations and producers. AI and responsible research and innovation practices PA industries are contemporarily self- that may be used to connect them. Such a regulating and as these technologies emerge, framework will be built upon: a) an assessment we found support among stakeholders for of the current state of international law and more pluralistic governance. governance, including an analysis of regulatory gaps and novel normative challenges; b) an ID557. examination of existing theoretical frameworks on risk management and responsible research Building an integrative framework and innovation, including gendered for the fair and responsible approaches to risk that have been governance of synthetic biology understudied to date; and c) a typology of actors involved in synthetic biology research, Elsa Tsioumani, Louisa Parks including an analysis of who does what, why,

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and how they envisage regulation, with a how international institutions adapt to particular focus on gene editing in agriculture. technological change. We distinguish between Aiming at improving accountability and adaptation processes (understood as the scope enhancing legitimacy, both of law and of formal institutional change) and adaptation governance and of the innovation process, this outcomes (in terms of legalization). Both framework aims to bridge gaps in scholarly processes and outcomes vary across efforts, as well as facilitate decision making, institutions and technologies: in some cases, ensuring that synthetic biology applications adaptation processes consist in the layering of promote the global objectives of food security, novel sets of rules onto an existing institutional sustainable agriculture and environmental core. In others, institutions are converted to protection. serve fundamentally different purposes than those for which they were originally designed.

Similarly, adaptation outcomes sometimes Panel ID 19 consist in imprecise rules of weak normative New Technologies and force, and sometimes in highly-specific, legally- binding rules that are potentially monitored, Environmental Governance: enforced and adjudicated by third parties. For Expertise, Transformations, and explaining cross-institutional and cross- Institutions in the Anthropocene technology variation in adaptation processes Parallel Panel Session 8, and outcomes, we develop a series of Thursday 9th September 2021, hypotheses associated with three key factors: 15:30-17:00 CEST the international constellation of interests, the state of scientific knowledge, as well as the Chair: Ina Möller flexibility of institutional design features. We ID87. use four cases for hypothesis testing via a combination of within case- and cross-case Institutional Adaptation to comparisons: biotechnology under the Technological Change Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); climate engineering under the CBD and the Florian Rabitz, Eglė Butkevičienė, Jurgita London Convention / London Protocol; mineral Jurkevičienė, Vidas Vilčinskas extraction in areas beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Law of the Sea and the Outer Space Treaty; as Lithuania well as hydrofluorocarbons under the Montreal- and Kyoto Protocols. Our results Technological change frequently generates suggest a primacy of interest-related factors: regulatory gaps in international institutions: adverse interest constellations are associated some or all aspects of a novel technology might with marginal adaptation processes through fall outside of the pre-existing set of institutional layering and weakly-legalized international rules; rules might be inadequate outcomes, whereas benign interest for mitigating risks and capturing benefits; and constellations enable transformative different rules might be inconsistent or even adaptation processes through institutional subject to norm collision. Regulatory gaps thus conversion as well as outcomes with significant create functional pressure for institutional depth of legalization. We also find a limited role adaptation. This paper assesses when, why and

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for institutional design elements such as voting climate finance under the UNFCCC, and (b) how rules and transparency measures, yet their climate finance is shaped by the design of efficacy in facilitating deep adaptation is digital systems. Designing BDLTs for climate possibly tied to their interaction with the finance requires common standards and the international constellation of interests. Finally, capacity to integrate and process data among a we only find very limited evidence to suggest diverse network of actors who perceive the that the state of scientific knowledge has a value of the technology in different ways. significant impact on adaptation. In their current state of development, BDLTs ID195. are digital multi-purpose tools that can be used to meet major challenges of climate finance Blockchain for Innovative Climate such as multi-sectoral and multi-actor Finance: Introducing an Earth coordination, as well as the effective System Governance Research monitoring and implementation of climate Agenda policy. The core strengths of BDLTs – decentralization, immutability and automation Karsten Schulz1, Lucas Somavilla Croxatto2 – promise significant efficiency gains together with increased interactional transparency and 1University of Groningen, Groningen, legitimacy, which may in turn lead to better Netherlands. 2University College London, cooperation and higher levels of trust between London, United Kingdom actors in climate finance. However, the effective use of BDLTs in climate finance The United Nations Framework Convention on processes does not solely depend on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets the agenda for technological capabilities or the actors the concerted governance of international involved in technology regulation and climate finance. Blockchain and distributed governance. It also depends on initial design ledger technologies (BDLTs) offer the choices. It will be crucial, we argue, to draw on possibility to support these governance efforts innovative methods in anticipatory governance by enabling decentralized forms of cooperation to maximize the potential of BDLTs for between stakeholders, and by fostering trust successful climate action, and to mitigate based on transparent, automated and undesirable societal developments in the standardized transactions. Nonetheless, medium and long term. depending on the concrete design of the digital system there is the risk that BDLTs may disrupt the capacity of governments and climate ID285. governance regimes to supervise and regulate Interrogating the dominant and activities, for example by cutting out traditional intermediaries such as financial institutions or peripheral socio-technical futures in legal authorities. US agriculture Maaz Gardezi1, Asim Zia2 Based on concrete use cases, we introduce a novel typology of BDLT governance models and 1South Dakota State University, Brookings, their application in society to inform future ESG USA. 2University of Vermont, Vermont, USA research. Our key aim is to explore: (a) how the strengths of BDLTs can be used for innovative

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In recent years, food, energy, and water security has emerged as a pressing and salient social, economic, and political issue, with ID469. increasing calls for a purposive agricultural transformation to sustainability in the Anticipatory Governance of Solar Anthropocene. The road to sustainability in Geoengineering: How Future agriculture is fraught with uncertainties Visions Shape Proposals to Govern relating to the future arrangement of food 1 1 2 systems, the expectations of benefits and risks Aarti Gupta , Ina Moller , Frank Biermann , 3 4 of new and existing technologies, uneven Sikina Jinnah , Prakash Kishwan , Vikrom 5 6 6 adoption of agricultural technologies, the Mathur , David Morrow , Simon Nicholson governance of artificial intelligence and 1Wageningen University, Wageningen, machine learning algorithms, and the promises Netherlands. 2Utrecht University, Utrecht, and perils of technologies to tackle some of the Netherlands. 3University of California at Santa most serious issues pertaining to climate Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA. 4University of change. A key approach to envisioning Connecticut, Storrs, USA. 5Tandem Research, pathways to sustainability has been through Goa, India. 6American University, Washington the development of scenarios and methods of DC, USA anticipation that unveil different plausible and desirable futures. These anticipatory exercises Solar geoengineering (or ‘solar radiation are useful for diverse stakeholders to management’) refers to a suite of speculative deliberate on strategies and changes in the technologies designed to reflect some present that can help nation-states, incoming solar radiation back into space, as a coordinating commissions, actors and way to counteract some of the adverse organizations achieve desirable outcomes in consequences of climate change. This includes the future. Building on existing work on stratospheric aerosol injection, i.e. the sociotechnical imaginaries and relational co- deliberate, large-scale injection of reflective productionist approach, this paper analyzes particles, such as sulfate aerosols, into the both the dominant and the non-conventional upper atmosphere to reflect and scatter some or peripheral imaginaries in the US agricultural incoming sunlight. Solar geoengineering ideas space. Drawing on foresight workshops and remain highly controversial, with scientific focus group discussions conducted in the uncertainties regarding their feasibility and Midwest and Vermont, this paper highlights efficacy in avoiding the worst consequences of diverse sociotechnical imaginaries of food and climate change, as well as unevenly distributed agriculture systems. It concludes by potential benefits and risks. A growing social recommending ways in which agriculture and science literature now highlights the urgent society can attend to this diversity of visions by need to govern such speculative technologies, intentionally shaping socio-technical yet such governance has to be largely transformations toward sustainability in anticipatory in nature. This article examines agriculture today. whether and how a growing academic literature on governing solar geoengineering acknowledges and conceptualizes the anticipatory nature of this

governance challenge. It then identifies and

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 166 Stream 4 – Anticipation and Imagination categorizes the political implications of diverse ID504. proposals relating to the what, why and how of governing solar geoengineering, and links this Arguments and Architectures: to diverse visions of climate futures with or Discursive and institutional without solar geoengineering that are implicit structures shaping international in these governance proposals. decisions on climate engineering

Such an analysis is very timely in light of the governance increased policy attention and developments Miranda Boettcher1,2, Rakhyun E Kim3 relating to solar geoengineering in the last 1 years. These include the special report by the Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on Development, Utrecht University Utrecht, 2 the Paris Agreement’s aspirational 1.5-degree Utrecht, Netherlands. Institute for Advanced temperature target, which called for further Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, 3 investigation into governance and Germany. Copernicus Institute of Sustainable governability of solar geoengineering. The Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, government of Switzerland also tabled a Netherlands resolution, supported by 11 other developed The Anthropocene is giving rise to novel and developing countries, at the United challenges for global environmental Nations Environment Assembly in 2019 calling governance. The barriers and opportunities for an international assessment of potential shaping the ways in which some of these risks posed by diverse climate engineering complex environmental challenges become technologies. The US National Academy of governable on the global level is of increasing Sciences has launched a new assessment academic and practical relevance. In this process on these technologies, and small-scale article, we bring together neo-institutionalist outdoor experiments are now being and post-structuralist perspectives to create an contemplated in the US. The growing rhetoric innovative framework for analysing how around a climate emergency in the last year institutional and discursive structures bound also plays into these debates in diverse ways, and shape the international governance including by giving further impetus to calls for opportunities which become thinkable and researching solar geoengineering options. This practicable in the face of new global greatly increases the political stakes in environmental challenges. We apply this scholarly debate on anticipatory governance of framework to assess the way in which solar geoengineering. This paper contributes to governance of climate engineering – the large the Anticipation and Imagination in Earth scale, deliberate invention into the global System Governance conference theme, and to climate system to mitigate climate change – is the ESG Task force on Novel Technologies and being shaped by intuitional and discursive the ESG Working Group on Anticipatory structures in three international forums, Governance under the Task force on namely the London Convention and its Conceptual Foundations. Protocol, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Environment

Assembly. Our analysis illustrates that the ‘degree of fit’ between given discursive

arguments (or ‘software’) and material

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architectures (or ‘hardware’) made climate regulation also raises questions of fairness and engineering (un)governable in each of these equity regarding the distribution of benefits forums. Furthermore, we find that the ‘type of resulting from the use of transnational fit’ across four different levels - objects (what), commons. We presently witness intensifying rationales (why), modes (how), and speakers commercial interest in Near-Earth Asteroids (who) - set the discursive and institutional (NEAs), known to contain deposits of precious- conditions of possibility for what type of and other metals of significant market value. governance emerged in each of these cases. While international law (broadly) treats NEAs Based on our findings, we critically discuss the as the common heritage of humanity, no implications for the future governance of operational rules currently exist regarding their climate engineering at the global level. use as "the province of all mankind" (as stipulated by the Outer Space Treaty). This paper elaborates a) the conditions under which international regimes for transnational Panel ID 401 commons emerge, and b) the relevant Anticipating the Future: Politics, institutional design elements for combining Governance Modes and access with a fair and equitable distribution of Challenges the resulting benefits. To do so, we analyze two Parallel Panel Session 4, historical cases: The international regime for Wednesday 8th September 2021, deep-sea mining under the United Nations 9:00-10:30 CEST Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as the system for the multilateral sharing of plant Chair: Carla Alexandra germplasm under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and ID553. Agriculture. Our findings suggest a) that the The International Regulation of successful formation of a comprehensive international regime for NEA mining is highly Transnational Commons: Regime unlikely in the absence of broader multilateral Formation, Institutional Design and package deals, the scope for which is extremely Implications for Near-Earth Asteroid narrow; and b) that onerous obligations Mining regarding compliance and the sharing of commercial and other benefits are likely to Florian Rabitz, Eglė Butkevičienė deter potential users, leading to Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, underutilization and limiting the scope for Lithuania benefit-sharing. Instead, our analysis suggests that a phased approach, which would combine Transnational commons are shared natural an initial soft-law instrument with a ratchet resources for which no effective access regimes mechanism, would have greater political exist. Such resources include Antarctica, the feasibility and larger aggregate effectiveness atmosphere or international waters. Without than the conventional approach to the international access regulation, transnational international regulation of transnational commons are prone to overuse. As the commons based on binding international law technological and economic capacities for with stringent monitoring- and compliance access are distributed highly unevenly, a lack of procedures.

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ID60. The recommendations cover options ranging from carbon markets and the expansion of Coordinated pathways towards a renewable energy, to negative emissions climate-safe future? Analysing technologies and other forms of climate climate policy advice from engineering. The results show that at any point international organisations over in time, most of the studied international organisations identify the same problems and time suggest a similar set of policy options, despite Ina Möller, Aarti Gupta the much wider variety of available forward- looking knowledge collected by the Wageningen University, Wageningen, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Netherlands The article ascribes this apparent coordination to a self-organising principle evident within and Global climate governance is strongly shaped between influential, mainstream international by the forward-looking expertise of organisations, where shared logics of authoritative actors. The production of manageability, reduction of complexity, linear forecasts, prognoses and scenarios represents thinking, and/or compatibility with economic a form of anticipatory global governance that is growth result in the exclusion of policy especially influential when expressed by recommendations that diverge from the globally recognised international aforementioned logics. By revealing this de organisations. By identifying certain problems facto coordination, the article contributes a and naming corresponding solutions, they critical anticipatory governance lens to the essentially define the spectrum of appropriate international relations literature on climate behaviour for other actors. Yet despite the change policy making. As such, it fits most uncertain and fragile nature of forward-looking closely into the ‘anticipation and imagination’ knowledge, the recommendations issued by theme outlined in the call for papers for the authoritative actors on the subject of climate 2020 Earth System Governance Bratislava change are surprisingly homogeneous. This conference, given this theme’s focus on implies a coordination of global futures anticipation processes that seek to imagine and through anticipatory practices, and necessarily govern contested climate and sustainability involves a coordinated choice in what futures. problems to report and what solutions to name. In this way, fragile and potentially contested future-looking knowledge is stabilised and institutionalised in present-day policy making. To document this process and critically reflect upon it, this article analyses how the ten largest international organisations, measured by annual turnover, define the spectrum of appropriate behavior to ensure climate-safe futures. Using the analytical tool of topic modeling, it maps trends in the choice of policy recommendations contained in climate change reports issued by these organisations between 2000 and 2019.

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ID567. reaction to rationalist and linear accounts of policymaking, such as: 1) futures studies; 2) Advancing ‘anticipation’ as a policy and planning studies; 3) post-positivist normative ideal of earth system policy studies; 4) political science literature on governance: A synthesis defense studies and presidential decision- making; 5) post-normal science and STS studies Emily Boyd1, Izabela Delabre2 and 6) reflexive governance for sustainability. Within a framework of environmental 1LUCSUS, Lund, Sweden. 2Sussex Sustainability governance, we explore how these Research Programme, Brighton, United understandings of anticipation relate to the Kingdom notion of long-term, futures-informed and imagined earth system governance. There are Anticipation is increasingly central to many different strands of ‘anticipation’ but we contemporary environmental governance will fail if we just go down the dominant socio- debates on future earth systems technical and planning route. transformations. Anticipatory governance is seen as an emerging concept that captures the current science of uncertainty including ID394. climate change, divergent views on decision- Discourses of the future: making for the ‘right’ solutions for the future, sociotechnical imaginaries and and the distribution of justice implications for future transformations. It is largely agreed that water governance in Australia’s the earth system requires long-term thinking Murray Darling Basin. coupled with new forms of adaptive decision Carina Wyborn making that build resilience to future large- scale, uncertain and rapid changes at a global Australian National University, Canberra, scale and that takes into account diverse views Australia of the future. Anticipatory practices are thus coming to the forefront of political, Global environmental change is increasing organizational, citizens’ society and pressure on water resources, complicating humanitarian relief. Research into anticipation, already contested governance processes that however, has not kept up with public demand seek to balance social, environmental, cultural, for insights into these anticipatory practices, and economic objectives. These conflicts are their risks and uses. Where research exists ever present in Australia’s Murray Darling within social sciences, it is deeply fragmented. Basin, home to ~2.6million people and the site There exist basic gaps in our knowledge such as of contested governance reforms for over a how is anticipation conceptualised within century. With decreasing inflows and rising social science literature and what can we learn temperatures, longstanding conflicts between from that? What can the Earth System environmental flows and economic Governance community learn from other development are becoming more fractured literature in the social sciences? What is the and divisive. In this context, there are relevance to earth systems transformations increasing calls for governance processes that knowledge? We systematically review the anticipate, and prepare for future development of discourse on the anticipation environmental change. concept in scholarships in social science as a

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This paper will present an analysis of the Panel ID 402 anticipatory framings within selected policy Foresight and Scenarios as Sites of and planning documents from different scales of water governance within the Murray Darling Anticipatory Governance: Basin. It will draw on the concept of Comparative Experiences sociotechnical imaginaries to examine how the Parallel Panel Session 3, th future is imagined and theorised. Imagination Tuesday 7 September 2021, is a social process, shaped by situated practices 16:30-18:00 CEST and politics that infuses the cognitive, emotive, Chair: Valerie Luzadis and normative to generate new ideas or practices not known in the present. Imaginaries ID327. influence environmental governance through delineating the boundaries of how and issue The anticipatory governance of food and its possible solutions are framed, to invoke system transformations: an analysis images of how the world ‘ought to be’. The of the governance-literacy of politics of imaginaries comes into play when we foresight processes ask questions about which types of imaginary practices, and whose imagination of the future Karlijn Muiderman1, Monika Zurek2, Joost is embedded within decision-making Vervoort1, Aarti Gupta3, Saher Hasnain2, Peter processes. This paper directly connects to the Driessen1 Imagination and Anticipation theme within the 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. Earth Systems Governance Science Plan, and 2University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. will provide a framework to consider what 3Wageningen University, Wageningen, types of knowledge and practices are invoked Netherlands to imagine the future, and how those conceptualisations are embedded within This paper examines the ways in current governance practices and processes. which foresight processes inform policy making in food systems transformations.

Foresight is a label for a wide range of methods and tools such as modeling and scenarios

narratives. Such approaches engage with future change processes under uncertainty and complexity. The challenge of transforming food systems is a policy area in which foresight is considered particularly useful. Foresight methods and tools can take a wide range of possible drivers of changes to future food security into account, including changes to demography, economics, geopolitics, and climate and other environmental factors. In turn, foresight can help think about the steps needed to drive transformational change. Though foresight has long been used by policymakers and practitioners to support

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 171 Stream 4 – Anticipation and Imagination their decision making, now it is increasingly ID349. taking center stage in sustainability theory and practice. However, there is a lack of research Imagining positive futures for into the anticipatory steering effects of nature in an co-creative process – foresight onto decision-making processes on the new IPBES Scenarios on Nature food systems. Foresight practitioners often do not offer comprehensive investigations of how Machteld Schoolenberg1,2, Marco Immovilli1,3, foresight is seen to impact policy and Sylvia Karlsson-Vinkhuysen governance processes, and/or what the 1PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment political implications of their engagement with Agency, The Hague, Netherlands. the future are. Responding to this gap, 2Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on this paper applies a novel analytical Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), framework for analyzing links between Bonn, Germany. 3Wageningen University, foresight and policy. This framework identifies Wageningen, Netherlands four distinct ideal-typical approaches to anticipation and anticipatory governance are Scenarios are tools for imagining future identified, which differ in their conception of directions for governing complex problems. In the future and implications for actions to be developing directions for the new, post-2020 taken in the present. Developing and applying Global Framework for Biodiversity under the this framework, we examine the extent to Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), which, and how, foresight practitioners scenario-analysis plays an important role in proactively and explicitly engage with the informing parties. Up till now many scenarios policy and governance context in which they narratives are developed by the climate change hope to intervene. To do this, we analyse the community and further analyzed for Foresight4Food initiative, which is a network biodiversity. This has certain shortcomings initiative of international foresight from a nature perspective. Therefore, since practitioners working on food systems 2016, the IPBES Expert group on Scenarios and transformation. We surveyed their foresight Models (now Task Force) is developing a new community and used results as the starting set of scenarios for the future of nature. The point for an in-depth multi-stakeholder main objective is to identify alternative exploration of foresight-policy links in a pathways towards improving biodiversity and workshop setting. Based on these results, the ecosystem services while also achieving other paper offers comprehensive insights into how international goals and targets. The ultimate foresight practitioners understand policy aim is to establish ‘community scenarios’ for guidance, where such perspectives are researchers applying scenario-methods across incomplete or limited, and how integration a range of disciplines, to provide a common between foresight and policy might be and strengthened basis for future IPBES improved in a way that is sensitive to the assessments to inform decision-making on politics of futures. The paper contributes to the nature. conference stream ‘anticipation and imagination’ and to the Task Force on Conceptual Foundations of Earth System Governance.

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Using stakeholder workshops and ID526. consultations, we have captured a continuum of different future visions for nature. These Unbounding the future: A have been based on promising examples of framework for more reflexive use of local initiatives (‘seeds’) that, if extrapolated, scenarios in sustainability science would result in positive futures for nature and people. From these visions a triangular value Anita Lazurko space emerged, the nature’s future School of Environment, Resources, and framework, encompassing how stakeholders Sustainability, University of Waterloo, value nature from different perspectives: Waterloo, Canada Nature for nature, where nature is intrinsically valued; Nature as culture, where people Sustainability scientists are increasingly consider themselves as part of nature, and concerned with overcoming path dependence nature as part of their culture; and Nature for in pursuit of transformative change. Processes society, where nature is seen as a useful of anticipation – often centering the use of resource. A next step in this process is to co- scenarios – are important for imagining and create with stakeholders, full scenario governing the complexities of transformation, narratives of these ‘nature futures’, including including the interplay of persistence and existing mechanisms and which interventions change across scales (ref 2). These anticipatory and (behavioral) changes are needed to processes influence the future in various ways, achieve these visions, anticipating restricting such as by informing strategic decision making factors. We will present the outcomes of and and creating transformative spaces where next steps in work, as well as reflect on the participants learn and deliberate over multiple context, politics and power-relations in this framings and interests (ref 3). participatory process. Furthermore, we will present an application of the nature’s future Despite this explicit orientation toward impact framework to two alternative scenarios for in the present, scenario practice has been biodiversity and ecosystem services that have relatively uncritical of the impact of scenario been formulated by PBL Netherlands framing or method on outcomes (ref 4). Environmental Assessment Agency in support Anticipatory governance researchers are for the development of the Post-2020 Strategic addressing this gap by connecting different Plan of the CBD. We have used the framework types of anticipation to their present political to make considerations on how equity, justice, implications (ref 5). However, sustainability power and values of nature influence political scientists still face numerous practical choices decision-making with regard to biodiversity that delimit the range of future conditions governance. discussed and reflected in scenario processes. What is the purpose? Who is involved? How

are uncertainties elicited? Are they modelled? Do the scenarios consider top-down or

bottom-up change? What epistemological lens underpins the process? The way these choices

implicitly and explicitly delimit the future may reinforce or challenge assumptions about the future in ways that impact transformation.

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In this paper, I present a novel framework that Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, aims to enable more reflexive use of scenarios SP, Brazil in sustainability science in the context of transformative change. This initial framework Reaching sustainable and just futures for was developed through an abductive process people and nature requires tackling complex from literature on critical systems thinking, social-ecological challenges across multiple social-ecological systems, and transformation. scales, from local to global. Pathways towards The framework will be refined through a mixed such futures are largely driven by people’s method review of peer-reviewed social- decisions and actions, underpinned by multiple ecological scenario case studies, including types of motivations and values. Thus, statistical meta-analysis. The framework understanding the link between potential characterizes the implicit and explicit choices futures and the values underpinning them involved in scenario processes as boundary represents a key question of current judgements (ref 6) and relates different sustainability research, recently embraced by boundary judgements to theories of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform transformation. For example, scenarios for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services bounded by consensus-oriented, positivist (IPBES). Particularly the understanding of rationalities may generate status quo causal chains leading from values to futures scenarios, while deliberative, pluralist across different contexts and scales is vital to rationalities may generate greater scenario identify which sustainability pathways to diversity (ref 7). Similarly, scenarios derived collectively pursue. In this study, we build on a from exogenous uncertainties help mitigate transdisciplinary knowledge co-creation risks to existing systems (ref 8), while process in an array of local case studies in expanding scenarios to include endogenous protected areas in the Czechia (Central change can reveal sources of novelty for Europe). We apply a novel combination of two transformation (ref 9). recently introduced frameworks, namely the Life Framework of Values and the Three ID635. Horizons framework, in an innovative value- based participatory scenario building process Linking multiple values of nature to explore the relationships between (1) with future impacts: Value-based multiple types of values, (2) actions taken by participatory scenario development different types of stakeholders, and (3) their for sustainable landscape potential impacts on nature, nature’s governance contributions to people (including ecosystem services) and good quality of life. The resulting Zuzana V. Harmackova1,2, Linda Blättler3, Ana local-scale value-based pathways show the Paula D. Aguiar2,4, Jan Daněk1, Petr Krpec1, complex relationship between multiple types Davina Vačkářová1 of values for nature and potential future trajectories, as well as potential gaps between 1CzechGlobe, Prague, Czech Republic. stakeholders’ actions and their perceived 2Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm impacts. Specifically, the results illustrate how University, Stockholm, Sweden. 3Faculty of the approach of value-based participatory Humanities, Charles University in Prague, futures exploration helps surface diversions Prague, Czech Republic. 4National Institute for among stakeholders key for sustainable

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landscape governance, including the issues of However, what is less clear is the multiple community engagement, landscape forms this process of intertwining can take. In management, education, protected landscape this paper I therefore offer an exploration of area conservation, water management and the ways in which future, present and past tourism. Furthermore, the resulting pathways tangle and untangle. highlight the role of power relations and inequality in deciding which types of values get I do so in particular through consideration of realized in the form of tangible actions, the question of how anticipation of a low- influencing the future of nature, nature’s carbon future gives shape to what must contributions to people and good quality of life. disappear. There has been a growing interest Finally, we reflect on the utility of value-based both within and beyond the ESG community in participatory scenario planning as a means to what needs to emerge in order to tackle strengthen sustainable governance. We society’s most complex problems: new highlight that if participatory deliberation of technologies, new decision-making processes, values is to support decision-making processes, new economic and social relations. There is, its design needs to carefully reflect local however, a dearth of research that addresses context and institutional set-up. the question of what happens with the old, and how processes of ‘unmaking’ what already exists are given shape in anticipation of a lower-carbon future. Panel ID 403 Sustainability Transformations: By shifting the focus from new to old, I seek to The Role of Anticipation and explore how future, past and present become Imagination entangled in this process of unmaking. In such a view moments of flux are those where high- Parallel Panel Session 6, carbon materials infrastructures pivot from Wednesday 8th September 2021, 17:00-18:30 CEST being deemed desirable to undesirable; and where social, economic, political and material Chair: Manjana Milkoreit relations pivot from maintaining such infrastructures, to seeking to enact their ID128. unmaking. My starting point is thus that the anticipated phase out of high-carbon Anticipating disappearance? A infrastructures is not a passive process of loss conceptual exploration of how or disappearance, but requires an active, and anticipating the future shapes the contested, process of ‘unmaking’ the unmaking of the present. sociomaterial relations sustained through them. This raises a number of questions around Bregje van Veelen how this shift from maintenance to unmaking Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom is given form; by whom; and to what effect. Of particular interest here is how this shift is given It is now well-accepted in anticipatory form through acts of anticipating the future. governance research and affiliated fields that the future is not an open space, but is deeply In exploring these shifts, this paper thus offers intertwined with the past and present. new insights into the ‘anticipation of

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disappearance’: the connections between i) characterized and tested a diverse range of temporal entanglement (of future, present and processes that are meaningful for building past) and acts of unmaking, and how these imagination capacity to support connections shape how opportunities for transformations, ii) demonstrated the change are opened up or foreclosed. inseparability of power and participation from acts of imagining alternative futures, and iii) ID293. begun to highlight the challenges of expressing and communicating that which is imagined for Imagining Transformation – End the future. Based on this effort to synthesize states, pathways and obstacles existing knowledge across diverse disciplines, our aspiration is to develop an interdisciplinary 1 Manjana Milkoreit2 Michele-Lee Moore , research agenda that is able to inform and 1Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm support ongoing efforts to contribute to University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2Purdue transformations to sustainability, especially University, West Lafayette, USA with a view to developing collective imaginative capacities, and thus, we conclude The ability of individuals and groups to with this agenda. generate, explore, assess, and pursue alternative possible futures is an essential ID441. component of being able to deliberately and collectively move towards a sustainable and Toward a theory of discursive just path into the future. Therefore, isomorphism: examining the failure transformation processes inevitably require of imagination in the design of imagination and we contend that the existence pathways to sustainability (or lack) and development of imagination capacity within current systems of governance Sarah Burch and power will play a crucial role in shaping University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada societies’ responses to their current sustainability challenges. In the specific context Escalating social movements, civil of transformation, we refer to imagination as disobedience, and global treaty-making linked cognitive and social processes that processes might convey the impression that create representations of possible future states the challenges presented by climate change of the world that can inform and guide public and sustainability are being met with ambitious deliberation, policy, decision making and action. Evidence of continuous growth in global behavior from the individual to the global greenhouse gas emissions, paired with scale. For both concepts - imagination and fragmented and piecemeal sustainability transformation - diverse but disconnected experiments, however, suggest otherwise. We insights have been generated across multiple find ourselves in need of a radical and collective disciplines ranging from cognitive science to reimagining: how should power be distributed, futures studies, political science, modern resources shared, and costs divided in our literature, and ecology. In this paper, we communities and economies in light of the explore these two concepts and scope the sustainability imperative? terrain of current research at their intersection. Our findings show that existing scholarship has:

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Widely held and frequently perpetuated ID640. storylines, however, reinforce the palatability and prudence of incremental shifts, such as Sustainability as a new global narratives in support of “green consumption”, rationality? A systems-theoretical the unbearable costs associated with and concept-historical analysis decarbonization, and the loss of identities linked to resource extraction. These discourses Marco Billi1, Gonzalo Bustamante2, Germán hold power: the ways that we make sense of Marchant3 the environment, and ascribe social meaning to 1Center for Climate and Resilience Research, it, will ultimately shape the universe of Santiago, Chile. 2Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, sustainability solutions that are perceived to be Peñalolén, Chile. 3Universidad de Chile, feasible, desirable, and equitable. Santiago, Chile

This paper takes the first steps toward building The notion of ‘transformation’ has been a new theory, discursive isomorphism, that gaining strength as one of the key concepts to elucidates the process by which sustainability think about sustainability. However, when discourses evolve, or are actively manipulated, inquiring about the 'transformation' of society, to mimic status quo power dynamics and slow there immediately appears the problem of how the process of deep decarbonization. Drawing to articulate the facticity of the transformation inspiration from early insights into institutional (understood as a profound mutation in the isomorphism, in which coercive, mimetic, and mechanisms of production and reproduction of normative processes result in institutions that the social) and the semantics of transformation are increasingly similar, this paper explores the (the use of concepts linked to the idea of implications of discursive isomorphism for transformation either for descriptive or imaginative, anticipatory governance in a prescriptive purposes). This presentation starts rapidly changing climate. This paper is purely from the premise that there is a dialectical conceptual, aiming to lay the theoretical relationship between both dimensions of foundations for future empirical work that transformation, in the sense that where a employs visioning processes, transdisciplinary mutation in societal structures will tend to knowledge co-production, and other tools to produce changes in the semantics used to spark transformative thinking on sustainability describe society itself and its environment, at the community scale. semantic innovations can in turn catalyze changes at the structural level of society, by

making possible the communicative processing of what would otherwise be an inaccessible communicative paradox. To study this dialectical relationship, the historical emergence of the concept of sustainability is explored in order to reveal the paradox that underlies its genesis and the semantic innovation that allows it to make this paradox communicable. By this means, the paper will elucidate the horizon of meaning that makes possible the conceptualization of the concept

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of sustainability, and that defines and action therefore focus on dealing with its conditions its possible communicative uses. consequences, or is there still room to prevent The success of this concept will be explained on this lock-in, thus meriting a continued focus on the grounds of its ability to constantly oscillate climate mitigation? How actors deal with this between cognitive and normative question illuminates a necessary but manifestations, and between indicative and overlooked step in turning climate change from reflective modalities. On this basis, we will an abstract scientific reality into political unfold the performative effects of the action. emergence of the concept of sustainability in the reproduction of scientific and political This paper therefore examines how climate communication, as well as in its interface, and movement activists try to answer this question. the possibility that the semantics of To do so, the paper introduces insights from sustainability can promote the emergence of a science and technology studies (STS) into social 'regime of sustainability ', an emerging movements studies (SMS). The paper explores, structural order focused on the coordination of firstly, how climate activists select information processes and institutions that operate at to develop their notion of the climate crisis and multiple scales and domains with a view to the responses this merits from the dizzying governing the present and future of the world mountain of climate science available. What at the planetary level. Final reflections will sources and selection criteria do they use, and concern the possible derivations of such a how do they deal with contradictory regime as well as the political and ethical information? Secondly, it explores how challenges it entails. selected information is used to develop particular visions. In particular, it examines this ID531. process in relation to movements’ other vital tasks, such as the setting of goals and Deciding whether it’s too late: strategizing. Are visions developed based on Competing visions in the climate their scientific credentials, or rather to support movement pre-existing goals and strategies? How are scientific arguments mobilized or neglected to Joost de Moor, Jens Marquardt advance a desirable vision of society? Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Empirically, the paper draws on an in-depth investigation of climate activism in four Despite a widespread consensus among European cities: Malmö, Hamburg, Antwerp climate scientists on manmade climate change, and Bristol. It shows that climate movements climate science is still a highly contested field. have the difficult task of selecting, assessing The discipline provides evidence to argue that and integrating contradictory climate there is still time to meaningfully mitigate scenarios. Movements adopt multiple climate change. At the same time, climate imaginaries across different movement spaces science offers support for scenarios in which and functions, and engage in the co-production we are already locked in to a ‘runaway climate of sociotechnical imaginaries that do not change’ scenario. Anyone eager to engage in necessarily align with personal believes about climate action faces a fundamental yet likely scenarios, but rather support the seemingly unanswerable question: is it already advancement of desirable scenarios. too late to mitigate climate change, and should

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Desirability is not only based on a desire to be at, from an anthropological point of view at able imagine just and sustainable futures, but local actors and structures, at media or also to paint social movements as actors with imaginations within the scientific community. agency. We ask: Under which conditions do different visions of the future emerge and break down this question into two phases of coding. First, Panel ID 405 the particular visions will be assessed by Anticipatory governance: climate looking at agency (who influences the future futures and the what degree), time (“when” is this Parallel Panel Session 7, future that is envisioned), scope (is the future Thursday 9th September 2021, of local, national, or global extent), the 8:30-10:00 CEST particular reference to climate change (water, biodiversity, human survival etc.), and the Chair: Jeroen Oomen normative evaluation of this future. In a second ID156. phase, the responsibilities associated with the imagination will be assessed, again along a set Constructing Climate Futures in of pre-determined categories, namely who is Global Negotiations held responsibility to take action, when this action is due, what the particular scope of the Miriam Prys-Hansen action is, how the attribution of responsibility is justified, and which particular solutions are GIGA German Institute of Global and Area advocated. As said, above, in this paper we Studies, Hamburg, Germany analyse the foreign policy discourses of This paper introduces a hermeneutic selected state actors, assuming that without framework (and its application) to assess state action, no sufficient global climate policy across scales the climate futures actors within can be developed. We introduce two in-depth the global climate regime, and beyond, country studies, India and Germany, for which imagine. These imaginations, including we initially coded UNFCCC statements, perceptions, predictions, scenarios and submissions, and foreign policy statements and decisions, are important as they define the other documents relating to climate change scope within which action is plausible and since 1990. In the latter part of the paper we within which responsibilities for action are will link our results to those of other ascribed. The paper is part of a larger project researchers within our group that study local, that aims to assess empirically how different media and scientific discourses on the same actors imagine climate futures and to develop subject in the same two countries and see how more general ideas about how these actors and ideas travel or not across scales and place. ideas are connected to form (or not to form) a global network of discourses. We argue that, however different, aspects of these visions can be compared if we follow a joint hermeneutic scheme. This paper deals with visions for global governance formulated as part of foreign- policy making, while other team members look

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ID408. To meet this objective, we analyze by combining document analysis and semi- Anticipating low carbon futures: a directive interviews (with modelers, comparison of modeling independent consultants, public agencies and ecosystems’ contribution to administrations) four national case studies in national long-term climate strategy which models have been used to support the development of low carbon strategies: France Christophe Cassen, Franck Lecocq, Alain Nadaï (Second National Low Carbon Strategy, 2018), Sweden (Climate Act, 2017), Brazil (NDC, 2015), CNRS-CIRED, Paris, France and the USA (Mid-century Strategy for Deep Decarbonization, 2016). Countries are increasingly committing to deep decarbonisation objectives (such as “factor The comparison of the case studies four” or increasingly “net zero” or “carbon (chronology, organization, process, outcomes) neutrality”), beyond international obligations allows highlighting a set of valuable lessons for (e.g the regular update of National Determined the modeling of NDC and low carbon strategies Contributions). To do so, countries prepare on different scales, horizon, settings and with deep-decarbonization strategies (DDS). different objectives. We find that each country adopted specific institutions and modalities of Preparing these documents constitutes a interactions between modelers and challenge for two reasons. First, these low stakeholders in the definition of scenarios and carbon objectives require major changes in their evaluation. These modeling ecosystems production and consumption patterns across are dependent upon a range of factors (habits all economic sectors at very rapid pace. and practices to use these models by public Second, 2030, let alone 2050, is an unusually administrations, dedicated fora gathering long time horizon for policy-making, where the stakeholders and modelers etc). The type of “long term” is no farther than a few years insights the array of models provide to the ahead. policy process is critical especially for the mid- century strategies. Analyzing the functioning of Numerical models are increasingly used to these ecosystems allows for not only capturing inform the construction of DDS, in particular to the adequacy between the use models and the check that DDS are a credible way to reach the institutional context, but also envisaging stated mitigation objective. The objective of improvements in those fields. this paper is to explore how models currently meet this challenge, and to draw insights on how they might be improved to this regard. The question touches not only the technical structure of individual models, but also the way different models exchange with each other, and how models and modelers interact with stakeholders and with policymakers. The policy-making process of which models and modelers are part is thus as important to our study as the technical structure of these tools.

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ID656. negative emissions technologies (NETs), gains traction in policy circles despite being largely Persuasive Pathways: How IAM speculative and projective. Our preliminary projections become performative findings suggest a sequence of mutually legitimizing interactions between modelling Lisette van Beek, Jeroen Oomen and policy around the feasibility of the 1.5°C. Importantly, this sequential legitimization Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands relied on the material and organizational The climate crisis necessitates a transformation capacities of the IAM community as well as towards a post-carbon society. As such, there is reinforcing dynamics between modelling and increasing demand for projected and imagined global climate politics. In short, IAM pathways that can help steer this projections play a critical role in the perception transformation. Currently, some of the most of the 1.5°C goal as feasible, and the 1.5°C goal prominent and influential explorations are legitimized the increasing reliance on conducted through Integrated Assessment speculative IAM modelers projections. We Models (IAMs). Such IAMs are computer critically reflect on the persuasiveness of IAM simulations that simulate complex interactions pathways in shaping the range of possible between societal processes and the climate futures that are imagined in global climate system, used to project pathways into the politics. future. A growing field of IAMs are used in the construction of scenarios compatible with the ID323. politically agreed-upon 1.5°C and 2°C The anticipatory steering of climate temperature goals. Recent scholarship indicates that such scenarios have a ‘world- futures: an analysis of how making power’ (Beck & Mahony, 2018): they processes of anticipation inform don’t just describe possible futures, but climate policy making in West Africa actively shape the deliberation and decisions- Karlijn Muiderman making of political actors. However, the sequential social processes through which IAM Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. pathways become persuasive – and hence Wageningen University, Wageningen, socially performative – remain poorly Netherlands understood. Drawing on the ‘Techniques of Futuring’ (ToF) concept, defined as “practices This paper analyses how processes and bringing together actors around one or more practices of anticipation (such as modelling or imagined futures and through which actors scenario-building) inform climate policy come to share particular orientations for making in West Africa, one of the world’s most action” (Hajer & Pelzer, 2018, p. 225), we zoom climate vulnerable regions. The West African in on precisely this question: the capacity of the region is faced with extreme climatic changes, IAM community to render their models’ high uncertainty concerning the direction of projections of the future persuasive, and hence change, and weak socio-economic and socially performative. Reconstructing science- governance conditions that limit adaptation. policy interactions around the Special Report Policy makers and other stakeholders in these on 1.5°C (IPCC, 2018), we focus on how one regions are increasingly looking to engage with particular set of mitigation alternatives, anticipatory approaches to support policy

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 181 Stream 4 – Anticipation and Imagination formulation in the face of future climate ID646. uncertainty and complexity. There is, however, a major research gap regarding the Not just playing: Designing steering effects of these anticipation processes simulation game processes for on the policy and governance processes they impact on anticipatory climate are meant to guide. ‘Anticipatory governance’ governance is a concept that can be used to understand how anticipation processes relate to Joost M. Vervoort1, Manjana Milkoreit2, Lisette governance and policy making. A research van Beek1, Astrid Mangnus1, David Farrell3, agenda has been put forward recently by the Steven R McGreevy4, Kazuhiko Ota4, Christoph authors of this paper, within which an Rupprecht4, Jason Reed5, Matthew Huber5 analytical framework is developed to examine 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. the ways in which anticipation processes 2University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 3Glasgow influence policy action in the present. This Caledonian Univwersity, Glasgow, United framework identifies four distinct ideal-typical Kingdom. 4Research Institute for Humanity and approaches to anticipation and anticipatory Nature, Kyoto, Japan. 5Purdue University, West governance, which differ in their conception of Lafayette, USA the future and implications for actions to be taken in the present. This paper offers the first Simulation games are increasingly popular empirical application of this analytical tools for opening up future imaginaries, framework to a specific case. First, we apply especially in the arena of sustainability policy- the framework to analyse how anticipatory making and decision support. However, there processes influence policy formulation in West is a lack of understanding regarding the Africa. Next, we examine how potential power of games in anticipatory conceptualizations of the future, as they are governance. We argue that the utility of embedded in anticipation processes, are seen simulation games in support of anticipatory to impact policy choices in the present. We sustainability governance can be greatly conclude that while many anticipation increased when game processes are processes aim to engage with policy makers in consciously designed to impact present day a new mode, namely ‘navigating plausible planning and action. At the same time, game futures’, ultimately such processes are designers with the intention to support or primarily integrated with policy in a pre- intervene in governance and policy-making existing mode of ‘assessing probable futures’. inevitably enter political arenas and bear Such integration limits full engagement with responsibility for understanding and managing future uncertainties in policy processes, and their influence at the science-policy interface. points to the need to move beyond single We develop principles for the design and anticipation interventions and examine how evaluation of simulation games that seek to fundamental perspectives on the future among impact anticipatory climate governance, policy makers might be opened up. This paying particular attention to (1) the enablers paper contributes to the conference stream and constraints of game design processes and ‘anticipation and imagination’ and the Task ultimately the imaginaries co-created between Force on Conceptual Foundations of Earth game designers and players, and (2) the System Governance. political implications and sensitivities of design choices and game play. We present two case

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studies as illustrations: a game focused on the workshop, participants built five distinct visions exploration and imagination of the global for the future of their community around the impacts of climate tipping points aimed at themes of transportation, heat resilience, flood participants of the global climate negotiation resilience, equity district, and green community and a game simulating a gentrification. As part of this process, sustainable food policy council with food participants identified dozens of specific system actors in Kyoto, Japan. Each case study strategies to build a more desirable future that represents a specific logic for translating game might go from increasing greenspace to play into real-world impacts at different changing governance structures. The strategies governance scales with distinct political that were incorporated into the scenario implications. visions came from different sources and were modified and recombined through the scenario process. First, the workshop took inspiration from strategies identified in the city’s Panel ID 406 governance documents. Second, we surveyed Governing Socio-Ecological practitioners prior to the workshop. Third, Systems: Roles for Foresight, during the scenario workshops, participants Games and Scenarios selected favorites, added new ones, and Parallel Panel Session 6, discarded other ones. Finally, participants Wednesday 8th September 2021, ranked strategies in a follow-up workshop 17:00-18:30 CEST using a Q-sort methodology. This article compares how the prioritization of strategies Chair: Anita Lazurko changed before, during, and after the scenarios workshop and explores what participants felt ID382. was more doable, transformative, and suitable Tell me what you want, what you to fulfill their visions for a better future. really, really want: comparing ID585. practitioner-identified strategies before, during, and after scenario Mobilizing Post-Paris Climate Action workshops through the Nationally Determined

Marta Berbes-Blazquez1, Yeowon Kim1, Contribution (NDC): Logics and Elizabeth Cook2, Paul Coseo1, Nancy B Grimm1, Practices of Government David M Iwaniec3 Maria Jernnäs 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. 2Barnard College, New York, USA. 3Georgia Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, State University, Atlanta, USA Linköping, Sweden

Scenarios reveal the visions, hopes and desires The Paris Agreement places states’ Nationally of citizens. We conducted scenario workshops Determined Contributions (NDCs) at the center in South Phoenix (AZ, USA) to envision positive of global climate politics. Based on notions of futures for this traditionally underserved area complementarity (adding pledges together will of the city. During the participatory scenario result in positive sum) and pragmatism (all

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parties do what they deem feasible), the NDC governing through the NDC is justified and the design epitomizes the idea of a world in flux infrastructures that aim to facilitate the where networked solutions based on functioning of the NDC. The empirical material partnerships and voluntary commitments includes state submissions to the negotiations prevail. Scholars have engaged with the NDCs on the NDC design under the Ad Hoc Working in multiple ways: aggregating emissions Group on the Paris Agreement (APA agenda reductions, assessing their fairness and equity, item 3), COP decisions, and UNFCCC reports, as and studying the discursive delineation of well as an examination of the NDC climate change as a political problem. While ‘infrastructure,’ including the NDC registry, suggesting, for instance, how monitoring can events aiming to facilitate grater NDC ambition be made more efficient and legitimacy can be (e.g., the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit), and enhanced indeed provide important public online tracking tools, such as the Climate contributions to the global government of Action Tracker. climate change, these lines of inquiry largely stay within the confines of the institutionalized ID375. regime. In contrast, this study aims to bring analytical clarity to the logic(s) that inform From ‘gamergate’ to ‘streaming for governing under the Paris Agreement. Taking a Bernie’: investigating the influence step back, the NDC is examined not in terms of of game-based media on the politics its content on sectoral coverage, quantified of sustainability futures emission reduction targets, or problem- descriptions, but as an instrument for Joost Vervoort governing climate conduct in the post-Paris Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. regime. While the NDC design converges quite University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. clearly with the previously identified turn Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, toward soft and networked modes of Kyoto, Japan governing inspired by a neo-liberal market logic, what is interesting here are the This paper presents an analysis, based on a seemingly paradoxical narratives and practices number of international cases, of how digital all made to fit under the Paris regime: national game-based media shape the politics of determination is countered with international sustainability futures. Digital games have long review; encouragements of diverse and eclipsed other media in terms of public disperse initiatives are accompanied by an engagement, with the biggest games seeing apparent need to quantify, calculate, and on-going engagement by hundreds of millions aggregate; and stories of a worldwide of players. In addition, many such games have momentum of climate action are contrasted by spawned entire ecosystems of secondary reports on the alarming ‘emissions gap.’ media, including live players (‘streamers’), Engaging with these puzzling narratives of our YouTube celebrities, and many forms of online climate present, this study examines the communication among game players. Games rationalities that inform governing through the and their support ecosystems have become key NDC and how this mode of governing spatially platforms for the development of political orders global climate politics. Drawing on networks and the shaping of political discourse Foucauldian governmentality studies, the – with reactionary or far-right examples being paper analyses the discourses through which more prominent, including anti-inclusivity and

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 184 Stream 4 – Anticipation and Imagination climate denial movements. On the other hand, Panel ID 17 more pro-sustainability, progressive Anticipatory Governance and movements are also forming around game media. Such movements have demonstrable Knowledge Systems for Urban links to political activities and voter groups and Resilience can therefore be seen as an influence on Parallel Panel Session 8, th sustainability politics. Civil society groups have Thursday 9 September 2021, sought to harness this political potential, 15:30-17:00 CEST sometimes with notable national and Chair: Robert Hobbins international political success. Discussant: James Patterson

However, little is understood about how the ID360. features of games and their communities and media ecosystems work to shape political Beyond Bouncing Back? Comparing engagement across the spectrum – what and Contesting Urban Resilience in sustainability-relevant futures are imagined in US and Latin American Contexts these game worlds, and in what ways are these worlds relevant to the shaping of political Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson1, Sara Meerow2, resources and attractiveness to different types Robert Hobbins3, Allain Barnett4, Marta Berbés- of publics? How do their rules of interaction Blázquez5, Elizabeth Cook6, Jan Cordero5, engage and foster online communities? What Changdeok Gim7, Nancy Grimm8, David are the pathways to political action? And what Iwaniec9, Thaddeus R. Miller5, Agustín Robles10, are future directions for such links between Fernando Tandazo-Bustamante10 games and political movements? This paper 1USDA Forest Service International Institute of presents novel research spanning 30 Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, USA. 2School of international case studies with specific Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, relevance to the politics of sustainability Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 3School futures. It offers a novel, integrated framework of Sustainability, Tempe, USA. 4School of that complements recent work in the Earth International and Public Affairs, Florida System Governance community around the International University, Miami, USA. 5School Anticipation and Imagination theme, for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona specifically anticipatory governance, with State University, Tempe, USA. 6Environmental political resource theory, media-public Science, Barnard Colledge, New York City, USA. influence theory, and agenda-setting theory. 7Department of Informatics, University of We conclude that the affordances and California, Irvine, Irvine, USA. 8School of Life structuring of game-based media play an Sciences, Tempe, USA. 9Andrew Young School important role in creating the modes in which of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, key global demographics engage with the Atlanta, USA. 10Departamento de Ciencias del politics of sustainability futures. Understanding Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico these new, dominant media ecosystems offers de Sonora, Obregón, Mexico key insights for tackling the challenges and harnessing the opportunities that they offer for Urban resilience has gained popularity in public engagement. planning and policy to develop capacity to cope with climate change. Yet, while many studies

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 185 Stream 4 – Anticipation and Imagination address academic definitions of resilience, little ID370. attention has been given to how resilience is conceptualized across different urban contexts Anticipatory and smart knowledge and actors that engage in building resilience systems for coastal resilience ‘on the ground’. Given the implications that resilience framings can have on governance Mathieu Feagan1, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson2, and the solutions that are pursued (and on who Robert Hobbins3 benefits from them), it is important to examine 1SFIS, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. the degree to which urban resilience framings 2International Institute of Tropical Forestry, promote transformative change in practice. In USDA Forest Service, San Juan, USA. 3School of this paper, we use data from a survey of nine Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, US and Latin American cities to explore how USA resilience is framed across multiple governance sectors, including government, civic, business, Faced with the increased severity and research, and hybrid organizations. We frequency of extreme weather events, coastal examine these framings with respect to recent cities are challenged with making decisions conceptual developments and tensions found now to prepare for an uncertain future, in the resilience literature, including resilience including pressures from rising seas, more as a system property, outcome, or process; intense storms, and riverine flooding. resilience as response to shocks and stresses; Addressing these pressures likely entails different pathways of change (resistance, comprehensive and well-coordinated urban “bouncing back”, coping, “bouncing forward”, resilience strategies across different areas of transformation); the relationship between expertise—from resilient infrastructure to resilience and sustainability; and social- disaster preparation and response, and from ecological-technological systems (SETS); and finance to social equity. To help cities respond equity perspectives in resilience. The results in innovative ways to the complexity of this highlight that, in general, resilience framings situation, we developed an approach to engage converge more with traditional, engineering- with coastal communities in Miami, San Juan, based definitions of resilience as a system and Baltimore in a deliberative planning property enabling a city’s ability to resist, cope process to understand how a virtual knowledge with, or “bounce back” to previous conditions. platform might meet needs for greater coastal Sustainability, equity, and SETS perspectives flood resilience. In each city, we assembled an remain weakly associated with resilience. interdisciplinary team of scholars to engage Noticeable differences across cities and data experts, municipal officials, civic actors, governance actors suggest geographic and and not-for-profit community leaders in a political variations in the way resilience is series of online and face-to-face Innovation conceptualized. We unpack these differences Dialogues and Labs, to strengthen local and discuss their implications for improving knowledge systems through explorations of resilience research and practice. We argue that different types of data and tools while if resilience is going to remain a major goal for strengthening community-municipality social urban planning and policy into the future, it networks and creating conditions for cross-city needs to be conceived in a more dialogue, support, and learning. Based on transformative, anticipatory, and equitable principles of knowledge co-production and way, acknowledging interconnected SETS. building from existing assets, practices and

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relations, our planning process has led to a new knowledge usable for environmental decision- prototype for integrating data visualization making, a persistent gap still remains in tools with a wide range of actors and use cases understanding the interactions and trade-offs for urban resilience work in each of the three between drivers of usability – especially for the cities. Not only do we re-situate the role of highly political decision-making context of visualization, smart systems, and data urban climate adaptation. This paper helps to communication tools within urban resilience bridge this gap by developing a conceptual planning and transition management, but we framework for usable knowledge for also identify key gaps and opportunities in the anticipatory urban climate adaptation literature in how (1) little attention is paid to decision-making while offering practical co-producing knowledge systems as a strategies that professionals can employ to resilience and adaptation strategy; (2) there is increase knowledge uptake. Our study goes a need to examine existing knowledge systems beyond identifying drivers of usability by functioning and capacities for anticipatory and additionally asking how knowledge usability is transitions governance; and (3) there is a need affected by the trade-offs and dynamics to better understand coastal flood risks and between drivers. Our Climate Knowledge potential solutions in terms of changing the Usability model builds off of previous social-technical conditions that would allow conceptual frameworks of knowledge usability such data to be meaningful, widely-used, and developed in the literature including notions of effective. salience, credibility, legitimacy, interaction of distinct knowledge systems, and knowledge ID385. co-production. In this paper we present a synthesis of findings from a mix-method Usable and Anticipatory Knowledge approach that includes stakeholder surveys, for Urban Climate Adaptation participatory workshops, and interviews with key informants in the Miami area – an area 1 Tischa A Muñoz-Erickson2, Robert J Hobbins , prone to extreme coastal and urban floods. Mathieu Feagan3, Clark A Miller3 Representatives from both civic and 1Arizona State University School of governmental organizations were invited to Sustainability, Tempe, USA. 2USDA Forest participate. Our new conceptual model is Service International Institute of Tropical largely consistent with prior research with a Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3Arizona State few notable modifications. Among these, we University School for the Future of Innovation in find that accessibility (e.g. multilingual, Society, Tempe, USA multiple formats, user-friendly, open-source, inclusive) and economic/political implications Cities across the world are making large play important roles in affecting knowledge investments in new infrastructure projects, usability. We then discuss the trade-offs and engaging in community adaptive capacity dynamics between the various components of building, and crafting new policies to adapt to our Climate Knowledge Usability model and future climate impacts. Demand for usable offer practical strategies for improving the knowledge to anticipate and guide these uptake of knowledge to anticipate and guide climate adaptation initiatives is growing rapidly urban climate adaptation decisions. in tandem. Despite significant theoretical and empirical scholarship on what makes ID432.

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Imagining the Unprecedented: risk storylines as a method for the evidence- Developing Climate Risk Storylines based construction of plausible future events, aiming to describe rather than quantify climate Liese Coulter, Suraje Dessai hazards. The paper reviews literature underpinning the storyline approach and University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom explores the research design process used in the H2020 funded RECEIPT project which is Climate risk storylines are emerging as a developing storylines across five sectors scientific method to explore what plausible significant for the EU. Each sector involves chain of climate conditions and weather events scientific leaders and societal partners to would lead to significant climate hazards, ensure stakeholder insights influence the including those that have not yet been research design through an element of co- observed. Risks associated with climate production. Storylines can complement impacts are increasingly being realised through approaches that frame uncertainty in terms of unprecedented events that disrupt every-day likelihood and quantities of change, which, on functions of social and natural systems. their own are difficult to interpret. Storylines Therefore, storylines that focus develop multiple event chains to address on the sequence of causes and uncertainty, showing possible evolutions of consequences underpinning climate related extreme weather events. Climate risk droughts, wildfires and floods are having storylines can be useful to inform immediate greater salience for decision-makers in policy decisions that affect adaptive planning, and planning. A better understanding of how preparations for emergency response, and severe weather events will unfold is needed to future outlooks requiring transformational offer realistic visions of the future affected by change. climate change, which challenges the imagination. Without personal memory of experience or cultural narratives as a foundation, guidance is needed to even imagine significant climate events that are now plausible. Climate risk storylines are being developed to address that need, based on causal chains founded in physics and backed up by simulations and models. Storyline research design can link analytic modes such as global climate models, localised hydrological models and simulations. With a focus on causal links, rather than on how likely something is to occur, these climate risk storylines consider social and economic drivers and vulnerabilities as well as climatic drivers and physical landscape processes. The resulting storyline narratives are communicated through words and visualisations to help decision-makers to better envision emerging climate risks. This paper discusses the development of climate

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Panel ID 408 communities and individuals displaced by Place attachment and climate climate change? If we have obligations, what do we owe to them? What is the moral displacement foundation for such obligations? Parallel Panel Session 9, th Thursday 9 September 2021, In response to these questions I argue that 17:15-19:00 CEST moral obligations to the displaced arise from Chair: Zuzana Harmackova normative presuppositions of the international state system understood as a social practice. A ID138. significant obstacle to addressing the challenges that arise in the context of territory Territorial Instability, Climate loss and uninhabitability is a failure to Displacement, and the Right to recognize how a shift in these empirical Exclude background conditions has normative implications for the state system. In particular, Simona M Capisani assumptions of territorial stability underlie Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, shared understanding of certain normative USA concepts which are foundational to the state system. With the onset of ecological instability, by the middle of this century many people will be at In this paper, I assume the empirical condition instability. risk of displacement due to anthropogenic of territorial In doing so, I identify a climate change. People may be compelled to basic right that has otherwise been overlooked migrate internally as well as across in conventional philosophical and political international borders. Low-lying islands are not theoretical arguments about immigration and the only territories at risk of becoming sovereignty. I argue that in light of its structure, uninhabitable. Notably, high temperatures, every person affected by the territorial state moral right to be somewhere coupled with increased air pollution due to system has the liveable desert dust, as well as prolonged duration of . My view contends that climate-based heat waves will make it difficult to sustain the displacement is a consequence of the way the populations that currently occupy territories in territorial state system is structured under the Middle East, North Africa, and Latin conditions of climate change. As such, I show America. Currently, seventeen American that the occurrence of displacement due to communities, mostly Indigenous communities, climate change places a moral constraint on are already displaced due to climate change- how states exercise certain rights, such as the related impacts. right to exclude, that are afforded by jurisdictional authority. These circumstances raise significant moral questions in addition to a range of political and legal challenges for the international community. Should international law protect people who are forced to leave their country of birth and citizenship due to the effects of climate change? Who has a responsibility to aid

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ID371. their proposals for shale gas were congruent with. By contrast, residents’ put forward Multiscalar Environmentalism and alternative constructions of the place as rural, Place Attachment in Contesting a undeveloped countryside. Residents also Local Shale Gas Proposal: The Case expressed connections and concerns beyond of Great Altcar, UK their immediate backyard of a multiscalar nature—both in terms of geographic and Stacia S Ryder, Patrick Devine-Wright governance scales. This builds upon existing literature which is beginning to explore the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom relationship between multiscalar place attachment and energy projects and has There is a growing body of literature that implications for how government and energy focuses on the relationship between sense of industry stakeholders might engage with place, place attachment and community communities where future energy projects are acceptance of energy projects and proposed. Furthermore, the research has technologies, particularly in the context of implications for whose visions and renewable energy. As this literature has imaginations are given life and the role that developed, it has worked to problematize power plays in what dominant visions of a previous literature on NIMBYism (Not In My future win out in certain spaces and places. Backyard) as a sufficient explanation for public opposition to planned energy development. Less research has been done on understanding ID380. public resistance and opposition to shale gas Towards a critical localisation of proposals, particularly in the UK. What literature does exist has been primarily the sustainability and resilience result of quantitative studies which have monitoring. An empirical call to glossed over the complex and intricate ways action from Medellín. that local communities object to shale gas Philipp A Ulbrich1,2, Jon Coaffee3,1, João Porto proposals at least in part as a result of their de Albuquerque2,1 relationship with a particular place, fears of disruptions or disturbances to that place, and 1Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, connections to their environment. Here, we University of Warwick, Coventry, United draw from semi-structured interviews with Kingdom. 2Warwick Institute for Global over 30 residents across neighbouring villages Sustainable Development, University of in Great Altcar and Formby (UK) to Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. demonstrate the relationship between place 3Department of Politics and International attachment, environmental connection and Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, public perceptions of and resistance to shale United Kingdom gas. We also rely on other ethnographic data collection efforts including participant Tracking progress is a key requirement for the observation, walking interviews and photo implementation of goal-setting governance elicitation. Our findings highlight ways that the frameworks such as the Sustainable industry operator attempted to legitimise their Development Goals, which are characterised proposals by characterising the local area as by their global and non-binding nature, their having a long history of oil extraction, which weak institutional arrangements and need for

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localisation. Conventionally, measurement of urban service provision and risk is not captured societal goals (e.g. related to development and by the existing measurement framework (e.g. risk) has been, and largely still is, perceived as based on measuring risk via historical mostly technical exercise related to enhancing exposure, or the assessing the efficiency of data veracity, quality, and availability as well as service operations). While this top-down the harmonised operationalisation of a set of conceptualisation and approach might reflect clearly (pre)-defined variables. However, the the reality of wealthier neighbourhoods, the conceptual move towards combining use of such indicator sets, without sustainability with development, as well as risk contextualisation, may perpetuate intra-urban management with resilience, has led to inequalities and reduce the opportunities for contestation of the transformative potential of community-led risk mitigation, adaption and goal-setting governance and calls for critical empowerment. This paper thus serves as an approaches to monitoring that ask what they empirical example illustrating the need to go do on the ground in relation to socio-spatial beyond uncritical measurement approaches, equity and inclusion. Residents of marginalised exclusively driven by technical feasibility and urban neighbourhoods deal with multiple outlines requirements for a dialogical approach spatial intersecting inequalities, which may not to SDG monitoring. be considered in the implementation of monitoring frameworks, resulting in the socio- ID564. spatially determined interlinkages remaining invisible. In this paper, underpinned by the link Salvaging sovereignty: constructing between disaster risk reduction and territory in the face of climate development, we compare the national and change municipal sustainability and resilience monitoring frameworks to community views in Diana K Elhard four marginalised neighbourhoods in Medellín. Northwestern University, Chicago, USA Specifically, we draw on the communities’ and other local stakeholders’ narratives and field How can we make sense of sovereignty when visits to illustrate the relation between territory ceases to be habitable? In the Pacific thematic factors that affect and Indian Oceans several small island their neighbourhood in relation to urban developing states (SIDS) are building or buying service provision and risk. This guides the focus land as a response to increased sea-level rise of the analysis of the monitoring frameworks and other climatic effects. The prevalence of applied for the policy sectors, in which we certain international norms around apply a critical data studies lens. This allows us sovereignty shapes the choices SIDS are making to understand the methodological and as they face challenges from climate change. normative context of the datasets used to Yet in many cases these new areas, built or measure the policy themes identified by the bought initially as a means for safe habitation communities and draw conclusions regarding or increased food production, remain the transformative potential of the vulnerable to climate change or will require development indicator frameworks as mass migration and fundamentally alter the life currently implemented in Medellín. We find of the community. In other words, these areas out that this bottom-up conceptualisation of will not be able to support SIDS’ communities the interlinkages between spatial inequalities, in the same way as their current lands. Why are

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SIDS pursuing territorial notions of sovereignty Panel ID 409 even as the lands that currently sustain their Sustainability Transformations: peoples are rapidly disappearing? Understanding this apparent paradox requires Private Actors, Scientists and unpacking current conceptions of sovereignty International Organizations and its relationship to territory. I argue that Parallel Panel Session 9, th some SIDS are attempting to maintain their Thursday 9 September 2021, sovereignty by adhering to common 17:15-19:00 CEST conceptions of sovereignty as authority within Chair: Christian Schleyer a territory, whereas others are contesting these notions by expanding sovereign claims ID365. over large ocean areas. To illustrate three different approaches being taken by SIDS I Co-designing scenarios and analyze official government statements, pathways for the SDGs: lessons reports, and interview excerpts with current learned from three multi- and former government officials from the stakeholders workshops in France Maldives, Palau, and Kiribati between 1990 and 2020. Focusing on the Maldives and Palau, I Thierry Brunelle1, Cosma Cazé2, David Giron3, examine statements related to Hulhumale, an Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau3, François artificial island, and claims to a large ocean Mancebo4, Olivier Mora5, Sandrine Paillard2, statehood, respectively. Kiribati is a hybrid Eric Sauquet6 case, having purchased land in Fiji and asserted 1CIRAD, Paris, France. 2Future Earth. 3CNRS, itself as a large ocean state. SIDS adapting to Rennes, France. 4Université de Reims, Reims, climate change are attempting to salvage France. 5INRAE, Paris, France. 6INRAE, RiverLy sovereignty, but international norms constrain Lyon, Lyon, France. the range of viable options. The choices SIDS are making will impact which paths others will Achieving the Sustainable Development follow in the future and may influence Goals urges the implementation of international sovereignty norms as climate innovative sustainability pathways, involving change becomes increasingly dire. a large range of stakeholders and their knowledge. This has prompted Future Earth to launch the Science-Based Pathways for Sustainability initiative. The initiative aims to promote integrated approaches to the SDGs to further our understanding of socio- ecological systems, identify knowledge gaps, especially at the interface between

disciplines, and inform public debate and policy. A series of workshops organized by

Future Earth provide an opportunity to explore options for advancing transformations towards sustainability taking into account the synergies and trade- offs among sustainability objectives. These

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 192 Stream 4 – Anticipation and Imagination workshops also aim to identify the main ID373. uncertainties surrounding these options, and to analyse the social transformations How do global financial that they entail. organizations engage with transformative futures? This paper presents the main outcomes of three of these workshops, which were held in Joost M Vervoort1,2,3, Aarti Gupta4 France in 2019 and 2020. Key stakeholders 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. from academia, policy arenas, civil society and 2University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. the private sector engaged in the development 3Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, of pathways for respectively biodiversity, Kyoto, Japan. 4Wageningen University and water and land in France by 2030. Each Research, Wageningen, Netherlands pathway was grounded in the participants’ expertise but also in their values and their In the face of climate change interacting with visions for a sustainable future. First, the global political, economic and technological methodology for developing the workshops is upheaval, all imaginable global futures will, in presented. Then, we analyze how exploring the one way or another, be transformative. The systemic interdependencies between the SDGs successful navigation of such transformation demonstrate the variety of co-benefits and requires action along many pathways; but tensions associated with transitions and help to current actors in global systems of finance and grasp the systemic nature of our modes of investment, such as public donors, development. We present an analysis of the development banks, commercial banks and participants’ aggregated discussions regarding private foundations, could play a major role in the nature of the obstacles to transformation making significant resources available for and levers of change. We discuss how the sustainability transformations. However, it is problems, the solutions and the trade-offs are not yet understood whether and to what degree transformation logic is becoming a part highly context-dependent, with illustrations of the ways in which global financial from each workshop. Finally, we argue organizations operate – and what leverage that engaging researchers from diverse points and challenges might be. disciplines with societal actors is key to developing the knowledge needed to address In this paper, we investigate to what degree complex and pressing challenges. major finance and investment actors engage with transformational futures. As cases, we investigated a diverse set of global actors with different public and private incentives and mandates: the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the BNP Paribas Group (a commercial bank), and the Dutch public pension fund ABP (a major

investor in Royal Dutch Shell). Drawing on a

conceptual model based on state of the art literature on systems transformation, we examine which elements of transformation

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logic and concepts are part of future transformation: the actors, capacities and projections and theories of change utilized by resources needed to fundamentally shift these global organizations. To do this, we have development paths. conducted interviews with key individuals in each organization; examined transformation The private sector is at the core of essential discourse in different forms of public reporting transformative processes necessary to build a and strategy documents; and connected future premised on environmental integrity, organizational priorities to investment social inclusivity, and resilience. The activities decisions. Using anticipatory governance of the private sector are structured and driven theory developed in the ESG community, and by the underlying business model, which is at the concept of ‘de facto governance’, we its core a set of assumptions about how a discuss how different global organizations filter business creates, extracts and delivers value. and adapt transformation concepts to fit their While socially and environmentally oriented overarching theories of change and existing business models have begun to emerge, concepts that strongly diverge between bringing new types of enterprises into the organizations, such as risk assessment (in organizational landscape, and offering novel finance) and mainstreaming (in development). ways to attain and deliver value compatible Building on this, the paper identifies key with sustainability targets, they are relatively leverage points for more reflexive engagement rare. These types of initiatives have led to a with transformation concepts in global renewed interest in the concept of the business organizations, and how this could lead to model beyond a purely managerial term, but resources being made available for efforts also as the entry point for research and global toward sustainability transformation at the policy circles to leverage the resources of the global level. This paper contributes to the private sector in support of progress toward, ‘anticipation and imagination’ and ‘justice and for instance, the Sustainable Development allocation’ streams of the conference. Goals, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement. ID619. The conceptualizations of the business model Business models for the remain a narrow imagining of how business Anthropocene: Accelerating interacts with societal processes, shaping sustainability transformations in the development patterns. In this article we call for private sector the conceptualization and design of business models anchored in societal purpose, apt for Sarah Burch, Jose Di Bella the Anthropocene. We identify five building blocks for business models where University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada transdisciplinary sustainability research can accelerate entrepreneurial activity that fosters The rapid pace and escalating severity of desirable sustainable pathways by enabling the climate change impacts has made clear that creation of new capabilities in support of current incremental approaches to pressing broader transformational processes. These global socio-ecological challenges are are: learning from and contributing to the local insufficient to address the root causes of context; institutionalizing co-production, unsustainable development. This has spurred experimentation with community partners and increasing interest in the dynamics of

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openness to failure; establishing new hierarchies, and nourishing imagination and play. Ultimately, we explore these building blocks with a particular focus on the capabilities required to build business models that are responsive to the place-based demands the Anthropocene.

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contribute to water saving in the public sector Stream 5 and large organisations - universities, schools, hospitals and council buildings. These Adaptiveness and organisations provide significant untapped Reflexivity potential for water saving by virtue of their size and/or their nature as public organisations. We Panel ID 1 focus on the role of social norms, i.e. Transformations in water community standards, to promote the uptake governance and effectiveness of water efficiency campaigns. Parallel Panel Session 1, Tuesday 7th September 2021, By social norms we mean value commitments 8:30-10:00 CEST that shape water use behaviour. Social norms Chair: Carel Diepernik have become the tool of choice for today’s behavioural policy-makers. The inclusion of a ID32. social norm in a message can be a way to encourage citizens to carry out a wide range Achieving water efficiency in the of socially desirable acts. Social norms serve as public sector through social norms cues and they motivate action by providing information about what is likely to be effective Kevin Grecksch and adaptive. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom The public sector in the UK employs six million Water efficiency is a cornerstone of water people. We suggest, that there is an resources management and public water opportunity for the public sector to act as a role supply. Current water efficiency campaigns model for other sectors, such as the third and strategies in England & Wales focus on sector and private households. A large majority individual households and private businesses. of the workforce spends their days at Water efficiency in public sector and large workplaces where they use water for washing organisations, with a more ‘public’ dimension hands, in the office kitchen, in the canteen, and than private individual households, such as for showering, the latter in particular if there is workplaces is only discussed in a handful an increase in cycling to work. Public sector of studies. And, the main tools currently used organisations are well placed to start water in England & Wales by water companies are saving behaviour initiatives themselves, for water saving devices and messages to reduce example as a competition among departments bills. But water saving behaviour is influenced or in the context of staff engagement weeks, or not just by individual decisions, but social and by including water efficient appliances in their psychological drivers such as social norms, procurement activities. values, group behaviour and external factors (culture, family behaviour, infrastructure and ID92. regulations). Enhancing urban water governance We present findings from academic and grey by using web based tools: Lessons literature and previous case studies about the from four case study areas potential of water efficiency campaigns to

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Carel Dieperink governance. They can’t replace existing formal decision-making procedures. Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

With the spread of information and ID94. communication technologies urban water Towards synergy in multi-modal governance may undergo prominent changes, especially in terms of knowledge exchange and water governance; lessons from the processes and outcomes of public implementation of the Water participation. Some authors even argue that framework Directive in the web-based tools have great potential to Netherlands improve democracy. It is however unclear under which socio-technical and political Carel Dieperink conditions web-based tools may enhance Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands participatory initiatives in urban water governance. This paper addresses this In governance studies several analytical knowledge gap by systematically comparing distinctions in modes of governance modes can the experiences with web-based tools in be found. Often a distinction is made Leicester, Milton Keynes, Sabadell and between centralized governance, Jerusalem. We first compare the characteristics decentralized governance, public-private of the tools using a typology developed by governance, interactive governance and self- Mukhtarov et al (2018) and next reflect on their governance. These modes of governance can potential to raise awareness, provide useful also be identified in European water knowledge, contribute to continuous learning governance practices. Performance of a single processes and stakeholder engagement. The mode ideally reinforces performance of other paper is based on an analysis of policy modes, but this topic so far has not been documents and 72 in-depth interviews with the addressed in the available scientific literature. major stakeholders in the four case study In order to address this knowledge gap we have areas. Our preliminary findings indicate that developed an empirically grounded model of web based tools do have potential in conditions under which synergy between awareness raising and knowledge different governance modes is likely to take exchange. The tools may allow a large number place in water quality governance. Our model of citizens to be better informed and co- is based on an in-depth text analysis of the produce water services with a government. Water framework directive, related guidance They have a potential to help in efficiency and documents and indepth interviews with effectiveness of urban water service provision, experts involved with the implementation of provided that they are well embedded in the the Water framework Directive in the local governance context and address specific Netherlands. We present several examples of water governance issues at hand. However, we cases in which synergies between the different found that web based tools provide few modes occur in the Netherlands. Based on this opportunities for higher modes of discussion we discuss the conditions that enable the and deliberation, and grant limited authority to occurrence of these synergies. We conclude participants to influence decision-making the paper with some suggestions for a good processes. We therefore conclude that web meta-governance of water systems in Europe based tools should mainly have a and beyond. supplementary role in urban water

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ID512. ID519.

Priority of Uses in International Improving flood resilience through Water Law governance strategies – gauging the state of the art Otto Spijkers Piotr Matczak1, Dries Hegger2 Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 1Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland. The raison d’être of international water law is 2Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands that it provides States with a toolkit to equip them to deal with complex problems relating to There has been an upsurge in studies of flood the joint use and sustainable management of risk governance: steering and decision-making transboundary freshwater resources. The by public and private actors as a complement principle of equitable and reasonable to risk assessments and technical management utilization is one such tool in this toolkit. When options. The scholarly debate is, however, applying the equitable and reasonable highly fragmented, complicating the utilization principle to a specific transboundary production of cumulative insights. To address watercourse, States sharing that watercourse this knowledge gap, we used six governance must decide which water uses are more strategies for achieving flood resilience - that important than others. But the general rule is previously have been put forward as a that no water use takes a priori priority over conceptual framework - to review 141 papers others (this is the so-called no-inherent-priority from between 2016-2019 to gauge the state- rule). This paper examines three ways in which of-the-art in flood risk governance literature: to this no-inherent-priority rule can be relativized, (i) diversify flood risk management strategies; by recognizing a certain degree of priority to (ii) align the strategies; (iii) adequately involve certain categories of water uses. Based on an private actors, including citizens; (iv) put an assessment of previous State practice, it is adequate rule system in place; (v) cater for suggested that (1) existing uses enjoy a certain sufficient monetary and non-monetary degree of priority over new uses; that water resources; (vi) inspire an open and inclusive uses that are (2) more beneficial to a greater normative debate. We found, first, that number of people and are less damaging to literature is producing insights on increasingly other uses and the freshwater ecosystems, technically advanced risk assessments and enjoy priority; and that water uses that (3) agent-based models but societal debate on immediately satisfy vital human water needs justice in flood risk governance is getting more enjoy priority. States need some general limited attention. A clearly emerging topic is guidance in identifying which water uses that of citizen engagement in flood risk normally take priority in defined governance. Second, the geographical focus of circumstances, and this paper provides such the studies is still skewed towards the Global guidance, thereby making the tool more North. To make progress in understanding effective. States can decide to derogate from flood risk governance for better resilience these general rules if the circumstances so more systematic and comparative empirical require; they are, of course, not legally binding assessments of flood risk governance are on them. needed in order to derive generalisable lessons

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 198 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity while better taking into account the context- reinforcing, ways. When faced with emerging specificity of FRG. Testing flood risk governance climate change knowledge, or significant solutions against comparative cases, by threats posed by climate change, policymakers balancing the geographical scope of research may decide to either maintain ‘business as efforts, and enhancing inter-and usual’ or pursue alternative courses of action – transdisciplinary working is a way to more these may span across a spectrum, from resilience. somewhat limited and selective action, through to transformative change.

Panel ID 5 In this paper, we explore the varying climate change adaptation (CCA) policies adopted Lost in Transformation: Earth across different country and sectoral contexts. System Governance between Special attention is paid to those cases where adaptiveness and lock-in (ii): only limited policy action can be observed and empirical insights understanding the reasons for prevailing Parallel Panel Session 4, inertia. Hence, it is the aim of this contribution Wednesday 8th September 2021, to identify underlying governance dynamics 9:00-10:30 CEST and understand how certain barriers coalesce into self-reinforcing mechanism of path Chair: Dave Huitema Discussant: Klaus Eisenack dependency. Such constellations may be understood as ‘lock-ins’, where change and ID37. innovation in CCA policy are essentially blocked. In doing so, we move beyond the The role of lock-in mechanisms in descriptive or diagnostic literature on barriers explaining variation in climate to CCA, which are often considered in isolation change adaptation policy in rather than as potential symptoms of systemic mechanisms. Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom Empirically, the paper adopts a 3x3 approach, analysing CCA policy across three Western Lisanne Groen1, Meghan Alexander2, Torsten Grothmann3, Dave Huitema1, Nicolas Jager3, European countries, namely Germany, the Julie King3, Tim Rayner2, Bernd Siebenhüner3, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom John Turnpenny2 (England), and three policy systems therein (public health, water management and nature 1Open Universiteit, Heerlen, Netherlands. conservation). The geographical proximity of 2University of East Anglia, Norwich, United these three countries means similar climate Kingdom. 3Carl von Ossietzky Universität change impacts are experienced. Moreover, Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany while each has put in place adaptation policies, progress continues to vary. In this paper, we Adapting to the worsening impacts of climate present preliminary findings from selected case change is one of the biggest global challenges studies, varied in terms of CCA policy. Data of our time. However, limited policy action stems from a number of interviews with prevails. Institutions, infrastructures, policymakers and practitioners working at technologies and societal behaviours can resist national to local scales, as well as in-depth change in many, sometimes mutually- document analysis. Our preliminary findings

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 199 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity highlight how specific constellations of Against the framework of Earth Systems reinforcing factors related to institutions, Governance, this article reflects upon the two infrastructure, technologies and societal aspects of allocation and access as important behaviour form complex, self-reinforcing elements for transformative climate mechanisms, leaving adaptation policy adaptation. The discussion is based upon the alternatives systemically disadvantaged vis-à- findings of a five-year research project, which vis incumbent paradigms and policies. sought to understand what motivates and Moreover, cross-country and cross-sectoral hinders local governments in two different comparisons reveal both shared and unique political systems from pursuing climate ‘lock-in’ mechanisms at play. Based on this adaptation that aim to protect vulnerable preliminary analysis, we discern potential entry populations from climate related extreme points for dissolving policy lock-ins and events (e.g. flooding, heat waves). The analysis leveraging change to enable transformative is based upon an empirical, qualitative adaptation in the future. comparison of Atlanta, Southeastern Georgia state, United States and Jinhua, Eastern ID528. Zhejiang province, China. The municipalities were chosen because they represent high Vulnerability locked in. Reflecting geographic, climatological and social upon political-epistemological lock- vulnerability. The main sources of data are ins to explain climate adaptation semi-structured expert interviews conducted deficits in China and the United in both countries, a literature review and States document analyses.

Julia Teebken In the first part, the article reflects upon the distinctive forms that adaptation deficits take Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany in both cities. Among other things, deficits are signified by low problem recognition about the Vulnerability to climate change is unevenly urgency to adapt to a changing climate, largely distributed across society. Against the accidental adaptation measures - some of background of more rapidly intensifying which have furthered population exposure - climate change and growing global inequality, and different forms of protracted vulnerability, this problem is likely to exacerbate. As a result, signified by limited access to public goods certain parts of the population are more likely (which can enable resilience), select to be affected and need specific attention. vulnerability acknowledgement and the social Addressing social vulnerability in public climate stigmatization of certain groups. adaptation and/or resilience policy is often considered a formidable policy challenge. To These adaptation deficits are examined date, most public adaptation efforts continue through the concept of adaptation lock-ins. to focus on technology, infrastructure and The study detects lock-ins especially at the urban planning. Aside from big infrastructural level of political epistemology. These lock-ins adjustments, common adaptation efforts relate to path-dependent politics of continue to be incremental and do not readily information, how political ideas and knowledge address the root causes of people’s affect action and are products of political vulnerability. behavior and institutions. In this study (access to) education, knowledge and information

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 200 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity appear as fundamental preconditions for Our analysis shows that the ISCs strongly achieving adaptation and addressing some of reflects the dynamics of other policy cycles that the core aspects related to social vulnerability. are affected by climate change adaptation policies. This suggests that patterns of ID529. cooperation and conflict within the Commission are mediated by institutional Patterns of coordination in the factors that shape the temporal dynamics of European Commission around policy processes. We found little support for an climate change adaptation policy impact of policy maturation and the creation of new DGs, while the evidence regarding the 1 2 Jeroen Candel , Sebastiaan Princen , Robbert status of the policy proposal is mixed. 1 Biesbroek Compared to many other EC policy issues, 1Wageningen University, Wageningen, adaptation has been hardly politicized which Netherlands. 2Utrecht University, Utrecht, could explain part of our observations. Netherlands ID534. Climate change adaptation has become an increasingly important topic for the European Evolution of polycentric governance Commission (EC). Since adopting the European systems and complexity: Green Paper in 2007, the EC gradually Institutional Complexity Trap and increased its efforts to strengthen the coherence in the water sector European wide response to climate change impacts. The cross-cutting nature of climate Thomas Bolognesi change adaptation requires active policy University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland coordination to ensure coherent and consistent responses between the EC and the This communication addresses a paradox of EU Member States, but also within the environmental governance systems. They Commission. The latter has been hardly regulate more and more environmental uses explored. with rather well-design policies if taken In this paper we describe how the EC has individually, but governance falls short in progressed on climate change adaptation expectations as environmental problems policy, and analyze specifically the patterns of persist. To explain it, I focus on governance cooperation and conflict within and outside the scope, i.e., the number of regulated uses, and Commission. We therefore analyze the 179 coherence, i.e., the clarity and fit of each policy. formal responses submitted by different The two dimensions set the degree of Directorate Generals during the Interservice governance integration, which is assumed to Consultation (ISCs) process of four EC favors effective coordination (ref 1). I argue documents: EU Green Paper (2007), EU White that a non-linear joint evolution between Paper (2009), EU Adaptation Strategy package scope and coherence prevents reaching (2013), and the EU Evaluation report (2018). integration in the long run. This pattern of ISC have become an important instrument for change results from Transversal Transaction fostering coordination but have been hardly Costs (TTCs) at the policy level, generating an used in study of policy coordination. The Institutional Complexity Trap (ICT) at the document analysis is supplemented with governance level (ref 2). They are a critical expert interviews (n=5). source of environmental governance failures.

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TTCs are transaction costs induced by ID550. interlinkages between public policies and property rights. Drawing on institutional Swedish municipalities in between complementary, I show they are a negative lock-ins and adaptiveness: Civil side effect of each new policy on the servants’ strategies to circumvent governance coherence (ref 3). TTCs increased institutional, technical and significantly over the years shaping an normative lock-ins Institutional Complexity Trap (ICT) which prevents improvement in coordination Åsa Knaggård1, Kerstin Eriksson2 capacity and explains the persistence of 1 environmental governance failures. In sum, Dept of Political Science, Lund University, 2 there is a turning point in governance evolution Lund, Sweden. RISE, Lund, Sweden from which the positive marginal effect of each Over recent years, major climate-related policy on the governance effectiveness is events, such as flooding, have vividly displayed decreasing. This turning-point explains the the need for climate change adaptation. preliminary paradox. Despite an increased sense of urgency, Three empirical investigations will be adaptation processes seem to move slowly, if presented to support this explanation. The first at all, in many places. In Sweden, adaptation considers the evolution of water governance has risen on the political agenda, but adaptive scope and integration in six European countries action is still rare and there is no nationally from 1750 to 2004. It substantiates the shared understanding of what needs to be emergence of an Institutional Complexity Trap. done or who should do it. Municipalities, The second focuses on the policy interlinkages responsible for urban and land planning, sense in the Swiss flood policy regime from 1847 to the urgency, but have difficulties to act. 2015. It measures the non-linearity of TTCs This paper argues that the lack of adaptation multiplication over the years. The third policies and action can be understood as investigation characterizes policy coherence caused by processes of different kinds of lock- using a survey conducted with water suppliers ins. Institutional, technical and normative lock- in French-speaking Switzerland. It enables to ins interact with the result that municipal civil build a typology of policy coherence(s) and to servants, tasked with adaptation issues, measure it. struggle to implement lofty political adaptation The communication closes on a reflection of goals. Institutional lock-ins, including the impact of TTCs and ICT on the policy legislation that partly contradicts adaptiveness, process and the structure of decision-making in a sectoral municipal administration and polycentric governance systems. multilevel governance arrangements with diffused responsibilities contribute to the difficulties the civil servants encounter. Technical lock-ins, in terms of buildings and infrastructure already in place, including storm-water drainage systems, also contribute. Finally, normative lock-ins like persisting values and norms, for example, of who is responsible for problems and solutions interact with the

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 202 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity institutional and technical lock-ins to create Panel ID 6 strong tendency to path dependency and a Lost in Transformation: Earth situation of ambiguity and uncertainty for civil servants working with adaptation. System Governance between adaptiveness and lock-in (i): The paper focuses on understanding both lock- concepts and discourse ins that prevent adaptive municipal action in a Parallel Panel Session 7, Swedish context, and the strategies that civil Thursday 9th September 2021, servants tasked with adaptation use to try to 8:30-10:00 CEST circumvent these lock-ins. We study six Chair: Bernd Siebenhüner municipalities that are at risk for negative Discussant: James Patterson climate change impacts, like flooding and cloud bursts. The municipalities are selected to cover ID36. different locations (two regions) and sizes (from large to small) and vary in their Beyond barriers: understanding experiences of major disruptive flooding climate adaptation policy lock-ins events. The analysis is based on interviews with civil servants directly or indirectly working with Nicolas W. Jager1, Meghan Alexander2, Lisanne adaptation, as well as with civil servants at two Groen3, Torsten Grothmann1, Dave Huitema3,4, County Administrative Boards. Julie P. King1, Tim Rayner2, John Turnpenny2, Bernd Siebenhüner1 The analysis shows that there are strong lock- 1Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, ins of foremost institutional and normative Germany. 2University of East Anglia, Norwich, kinds, reinforcing one another. Technical lock- United Kingdom. 3Open University, Heerlen, ins seem to be somewhat weaker, despite the Netherlands. 4VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, longevity of built structures, and civil servants Netherlands to some degree have been able to circumvent these by trying to mainstream concerns for Immediate action is required to prepare for adaptation into planning processes. The and adapt to current and future climate institutional and normative lock-ins have change. Yet, despite increasing calls for action, proved more difficult to surpass, despite civil certain policy sectors remain slow or even servants using a number of strategies. resistant to change, and limited action on the part of public authorities prevails. Efforts to

embed climate change adaptation into sectoral policy-making face strong counteracting forces of path-dependency and system rigidity, through established institutional norms, infrastructures, values, practices, and power dynamics. However, research to date has arguably tended to identify static ‘barriers’ to adaptation and fails to capture the underlying dynamics that create and sustain what we term policy ‘lock-ins’.

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Deepening the analysis, this contribution ID539. establishes a research agenda for conceptualising and analysing policy ‘lock-ins’, An interpretative perspective on paying particular attention to their influence sustainability transitions: on willingness and capacities to adapt. Drawing conceptualizing discursive lock-in from disparate literatures in political science, public administration, economics, law, and Machteld Simoens1, Lea Fünfschilling2, Sina systems science, we distinguish between Leipold1 isolated, singular barriers to policy change and 1Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, more dynamic constellations of interlinked Germany. 2Lund University, Lund, Sweden barriers. The latter may culminate into self- reinforcing mechanisms of path-dependency, To accelerate sustainability transitions, narrowing down the opportunity space for understanding processes of stability and alternative action, thereby ultimately ‘locking- change is key. The theoretical exercise of this in’ policy subsystems on a specific pathway. In paper aims to advance and inspire transition line with the current debate surrounding research by collecting insights on this matter ‘carbon lock-ins’, we identify different from interpretative environmental policy and manifestations of lock-ins, i.e. infrastructural, discourse literature. We identify and describe institutional and behavioural lock-ins, each core discursive elements that affect stability comprising of various mechanisms of and change from this literature and build on reinforcing feedback and path-dependency. In these insights to conceptualize various addition, we stress that these different discursive dynamics of a socio-technical dimensions and mechanisms may coalesce into system. To do so, we align the various context-specific configurations, stabilising discursive elements identified to the incumbent paradigms and policies, and thus prominently used analytical dimensions used in blocking concerted climate adaptation efforts. transition studies (i.e. landscape, regime and niche), based on their degree of structuration. We argue that improved understanding of By adding this interpretative perspective, we policy lock-ins has the potential to ‘un-lock’ show how the interplay of meta-discourses, new pathways and levers for policy change, institutionalized discourses, dominant and through which adaptation may become better marginal narratives as well as discursive agency embedded in key climate-sensitive policy determine stability and change in a socio- sectors. Therefore, this contribution provides technical system. Our results suggest three an important stepping-stone for future main discursive lock-ins reinforce the theoretical and practical advancement. stabilization of (unsustainable) socio-technical systems, being unchallenged values and

assumptions, narrative cooptation and incumbents’ discursive agency. Building on these insights, the paper puts forward a discursive perspective on sustainability transitions that informs theoretical conceptualizations and practical governance questions alike. First, our analysis brings additional insights and tools for discursive studies in transition research and enhance the

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 204 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity current conceptualization and analysis of studies focus on resistance to relocations while agency. Second, this crossover of a few point to the more discursive power of interpretative discourse approaches to narratives. We illustrate how multiple forms of transition research allows for additional adaptation power sometimes exerted within a perspectives and new questions on the single adaptation intervention, translate into concepts of scale and time in empirical different forms of resistance lock-ins. We transition research and stresses the conclude that resistance is an inherent part of importance of the notion of structuration as a adaptation processes, also those of manner to conceptualize the interaction participatory nature; however, it is often between various analytical dimensions. Third, downplayed by more dominant research we illuminate the role of discursive dynamics in framings (including ‘participation’ and processes of stability and change and offer a ‘collaboration’). Just like Foucault saw conceptualization that allows for the analysis resistance as a ‘chemical catalyst’ that brings of discursive lock-in, next to its institutional power relations and their methods into light, and material counterparts. resistance can help researchers to better understand issues of participation, control, ID566. regulation and adaptation. We suggest a conceptual foundation and direction for the Resistance Shines a Light on Power: continued study of the multiple resistances Global review of popular resistance that occur in climate adaptation, and on how to climate change adaptation these adaptation resistances may contribute to unlocking new transformational pathways. Ebba Brink1, Ana Maria Vargas2, Emily Boyd1

1LUCSUS, Lund, Sweden. 2Swedish International ID574. Centre for Local Democracy, Visby, Sweden The role of discourses in Climate adaptation is in no way a neutral or understanding institutional stability apolitical process, as recognized in the and change – An analysis of Dutch emerging fields of ‘critical’ or ‘politics of’ flood risk governance adaptation, and government responses to risks of floods, droughts or hurricanes can serve the Maria Kaufmann, Mark Wiering interests of elites. Little attention has however Institute for Management Research, Radboud been paid to how people defy or resist such University, Nijmegen, Netherlands top-down adaptation processes, overtly or covertly, in particular cultural, historical or Societies are faced with aggravating legal contexts. Drawing on sociological thought environmental challenges. To respond to these on popular resistance, this paper systematically challenges with desired institutional changes, reviews and problematises research on we need to understand the processes of people’s resistance to climate change institutional stability and change. This paper adaptation by scrutinising the framing, targets, adds to the literature on institutional dynamics repertoires, motives and consequences of such and the literature on governance resistance. Our review identified 56 scientific arrangements by focusing particularly on the articles that report explicitly or implicitly on various roles of discourses in institutional empirical cases of resistance to climate dynamics, both as factors of change and factors adaptation. We found that a majority of the of stability. It examines the interaction of

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 205 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity discourses and pre-existing governance Panel ID 7 arrangements and their outcomes not by Doubling Down on Climate Action anecdotal or incidental illustrations but by scrutinising a longer development of a policy during COVID-19 and Economic domain in one country, namely flood risk Downturn? governance in the Netherlands. Based on an Parallel Panel Session 8, th inductive analysis, we created a typology that Thursday 9 September 2021, maps the outcomes of discursive-institutional 15:30-17:00 CEST interaction in terms of stability and change Chairs: Sander Chan, Marjanneke Vijge across a continuum. At the one end of the Discussant: Matthew Hoffman ideal-typical continuum the pre-existing arrangement remains relatively unchanged or ID630. is even strengthened. At the other end of the continuum, little remains of the pre-existing Financing for arrangement, i.e. emerging discourses are Sustainable Development in the age institutionalised gradually, substituting existing of pandemic: institutions with new rules, guidelines, Multilateral Development principles, organisations etc. Between these Banks' COVID two extremes, several hybrid types can be 19 responses and their impacts on t identified (e.g. absorbing, merging, layering, weakening). The order of discourse influences he Sustainable Development Goals these dynamics as it is sometimes (temporarily) Sven Borghart1, Marjanneke Vijge2, Yixian Sun3 broadened, i.e. supporting emerging 1 discourses, or narrowed, i.e. hindering Central European University, Vienna, 2 emerging discourses. All in all, fundamental Australia. Utrecth University, Utrecht, 3 changes of the strategic approach to Dutch Netherlands. University of Bath, Bath, United flood risk management (FRM) are missing due Kingdom to the path dependency of the strong hydro- engineering governance arrangement. As one of the largest public health crises in over a century, COVID- 19 has caused significant impacts on societies and economies around the world. The outbreak of the pandemic and subsequent economic downturn have stimulated massive investments from both public and private sectors across the globe to support health sectors and boost economies. The ways in which these investments are designed and allocated are likely to have long-lasting impact on the development trajectory of many countries. While some observers see the possibilities to promote green or sustainable recovery in the post-COVID era as manifested by the campaign of Build Back Better, others are more pessimistic about the

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 206 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity role of sustainability in the recovery agenda MDB’s framing of the pandemic and find that, of many governments and multilateral unlike some optimists expect, many MDBs are institutions as economic concerns are likely to ambivalent about COVID-19 as an opportunity trump social and to promote their sustainability agenda. While environmental goals. Focusing on the showing rapid responses of MDBs in the responses of multilateral development banks COVID-19 crisis, our study provides caveats on the promise of COVID-19 as a trigger (MDBs), this paper investigates the type of for green recovery. (sustainable) development that these MDBs promote with their COVID- ID524. 19 emergency funding. We use Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as City climate action and COVID-19: A metrics to study the issue areas global analysis of factors that that are considered in development finance in the current pandemic. Since the inception of influence whether cities commit to a the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development climate-resilient recovery in 2015, the SDGs have become increasingly Christopher Orr1, Tanya O'Garra2, Sander important on the agendas of most national Chan3, Mariya Aleksandrova4 governments and multilateral institutions. However, how the COVID-19 pandemic may 1McGill University, Montreal, Canada. affect this remains uncertain. Our study 2Middlesex University, London, United therefore aims to provide a timely contribution Kingdom. 3Global Centre for Adaptation, to the debate on the impact of COVID-19 on Rotterdam, Netherlands. 4German sustainable development finance. Development Institute, Bonn, Germany

Empirically, we build a novel dataset of Cities are critical actors for reducing funding disbursed by the 25 largest global and greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to regional MDBs between March and climate change. Although COVID-19 has December 2020 and use qualitative coding to disrupted short-term economic development identify the prioritized SDGs in each and carbon emissions, it is less clear whether it disbursement. We compare financing strategies across different MDBs represents a critical juncture beyond which during the pandemic as well as each bank’s cities will shift towards enduring low-carbon COVID-19 responses with its general strategy and climate-resilient pathways. This research in the pre-COVID-19 area. Our preliminary investigates cities as potential drivers of green findings show that public health and and climate-resilient recovery, identifying economic growth have gained a lot of traction factors that influence whether cities embark on in the era of COVID-19; in comparison, climate low-carbon pathways, return to previously and environmental issues have generally unsustainable pathways, or backtrack on received less attention, despite some MDBs’ climate commitments. By comparing climate strong intention to promote green commitments of cities in developed and recovery. In addition, marginalised groups developing countries, this study sheds light on such as poor and vulnerable and small and the factors that can be harnessed and actions medium-sized enterprises seem to that can be taken by cities and networks of be prioritised, thus cities to support a climate-resilient recovery. indicating that MDBs chiefly promote social and economic sustainability. Using the text of funding announcements, we also analyze each

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A global dataset of cities and factors ID579. hypothesized to influence whether cities adopt or renew their climate commitments and Deprioritization or strengthening? actions during and beyond COVID-19 was Transnational climate action at a compiled. Internal factors were collected at the crossroads during the COVID-19 city level (i.e. climate risks, demographics, main pandemic economic sectors, governance indicators) and at the national level (i.e. fossil fuel Sander Chan1, Andrew Deneault2 dependence, state fragility, regime type, 1Global Center on Adaptation, Groningen, national COVID-19 policies). External factors Netherlands. 2German Development Institute (i.e. international network affiliation, external (DIE), Bonn, Germany funding for climate projects) were also included. In addition, national data on GDP per- Adaptation- and mitigation- capita, unemployment rates, and government focused international cooperative responses to COVID-19 were included. initiatives (ICI) are voluntary collaborative arrangements between transnational actors Cities were analyzed using panel logistic such as businesses, investors, civil society regressions and/or generalized linear mixed organizations, cities and regions. ICIs have models to identify which factors most emerged as an important feature of the post- significantly account for whether cities sustain, Paris climate governance architecture. As strengthen or retreat from their climate governments fall short of meeting the Paris commitments. Since the type of climate policy climate goals, recent studies demonstrate the being implemented may also determine enormous potential of ICIs to narrow the global adoption rates, the uptake of different types of mitigation gap and to leverage much needed actions was also modelled according to additional resources to help communities whether cities focus on mitigation or adapt to climate change. adaptation. Further analyses will combine matching and structural equation modeling to The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify the effects of public health and the ensuing economic and public health crises, economic impacts associated with COVID-19 however, may result in the deprioritization and on climate commitments. even the abandonment of climate efforts. This paper provides early evidence on how the This research reveals important insights that COVID-19 crisis has affected ICIs. In particular, can be used to sustain and strengthen city it demonstrates the impact of the crisis on the climate commitments and actions. Preliminary performance of ICIs and panel regressions suggest that the main factors analyzes how initiatives have been impacted. influencing the likelihood that cities renew their climate commitments beyond COVID-19 This research uses the Climate Cooperative are: civic engagement, recent climatic/weather Initiatives Database (C-CID), a unique data-set events and level of economic activity. Network that gathers performance data on 300 ICIs membership also played a crucial role. These between 2013 and 2020. Performance was insights can be used to improve learning measured through a simplified log-framing between cities, as well as to scale and replicate methodology which combines tangible outputs ambitious city climate commitments. (e.g. ‘infrastructure’, ‘research publications’, ‘seminars’, etc.) of ICIs, with their functions

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(e.g. ‘training’, ‘fund raising’, ‘building ID591. infrastructure’, ‘awareness raising’, etc.). Data was collected from publicly available channels What role for social scientists in the and through a survey targeting ICI focal points, recovery from the pandemic? – conducted in cooperation with the secretariat Tracking national research funding of the United Nations Framework Convention calls in response to COVID-19 on Climate Change. Clara Brandi1, Johannes Brehm2, Sander Chan3, Preliminary results indicate a significant Diarmuid Torney4 decrease in performance in 2020, in part due to 1 COVID-19. Survey results indicate that ICIs Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) have generally strengthened knowledge / German Development Institute, Bonn, 2 dissemination activities during the COVID-19 Germany. RWI- Leibniz Institute for Economic 3 pandemic by switching from physical to virtual Research, Berlin, Germany. Global Center on meetings, enabling a broader audience reach. Adaptation (GCA), Groningen, Netherlands. 4 However, capacity building, training, and ‘on- Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland the-ground’ implementation activities were The impact of COVID-19 on countries, generally negatively affected, and specifically businesses, communities, families and among initiatives targeting developing individual relationships is far-reaching and countries and having an adaptation focus. This varied, complex and ever evolving. While the may be due to the localized nature of pandemic has immediate impacts on health, adaptation solutions, which often requires the medium and long-term fallout of the travel and physical interaction. pandemic will largely be social – calling for Despite much emphasis on the potential of ICIs extensive and integrated economic, in recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has environmental, psychological and behavioral revealed weaknesses, particularly among responses. Social scientists have a key role to initiatives implementing in developing play in understanding and mitigating the countries and focusing on adaptation. As effects of the pandemic in both the short and climate impacts continue to worsen, attention long term. In particular, social science research should be given to strengthening financial is of paramount importance in devising long- support for transnational cooperation, focused term responses to the pandemic that are on adaptation and targeted to communities in consistent with a sustainable and green developing countries. recovery. In the past, however, social sciences were typically recognized only late in global environmental change research. Recent evidence has documented a ‘striking imbalance’ between social and natural sciences, with the latter receiving 770% more funding on issues related to climate change between 1990 and 2018 than the social sciences (Overland & Sovacool, 2020). Such bias comes at considerable cost as many fundamental questions posed by global challenges fall into the realm of social sciences

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 209 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity and humanities as they require, for instance, a Panel ID 12 swift transformation of norms, incentives and Global Adaptation Governance: politics. New actors, transnational risks, In this paper, we investigate the role of social and legitimacy scientists and research funding in context of Parallel Panel Session 3, the COVID-19 pandemic. We particularly look Tuesday 7th September 2021, at national research councils, which are of 16:30-18:00 CEST strategic importance as they provide a majority Chairs: Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Todd of funding for social sciences in many Eisenstadt countries. We have identified 74 national Discussant: Åsa Persson research councils from 37 countries, including most member states of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development ID139. (OECD) as well as Brazil, China, India, and Russia, and have collected and analyzed Corporate adaptation in the mining publicly available data on funding calls issued sector: Private authority, between 1 February 2020 and 15 November regulation, and implications for 2020. Using this new and unique data set of societal resilience funding calls from major national research councils worldwide, we analyze whether and to Maria-Therese Gustafsson1, Jorge Ernesto which extent social scientists have been Rodriguez Morales2, Lisa Maria Dellmuth2 engaged at an early stage and allocated funds 1Department of Political Science, Stockholm in research responses to the pandemic. University, Sweden. 2Department of Economic History and International Relations, Stockholm, Our preliminary finding is that the majority of Sweden funding calls were open to social scientists, but that a different picture emerges when looking This paper maps the attempts of the ten largest at research funding at the level of project mining companies in the world to adapt to a grants. In addition, few calls make reference to changing climate. The mining sector plays a longer term green or sustainable recovery. critical role in the low-carbon transition and Some social science disciplines remain vastly the fulfillment of the UN 2030 Agenda. The underrepresented which could shape the demands on minerals and metals are expected research landscape and the role of social to grow significantly in the coming years. At the scientists in policy responses in the years to same time, mining operations are associated come. with a range of sustainability challenges. As mining requires large amount of water, it is

vulnerable to climate-related risks. In mining regions where water scarcity is already high

and likely to increase with climate change, mining operations will not only become more difficult, but conflicts are also likely to arise between local communities over access to water resources. The manifold corporate-led adaptation initiatives that have emerged in

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 210 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity recent years could, therefore, potentially have ID269. positive impacts on societal resilience, but if left unregulated, such responses may further Procedural Fairness and Decision disadvantage vulnerable populations and led Acceptance in Climate Change and to maladaptation. Health Programs

While the Paris Agreement has opened up for Ece Kural, Lisa Maria Dellmuth an unprecedented participation of non-state Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden actors in global climate governance, we know little about corporate adaptation. Academic How and under what conditions does research on non-state actors in climate perceived procedural fairness in global climate governance has largely focused on mitigation, adaptation programs lead to decision civil society organizations, and to some extent acceptance? While the study of procedural on the adaptation activities of local fairness and decision acceptance has a long- governments. standing research tradition in social psychology, this link has not yet been This paper draws on the literature on private examined in the context of authority to develop an innovative framework adaptation. However, this is an important task, to identify how corporations exercise authority as individual decision acceptance is of crucial in adaptation governance and when private importance for individual compliance with adaptation governance strategies align with global climate adaptation programs. This national adaptation governance efforts. The article draws on social psychology to article findings are based on the systematic contribute knowledge about the viability of analysis of three complementary sources of global adaptation programs at the local level. It data: corporate documents (reports, risks develops a novel theoretical framework for assessments and statements), semi-structured examining when perceived procedural fairness interviews (with representatives of mining leads to decision acceptance in climate companies, state authorities), and public adaptation. It examines the framework using policies and laws (development plans, NDCs, individual-level data from semi-structured and NAPs, climate laws). standardized interviews in the context The paper contributes to debates on non-state of two climate-health programs of the World actors and climate adaptation by Health Organization (WHO) that are important conceptualizing how corporations exercise for adaptation in Kenya. We will study the authority in adaptation governance, by implementation of these two adaptation identifying the mechanisms through which programs in the same country to hold the corporations align with national adaptation context relatively constant. This study governance, and by discussing when corporate promises a twofold contribution. First, we adaptation contributes to societal contribute to the climate adaptation literature resilience. Moreover, it contributes with a by exploring the role of procedural fairness, better understanding of how potentially such as inclusion of relevant actors, for dangerous impacts of the transition to a low- decision acceptance. Second, we contribute carbon future can be limited or avoided. knowledge about the factors contributing to successful global adaptation governance.

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ID499. countries better adapt to threats of climate change has become an increasingly important Citizen Uncertainty Regarding focus of international development Which Levels of Government Should institutions, including development banks and Address Climate Change in bilateral donor agencies in developed Bangladesh countries. This reflects a growing understanding of the threats climate change Todd A Eisenstadt1, Tawfique Haque2, Matthew risks pose to economic progress, and a growing Wright3 interest on the part of international development institutions in providing technical 1American University, Washington, USA. and financial support to adaptation initiatives 2North-South University, Dhake, Bangladesh. in developing countries. 3University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada This paper explores how people on the ground attribute responsibility for taking action to Analysts of climate change policy emphasize ameliorate the adverse impacts of climate the importance of “polycentric” governance, or change. To do so, we use a nationally the integration of local, national, and representative 2019 survey of over 3,000 international public agencies to adapt to climate vulnerable citizens in Bangladesh, one climate change. Yet, it seems that citizens on of the world’s most vulnerable the ground do not differentiate between levels nations. Considering local and national levels of government and instead mostly hold of government as well as international “government in general” responsible for the governance partners , we sought to understand climate-related problems they face. This two aspects of the attribution of responsibility: article uses responses to a national survey in “who caused” problems of vulnerability to Bangladesh, one of the world’s most climate- climate change, and “who must fix that.” Our vulnerable nations, to show the relatively findings show that in addressing both these undifferentiated nature of responsibility aspects of responsibility attribution, attribution by respondents to different levels respondents did not differentiate between of government. While responsibility local and national governments and attribution is largely undifferentiated in terms international organizations. Peoples’ previous of level of government, citizens do identify the experience with government does affect the importance of local government efficacy and extent to which they think a largely trust in diminishing their attribution of blame undifferentiated “black box” of government against the “black box” of government. This should act on climate change problems. In creates challenges for policymakers and particular, greater trust in local government analysts, who do seek more involvement by the can diminish the interest in seeing government climate vulnerable at different levels of take action. government.

An important function of local and national governments is to protect citizens. This includes the prospective harms caused by ongoing climate change, as those risks have become more fully recognized and tangible. Over the past 15 years, helping developing

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ID 516. Panel ID 501 Climate finance, green aid or Climate adaptation across diverse climate adaptation aid? Mapping global contexts Parallel Panel Session 4, existing data on the climate Wednesday 8th September 2021, adaptation component of 9:00-10:30 CEST multilateral aid Chair: Wendy Conway-Lamb Lisa Dellmuth ID259. Department of Economic History and International Relations, Stockholm University, Adaptive governance of deltas Stockholm, Sweden under threat: Addressing The global development agenda now includes environmental and policy limits to several goals specifically concerning climate ecosystem-based adaptation change and the environment, and the 2015- Mandy Paauw1, Murray Scown2,3,4, Annisa launch of the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Triyanti2, Frances Dunn3, Ahjond Garmestani5 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. illustrate that climate and development are 2Copernicus Institute of Sustainable intrinsically linked. While the scholarly Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, literature on climate adaptation aid Netherlands. 3Department of Physical traditionally has focused on in-depth case Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, studies, expanding availability of data sources Netherlands. 4LUCSUS, Lund University Centre have spurred an increase also of cross-country for Sustainability Studies, Lund, Sweden. and large-n studies (ref 1). However, a clear 5Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and definition of what separates adaptation aid Sustainability Law, Utrecht University School of from general development aid is still lacking Law, Utrecht, Netherlands (ref 2), making it a central challenge to better understand the multitude of different aid Worldwide, coastal river deltas are increasingly flows and funding structures that could be under threat due to anthropogenic changes to defined as climate adaptation aid. This paper the environment. Sea level rise, land addresses this lacuna by providing an subsidence, dam construction, and land use extensive overview of available data sources pressures increase delta vulnerability to floods, that contain climate adaptation aid, green aid, salinization, waterlogging, and coastal erosion. climate finance and other comparable aid Adapting to these threats is a pressing and flows. In addition to providing a tangible unavoidable necessity, as currently around half overview for scholars and practitioners who a billion people live in and depend on deltas. wish to assess climate adaptation-related aid, the mapping enables new conceptualizations Deltas are naturally dynamic, but conventional of adaptation aid that go beyond specific adaptation approaches are often rigid. donor or multilateral finance structures. Paradoxically, they can cause, exacerbate or facilitate land subsidence and result in the deterioration of natural ecosystems. A robust, flexible and adaptive alternative is ecosystem-

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 213 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity based adaptation (EbA), which aims to ID430. preserve natural ecosystems and biodiversity, manage the resilience of ecosystems and their “Avoiding lock-in: Co-creation in services to be able to provide cost-effective adapting to climate change in the protection against threats and to support North Sea Region” community livelihoods. The flexibility of EbA is an advantage when faced with uncertain future Erwin Nugraha, Gül Özerol scenarios due to climate change. However, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands limits exist to the feasibility and capacity of EbA measures in deltas, and these limits vary with What does “global” partnership mean when delta context. the actions towards sustainability involve “local” and/or “trans-local” partnerships Here we assess and compare environmental and/or collaboration? The Goal 17 of the and policy constraints to EbA in two highly Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) clearly contrasting contexts: the Rhine delta in the emphasizes an aims to strengthen and Netherlands and the Mekong delta in Vietnam. revitalize the global partnership towards Environmental limits to EbA are quantitatively sustainable development, however, assessed using scenarios of sea level rise, land implementing sustainable development pose a subsidence, sediment availability, and land use governing problem where it expands across provided by existing geophysical and different spatial scales from global, national, integrated assessment models. Policy regional, and local level within different constraints are assessed by analysing the responsibilities, jurisdictions, and hierarchical overarching management plans for each delta level. One of the key critiques of governing against the institutional and legal design through goals is how a network of principles of adaptive governance. implementation will contribute towards the effectiveness and legitimacy of achieving the We argue that adaptive governance—with its global goals. Arguably, could we consider reflexivity, flexibility, decentralisation, and governing global sustainability means a scale in responsiveness—is required for successful motion? EbA. This governance system should fit within the ecological constraints of each delta and the This paper focuses on understanding the scalar characteristics of existing governance modes geographies of partnerships and/or and regimes to respond to real ‘on the ground’ collaboration as fields of operation towards issues. We discuss the limits to EbA in these sustainable development become (re- two contrasting deltas and propose )configured and constituted in climate change governance principles that should be adaptation. This paper aims to analyse and incorporated into future management plans of examine co-creation as adaptive learning and these and other deltas to increase the reflexive ways in which social agents navigate likelihood of successful EbA given a set of change towards global sustainability in order to environmental constraints. develop a whole-of-system approach to flood risk management. Using seven case studies

from six countries in the North Sea Region, this paper employs comparative evaluation to bring in into account the similarity and difference across different case studies and also to

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 214 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity examine the patterns of reality for the Netherlands. The findings of this paper understanding connection and causality. This consist of an analysis of responsibility-related paper will contribute towards the critical drivers and barriers that these municipalities appraisal of the politics of adaptiveness under experienced in their attempt to mainstream climate crisis in the context of the North Sea climate adaptation in spatial planning. Region. Furthermore, the analysis includes explanations for the underlying roots of these Keywords: climate change adaptation, scale, perceived drivers and barriers. The paper co-creation, sustainability, North Sea Region concludes with six lessons learned, among which the need to develop a policy framework ID575. specifically for climate adaptation, and to install a committed project leader. All in all, the Responsibilities for the study suggests that the implementation of mainstreaming of climate climate adaptation lags behind policy-making adaptation on the ground: Lessons and that there is much room for improvement, from five Dutch municipalities even in a country like the Netherlands which is internationally regarded as a frontrunner in Mandy A. van den Ende, Dries L.T. Hegger, climate adaptation. To that end, the paper Heleen L.P. Mees, Peter P.J. Driessen finalizes by proposing specific strategies that Copernicus Institute of Sustainable improve the mainstreaming of climate Development, Utrecht, Netherlands adaptation across multiple governmental levels, sectors and actors, in order to be able to Adapting to the consequences of climate responsibilize the integration of climate change at the local level constitutes prominent adaptation in on-the-ground operations, governance challenges. Various public and projects and programs. private actors have to play a role in this, which in international literature is referred to as ID644. mainstreaming of climate adaptation. An increasing number of cities is trying to apply What are the imaginaries shaping such a mainstreaming approach, but recent the governance of low-carbon literature shows that only in a minority of cases public transport in India? this translates into observable policy outcomes. A crucial element of effective Hema Vaishnavi Ale, Karthikeyan Kuppu mainstreaming is the necessity to implement measures in on-the-ground operations, Transitions Research projects or programs, also called ‘programmatic mainstreaming’. This Social and cultural imaginaries of ‘zero carbon programmatic mainstreaming raises important cities’, often universal in their framing, are issues as regards responsibility divisions and beginning to be enrolled to represent cities in problem ownership, which scholarly literature the global south. Low carbon trajectories, has addressed only to a limited extent hitherto. however, often privilege carbon targets over The current paper addresses this knowledge more local issues of sustainability and gap by empirically assessing experiences with inclusion. For example, the push for building the implementation of spatial climate new metrorail infrastructure is becoming a adaptation measures in five municipalities in dominant feature of the pathways to low

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 215 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity carbon public transportation in the global carbon future and sustainable mobility in South. In India, the success of Delhi Metro has public transportation. prompted the adoption of the metro rail in more than 30 cities where the dominant visions The technological visions for low carbon of high-tech and modern solutions present futures influence emerging plans and best metrorail systems as a default and desirable practices for transportation systems and have solution for low carbon public transport. implicit lessons for its current day governance. However, the idea of building new metrorail These visions and plans inform governance infrastructure solely for the larger goal of low- which seeks to change social, political, and carbon futures is antithetical to attaining economic norms and values associated with sustainability in cities since they fail to existing practices around transportation plans. accommodate alternate, more accessible and Deconstructing implicit lessons for governance inclusive modes of transport that are less will provide strategies to reimagine low-carbon resource intensive, and build upon existing futures of public transit in cities of the global public transport infrastructure. The South. governance structures, planning processes and institutions driving public transportation inherently fail to address the possibility of achieving low-carbon objectives by sustainable methods such as increasing the modal share of riders using existing public transport infrastructure.

The paper aims to employ a qualitative discourse method to study the dominant storylines and visions guiding the metro project implementation in three cities that are building their metrorail networks – Bengaluru, Chennai and Mumbai. First, the paper employs textual analysis of frameworks and policies to map and contrast the embedded imaginaries, the governance mechanisms and the actors across different scales and sectors related to public transport. Second, the paper examines metropolitan level mobility frameworks to understand how metro rail projects are embedded within national and city sustainability goals and how governance structures, agency, planning processes and institutions are helping rationalize low-carbon transportation futures through sustainable pathways. Finally, the paper suggests best practices to create and implement governance structures, planning processes and institutional architectures that balance visions for a low-

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Panel ID 502 change in impacted communities as political When disaster strikes: governance will for change dissipates after the most immediate recovery needs are met. The PELT reflexivity and responses toolkit attempts to take full advantage of the Parallel Panel Session 6, limited policy window by utilizing easy-to- Wednesday 8th September 2021, follow modules that promote three types of 17:00-18:30 CEST post event learning: Individual (reflexive) Chair: Devon Cantwell learning, collaborative knowledge production, and collaborative action learning. ID354. Through the application of PELT, the facilitators Post-Extreme Event Learning as a attempt to promote difficult conversations Window for Advancing Community within extreme event impacted communities Climate Adaptation by providing simple to follow procedures and steps that can combine diverse sets of 1 2 Robin Leichenko , William Solecki knowledge and overcome barriers to 1Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA. 2City meaningful participation in policy debate and University of New York - Graduate Center, New formulation by community members. PELT is York, USA designed to organize and collect data that allows a better understanding of how a post- The increasing frequency of extreme weather event “policy window” can be strategically and climate events is connected with the onset utilized to promote long-term transformation of climate change. In many cases, these events and policy shifts. Participants utilize PELT to focus communities’ attention on the issue of create new policies, develop products such as climate risk and need for meaningful post-disaster redevelopment plan or adaptation. In response, our research objective community outreach and engagement is to create a user-friendly and customizable strategies, and/or set their own post-event toolkit (Post Extreme Event Learning Tool – research agenda. PELT) that allows diverse groups of stakeholders to take advantage of these We present our PELT application work through limited policy “windows” after extreme climate two case examples (one urban, one rural) in the events and create co-generated climate U.S. state of New York. We illustrate how the adaptation solutions thereby potentially PELT Toolkit with step-by-step “modules” can transforming short term, post-event be used and made customizable, ensuring its momentum into long term learning and the transferability and successful application to a definition of new trajectories to address future variety of settings. extreme events and related policy issues.

In the immediate post-event context, “policy windows” can open and enhance opportunities for transformative change as the event highlights weaknesses within current policy trajectories and procedures. However, there is a concern that the short-term desire for transformation is unable to achieve long-term

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ID602. two distinct governance mechanisms that together alter the relationship between Social media and crowdsourcing use authorities and citizens creating new pathways in disaster governance: Examining for decision-making before, during and after a interactions between public disaster strikes. authorities and citizens for First, it identifies how SMCS support a shifting improved disaster risk management mechanism, which characterises a general shift Anne B Nielsen, Emmanuel Raju from hierarchal command-and-control processes to more horizontal governance University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, processes that are both multi-levelled and Denmark inclusive. Second, it identifies a bridging mechanism characterised by the ability of With the severity and variety of disasters SMCS to connect actors that were formerly increasing, the latest incidents such as forest working in silos. In contrast to understanding fires in Portugal in 2017, the earthquakes in these changes as a move of power from Greece and Turkey in 2020 and the ongoing government to multiple non-state actors (the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that disasters shifting mechanism), the bridging mechanism are not individual isolated events but a connects voluntary efforts which were always problem of interconnected systemic risk. essential to disaster management processes. Simultaneously, in a changing technological Here SMCS have the potential to provide a landscape, new actors increasingly take part in space for coordination of disaster management disaster management processes and processes that otherwise exist and unfold coordinate their efforts to reduce such independently. interconnected risk through social media and crowdsourcing platforms (SMCS). ID634.

This paper looks at how these platforms bring Learning from the Past: Pandemics citizens to the heart of disaster decision- and Transnational Health making processes and essentially change the Governance relationship between public authorities and civil society in disaster management. It argues D.G. Webster1, Mark Axelrod2, Semra A. Aytur3, that SMCS change how citizens and other civil Robyn S. Wilson4, Joseph A. Hamm2, Linda society actors get information, organise and Sayed2, Amber L. Pearson2, Pedro Henrique C. coordinate disaster management activities and Torres5, Alero Akporiaye6 that this empowerment of citizens both 1Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA. 2Michigan challenge and support the authorities State University, Lansing, MI, USA. 3University traditionally in charge of governing disasters. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. 4Ohio With this specific focus on the use and State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 5 application of SMCS, we map the current ways University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 6 in which citizens partake in disaster Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI, management by relying on these platforms. USA Through an extensive and systematic literature review of academic literature, policies, Governments respond differently to global guidelines, evaluations and reports, we identify human security threats such as the ongoing

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COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiology and public understand social responses to climate change health experts recognize that effective crisis and adaptation options. This analysis is based prevention or mitigation requires addressing on the theoretical assumption that media factors beyond basic health care services, framing affects social discourses, and particularly social and economic disparities consequently policy-making process that prevent people from accessing resources (Reference 1). Public acceptance of different needed to remain healthy and stop disease policy options could also be influenced by how spread. Drawing on research across multiple the cause of extreme weather events, disciplines, the concept of the governance responsible actors, and possible solutions to treadmill demonstrates cross-level dynamics the phenomena are framed. Thematic and that either help or hinder the alignment of content analysis methods were used for capacities toward prevention of health threats investigating media coverage. Six mainstream like epidemics. We find that variation in newspapers and broadcasting media were capacities and responses across local, national, selected for the analysis, and keywords related and international levels contributes to the to climate and solutions were used for complex evolution of global and local health selecting and categorizing news articles. The governance. Where capacities are far out of keywords include ‘heatwave,’ ‘flood,’ ‘cold alignment, effective prevention of global spell,’ ‘crisis,’ ‘climate change,’ ‘environment,’ pandemic impacts tends to be elusive in the ‘electricity,’ ‘shade,’ ‘dam,’ ‘cause,’ ‘solution,’ short term, and multiple cycles of crisis and ‘prevention,’ ‘measures,’ and ‘policy.’ The response may be required before capacities framing of problems and solutions were align toward healthy governance for a differentiated by political stance of media. particular pandemic disease. We demonstrate When narrowed down to the comparison of that this transition requires broader societal solutions suggested by the media, electricity adaptation, particularly for social justice and charges and actions at the individual level were participatory democracy. Throughout, highlighted as heatwave and cold spell we illustrate these factors through London and solutions. For flood risk reduction, hard New York’s repeated experiences with 19th engineering solutions were emphasized, Century pandemic cholera. whereas green infrastructure, nature-based solutions, and systematic measures were less ID654. dealt with. However, incremental changes in media coverage narratives were observed over Interconnected opportunities for time. Notably, the comparison of year-on-year sustainability: social responses to data shows that other environmental issues extreme weather events in South (e.g., COVID-19 crisis) were discussed together Korea between 2018-2020 with climate-related phenomena.

Yi hyun Kang This finding implies that the windows of opportunity for global sustainability are Technical University of Munich, Munich, interconnected. This study addresses the Germany change and stasis of societal responses to global environmental change, and it can This study compares how the media in South possibly contribute to the discussion on the Korea has covered extreme weather events factors that enhance adaptiveness and such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, and reflexivity in different cultures. Thus, this study cold spells between 2018 and 2020 to

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 219 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity corresponds to one of the conference streams: and venturing into the fire zones themselves. Adaptiveness and Reflexivity. These collections exhaust over-stretched workforces. Disaster waste is made all the ID241. more poignant (and political) when it contains human remains. But it is a trove of reusable Adaptation within the Climate materials, for rebuilding communities or to be Emergency: The Case of Disaster sold in local or global markets. Waste This paper is first of all empirical. Where is Kate O'Neill disaster waste recognized as a governance University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, problem? At what scale? Is it an adaption issue, USA or one of emergency response? The UN’s Disaster Management Office has published Climate change and waste, as global issues, are guidelines, in collaboration with UNEP and more interconnected than many realize. This humanitarian agencies. Yet how can global paper examines how climate change and agencies address the escalating scale of the associated catastrophes causewaste, problem, more often than not left to local specifically a category of waste that is relatively agencies without much back-up or planning, as newly recognized, at least on a large scale: California waste agencies attest. This paper disaster waste. It is an adaption issue that must highlights disaster waste as an under- be addressed across governance scales but is addressed multi-scalar governance and an uneasy fit for existing institutional forms. adaptation issue. This paper also tells a story of the multifaceted and deeply political forms Disasters – from wars and terrorist attacks to disaster wastes take on – and what they reveal hurricanes, wildfires and earthquakes - leave in about “necro-capitalism” (a form of capitalism their wake thousands of tons of debris, linked to and dependent directly or indirectly including rubble, solid waste, biological waste, on death and the profits accruing from it) and hazardous waste, dead animals, and human its multiple impacts as the climate emergency remains. Yet dealing with this debris often falls unfolds. into the gap between emergency response and longer-term rebuilding as priorities for recovery and for aid. Still, as fires in Australia and California and hurricanes and typhoons in the coastal US and in Asia, such waste poses huge logistical, moral and ongoing problems. Disaster waste is worsened by forms of global capitalist production. Hurricane Florence in the Carolinas in 2018 flattened pig farms, aka factories, leaving a toxic soup of animal carcasses, sewage and antibiotics and other additives. Fire events can last for months. In California and Australia waste companies struggle to maintain regular collection for unaffected communities, while collecting flammables hastily raked up ahead of the blaze,

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Panel ID 503 and scale as well as for its focus on the mere Interrogating knowledge and preservation of the status quo without tackling the causes of vulnerabilities. The emerging practice in urban governance concept of sustainable adaptation seeks to Parallel Panel Session 2, address these alleged shortcomings by Tuesday 7th September 2021, integrating specific capacities needed to 10:30-12:00 CEST anticipate and respond to climatic threats and Chair: TBC generic capacities in response to system-level deficiencies. As such, actions can be ad-hoc ID319. adjustments, or reformist and transformative to an urban system. However, up to date The promise of urban climate comprehensive evaluations of CCA strategies change governance: Do the 100 at an international scale are largely missing, for Resilient Cities strategies foster example of the complete set of RS strategies. sustainable adaptation? In this article, we analyze and map the 74 CCA Elisa Kochskämper1, Lisa-Maria Glass2 strategies published between 2015-2019 by cities voluntarily participating in the RS 1Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and network. Based on a shared framework of Space, Erkner, Germany. 2Leuphana University, resilience and adaptation, these strategies Lüneburg, Germany outline the cities’ most urgent challenges and Cities are central for defining climate futures stressors as well as respective adaptation and governance. With producing an estimated actions, timeframes and actors involved. We two-third of total global greenhouse gas create a first comprehensive dataset on RS emissions, cities are major contributors to strategies by coding relevant process- and climate change and at the same time content-related factors. In terms of process, vulnerable hot spots where most severe we trace the collaborative approach in strategy damages due to climate change impacts are design and planned implementation (top- expected. In response to these challenges, down/ bottom-up; inclusion of public, private, many cities have developed climate change civil society actors at different scales). For the adaptation (CCA) strategies, frequently in the content, we identify the matching of actions context of transnational municipal networks, with perceived and actual stressors, specific such as the 100 Resilient Cities (RS). (ad-hoc) and generic (reformist, transformative) actions, and types of actions Current evidence on CCA planning shows that (governance/ infrastructure). We thereby seek little multi-level coordination between cities to contribute to the knowledge on urban CCA and higher levels of government occurs, and planning and provide the basis for future proposed actions predominantly target explorations and comparisons of the relation defensive infrastructure. These findings between CCA planning approaches and indicate a rather reductionist understanding of effective implementation targeting resilient adaptation as purposeful adjustments to and sustainable adaptation. hazards to maintain key system functions frequently adopted in the resilience theory ID501. literature. Scholars criticize this approach for giving insufficient attention to power, equity,

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Case-study insights on the systemic metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany. This relevance of climate change for approach is based on transdisciplinary research cascading effects in critical methods, connecting the realms of scientific knowledge about regional climate change with infrastructure networks of urban real-world experiences. Thereby specifically a areas participatory approach – e.g. using a Markus Groth1, Steffen Bender1, Peer Seipold1, stakeholder mapping process, interviews, Elisabeth Viktor2 group model building techniques, workshops and impact matrices – has been carried with 1 Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) - key stakeholders from different sectors to Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Hamburg, identify climate-related drivers causing the 2 Germany. PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH most severe failures and losses in the system – (pwc), Hamburg, Germany either directly in the same sector or indirectly due to breakdowns in other sectors. Addressing climate change adaptation in urban areas is increasingly urgent and requires By this hands-on deep dive into the topic – also fundamental transformations of supply addressing key aspects of the “Agenda 2030” infrastructures such as transport and mobility, and the “New Leipzig Charter” – electricity and water supply or the paper presents valuable practical insights telecommunication as well as an improved regarding the specific relevance of cascading understanding of the interactions of these effects for the sectors energy, water and critical infrastructures. Practical experiences transport. Thereby it introduces the topic of show, that in general there is an awareness of adaptation to climate change as a starting point these interconnections, but for example for a better understanding and management of emergency plans often fall short regarding the systemic risks in order to build and maintain a growing indirect influences of climate change resilient mobility infrastructure and to make on infrastructural failures expected in the cities and settlements safe, resilient and future. Therefore, there is also a growing need sustainable. for research and systemic approaches to overcome this isolated sectoral view of climate ID650. change impacts on critical infrastructures. An additional challenge are the large number of Exploratory analysis of the impact of interests from key players such as governance transformation on administration (from local to regional), politics, localization of Sustainable and companies as well as state of the art Development Goal 11 in India scientific knowledge to be considered in the development of strategies and measures. Richa Kandpal

United Nations University, Institute for the Against this background and in order to Advanced Study of Sustainability, Tokyo, Japan systematically capture the complex interlinkages of different infrastructure sectors The Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030 in practice as well as the impacts of future and the New Urban Agenda recognize the climatic conditions for potential cascading importance of addressing urbanization for effects, a system dynamics approach has been achieving sustainable development. They also applied within a case-study for the stress upon policy attention to the capacities

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 222 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity of, and the roles played by subnational decentralization. This study provides valuable governments in realizing the Sustainable insight on the opportunities and challenges of Development Goals (SDGs). This study focuses such a model of cooperative and competitive on the localization of SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities federalism for effective SDG localization. It also and Communities) through transformational helps in clarifying the current status of changes in the governance at national and transition of urban planning institutions in subnational levels in India. The Indian India towards a model of governance for government is in the process of reforming the achieving the SDG framework. existing development mechanisms towards an integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management system across the national, state and district levels. There are efforts to improve collaboration and consensus building for cooperation across multiple levels, and also improve data generation and accounting for comparing state-wise progress on SDGs and creating healthy competition. The ‘National Indicator Framework’ and the ‘SDG

India Index’ have been developed by the government as a part of this contextualization. The composite ‘SDG India Index’ is based on indicators selected according to data availability and governmental priorities. It measures the performance for SDG 11 with five indicators, that capture two out of the ten outlined targets for SDG 11. Substantial variations are observed in the state-wise scores, and these variations are used to analyse the drivers and barriers towards successful SDG governance for sustainable urbanization. A systematic review of the government policies Panel ID 504 and mission documents is done for the Reflexivity in governance practices successful and the aspirant states, to Parallel Panel Session 1, qualitatively assess the changes in Tuesday 7th September 2021, development mechanisms. It is done under the 8:30-10:00 CEST categories of strategic changes, tactical Chair: Maricela de la Torre Castro changes, operational changes and reflexive changes. Qualitative and quantitative ID93. comparisons are made between these changes on one hand, and the scores on the other. The Influence of international non- results show that the contextualization is still governmental organizations in ongoing and some of the main challenges to localization of SDG 11 in India are in terms of global fisheries governance data adequacy and quality, research and Matilda Tove Petersson1, Lisa Dellmuth2 assessment, institutional factors and fiscal

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1Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm The question is why. We explore whether this University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2Department of has to do with the increasing participation by Economic History and International Relation, INGOs in RFMOs over the past two decades, as Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden they generally pursue goals and engage in advocacy to push for additional measures for Increasing participation by international non- non-target species. To study the influence of governmental organizations (INGOs) is often INGOs on policy outputs related to non-target viewed as important for the effectiveness of species across RFMOs, we combine data from international organizations to solve policy statements submitted by INGOs to transboundary environmental problems. Over RFMO meetings, and RFMO meeting reports, past decades, researchers and policy-makers with participatory observations and semi- alike have promoted INGO participation as a structured interviews with representatives of way to address both democratic deficits and INGOs, and from other non-state actors governance gaps. However, the conditions representing the fishing industry, research- under which INGOs are able to influence based organizations, RFMO member states and effectiveness are still relatively uncharted. secretariats of RFMOs.

This paper addresses this disparity and focuses The findings of the paper are discussed in specifically on the influence of INGOs on policy relation to ongoing debates on the linkages outputs achieved by Regional Fisheries between INGOs, influence, and effectiveness in Management Organizations (RFMOs) over the the global environmental governance past two decades. RFMOs are the sole literature. The paper concludes with a international organizations with a mandate to discussion of these linkages in relation to the adopt binding measures for managing highly prospects for RFMOs to implementing an migratory and straddling fish stocks, including ecosystem approach to fisheries. many commercially important species such as tunas. The objective is to achieve optimum utilization and, at the same time, long term ID243. conservation of these fish stocks. The global goals and the national In recent years, there are indications that goal-setting process: How can we RFMOs have broadened their mandate. For example, previous studies have found that understand the adaptive and RFMOs have taken some initial steps to reflexive capacity of national implement an ecosystems approach to governance? fisheries. This is generally advocated, by the Mahesti Okitasari, Tarek Katramiz international community and researchers alike, as a means to achieving sustainable fisheries United Nations University Institute for the management. Indeed, in the past three Advanced Study of Sustainability, Tokyo, Japan decades, many RFMOs have adopted binding conservation and management measures on The complexity and broad scope of the non-target and associated species, such as e.g. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) entails sharks, sea turtles, seabirds, and marine a new governance challenge for national mammals, in addition to measures concerning policymaking. As the government is expected target fish stocks. to mainstream the global goals into the

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 224 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity national policies, the SDGs play a role in driving Toward Social-Ecological Peace? the momentum to produce a new national Reflexivity of Governance within development plan through the national goal- the Extractive Industries setting process. Its successes are determined Transparency Initiative-Indonesia by the governing capacity within and across organizations to carry holistic and integrated Yanuardi Yanuardi1,2, Marjanneke J Vijge1, approaches in balancing national objectives Frank Biermann1 and achieving the SDGs. Existing research 1 points to needs to strengthen the capacity of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 2 government to govern the global goals and Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, organizational transformation discourse holds Indonesia much relevance to governance transformative The Extractive Industries Transparency capacity. However, it remains to be seen to Initiative (EITI) sets standards to improve global what extent this capacity could be attributed to governance through transparency in the governance adaptiveness and reflexiveness. extractive industries sector. Globally, EITI Further, how can insights from theories of country members implement those standards transformative capacity help us understand through a multi-stakeholder group (MSG), processes of governance change in the national trying to ensure the process of governance goal-setting process? reflexivity -the ability to reconfigure itself in This paper aims to identify adaptive and response to reflection on its performance. This reflexivity characteristics of the existing paper assesses the effectiveness and reflexivity governance attributes that could potentially of the EITI network in Indonesia, a country influence changes in the national goal-setting strongly dominated by extractive regimes. process. Using a set of reflexivity components Extractive governance in Indonesia is still from the evaluative framework of poorly governed with numerous adverse transformative capacity developed by Wolfram social-ecological impacts. This article explains (2016), this paper thereby seeks to determine the reflexivity process of EITI-Indonesia and the extent to which adaptiveness and analyses whether and how it contributes to reflexivity are both the product of and fostering social-ecological peace, that is, a contribute to the government’s transformative situation in which violence against nature and capacity that linked to national goal-setting humans is absent and where humans and process. This paper analyzes multiple national nature can realise their potential. The goal-setting processes for the global goals reflexivity analysis in this paper is conducted by resulting in new national development plans revealing the core values of extractive industry taking place between 2015 and 2017 in Asia- actors by observing their core arguments in Pacific region with consideration of sub- debating the EITI in Indonesia. Data are taken regional location, levels of development and from EITI-Indonesia multi-stakeholder group’s types of planning system. This allows meeting minutes from 2012-2018; EITI- recognizing how the diverse factors enhance or Indonesia reports; and interviews with both hinder adaptiveness and reflexivity in different EITI MSG members and non-MSG members. economic, social and cultural contexts. The results show that social-economic orientation is a core value in the EITI MSG. All ID301. actors in EITI-Indonesia believe that transparency in extractive industries

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 225 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity governance can simultaneously increase framework for assessing the potential of investment inflow and state revenue in intergovernmental review processes to foster Indonesia. However, fierce debates occur reflexivity and apply this to the 2015 Paris when defining the degree of transparency in Agreement on Climate Change. implementing the standard. For the initial report, the MSG members agreed to limit Pickering (2019) defines ecological reflexivity transparency only to a small number of as the capability to recognise impacts on social- companies with the largest contributions to ecological systems leading to rethinking core state revenue by imposing a threshold due to values and practices, and an appropriate time and technical constraints. Further fierce response. We argue that looking at the review debates among MSG members have occurred process analytically as an accountability as the updated EITI standard stipulates higher mechanism is helpful for assessing its reflexive degrees of transparency. These show potential. The accountability literature resistance against a higher degree of reflexivity provides guidance on how accountability in the new standard. However, the debate mechanisms can enable all three components within the MSG remains far from pursuing of reflexivity by scrutinizing (lack of) actions social-ecological peace because it is heavily and their implications, requiring actors to oriented toward the social-economic justify their performance, and including some dimension and likely disregards ecosystem judgement of and consequences for values. By explaining the different degrees of underperformance that incorporates reflexivity in EITI implementation in Indonesia, incentives for improvement. the article provides key insights into the conditions under which reflexivity occurs in The PA regime, as several other global governance processes. environmental regimes, provides a particularly challenging context for applying traditional ID328. accountability approaches. National sovereignty creates primarily horizontal rather Assessing the Reflexive Potential of than vertical accountability relationships. the Paris Agreement’s Global Furthermore, the climate change ‘problem’ has Stocktake been characterized as a ‘superwicked’ policy problem which presents further challenges for Sylvia Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen accountability. Our assessment framework therefore draws on literature that explicitly Wageningen University, Wageningen, considers design features of approaches to Netherlands accountability for wicked or complex problems summarized as: shared accountability (beyond The Paris Agreement (PA) has set ambitious formal, based on ethical concern), broad goals on climate change, but what is less clear accountability focusing on inputs (efforts), is whether its mechanisms for reviewing processes and outcomes, and dynamic progress towards those goals are sufficiently accountability that has learning as a major robust. International cooperation in general is outcome. less apt at properly evaluating the (lack of) progress towards reaching adopted goals. This When applying this assessment framework to paper starts from the assumption that the the Paris Agreement we focus on its collective value of such evaluation processes would evaluation process: the global stocktake. We benefit ecological reflexivity. We develop a

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 226 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity draw on three sources: the text of the Paris act in a reflexive way has been recognized as Agreement; the Katowice ‘rulebook’ for how crucial in driving change processes towards the global stocktake will be operationalised; sustainability. Much of the current literature and commentaries on the stocktake in on reflexive governance pays particular academic literature and civil society discourse. attention to the role of knowledge and learning This allows us to identify the weak elements of in decision-making processes. The conditions this process and potential avenues to address necessary for generating knowledge and using them inside and outside the formal global this knowledge in political processes have regime. With the first global stocktake taking important direct implications for the capacities place in 2023 it is important to build a solid of domestic systems. In this respect, certain knowledge foundation that can support the institutional, human and financing capacities academic and societal discussions on its are required, which in turn presupposes that implementation at national and global level. capacity building (capacity development) processes need to take place at a country level. Such efforts are critical in particular for the region of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), given that these countries are young democracies undergoing unprecedented transformation of their political and economic systems over the past three decades. This paper explores to what extent the concept of reflexivity and its governance implications have ID565. been reflected in capacity building programmes in CEE. Pertinent questions are: Transition to Sustainability and Do capacity building debates in this context Reflexivity: Implications for refer to reflexivity? What empirical evidence Governance in Central and Eastern from CEE countries exists on the capacity Europe building programmes in the field of environment and sustainable development? Aneliya Simeonova Paneva Information will be collected based on a state- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, of-the-art review, secondary and primary data. Oldenburg, Germany Drawing specifically on the case of Bulgaria and qualitative data collected over a 4-year period, Reflexivity has been highlighted as a key preliminary findings indicate that the available research theme within the Earth System capacities are insufficient to enable reflexive Governance Science and Implementation Plan governance processes. Meanwhile, capacity in 2018. Building on reflexive governance building efforts undertaken by national and debates, the notion of reflexivity generally international organizations have failed to relates to the ability of actors and institutions address this deficit. Thus, the lack of capacities to critically reassess their (environmental) and adequate capacity building processes can performance and accordingly change partly explain the weak performance of the established values, goals and adverse country in the field of environment and operating practices. Since existing governance sustainable development. Consequently, systems appear ill-suited to address pressing fostering reflexivity in the society calls for challenges in the Anthropocene, the ability to

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 227 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity reconsideration and redesign of capacity in the coastal zone. Recent estimates suggest building programmes. that in more than half of the world’s coastal countries, at least 80% of the national population currently lives within 100 km of the coastline creating coastal megacities. Hence, urbanization and megacities in the coastal zone have a wide range of intersecting environmental and human impacts within a social-ecological perspective. People have

developed many methods for tackling the complex problem of coastal zone

management. When a particular approach appears to be successful in a few cases, people

may treat it like a panacea or a simple solution to a wide array of problems. Unfortunately, real panaceas do not exist, so coastal management approaches that are applied without attention to local context and engagement of local stakeholders are bound to fail. To go beyond panaceas we need to Panel ID 506 understand the different realities and Interrogating knowledge and peculiarities of the contexts where the practice in water governance best/avoidable practices were implemented. Parallel Panel Session 3, For this, an institutional diagnostics toolkit that Tuesday 7th September 2021, offers vast information on coastal 16:30-18:00 CEST management settings and enables the discussion of available options of architecture Chair: TBC and agency that are likely the most effective in different earth system governance settings is a ID400. valuable instrument. Thus, through a Dealing with complexities: finding systematic literature review, this article seeks to examine current policy options used for best practices to go beyond coastal management around the world panaceas? focusing on urban coastal development and Leandra R Goncalves1, Luciana Y Xavier1, DG coastal megacities, with a view to identifying Webster2, Oran Young3, Alexander Turra1 key policy questions, the social-ecological settings they are inserted in and the potential 1 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. avenues for addressing those issues, 2 3 Dartmouth, Hanover, USA. University of highlighting their main diagnostic condition California, Santa Barbara, USA and design elements to improve fit. This alternative would not replace the more Coastal management is a complex process and comprehensive approaches found in the it addresses diverse drivers and pressures, literature but would rather support managers coming from different scales, processes, and in developing a better institutional design that levels. Human settlement is one of the most steps away from the problem of intensive drivers of environmental degradation

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 228 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity panaceas. Solving complex socio- interactions among actors crossing environmental problems requires governance administrative jurisdictions. The research among multiple stakeholders and the use of shows that, in the urban areas the three major diverse and available knowledge in the pursuit forms of interactions, namely cooperation, of innovation. coercion and competition between actors have led to increased social learning and adaptability ID317. among the actors, whereas cooperation among actors is seen as the key factor in ensuring Understanding the performance of adaptability in the rural areas. These a polycentric water governance interactions are limited by the administrative system in areas of rural to urban boundaries and even though there are formal transition channels of interactions among the governmental actors, there is a lack of Arvind Lakshmisha, Andreas Thiel interactions and coordination between water University of Kasssel, Witzenhausen, Germany users within the region, leading to locally led uneven conservation initiatives in the study The distinction between urban and rural areas area, which has seemingly contributed to the are increasingly blurred in the recent years and destruction of water-bodies in the region. characterised by intensifying inter- dependencies of the two areas leading to ID549. diverse functional relations, for example due to economic, political, physical and social Opportunities and challenges of complementarities in contexts of resource use water reuse in the industrial sector and sharing. This paper looks at the emerging under a Private-Public Partnership interplay between urban and rural areas (PPP): A critical review through the lens of polycentric governance 1,2 1 developed in (Anonymized) (2019) and rooted Isabella Georgiou , Serena Caucci , Jonathan 2 2 in the Bloomington School of Economics, and Clive Morris , Peter Krebs the paper aims to analyse the conditions 1UNU-FLORES, Dresden, Germany. 2TU shaping the performance of a polycentric Dresden, Dresden, Germany governance system in contexts of rural-urban inter-dependencies. This concept is empirically Around 20% of the total water abstractions are applied to the case of water-bodies in and originated by the industrial sector worldwide, around the metropolitan region of Bangalore. while the demand for water overall will The metropolitan region of Bangalore spread increase by 55% by 2050. Wastewater could across three administrative districts, provide an alternative source of water for comprising of numerous small and medium industrial activities. Yet although internal water towns and villages in addition to the metropolis recycling is gaining prominence, there are not with varied systems of water-body many studies exploring the potential of treated management across the region. Analysis based wastewater use under a Private-Public on the interviews and focus group discussions Partnership (PPP). This is despite PPPs having conducted in the region highlight two the potential of contributing to an effective important aspects: conservation of water- integrated water management through the bodies has been a completely citizen-led creation of synergies between the private and initiative and there are different forms of the public sector. The purpose of this paper is

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 229 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity therefore to provide a holistic overview of the Understanding the mechanisms of how main barriers that prevent the effectiveness of governance unfolds involves understanding PPPs in using publicly treated municipal both who is involved and the modes through wastewater in the industrial sector. Through a which operations occur. Actors dealing with systematic literature review, the main barriers, water management are constantly involved in drivers as well as industries and different interpreting information, dealing with applications of water use are analysed. These interdependencies, influenced by values and initial findings show that costs in capital and relationships (political and personal), and infrastructure, conventional water price, the coping with uncertainties when systems are no quality of wastewater and a well-formed longer in equilibrium. While the technical regulatory framework are the most discussed complexity of water and risk infrastructure is aspects. Ten different identified applications frequently researched, relational complexity are analysed in regard to type of application, and social ties within networks involved in water use and characteristics of country or addressing urban water-risk of riverine cities is region of application. Through the further an understudied area. analysis of the case studies, the paper aims to highlight common factors leading to a This research explores the relational successful scheme, as well as identify aspects functionality of networks governing the risks of that require further attention and research. urban floods, domestic water supply, and wastewater for Guwahati city and its rivers. ID453. Through the method of Social Network Analysis, the research explores aspects that are Rivers and cities: How are the known to hinder effective cooperation within connected water-risks governed? networks, including the information gaps, cost of collaboration, communication, and role Safa Fanaian ambiguity challenges. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom The case studied is Guwahati city and its rivers More than a billion live in urban regions with in the North-eastern region of India. Data used <1 million population in middle and low- includes interviews with different actors such income countries. Many such as bureaucrats, media, NGOs, private secondary/medium cities stand on rivers and enterprises, academicians and residents. increasingly pose a host of water-related risks The results show that key leadership roles, to each other. Some of these risks include along with diverse polycentric structures urban floods, inadequate drinking water within governance networks have a strong availability, riverbank erosion, and river influence on the implementation and pollution due to sewage and waste releases. In execution of mitigation strategies. Such a India alone, its Central Pollution Control Board network approach to examine all the parts of in 2015 reported that 37,000 million liters per the polycentric structures allows for scrutiny day of untreated sewage water flow into rivers of, hierarchies, types of interactions, prevalent across the country. These same rivers, many perceptions, the flow of knowledge, enablers times also serve as drinking water sources. of cooperation and placement of priorities that Within riverine cities, water-risks are as much give rise to the emergent characteristics of the shaped by climatic events as by urban growth, whole. and its governance (or lack thereof).

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mechanisms which lead to impact of these groups in negotiations. The argument from the analysis is that indigenous knowledge claims present a unique challenge to theories of how ideas impact governance outcomes. They are more diverse and operate differently than expectations from epistemic communities, boundary work or civic epistemologies, and

norm entrepreneurs or advocacy coalition frameworks. Instead, the most relevant

mechanisms of impact largely revolve around their ability to create spaces for

transdisciplinary knowledge creation. Panel ID 507 Indigenous Peoples have the impact on most Reflexive governance: sources and negotiation spaces when they are able to open spaces for the creation of multifaceted and barriers fractured knowledge claims. This provides Parallel Panel Session 6, specific avenues for them to shape the agenda, Wednesday 8th September 2021, but also limits its ability to shape some 17:00-18:30 CEST fundamental features of the governance Chair: Jeremy Bendik-Keymer negotiations.

ID671. ID556.

Indigenous knowledge in global Civil Disobedience of the biodiversity politics: Epistemic Anthropocene: Renewing communities, boundary breakers, Reflexivity for Ecological Democracy or normative entrepreneuers Odin Lysaker Casey Stevens University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway Providence College, Providence, USA The environmental movements Fridays for Indigenous knowledge plays a crucial role in Future and Extinction Rebellion, despite their global biodiversity governance with important differences, are willing to use civil roles played in discussions around Article 8(j) of disobedience. They non-violently protest to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), protect, e.g., future generations and the planet the Nagoya Protocol, and in the reports of the against what is viewed as climate injustice and Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on ecological emergency. Therefore, I raise the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. How have question whether civil disobedience is Indigenous Peoples been able to influence the democratically legitimate in the Anthropocene, agenda and what have been the limits on their a theme that seems to have been largely involvement? This paper conducts a neglected within studies of ecological comparative process-tracing method to 9 democracy. Even if environmental movements’ different negotiations in the CBD in order to civil disobedience can be judged as a legitimate discern the specific combinations of causal political response to today’s planetary

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 231 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity ecological crisis, I wish to further reflect on the legitimated by contributing to what Dryzek and extent to which societies can recognize climate Pickering designate as discourse entrepreneurs disobedience and remain democracies. To or formative agents. address this issue, I draw on Jürgen Habermas’ approach to civil disobedience as a litmus test for democracy’s legitimacy, moral grounding, and maturity level. Recently, building further on this Habermasian idea, Maeve Cooke has articulated a non-anthropocentric ethics. In doing so, in the Anthropocene, Cooke argues that civil disobedience might generate transformative political action, e.g., activism, protest, and resistance. Such non-violent and direct action may create radical societal change ID659. through dialogue and deliberation rather than force or violence. Cooke further portray civil Social Cohesion as a Crucial System disobedience as bodily and emotional activities Feature in Social-Ecological which wish to open the eyes, ears, and hearts of those who the environmental movements Systems: A Conceptual Perspective are resisting as well as other relevant on Regional Social Tipping Points in audiences. Unfortunately, Cooke never the Southwestern Amazon connects her analysis to the discourse around Rebecca Froese ecological democracy. In contrast, I argue that climate disobedience may be accounted as an University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, ecological-democratic practice. Here, to be Germany able to open others’ hearts, I believe, we With the introduction of the Anthropocene should be motivated by what I define into the scientific discourse, it became obvious as ecological love towards all existence instead that the Earth System cannot be further of ecological sorrow or rage after the investigated without considering human degradation and exploitation of limited natural impacts. The diverse dynamics emanating resources. Given that, within the framework of from societal interactions and their ecological democracy, I claim that climate environment have been conceptualized in the disobedience and ecological love can be last decade into a body of literature on social- related to what John S. Dryzek and Jonathan ecological systems (SES). SES exist on different Pickering define as ecological or ecosystemic scales and are sub-systems of larger SES, lastly reflexivity. This is the first virtue of democratic the Earth System. In this paper we approach institutions and practices of the Anthropocene. human dynamics within the Earths social- In today’s dynamic and instable social- ecological system by exploring social cohesion ecological systems, such reflexivity is the as a crucial system feature of the social capacity to more efficiently seeking, receiving, component of an SES. Systematizing society as a tipping element with social cohesion on interpreting, and acting based on early inter-group and group-state levels being its warnings concerning the ecological crisis. By crucial system feature, we aim to contribute exercising ecological reflexivity motivated by to the incorporation of societal dynamics into ecological love, I guess that climate SES dynamics and more widely also into the disobedience can be further democratically discussion on Earth System dynamics. We

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 232 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity present our conceptual approach on regional University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada social tipping points and resilience, building on related considerations from systems theory The rise of electromobility holds the potential and actor-network theory. Since the social to profoundly impact the electricity sector. system as a whole is complex and hard to Electric vehicle charging, electric vehicle grasp, we focus on dynamics that are relevant batteries, and associated home-based energy for only one tipping dynamic: land use change storage devices will unavoidably impact how and related loss of ecosystem services. electricity is managed. Sustainability transition Further, we approach our analysis on a frameworks have been helpful in regional scale, corresponding to the conceptualizing how these novel technologies boundaries of the social-ecological sub-system can move from niche adoption to widespread under consideration to depict various dynamics that are relevant within this SES. At usage. Yet many of these frameworks abstract the same time, this regional approach allows away important complexities or regional us to analyze diversity within each component diversity, diminishing the policy relevance of of the social system on a more detailed and this research. In practice, how an electricity local level while allowing for comparison and system responds to these new technologies transnational contextualization of different will vary based on many place-based local analyses. For test application of our considerations. Electric mobility will create conceptual framework, we use the case of a various challenges and opportunities and tropical rainforest ecosystem and a rural provoke distinct adaptation dynamics from Amazonian social system at the tri-national diverse electricity sectors, resulting in different boarder of Peru, Brazil and Bolivia. We argue sustainable transition pathways. that understanding social cohesion in relation to its potential to influence developments on This paper explores the varied transition a regional scale is important to foster the opportunities and challenges for formation of resilient and life-sustaining electromobility in three major regional future societies. economies in Canada: Alberta, Ontario, and Québec. Canada’s highly decentralized

federation and vast distances has resulted in Panel ID 508 highly fragmented electricity system. As a Low-carbon transitions: structural result, dominant industries in each province have shaped the existing power system and the change, knowledge and complexity policy response to electromobility. Canada Parallel Panel Session 9, Québec’s highly-regulated electricity sector is Thursday 9th September 2021, dominated by the provincial utility, Hydro- 17:15-19:00 CEST Québec, and has Canada’s most advanced Chair: Rosalind Warner electromobility policy frameworks. Ontario’s electricity sector is partially deregulated and ID318. the province is home to Canada’s automotive manufacturing industry and ICT sector. Alberta, Addressing complexity in the has one of the most carbon-intensive and electromobility transition pathways deregulated electricity systems in the country, of Alberta, Ontario, and Québec and is highly dependent on fossil fuel extraction. Nathan Lemphers

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 233 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity

Using a conceptual framework that environment is organised: it is not merely an distinguishes between sectoral regimes and attribute of a specific regulatory institution. service regimes, this paper examines how likely is a transition in each region and what a The regulator’s capability to successfully transition could look like. The comparative coordinate this necessary technological insights gathered in this paper will have transition, without major disruption to the relevance for policymakers wanting to learn traditional mandate of supplying electricity from the experiences of other jurisdictions or affordably and reliably, is critical. A common for policy actors working across regional view is that liberalised energy systems are boundaries. better at addressing problems of performance on the expansion of RE. This would mean that countries with higher levels of liberalisation would display lower levels of renewable ID480. generation curtailment. However, empirical evidence suggests that higher levels of market Adapting for a low-carbon liberalisation do not necessarily deliver better transition: knowledge brokers and performance of RE integration. government access to industrial competence in the electricity The key research hypothesis is: greater access industry to system operators and transnational regulatory networks lets regulators develop Jose Maria Valenzuela more innovative and effective regulatory solutions, by increasing the provision of University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom specialised knowledge. The research postulates that greater access to knowledge Electricity system authorities have adopted the brokers, especially domestic intermediaries mandate to pursue low-carbon electricity and international transnational networks, generation as this is one of the most feasible facilitates regulatory innovation. This is strategies for decarbonisation in industrial because knowledge brokers increase analytical economies. However, these regulators must capability by providing regulators with deal with potential serious imbalances in knowledge from their own operational energy supply, which not only creates a experience, and from the wider industry. negative financial impact on generators, consumers and/or the government but also This research was conducted as a controlled undermines the business and political case for comparison between China, Mexico, Chile and the further expansion of renewable energy the United Kingdom. This case selection allows (RE). The problems posed by RE require to account for high and low levels of regulatory innovations. Regulators require liberalisation (Chile and the UK fully liberalised, both knowledge and regulatory capability. and China and Mexico as hybrid models), and They require appropriate knowledge to the presence of independent system operators understand the problems of variable (Mexico and Chile) and transmission system generation and identify the innovative means operators (China and the UK). These four or tools available to overcome them. They also countries have experiences formal and require analytical capacity which is shaped and informal institutional changes that have can be provided by how the regulatory redistributed the capacity to broker knowledge

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 234 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity and represent a good frame for hypothesis both socio-technical regimes (studied by socio- testing and theory building. The empirical technical studies), socio-political and evidence includes extensive documental governance structures (studied by political evidence and more than 70 interviews science) and market mechanisms (studied by conducted on field trips during 2019. economics). The stronger the overlap and interactions between the two, the larger the structural challenges for the region. On that basis we will develop a coherent research framework specifically spelling out the various ways in which the two systems interact. The understanding of the interlinkages between large technical systems and regional

economies and societies will help to design governance interventions that help regions ID157. adapt to the structural changes, reduce and avoid hardship, resolve systemic change How do Energy Transitions Play out resistence by incumbent actors and ultimately in Carbon-intensive Regions? – A facilitate the transformation towards Framework for Systematic Analysis decarbonized energy systems overall. of Structural Change from Decarbonization ID109.

Lukas Hermwille Escaping the Fractal Carbon Trap Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment Steven Bernstein, Matthew Hoffmann and Energy, Wuppertal, Germany University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Most studies on socio-technical systems or large technical systems start the analysis by This paper reports on key findings from a six- identifying the boundaries of the technical year collaborative project on “Transformative infrastructure. However, to understand the Policy Pathways Towards Decarbonization,” dynamics and implications of transitions of which investigated over two dozen initiatives carbon-intensive regions, we cannot base our at multiple levels and scales designed to analysis on the boundaries of technical promote decarbonization. The cases range systems. Rather we must conceptualize how from attempts to create “smart” cities that subnational regions influence and are encourage shifts in energy use, to national- influenced by the national and supranational level energy transition policies (e.g., Germany’s systems within which they are embedded. Energiewende), to transnational initiatives to change business practices (e.g., CDP and We will conceptualize these as two interacting corporate carbon pricing), to sector specific and overlapping open systems. Large technical policies such as to promote electric vehicles. systems may be best characterized on the These cases revealed a pattern we observed national scale or even supranational more broadly: societies’ dependence on fossil (European) scale. These systems interact with energy makes it difficult to change one policy regional economies and societies, which are or technology without causing negative complex systems in their own right, through feedback in interdependent systems that

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 235 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity opposing interests (such as fossil producing or dependent industries) or politicians can leverage to mobilize counter coalitions and societal pushback. These dynamics produce a “fractal carbon trap” where interlinked dynamics lead to initiatives getting “stuck” or being reversed unless they can overcome thresholds of scaling and entrenchment leading to positive feedbacks both within the particular targeted system (e.g., a political jurisdiction or economic sector) and interdependent systems. We investigated the political dynamics of coalition building, normalization and capacity building in each Panel ID 509 case to see how they combine to reinforce or Inter-/transdisciplinarity and overcome the carbon trap. Among the key findings the paper will elaborate are the reflexivity in research Parallel Panel Session 9, following: 1) The political dynamics for an Thursday 9th September 2021, initiative to gain initial traction differ from 17:15-19:00 CEST those needed for scaling and entrenchment; 2) Many initiatives that generate immediate Chair: Erwin Nugraha emission reductions also generate dynamics that get systems stuck in an “improvement” ID184. trajectory that prevents further decarbonization, e.g., when they intentionally The split ladder of problem or unintentionally reinforce use of bridge fuels; politicization 3) Analyses and action must focus beyond Margot A Hurlbert1, Joyeeta Gupta2 single initiatives since scaling and entrenchment depend on interactions and 1Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public catalyzing action (via the three political Policy, Regina, Canada. 2University of dynamics) in related systems, e.g., in the Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands overall sector targeted or at multiple jurisdictional levels. There is an ongoing debate about whether complex problems should be addressed technocratically or whether they should be the subject of politicization. While many scholars from the natural science disciplines tend to favour technocratic decision-making, social scientists like to politicize problems. But politicization does not always lead to problem- solving. Nor is it always necessary. This paper addresses the question: Under what

circumstances should problems be politicized, and what is the effect of such politicization. It

builds on the split ladder of participation to

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 236 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity develop a theory on the politicization of phrase “earth system governance”, we also complex societal problems. analyse the publications which have emerged from the previous ten ESG conferences. To be This paper explores the politicization of earth precise, we define the body of ESG research as system problems of climate change, just energy all journal articles published in or before 2019, transitions, and disaster risk response to listed in Scopus, which use the term “earth drought and flood through the research lenses system governance” in abstract, title or of democracy and power, or the deliberative keywords, or which can be attributed exploration of policy and unequivocally to an abstract accepted for an adaptation/mitigation response. While ESG conference. (For later analyses, articles responding to complex problems through appearing in the Journal Earth System public engagement and politicization is often Governance should, too, count as ESG touted as optimal, this paper explores how research.) We show descriptive statistics and problem-solving is best achieved in relation to network graphs to characterise this body of each of the three case studies of climate research. change, just transitions, and disaster response to drought and flood. It argues for a holistic The resulting set of journal papers are coded exploration of each of these complex for their theoretical, conceptual, normative- problems, but a targeted politicization prescriptive or empirical orientation. Empirical coincident with, but developed well in advance papers are coded for a qualitative, of, windows of opportunity. quantitative, interpretive or meta-analytical research approach, and whether they can ID417. generally be regarded as positivist or constructivist. We code in what way papers Evidence-orientation in Earth add to, refine, challenge or synthesise existing System Governance research research, and in what way they contribute to developing shared frameworks, definitions or Michael Rose Jens Newig, datasets. Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany Overall we find that evidence cumulation is still Research in earth system governance (ESG) poorly developed within the ESG community. aspires to be both academically sound and Like the field of environmental policy and policy-relevant. Arguably, both objectives governance more generally, ESG research may require the production of reliable evidence by be characterised as a “fragmented adhocracy”, cumulating – refining, challenging, explaining the widespread failure to produce complementing and synthesizing – existing robust and cumulative knowledge. research. In line with a growing focus on evidence cumulation in sustainabiltiy science, We close by suggesting a number of avenues we ask how and to what extent ESG research for stronger production and cumulation of contributes to evidence production and evidence in the ESG community. These include cumulation. the development and use of more widely shared core terminology, e.g. through broadly To this end, we first define what constitutes accepted dictionaries and common research ESG research. Rather than considering only protocols, allowing to produce shared and those publications which explicitly use the compatible datasets, and meta studies that

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 237 Stream 5 – Adaptiveness and Reflexivity synthesise existing (case-based) research aspect of governance interaction for following shared frameworks. Hence behavioural change to sustainability. contributing to a growing body of – cumulating – evidence on what “works” in ESG will, so we The experience from climate services shows hope, more likely and more lastingly inform that natural sciences are generally granted policy and governance. more authority than other forms of knowledge. This means that other disciplines, ID162. such as social sciences and humanities, although often present in project teams, are Transdisciplinarity in climate not expressed to their full potential. If we want services as a form of governance to ensure change in behaviour of people and intervention organisations, we need to assure they understand the risks climate poses to them and Dragana Bojovic, Asuncion Lera St. Clair the ways in which this information can be used Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, to adapt or transform. Transdisciplinarity in Spain the design of climate services can help achieve this goal. It however requires the close Some of the emerging scientific sub-disciplines collaboration between disciplines, with the and branches of climate change science, such instrumental role of social scientists in framing as climate services and climate change collaborative approaches and enabling adaptation, are reopening the way for innovation. transdisciplinarity. To achieve To achieve transdisciplinarity, we should transdisciplinarity in earnest, we still need to unpack the predetermined hierarchies in move beyond consultation with stakeholders science and achieve interdisciplinary teams and acknowledge that what we need is to treat that have a broadness and capacity to include stakeholders as holders of knowledge and other types of knowledge, to engage with equal partners in the creation of science for citizens and relevant actors, and to respect action. their condition as knowledge holders. An In this paper we advance a vision of interdisciplinary scientific team would transdisciplinarity in climate services as a challenge the dominant assumptions and governance tool – a way to govern the biases of natural sciences and undertake an production of knowledge by designing and inclusive and collaborative process of providing an interface between science, knowledge production. By seizing pluralism society and policy. This bridging is a and diversity of knowledge with various fundamental prerequisite for behaviour origins, these scientists will empower change. Behaviour change requires not only stakeholders, who become stake(&knowledge) access to scientific information about climate holders and equal partners in the process. This change risks and potential impacts, but also the can finally result in a social transformation and participation of relevant actors in the process needed behavior change, reflected in robust of generating this information. Governing and evidence-based decision-making. knowledge to ensure the co-design and coproduction of climate services with stake- and knowledge-holders is thus one more

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 238 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

Stream 6 the multiple sustainability challenges faced by cities. Yet, NBS are not integrated into mainstream urban development practices. Governance intervention Drawing from sustainability transitions studies and social actions for and based on a qualitative comparative case behavioral change to study of six European countries, this study shows how barriers to NBS mainstreaming sustainability follow from structural conditions embedded in heterogeneous urban development regimes. Panel ID 2 Our case comparison reveals that seemingly similar barriers to NBS mainstreaming are Governance of Nature and caused by different structural conditions in Biodiversity (i): Policy integration different countries. Our findings stress the and mainstreaming importance of moving beyond ‘silver bullet’- Parallel Panel Session 4, type approaches to addressing NBS Wednesday 8th September 2021, mainstreaming barriers, towards context- 9:00-10:30 CEST sensitive responses that are tailored to specific urban development regimes. Chair: Yves Zinngrebe

ID562. ID590.

Structural conditions behind the Integrating biodiversity into five barriers that impede the political sectors in Germany: How mainstreaming of urban nature can we make implementation based solutions in Europe work? Fabian Proebstl1, Yves Zinngrebe1,2 Hade Dorst1, Alexander van der Jagt2, Helen Toxopeus3, Laura Tozer4, Rob Raven5, Hens 1Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Runhaar1,2 Leipzig, Germany. 2Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany 1Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The importance of mainstreaming has been Netherlands. 2Forest and Nature Conservation increasingly recognized over the past decades Policy Group, Wageningen University and since its first outpoint in the Convention on Research, Wageningen, Netherlands. 3Utrecht Biological Diversity in 1992. Nevertheless, the University School of Economics, Utrecht Global Biodiversity Outlook 5, published in University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 4Department 2020, indicated a strong implementation gap of Physical and Environmental Sciences, resulting in low effectiveness in meeting most University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, targets defined by the strategic plan for the Canada. 5Monash Sustainable Development “Decade on Biodiversity 2011-2020”. Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia The German Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) was adopted in 2007 with a “whole-of governance Nature-based solutions (NBS) present a approach” holding all political sectors promising and innovative approach to address

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 239 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability accountable for its implementation. But also on ID592. the national level, a biannual evaluation process has signalled a strong need for Mainstreaming revisited: the Role transforming current management patterns as of National Biodiversity Strategies key drivers of biodiversity loss. Yves Zinngrebe1,2, Nina Büttner1 In this article, we present a study based on 33 1Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, interviews and a stakeholder workshop with 90 Leipzig, Germany. 2Georg-August-Universität, participants bringing together insights from Göttingen, Germany both primary (political and non-political) users of the NBS, as well as pioneers from academia, Meeting the goals of the Convention for business and NGOs. Based on their insights we Biological Diversity (CBD) and the 2010-2020 reflect on possible leverage to level up strategic plan with its Aichi targets was implementation and to induce ownership by hampered by week implementation on the non-environmental sectors. The addressed national level. National Biodiversity Strategies sectors encompass agriculture, coast & oceans, and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are mandatory for forests, production & consumption as well as each CBD party and are the primary instrument rural & urban development. to translate the global plan into national targets and mainstream these into all relevant Based on the given information by the plans and policies (Convention article 6). While participants, we identify central challenges, 174 countries have an NBSAP and policy options, but also possible synergies, 146 countries successfully updated them which remain to be explored. Based on the according to the 2010-2020 strategic plan, CBD assumption that transformative biodiversity parties report low levels of implementation governance needs to be integrative, adaptive, and continued biodiversity loss. Particularly informed and accountable, we critically reflect agricultural expansion and intensification on current implementation processes to shed remains a key threat to biodiversity in both the light on potential obstacles regarding Global North and the Global South. institutional structures, central agencies and discursive elements. As central challenge we In this article we analyse the role of NBSAPs in identify the need to carefully position the NBS Rwanda, Peru, Honduras, Indonesia and in national policy, explicitly linking its targets Germany covering countries from four horizontally to other sectoral and national different continents with a very different level strategies including the national sustainability of both institutional and economic strategy, but also vertically across levels from development. In each of the countries we have the EU to the local level to generate interviewed at least 20 experts representing complementarity and ownership by key agents. National Focal Points, representatives from This clearly highlights the relevance of updating agricultural Ministries and other governmental the NBSAP not only to generate a new set of agencies, Non-Governmental Organisations targets, but as a process linking elements in (NGOs), private business and academia biodiversity governance and beyond. working in areas linked to land-use and biodiversity governance. In a semi-structured

interview, we have asked these experts to report on the relevance of NBSAPs, key

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 240 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability biodiversity drivers and policies as well as Yet, prevalent agricultural policies and implementation challenges and finance gaps in practices themselves account for around 70% order to extract challenges and potentials in of biodiversity loss globally. Mainstreaming national biodiversity governance in each of the biodiversity into agriculture is thus highly countries. In addition, we contrast the finding relevant to addressing the interrelated with the most recent NBSAPs in order to assess environmental and developmental challenges to what extent these challenges and potentials of long-term global food security. are addressed. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization Our results indicate that NBSAPs in developing (FAO), traditionally a major promoter of countries (CBD Annex I) are mainly regarded as agricultural intensification, has responded to formal prerequisite to report to CBD, while this challenge by integrating norms related to developed countries (CBD Annex II) show a agricultural biodiversity in its key global stronger national orientation and stronger policies. The FAO is a decentralized participatory processes. In all countries organization with highly independent country however, neither agricultural practices as key offices, some of which exercise strong drivers nor key policies for regulating them are influence on their host countries’ agricultural directly addressed. Instead, conflictive policies and practices. Staff in these offices is relationships between environmental and said to be particularly oriented towards agricultural actors undermine synergetic agricultural intensification as their primary implementation. We conclude that NBSAPs objective. There is hardly any evidence need to be accompanied by institutional and whether and how norms related to biodiverse financial reconfigurations in order to be able to agriculture adopted at the headquarters actively direct, induce and evaluate translate into country and field-level work. Yet, implementation. if we are concerned with mainstreaming biodiversity into the global agricultural system, ID596. we need to understand these mechanisms better. Of headquarters and country offices. Mainstreaming agricultural In this paper, I draw on theoretical insights biodiversity inside the FAO from international norm research and international organizational sociology to Ina Lehmann identify key factors that might account for the German Development Institute/Deutsches (lack of) uptake of FAO headquarter norms of Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, biodiverse agriculture at its country office level. Germany To empirically scrutinize such assumptions, in a first step I conduct a qualitative content Global agricultural policies have traditionally analysis of FAO’s global agricultural policies focused on intensified production and output and planning on the one hand and FAO India increases to secure the nutrition of a growing country programs on the other hand. A world population, especially in countries of the comparison of the similarities and differences Global South. At the same time, the agricultural of these documents allows identifying the sector is particularly vulnerable to biodiversity degree of uptake of global norms related to loss as exemplified by the loss of pollinators. agricultural biodiversity at the country level.

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 241 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

With India being home of the green revolution, Panel ID 3 with a highly intensified and output-oriented Governance of Nature and agricultural system, and a country of moderate food security, the FAO India office is a Biodiversity (ii): Novel governance particularly apt case to scrutinize such norm- modes and instruments transmission within the FAO. In a second step, Parallel Panel Session 7, th I draw on primary FAO data and secondary Thursday 9 September 2021, literature for an analysis of the factors that 8:30-10:00 CEST might contribute to the consistent or hesitant Chair: Hens Runhaar uptake of FAO headquarter norms in the work of country offices. ID594.

The conclusion reflects on the generalizability Transformative change: a new of these findings and potential further country approach to governing biodiversity? case studies. Augustin Berghöfer1, Leonie Büttner1, Ruchira Chakrabarty1, Johannes Förster1, Claudia König2, Gesche Krause2, David Kreuer1, Karla Locher3, Marcela Munoz1, Malte Neumann1, Isabel Renner1, Julian Rode1, Salina Spiering1, Dorothea Schwarzer1, Ulrike Tröger1, Yves Zinngrebe1,4, Heidi Wittmer1

1Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany. 2Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany. 3Helmholtz- Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany. 4Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany

At global scale, we are moving away from the SDG targets 14 “conserving life below water” and 15 “life on land” and from preventing the extinction of threatened species (UN Stats 2019). None of the 20 biodiversity targets to 2020 have been achieved (Global Biodiversity Outlook 5) and a broad agreement is emerging

among the biodiversity policy and science communities that more fundamental change

processes are required to effectively address the big drivers of biodiversity loss and to “bend the curve”. The IPBES global assessment calls for “Transformative change towards sustainability”, defined as “a fundamental,

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 242 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability system-wide reorganization across ID520. technological, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values.” The role of International Organisations (IOs) in promoting an Building on several strands of transformation ecosystem-based approach for literature the present study uses a coastal areas: The cases of Ca Mau comprehensive conceptual framework to examine the recommendations from global and Ben Tre, Vietnam assessments and reports on the state of nature Annisa Triyanti1,2, Carel Dieperink1, Dries and the environment with regard to their Hegger1, Trang Vu2, Hong Quan Nguyen3,4, Thi transformative potential. While there seems to Tang Luu3, Duc Canh Nguyen5 be agreement on the need for transformative 1 change, the ideas outlined in the Global Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Assessment are only first pointers on how to Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 2 make this happen. While economic Netherlands. Water, Climate and Future transformations (e.g. in post-Soviet countries) Deltas Hub, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3 and socio-technical transitions (e.g. towards Netherlands. Center for Water Management renewable energy) have been well developed, and Climate Change, Institute for Environment the called-for socio-ecological transformation and Resources, Vietnam National University, 4 at global scale is largely uncharted territory. For Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Institute for the CBD’s next ten-year Global Biodiversity Circular Economy Development, Vietnam Framework, further efforts are needed to fill National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 5 this gap. In essence, we argue that governance Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam (specific agents of change using specific instruments in specific ways) can only succeed Ecosystem-based climate change adaptation is in driving transformation to sustainability, if increasingly put forward – in literature and embedded within a comprehensive framing of practice – as an ideal approach. International a proposal for transformative change. This organizations (IOs) play a role in forwarding framing will have to build on a compelling this idea to national decision makers. Despite transformative vision and include knowledge their importance for Vietnam, it is hardly on systemic change, understand the dynamics studied how these IOs operate, what involved, and open spaces for emancipated challenges they have to face, and what their agency. potential roles are in the future. This paper addresses this knowledge gap. It aims to Building on the transformative potential understand the role IOs play in promoting identified in the assessments and Ecosystem-based approaches (EbA) in Vietnam complementing identified gaps we derive by exploring the strategies they use to insights on how transformative change (TC) influence policy makers. In order to meet this towards sustainability can improve the aim, we have developed a framework which is management of global commons such as inspired by literature on international biodiversity and how transformative change boundary organizations. The framework can be supported at the international level particularly focusses on processes of including CBD COP 15. influencing, focusing on sources of motivation, power, and knowledge and explores which outcomes these processes produce in terms of

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 243 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability credibility, salience and legitimacy. The ID676. framework has been applied in an analysis of an international project on ecosystem-based Where the EU’s Protected adaptation in mangrove areas (i.e. mangrove- Designations of Origin food shrimp farming) in the provinces of Ca Mau and products and social-ecological Ben Tre. Data has been found by interviewing values meet key informants and analyzing policy documents. We found that EbA has been one Lukas Flinzberger1, Miguel Bugalho2, Yves of the preferred strategies to adapt to climate Zinngrebe3, Tobias Plieninger4,1 change as well as to improve local livelihood in 1Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ca Mau and Ben Tre Province. IOs have played Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. an important role in branding and 2Department of Natural Resources and operationalising the EbA concept, providing Environment, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, the funding, technical expertise, bridging and Portugal. 3Environmental Research Center linking multi-governmental actors with (UFZ), Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 4Faculty of markets, scientists and local communities. Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Furthermore, to some degree, IOs have been Kassel, Kassel, Germany successful in influencing national policy making on promoting EbA. We have observed that IOs’ The geographic indications quality scheme of roles differ in the two provinces since they the European Union (GI) is spatially explicit by have to deal with different problems such as design. However, there is a lack of spatial data land-use conflicts. The key challenges the IOs for the registered food products, making it have to face, however, concern uncertainties difficult to investigate relationships between of the biophysical, socio-economic, market, landscapes and products regarding their social- and politics of the systems as well as ecological values. Therefore, we conducted a sustainability issues. Our findings suggest that novel mapping of 638 EU food products, that IOs will be able to promote EbA if they at labelled under the strongest geographic least: 1) strongly connect with governmental indication, the Protected Designation of Origin authorities, especially at the provincial and (PDO). Additionally, we tested spatial local level; 2) have adequate capacities, correlations between 16 social-ecological including knowledge, financial and indicators and the frequency of registered management capacity; 3) are legitimate and PDOs. Thus, revealing a widely assumed accepted by the governmental authorities, positive correlation of PDO production and market and local communities. In addition to social-ecological valuable landscapes, and their most common role as funders, initiators, further highlighting untouched potentials of and connectors we argue that IOs should take PDOs for improving rural livelihoods and up a role as incubators for the promotion of supporting less-favoured areas. new knowledge and innovations. By doing this, IOs can better enhance the diffusion of the EbA We found that PDOs target ecologically approach. valuable landscapes, such as high nature value farming and Natura 2000 areas, as well as

regions of cultural value and touristic interest. In general, regions with higher numbers of

PDOs are characterised by smaller farm sizes,

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 244 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability less economic output, older populations, ID666. negative migration rates, and higher unemployment rates. More than 80% of EU’s Design and Management of PDOs are produced in Mediterranean countries National Biodiversity Platforms: indicating a general north-south gradient in How Science Authority Shapes PDO distribution. While PDO products from the Policy Arrangements north-eastern EU states are stronger linked to ecological valuable landscapes and tourism, Sabina Jehan Khan1,2 PDOs of the Mediterranean are stronger linked 1Department of Environmental Politics, to remote, rural and less-favoured areas, as Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - well as diverse landscapes. Additionally, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. 2Global Change predominantly plant-based PDO products are Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, registered more often in areas with lower Germany indicator values for economic development, but higher values in cultural and ecological National Biodiversity Platforms have been features, making these PDOs a promising established to support the work of the governance instruments for supporting these Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on regions. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in bridging the knowledge-action gap in From our findings we suggest that biodiversity conservation. To gain influence at geographically mapping all European PDOs can the science- policy interface, these platforms help us to better analyse the role of PDOs as make strategic moves to establish their landscape labels. While carefully authority (credibility, relevance, legitimacy), differentiating between product categories which in turn shape the content (policy and geographical distribution, we suggest that discourses) and organization (policy coalitions, within suitable settings, PDOs can help to rules of the game, allocation of resources) of promote diverse and resilient agricultural the biodiversity policy domain. systems. Thus, they can help producing an additional income for culturally prestine Using semi-structured interviews with 15 landscapes and support sustainability agendas, platforms across the world and previous such as the EU’s green deal. studies of these platforms, we analysed rhetorical and realised claims of authority

through configurations of their institutional design and outcomes. We then analysed how these social practices trigger policy innovations that stabilise certain (preferred) policy arrangements.

We found that NBPs position themselves as ‘neutral knowledge brokers’ bringing ‘science- based solutions’ to address the ‘biodiversity crisis’ (policy discourses). They dedicate substantial resources towards building credibility through ‘governance of expertise’

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 245 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

(e.g., peer review, vetting of expertise). They Panel ID 4 build legitimacy through formal and informal Governance of Nature and relationships with national government, intergovernmental actors and development Biodiversity (iii): Contestation and agencies (policy coalitions). They build collaboration relevance by providing advisory services and Parallel Panel Session 5, th science-based policy tools (e.g., scientific Wednesday 8 September 2021, assessments) for government and the private 13:00-14:30 CEST sector (rules of the game). Through this modus Chair: Hens Runhaar operandi, scientists gain privileged access to forums which shape decisions about ID559. allocations of resources (e.g., national research funding programmes) and stakeholder Landscape governance - from engagement processes (rules of the game). A analysing challenges to capacitating circular economy is created in which scientists stakeholders and policy-makers continually exchange of expertise, funding, data and professional Cora van Oosten contacts. Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands These platforms reinforce a techno-managerial landscape in which they have power to Within the global debate on accelerated loss of navigate. This means that other actors (e.g., nature and biodiversity, coupled with chronic Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, food insecurity and poverty in the ‘Global local natural resources managers) necessarily South’, the concept of landscape governance is need to work through them to access decision- gaining ground. The reason for its momentum making forums. However, platforms have is that landscape governance has the premise made laudable efforts to bring the knowledge, to reconcile conservation and development interests and values of other stakeholders to objectives within spatially defined landscapes. the forefront. A key point of reflection is how The concept is increasingly adopted by policy to build more upon this ‘reflexive turn’ towards makers worldwide, as a pathway towards transdisciplinarity by better inclusion of the conserving and restoring the ecological social sciences and humanities in their work. functions of landscapes, while simultaneously This underrepresentation was a key finding and responding to the socio-cultural and also flagged as a chronic and critical issue in productive needs of those living within. IPBES. These disciplines build a richer However promising, little is known about understanding of conservation issues and a landscape governance – how it unfolds within broader range of sophisticated strategies to different socio-spatial contexts, what are its realise ‘transformative change’. They also challenges and how these challenges are facilitate critical examination of the co- tackled by landscape actors involved. In this production of science and social order: how article, landscape governance is defined as a science authority shapes the space for other place-based, multilevel and multi-stakeholder actors and solutions in democratic decision- process of negotiation and spatial decision making processes. making for sustainable land use, achieved by balancing production, protection, and

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 246 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability consumption needs and aspirations of the ID147. actors involved. The article presents the outcomes of a systematic analysis of landscape Competing agendas? The goals of governance in various geographies, international actors in sub-Saharan predominantly in the global South. It shows African cities and their implications how landscape governance can be successful in for transforming the governance of addressing competing land use options and urban nature conflicting spatial policies, while securing local livelihood needs and market demands. But it Katharina Rochell1, Harriet Bulkeley1,2, Hens also shows that landscape governance is Runhaar3,4 hampered by institutional challenges, as too 1 often, innovative place-based arrangements Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 2 remain in the shadow of jurisdictional power. Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. 3 Despite these challenges, landscape actors University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. 4 have multiple strategies to advance, based on Wageningen University, Wageningen, their productive and institutional behaviour. Netherlands The strategies related to their productive Recent literature and policy discourses behaviour tend to lead to more sustainable emphasize the potential of nature-based land use practices that combine production, solutions for transformative change consumption and protection at field, farm or in preventing, mitigating, and adapting to landscape level. Strategies based on their global and local environmental change. institutional behaviour tend to lead to new For ature-based solutions institutional arrangements that better suit cities, n have potential to provide multiple benefits their spatial context. The ensemble of the across a range of sustainability challenges from strategies may lead to more promising forms of managing flooding to securing improved health governance for nature and biodiversity, while outcomes for different groups of society, while taking into account the needs and aspirations being relatively cost-effective. of actors involved. However, the institutional hurdles should not be underestimated, as the Most academic work developed around urban incongruence between jurisdictional and nature-based solutions is of European or North spatial scales are persistent, making it hard to American origin. Given the unprecedented shift from jurisdictional to landscape urban growth in the Global South and governance. Much depend on landscape particular challenges for sustainable actors, and their capabilities to tackle multi- development in these contexts, it is necessary level policy conflicts, and find alternative to better understand the governance of urban sources of legitimacy for their place-based nature in different geographical contexts, governance arrangements. The development based on robust empirical evidence. To of actors’ capabilities, which is frequently contribute to the question of how, in what proposed by practitioners and policy makers, ways, by whom and with what consequences can only be effective if embedded in wider the governing of nature within earth-system transformative change. governance is and can be transformed, this paper therefore investigates the governance of

urban nature in the Global South, with a focus

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 247 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability on international actors and their agendas in ID637. urban sub-Saharan Africa. Indigenous Knowledge and We argue that an important difference in many Accountability in Multilevel sub-Saharan African cities as compared to Biodiversity Governance Western contexts is the variety of different types of international actors that shape Sylvia Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen1, Esther Turnhout1, processes and outcomes of urban governance. Bas Verschuuren1, Lucia Guaita1, Ana Maria These dynamics have particular consequences Ulloa2, Eira Carballo Cardenas1 for how and to what end nature is being 1Wageningen University, Wageningen, governed, and the potential for transformative Netherlands. 2University of Sydney, Sydney, change. Nature is intertwined in the global Australia sustainable development goals (SDGs) and in different agendas of international actors active Formal enforcement measures are mostly in urban sub-Saharan Africa, yet it is less known absent in international biodiversity what specific agendas drive transformation in agreements. Based on linkages governing nature in these cities. between rights, information, knowledge and, naming-and-shaming, or policy learning, Using a case study approach of three cities in much hope is placed eastern and southern Africa, we present the on mechanisms where civil society different types of initiatives, actor actors can hold policy-makers accountable for configurations and partnerships developed the national implementation of global goals. around urban nature which are generated by Such participation has also been linked to the presence of international actors. We strengthening the democratic character of analyse the implications of the involvement of global governance. Many global biodiversity international actors and seek to answer the goals will be realised in indigenous territories, questions: How do international actors include and indigenous peoples are strongly interested or work with nature, and what specific goals in engaging through such mechanisms. are being pursued? Are there competing Indigenous knowledge not only is an asset for agendas of international actors and which ones biodiversity conservation but also may enable can serve as entry points to transform the accountability and empower indigenous governance of nature in sub-Saharan African people to engage in account-holding cities, in both thinking and practice? dynamics. However, such engagement could be challenging because of the contrasting character of scientific knowledge – hegemonic in biodiversity governance – and indigenous knowledge, which comprises distinct values, practices and worldviews. The underlaying different ontologies hence can come with unique disjunctures, as well as synergies.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the links between indigenous knowledge and accountability in biodiversity governance

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 248 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability literature, searching for the implications, ID665. challenges and opportunities of involving such knowledge across multi-level governance Red Pandas in Nepal: A community- processes. For this purpose, a systematic based approach to landscape-level literature review was performed in conservation Scopus using the search string “biodiversity”, “accountability” and “indigenous knowledge” Haris Rai1, Damber Bista1,2, Ang Puri Sherpa1, (and a set of selected synonyms). Manual Saroj Shresta1, Sonam Tashi Lama1, Pema application of exclusion criteria on the 272 Sherpa1, Dinesh Ghale1, Munmun Tamang1, records originally retrieved papers yielded a Wangchu Bhutia1 final selection of 45 papers. These papers were 1Red Panda Network, Kathmandu, Nepal. clustered into six themes based on initial 2University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia screening (Indigenous rights in biodiversity governance; coupling knowledge systems; Red pandas are endangered in Bhutan, China, Indigenous knowledge inclusion; Impact of India, Myanmar and Nepal. Despite legal Indigenous knowledge on biodiversity protection in all countries, threats such as management and decision-making; Indigenous habitat loss and degradation, poaching and knowledge as a mean of engagement; others) disease still extensively persist, with impacts and systematically coded based on a code compounded by climate change and natural book. disasters. Since 2010, a sophisticated community-based conservation program has Most papers depicted indigenous knowledge been implemented in the Panchthar-Ilam- as useful, dynamic and context specific, but Taplejung area in eastern Nepal, which covers often not suitable for upscaling. Its half of Nepal’s red panda range. It is an distinctiveness from scientific knowledge integrated conservation model comprising of originates in ontological differences, and yet education, forest management and the tendency for it to be bundled and restoration, securing sustainable livelihoods, assimilated in western science is anti-poaching patrolling and population and pronounced. The absence of explicit reference field research. Harnessing the momentum of to accountability was striking while the role of decentralization of governance, the program is indigenous knowledge in the agency and owned and sustained by local government activism of indigenous peoples in biodiversity units and Community Forest User Groups, as governance was an emerging topic and almost the legal institutions responsible for exclusively considered in local management of local forest resources. contexts. Understanding how indigenous actors and their knowledge can affect multi- The program cultivated positive perceptions of level accountability is vital to enhance conservation by local peoples, with international biodiversity agreements’ communities now taking proactive effectiveness. In particular, the role of engagement and regarding the red panda as an legal processes and institutions in leveraging indicator of a healthy forest. This has resulted power dynamics in favor of indigenous in increasing occupancy and detection rate of peoples, and identification of factors that red pandas. Lessons learned have informed the hinder their participation in account-holding development of national-level policy dynamics, warrants further research. instruments such as a status and trends report

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 249 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability of red population and habitat which Panel ID 18 triangulates multiple data sources, a field- Behavioral change for sustainable based monitoring protocol and a conservation action plan. We also successfully demonstrated provisions the feasibility of replicating this model for Parallel Panel Session 4, Wednesday 8th September 2021, conservation of red panda and other flagship 9:00-10:30 CEST species in new areas (e.g., western Nepal and Bhutan). Chairs: Martin Špaček, Tatiana Kluvánková Discussants: Andrej Udovč, Eeva Primmer We draw on insights from a decade of data via household surveys, community consultations ID45. and community-based monitoring, to show how inclusive, transboundary governance and Justice pays: Fair payments increase science-policy mechanisms can be established. the effectiveness of environmental We suggest key points for conservation science conservation and practice. First, the livelihoods programs 1 1 2 gained the most traction and impact; human Lasse Loft , Stefan Gehrig , Carl Salk , Jens 3 well-being outcomes must be included within Rommel program design. Secondly, education on the 1Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape link between biodiversity, ecosystem services Research, Müncheberg, Germany. 2Swedish and livelihoods builds receptivity towards new University of Agricultural Sciences, Malmö, approaches to natural resource management. Sweden. 3Swedish University of Agricultural Thirdly, meaningful and early engagement of Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden key decision-makers within a federal structure is challenging but foundational to building Limited funding in global efforts for legitimacy and continuity of interventions. biodiversity protection and land-use based Fourthly, scientists need to take proactively greenhouse-gas mitigation calls for an increase translate research into insights for decision- in effectiveness and efficiency of makers, otherwise data collects dust. However, environmental conservation. Incentive-based we caution that all strategies come with policy instruments are at the forefront of global potentially unintended adverse conservation efforts to meet these goals, yet their outcomes which can only be detected and effectiveness can be undermined by factors understood via a robust monitoring such as social norms about whether payments programme and informal communication are considered fair. We investigated the causal networks. link between equity and conservation effort by means of a randomized real-effort experiment Our findings re-assert the central role of on forest conservation with 443 land users near community-based conservation within this a tropical forest national park in the climate of increasing prominence and Vietnamese Central Annamites, a global complexity of international governance biodiversity hotspot. We manipulated fairness regimes (while not excluding the value of the by creating unjustified payment inequality, latter). which violated local fairness norms and was perceived as less fair than payment equality.

Participants who were disadvantaged by

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 250 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability unequal payments exerted significantly less while a period of undemocratic regime that conservation effort than other participants nationalised land was typical for only part of it. receiving the same payment under an equal These features impact contexts of actors today distribution. No effect was observed for but may be country specific. participants advantaged by inequality. We thereby provide evidence that distributional We analyse one actor only, forest commons equity can increase the effectiveness, and (FC), regarded now a new forest owner even if potentially efficiency, of incentive-based tradition of their land management is centuries conservation instruments by affecting long. Reconstitution of FCs in nineties is largely conservation behavior, emphasizing its role as affected by governance understood a process major determinant in their design and of guiding behaviour with rules, norms, implementation. Further, we show that traditions and strategies. We focus to women exerted substantially more Slovenian region of Notranjska. Our research conservation effort and that enhancing question is: what are the main behavioural payment size reduced effort, contrary to features and governance characteristics of FCs enhancing equity. This emphasizes the need to in Notranjska region today from the consider social comparisons, local equity perspective of main ES types provision? norms and gender in environmental policy using monetary incentives to motivate An analysis is based on the qualitative behavioral change. approach. Field findings are supplemented by expert knowledge and literature. Results ID75. indicate that not all FCs revived and that generally collective action declines. This is Governance of the commons and partly attributed to negative footprint of the their provision of ecosystem the past and partly to ongoing marginalization services – a case study from of the local initiatives based in new legislation and activities e.g. establishment of protected Notranjska region areas, military trainings etc. However, large- Nevenka Bogataj scale forest damages in 2014 pushed a coordinated action at all levels. FCs were one Slovenian Institute for Adult Education, of the most responsive actors. Collective action Ljubljana, Slovenia is thus possible under certain circumstances. ES provision thus calls for the accent to Ecosystem services (ES) cannot rely only on cooperation and coordination. We argue for market or state incentives, thus hybrid regimes the future awareness of interdependancy and governance across the scale gain weight. among actors at different scales and support to Governance of goods is a challenge for public FCs because of their continuous land and common goods. Forest provide both and management practice that provides ES in are a fragile reservoir of ecosystem services sustainable way. (ESs) understood here as benefits people obtain from ecosystems.

Depopulation and deagrarization of the rural areas and subsequent socio-political changes characterize not only Slovenia but all the EU,

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 251 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

ID164. This contribution focuses on behavioural aspects of negotiation among actors in the Negotiation in upstream- catchment. A role-played game was developed downstream flood protection under to explore the dynamics of the negotiation different institutional settings: Role process in the fictional catchment. Four players played game as a tool for exploring represent four cities, which differ in initial conditions (location in the catchment, number behavioural change of residents, city development, potential Jan Machac1, Steven Forrest1, Thomas damage in a case of flooding, etc.). The game is Hartmann2,1, Jan Brabec1 played in an initial practice round to make players familiar with rules of the game and 1 J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem, Ústí later in four other rounds under various 2 nad Labem, Czech Republic. Wageningen institutional setting based on culture theory University & Research, Wageningen, (such as a system of insurance based on Netherlands Individualist subculture; responsibility of upstream for flood damage in the whole River floods belong among current catchment under the Hierarchism scenario environmental and societal challenges, which etc.). threaten many urban areas across the world. Climate change leads to increase in the risk of The aim of the presentation is to demonstrate floods and therefore to higher expected the change in behaviour of players based on damage caused by flooding. The damage may institutional setting (subculture) and to be mitigated thanks to regulatory ecosystem demonstrate that there is a space for services, which may be implemented through a negotiation. Preliminary results from pilot wide range of measures. This topic is very testing of the game show that negotiations intensively discussed by hydrologists, spatial lead to distribution of costs related to flood planners and other experts in a form of protection among players and to achieving designing, planning and implementing flood Pareto-improving situation in flood protection protection measures or making cities more management. resilient. From the catchment perspective it is reasonable to analyse various possibilities and The added value of the game is not only in the to find an agreement on where to store water negotiation results. It can be used as a tool for and where to adapt to floods. Negotiation educating different stakeholders and scholars. among key actors at the catchment level within The game simulates also one possible type of the decision-making process is one of the payment for ecosystem services based on possible ways of identifying the best solution. providing the regulating services (flood In the context of the catchment-oriented retention). approach the water can usually be retained at lower cost in the upstream areas where less damage is caused. On the other hand, a better solution for more vulnerable land (downstream) is adaptation to the flood risk (resilient cities).

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 252 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

ID597. FES. We i) determine the institutional maturity and robustness of hybrid forest governance What triggers behavioral change regimes to overcome sectoral approach; ii) towards sustainable forestry in a identify and test key innovation factors for long term? sustainable transformation applying behavioural experiments in six forest Tatiana Kluvankova1, Martin Spacek2,3, communities across Europe. The combination Stanislava Brnkalakova1, Tomas Szabo1, Jiri of incentive payments and robust long-lasting Louda4,3, Carsten Mann5, Stefan Sorge5, Sara institutions is found to be essential for Brogaard6 behavioural change from sectoral to ecosystem service governance (ESG). This in turn poses a 1SlovakGlobe: Slovak University of Technology, challenging option for common pool resource Slovak Academy of Sciences and Comenius regimes to become central to ESG in University, Bratislava, Slovakia. 2CETIP, Center transferring and managing long-term for Transdisciplinary Study of Institutions, sustainability. Evolution and Policies, Bratislava, Slovakia. 3Faculty of Social and Economic Studies J. E.

Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech 4 Republic. IREAS, Institute for Structural Policy, Prague, Czech Republic. 5Eberswalde University of Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany. 6LUCSUS - Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies, Lund, Sweden

Forest ecosystem services (FES) face the traditional social dilemma of individual vs. collective interests. Beneficiaries cannot easily be excluded from utilizing FES, and subtractability of use is very high. FES cope with a situation whereby property rights and traditional regulatory and private approaches fail to adequately address the social dilemma and conflict of individuals’ and sectoral short- term interests over society’s long-term interests. By building on large sets of empirical data from the H2020 project “Smart information, governance and business innovations for sustainable supply and payment mechanisms for forest ecosystem services” (www.innoforest.eu), we argue that hybrid governance is a vital strategy to meet this challenge. This contribution aims to understand how hybrid governance in forest communities can enhance behavioural change to the long-term sustainable management of

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 253 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

Panel ID 21 governance innovations. We illustrate this with Innovative Governance preliminary findings from the analysis of six policy and business innovations across Europe. Approaches for a Sustainable These so called governance innovations are Supply of Forest Ecosystem new actor alliances and payment schemes Services promoting economically viable forest Parallel Panel Session 1, ecosystem service (FES) provisions. The Tuesday 7th September 2021, analysis combines several methodological 8:30-10:00 CEST approaches starting with mapping of biophysical and institutional context Chairs: Carsten Mann, Lasse Loft, Monica Hernandez conditions, stakeholders and governance analysis, and scenario-based innovation ID119. assessment and development. Our preliminary findings highlight the suitability of our Assessing forest governance conceptual and methodological procedure for innovations: Inspiration from forest governance innovation analysis and innovation studies for forest assessment. One outcome is that most EU ecosystem service provision forested lands guarantee high supplies of at least one service, often ensuring multiple FES Carsten Mann1, Lasse Loft2, Mónica Hernández- simultaneously, predominantly in Morcillo1, Ewert Aukes3, Sara Brogaard4, mountainous regions. But the institutional Davide Geneletti5, Carol Großmann6, Tatiana analysis of national and subnational forest Kluvankova7, Torsten Krause4, Carolin Maier6, legislation, bioeconomy and biodiversity policy Claas Meyer2, Francesco Orsi8, Eeva Primmer9, strategies reveals that these policies only Claudia Sattler2, Christian Schleier10, Stefan address governance innovations relative to Sorge1, Martin Spacek7, Peter Stegmaier3, Liisa very few FES. Our findings further reflect the Varumo9 diversity of governance innovations that emerge on local levels across Europe. Some 1Eberswalde University for Sustainable innovation regions are attempting to better Development, Eberswalde, Germany. 2Leibniz- operationalize payments for ecosystem service Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, provisions, while others tackle the Muencheberg, Germany. 3University of Twente, development of new forest-related products, Enschede, Netherlands. 4Lund University Centre value-chains or cultural ecosystem for Sustainability Studies, Lund, Sweden. services. Applying a multi-method and multi- 5University of Trento, Trento, Italy. 6Forest actor visioning and assessment approach has Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, fruitfully orchestrated a constructive debate Freiburg, Germany. 7Centre for among stakeholders on the chances and Transdisciplinary Studies, Bratislava, Slovakia. challenges of forest governance innovations to 8University of Twente, Trento, Italy. 9Finnish allow for their uptake in forest policy, business Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland. and practice. 10University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

This talk presents a conceptual approach and methodological procedure for the development and assessment of forest

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ID478. Based on forest ecosystem services governance innovation processes in six The development of governance European countries, we provide empirical innovations for the sustainable insights into the respective innovation paths, provision of forest ecosystem including governance innovations such as services in Europe: A comparison of habitat banking, voluntary carbon market compensation, collective forest management, four niche innovations forest education for young people, restoration Christian Schleyer1, Peter Stegmaier2, Ewert of a traditional forest management system and Aukes2, Carsten Mann3, Jutta Kister1, Michael the building of a value chain for regional forest Klingler1, Felix Zoll4, Lasse Loft4, Claudia Sattler4 and wood products. For each of these innovation processes, we reconstruct the 1 UIBK – University of Innsbruck [Institute of different phases, including their respective Geography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric histories, but also the associated open ends 2 Sciences], Innsbruck, Austria. Twente and uncertainties, the more or less organized 3 University, Enschede, Netherlands. HNEE – social action and the negotiations. In addition, Eberswalde University for Sustainable we analyze the interlinkages between the 4 Development, Eberswalde, Germany. ZALF – different elements of these innovation Leibniz-Centre of Agricultural Landscape processes: the creation of innovation Research, Institute of Socio-Economics, networks, the role of the so-called Constructive Müncheberg, Germany Innovation Assessment (CINA) workshops as main events for the exchange and Governance innovations are required to ensure development of scenarios, and the physical and the sustainable provision of forest ecosystem digital platforms that were developed to services. Typically, processes that initiate, enable interaction. promote and / or implement such governance innovations can be conceived as co-creation ID155. processes, which usually involve a broad spectrum of stakeholders with different A conceptual framework for professional backgrounds, interests and governance innovation patterns in resources. According to Van de Ven et al. European Forest Governance (1999), in this article, we consider such processes as “innovation journeys”, but Stefan Sorge1, Carsten Mann1, Martin Spacek2, incorporate a multi-level perspective on socio- Tatiana Kluvankova2 technical transitions, taking into account the 1University for Sustainable Development, broader social, cultural, economic, political Eberswalde, Germany. 2CETIP, Bratislava, developments and trends associated with Slovakia these innovations as well as the existing forest ecosystem service regimes. We argue that European forests provide a variety of managing innovation can be viewed as ecosystem services. Due to the public goods orchestrating a highly complex, uncertain and character of many forest ecosystem services, probabilistic process rather than a simple the appearance of externalities, imperfect "control problem”. property rights and insufficient knowledge and information, markets often fail to efficiently

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 255 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability allocate natural resources. Ensuring the that allow for purposeful innovation sustainable provision of the range of forest conditioning. ecosystem services requires new and unconventional approaches in forest ID302. management, business, and in the policies and interventions that govern these. In this talk, we Securing the future provision and present the conceptual foundation and first financing of forest ecosystem empirical application of an analysis framework service through governance for explaining the emergence, development innovations – lessons for policy, and spread of governance innovations for the business and research provision of forest ecosystem services (FES). The framework builds on the idea of Carolin Maier1, Carol M. Grossmann1, Mónica complex and interlinked social-ecological- Hernández-Morcillo2, Carsten Mann2 technical-forestry-innovation systems in the 1State Forest Research Institute Baden- context of the H2020 InnoForESt Innovation Wuerttemberg, Freiburg, Germany. Action. Studying six governance innovations, 2Eberswalde University for Sustainable among them payment schemes for ecosystem Development, Eberswalde, Germany services (PES) and network approaches, the objective is to gain a solid understanding of European forests provide numerous benefits to what has influenced the governance society, ranging from purifying air and water to innovations emergence and development, and conserving biodiversity, protection from what needs to be changed for innovation landslides, floods and avalanches, to scenic upgrading, upscaling and/or replicating. beauty and recreational settings, tangible Application of the framework towards forest products like fuel, timber and other identification of the most influencing factors useful plants, and many more. Yet their and their weighting is supported as well via continued provision is challenged; European experimental approaches (role board games) forests and the forestry sector are affected by and constructive innovation assessment global environmental problems, increasing workshops (future scenarios development). A urbanization, industrialization pressures, and wide range of stakeholders are included in the market dynamics that concentrate on timber analysis following a multi-actor approach for production. Thus, trade‐offs in the provision of knowledge co-creation. Through the analysis, different forest ecosystem services exist, with interdependencies are revealed, and markets favoring private goods such as timber, adjustment possibilities of crucial influencing and being unable to properly account for public factors are conjointly elaborated for road goods and services such as carbon storage or mapping strategies, depending on the vision biodiversity conservation. and ideas of participating actors. In addition, it is shown how the analysis results are Local level initiatives throughout Europe are integrated with other project findings working on new ways to align the provision of elaborating on forestry innovation system forest ecosystem services with the increasing conditions on EU level, down to local and diversified societal demands. InnoForESt - stakeholder visions and interactions. As an a European Innovation Action research project outlook, we highlight the need for a sound – accompanies and analyses these experiences system-based and co-created information basis in order to identify ways to secure the long

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 256 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability term sustainable provision of forest ecosystem biodiversity conservation. At the same time, services (FES) and it’s financing through however, threats to biodiversity, such as the innovative governance mechanisms. expansion and intensification of agriculture, are persisting. What is more, these threats are This paper reflects on insights gained over the even supported by adverse incentives, thereby course of three years of research and outlines increasing the costs of conservation action (i.e. lessons learned for practitioners, widening the gap) and counteracting their entrepreneurs, and policy-makers as well as effectiveness. Hence, efficient and effective future research needs in the field of forest financing schemes require a systemic ecosystem service governance. understanding of the wider governance system. Moreover, effective finance strategies need to be complemented with enabling Panel ID 22 governance functions, particularly related to the legal framework, coherence with existing Governance of Nature and policy, capacity building as well as monitoring Biodiversity (iv): Incentive systems and enforcement (Rode et al. 2019). in biodiversity governance In order to identify coherent financing options Parallel Panel Session 9, that support trees on farms in Uganda and Thursday 9th September 2021, Peru, we propose combining two 17:15-19:00 CEST methodologies to analyse the respective socio- Chair: Yves Zinngrebe ecological system: The Ecosystem Service Opportunities (ESO) approach structures the ID468. information on existing governance systems for agricultural landscapes and identifies Coherent Financing for Sustainable opportunities for new financing instruments to Agriculture: Integrating change farmer behaviour. The Biodiversity complementary governance Policy Integration (BPI) concept provides a functions to incentivize agroforestry structured process to identify and assess in tropical developing countries relevant incentive systems in related political sectors and can be used to ensure effective Julian Rode, Heidi Wittmer, Yves Zinngrebe mainstreaming of biodiversity goals (Zinngrebe et al. 2018). Helmholtz Institute for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany Based on network analyses in the two countries we had identified specific finance Since the creation of the CBD, donor countries flows related to for instance land titles and the from the Global North (Annex2) are supposed commercialisation of timber, carbon credit to financially support Southern developing schemes and agroforestry permits and countries (Annex1) to cover management and concessions as central instruments for opportunity costs related to biodiversity supporting sustainable agricultural practices conservation. Aichi target 20 of the strategic (Zinngrebe et al. in review). In addition to plan and the resource mobilization strategy finance, we identify and characterise (CBD decision IX/11, article 20) calls for knowledge transfer and regulatory as “innovative mechanisms” (decision IX/11, complementary governance functions in article 4) for closing the finance gap in

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 257 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability coherent incentive frameworks. The ESO and explores these research gaps and lays out a BPI methodologies serve to specify the theoretical framework for future research on potentials, barriers, and enabling conditions these topics by addressing two primary (e.g. accountable agents, coalitions of questions: governmental and non-governmental agents) and design options for these instruments to • What ZDC implementation pathways incentivise a change of agricultural practices, are likely to lead to both effective and and to characterize their mutual equitable outcomes of ZDCs? interdependence towards effective • What contextual attributes (of the implementation of viable governance regions and supply chains where solutions. policies are adopted and implemented) favor synergies ID176. between effectiveness and equity? Pathways to effective and equitable zero-deforestation supply chain Our approach connects previous assessments policies of corporate policy adoption, power, and credibility from political science with more Janina Grabs, Rachael D Garrett, Samuel A bottom-up focus on policy additionality/impact Levy, Federico Cammelli evaluation from the field of economics. Using existing theory, we reconcile the top-down and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland bottom-up approaches to analyze the institutional design choices and contexts that In response to the continued destruction of are likely to lead to “best case outcomes”, “no tropical forests due to the expansion of outcomes”, and “perverse outcomes” with commodity agriculture, a novel variant of respect to ZDC effectiveness and equity. We aspirational private governance has emerged highlight design choices and conditions that are in the form of ‘zero deforestation likely to result in the greatest synergies and commitments’ (ZDCs). ZDCs are voluntary starkest trade-offs between effectiveness and sustainability initiatives that signal a company’s equity, and how such trade-offs might be intention to eliminate deforestation from its overcome. We then apply the theoretical supply chain. They vary in scope and ambition, framework to the case studies of the Brazilian as well as the degree to which they are Amazon and Indonesian Borneo where implemented and implementable as supply fieldwork was conducted between 2017 and chain policies. While there is growing evidence 2020. Based on interviews across multiple about the environmental effectiveness of types of supply chain actors and administrative prototype commitments and implementation units spanning a range of ZDC implementation mechanisms (i.e., whether they meet their strategies and public governance and land use conservation goals), there has been scant contexts, we assess how implementation information on why such policies are effective mechanisms, public-private policy interactions, in certain contexts and not in others. and land use history influence effectiveness Additionally, there is little information on and equity. We conclude by discussing whether such commitments are equitable (i.e., potential trade-offs between effectiveness and improve producer livelihoods, particularly for equity and how they may be navigated when economically marginalized groups). This paper

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 258 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability designing future ZDC implementation environmental outcomes themselves. We mechanisms. conclude that a reconsideration of agricultural subsidies is needed to better align them with ID387. the economic, social and environmental factors affecting real-world farmer decision-making, The EU Common Agricultural Policy and therefore to maximise the environmental fails on the environment because it benefits they produce. is not aligned with farmer motivations ID485.

Calum Brown1, Eszter Kovacs2, Yves Zinngrebe3 Impacts of environmental shock and 1Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch- alternative governance structures Partenkirchen, Germany. 2University of for sustainability: The case of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 3UFZ, certification schemes and coffee Leipzig, Germany production in a forest frontier in Mexico The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy has failed to achieve its aim of preserving European Vivian Valencia farmland biodiversity. This is largely because of Wageningen University & Research, deliberate choices at European and national Wageningen, Netherlands levels to tailor policy towards agricultural production and profit, on the basis that this Certification schemes generate alternative aligns with the motivations of European niche markets and give rise to governance farmers. However, recent studies of farmer structures that seek to transform incentive motivations suggest that production and profit systems towards sustainability. Farmers that are only two among many decision-making grow coffee in agroforestry systems often criteria that interact and conflict in varied, participate in niche certification schemes, such context-specific ways. We use interviews with as organic, in which consumers pay a premium representatives of farmers and national which, in principle, rewards producers for governments to identify common assumptions applying environmentally friendly practices. about farmer motivations, and compare these However, how robust these alternative to the motivations revealed in 10 years’ worth governance structures are to shocks is rarely of scientific literature. We find that policy evaluated. In this study, we tracked how an design has been compromised by environmental shock (coffee leaf rust, CLR, a misconceptions of farmer motivations, and coffee pest) reconfigured the governance specifically by a widespread assumption that structure of a forest frontier in a Biosphere farmers have homogeneous, economically- Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. We conducted driven behaviour that prioritises production household surveys and fieldwork before the levels and disregards environmental damage. CLR outbreak in 2011-2012 (n = 59), and after This assumption is contradicted by the the outbreaks we conducted household empirical literature, and is damaging both in its surveys (n = 48) in 2016 and 2018, ecological preclusion of more effective, environmentally- field work (n=45) in 2018, and participatory beneficial policy designs, and in its emerging workshops in 2019. Before CLR outbreak, corrosion of farmer attitudes to policy and farmers were cultivating Arabica coffee

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 259 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability varieties in agroforestry systems, without the Panel ID 23 use of any synthetic input, and were Implementing climate and certified organic. The topic of environmental conservation was salient in farmers’ narratives, sustainable development goals in although there was a unanimous an incoherent world dissatisfaction for the low premiums that they Parallel Panel Session 6, th were receiving. After CLR outbreak, farmers’ Wednesday 8 September 2021, main strategy to cope with the devastating 17:00-18:30 CEST damage of CLR was to switch to CLR-resistant Chair: Marjanneke Vijge hybrid coffee varieties (HCV) and apply synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers ID170. terminated their engagement with niche certification schemes (because they were not Policy coherence in climate and SDG longer complying with their guidelines), and implementation: lessons from the new buyers came into town searching for comparative politics literature “quantity and not quality.” Farmers’ narrative switched to one of resignation, persistent Zoha Shawoo1, Aaron Maltais1, Adis Dzebo1, anger over many years of not receiving a fair Jonathan Pickering2 price for their “niche” coffee product, and hope 1Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, that the new market schemes may better Sweden. 2University of Canberra, Canberra, support their livelihoods. This research Australia demonstrates that alternative governance structures that seek to provide incentives to The highly cross-cutting nature of the Paris switch agricultural systems towards Agreement and the 17 Sustainable sustainability (1) do not always operate as Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda intended on the ground, and (2) are vulnerable raises the question of how to to socio-ecological shock. In order to create coherently implement these two agendas, more robust alternative governance particularly at the national level. structures, they need to be equipped with strategies to deal with socio-ecological shocks. A substantial literature on policy coherence in relation to climate change and sustainable development has emerged over the last decade, focusing primarily on intra- governmental policy processes and institutional interactions in dictating coherence

between various agendas and policies. In contrast, the comparative politics literature goes beyond intra-governmental politics to

look at broader politics, particularly the role of ideas and interests as complementary explanations to institutional factors in policy change. However, at present, no studies exist explicitly linking these two bodies of literature to hypothesise how the so called 3 I’s may act

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 260 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability as underlying factors dictating the degree and ID205. consequences of policy coherence at different policy stages and at different levels. Bridging Just energy transition - a synergic these two literatures and developing a solution to achieve the Paris theoretical basis for studying the role of ideas Agreement and the 2030 Agenda in and interests in achieving (or not) policy Germany and South Africa? coherence is an important step in policy coherence research. Much of the work to date Ramona Haegele1, Gabriela Iacobuta1, James places a lot of emphasis on institutional factors Tops2 dictating coherence. As a result, less 1German Development Institute / Deutsches technocratic and more political explanations Institut fuer Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn, for coherence are often side-lined. Germany. 2Wageningen University, This paper aims to fill this gap by linking these Wageningen, Netherlands two literatures together in the context of the Achieving the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda. It Agenda represents an opportunity for introduces an analytical framework for governments to implement their climate and studying policy coherence and the role of the 3 sustainability goals more coherently. It I’s in dictating the degree of policy coherence requires the coordination of interdependent observed at different policy stages: policy policies across different policy fields, sectors input, policy process and policy outcome. The and actors. This paper explores how framework includes not only technical governments create and implement synergic measures for coherence, but also their solutions to concomitantly achieve both application by different actors and institutions, international agendas in a more coherent and whose interests are served by (not) manner. With the empirical cases of Germany pursuing coherence. Such a critical perspective and South Africa, we investigate how the on policy coherence is not often taken within synergic solution of a just energy transition is academia, which often focuses on ways to approached in the two countries to tackle enhance coherence, rather than on the climate change by phasing out coal while also consequences of coherence for the ensuring that the achievement of related achievement of goals. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is not This framework is developed specifically for hindered. To that end, we analyze relevant studying the implementation of climate and policies and (polycentric) institutional the SDGs, but can also be applied more widely arrangements that address the complexities of in policy studies. This work will serve as a basis just transition in both countries. Just for comparative empirical studies on policy transitions are perceived as a way to shift to a coherence between the two agendas at the low-carbon economy while simultaneously national level. ensuring social justice. However, in our studies we found major complex transition challenges to overcoming environmental, economic and social burdens. Specifically, we draw attention to country-specific challenges in the water- energy-food nexus, as well as in relation to poverty, inequality and job losses, which

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 261 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability hamper just transition efforts. Through the published Climate Action Plan (2019) show selection of Germany and South Africa as case- governance efforts to achieve cross-sectoral study candidates, we illustrate how countries policy coherence, yet, challenges of achieving with different political, social and economic sustainable transformation pathways are still backgrounds strive to manage such a evident in some sectors such as the transport transition. Our findings illustrate important sector. Apparent goal conflicts and subsequent considerations for the way just transitions are need for direction in terms of prioritising and rationalized and designed and how they play achieving synergies rather than trade-offs have out in practice by taking into account already manifested in concrete policy environmental and social justice and the implementation challenges. Drawing on two principle of leaving no one behind. recent examples where socio-environmental conflict has seemingly halted ‘business as ID299. usual’ processes with justification of incoherence to national climate targets, this Overcoming Goal Conflicts in paper concerns the expansion of Sweden’s Implementing the 2030 Agenda and largest airport and the conflict that surfaced in Climate Goals in the Environmental the wake of such plans, to the point that it has Welfare State become a ‘symbol in the Swedish climate debate’. The second example concerns Sara Gottenhuber, Marie Francisco, Björn-Ola expansion plans of a refinery in southern Linnér, Victoria Wibeck, Kajsa-Stina Benulic Sweden which is the first national case ‘tried due to climate reasons’. Hence, the two cases Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden are used to analyse and understand (i) how Achieving coherence between the 2030 policy incoherence manifests in Agenda and the National Determined implementation conflicts; (ii) the role of ideas, Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris institutions and interests in tackling goal Agreement has been deemed central to conflicts; and, (iii) the role and type of successful national implementation of the two leadership and agency envisioned and agendas. However, the interconnected nature exercised by state and non-state actors in of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) achieving coherence, synergies and sustainable and the NDCs, have already resulted in transformation. Hence, this paper will provide concerns and experience of unexpected goal insight into the impacting factors, including conflicts and the apparent need to prioritise expectations of leadership, and transformative between certain goals and targets in national pathways of achieving coherence and synergies policies and strategies. The Swedish in national implementation of the 2030 Agenda government has a communicated ambition of and climate goals in the presence of goal being one of the first ‘fossil free welfare states’, conflicts. and lead by example in implementing the 2030

Agenda. Nevertheless, evidence of an implementation gap is prevalent in the Swedish context; initial evidence show a lack of sectoral objectives to meet emission targets and low levels of consideration of climate and SDG impact in indirect policies. The recently

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ID347. that countries requested international support for. We place these requests in the context of Coherent climate and sustainable OECD official (climate-related) development development finance. The role of assistance data pre- and post-Paris Agreement development assistance in boosting to identify coherence, gaps and opportunities climate action for further alignment of climate and development actions. We find that policy Gabriela Iacobuta1,2, Clara Brandi1, Sofia coherence of climate and development finance Elizalde Duron3, Adis Dzebo4 can be substantially improved. Through a closer look at countries stated needs, barriers 1German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, and gaps and drawing upon literature on Germany. 2Wageningen University & Research, climate-development interlinkages, we discuss Wageningen, Netherlands. 3Institute Mora, potential ways forward to make official Mexico City, Mexico. 4Stockholm Environment development assistance more climate proof for Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden both mitigation and adaptation.

The Paris Climate Agreement, the 2030 Agenda ID427. on sustainable development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on finance were all Does policy coherence leave no one adopted in 2015. To date, countries are still behind? A comparative analysis of struggling to take the necessary action and set the governance of Sustainable themselves on course for the achievement of these agreements. The Conference of Parties in Development Goals in Indian states Madrid 2019 has revealed substantial Marjanneke J. Vijge, Nikki Theeuwes challenges in raising climate ambition and the necessary finance. Transitioning to a low- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable carbon and climate resilient world and staying Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, below a maximum temperature increase of Netherlands 1.5oC and even 2oC, require deep transformations across all economic sectors. As The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the NDC-SDG Connections tool (ndc-sdg.info) are a set of “integrated and indivisible” goals indicates, pledged climate activities in with which countries pledge to “leave no one countries’ Nationally Determined behind”. Key in realising such a vision of global Contributions (NDCs) touch upon all justice is pursuing policy coherence, which is Sustainable Development Goals (2030 widely believed to encourage mutually Agenda). Moreover, climate change itself will reinforcing and thus more effective policy have substantial negative implications for actions that benefit all. Research shows, development. In that sense, climate and however, that interactions between and development are strongly interconnected and unavoidable prioritisation of (sometimes an efficient use of financial resources would contradicting) SDGs have important require coherent climate and development consequences for inequality. It is therefore finance. crucial to understand the often-overlooked political processes of pursuing policy By means of the NDC-SDG Connections Tool coherence and the consequences for who wins climate activities data, we identify action areas and who loses, especially in countries with

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 263 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability rapid—but often unequal and sometimes Panel ID 602 unsustainable—economic and social Climate policy (i): the politics of developments. This article focuses on the often-overlooked politics of policy coherence decarbonisation through a comparative analysis of the Parallel Panel Session 8, Thursday 9th September 2021, governance of SDGs in Indian states. India’s 15:30-17:00 CEST approach to SDG implementation is one of “cooperative” or “competitive federalism”, Chair: James Patterson with every state having the mandate to coordinate SDG implementation at the state ID653. (and sometimes district and village) level. While some states assigned nodal departments Net-zero governance: from the risk for each SDG (Kerala), others have established of multivocality to the fruits of an SDG coordination centre (Haryana and pragmatism Punjab). States also show differences in ‘ownership’ over SDG coordination, with Jose Maria Valenzuela, Javier Lezaun different degrees of collaboration with University of Oxford, InSIS, Oxford, United international organisations, in particular the Kingdom UN Development Programme. Besides a comparative analysis across states, the The rapid growth of net-zero commitment research also draws on insights from an in- by national and subnational government, as depth case study of Haryana. This shows that well as private corporation, highlights the wide despite political commitment for policy diversity of understanding of what a coherence and alignment of the SDGs with the commitment to net-zero implies. In particular, state budget, the siloed institutional and there is wide use of offsets as a political structures based on which the SDGs common component of net-zero targets. The are clustered prevent historically less lack of an international standard or protocols prioritised goals such as gender equality from on the use of offsets as part of net-zero or has being fully integrated into Haryana’s SDG vision open a multitude of pledges not associated and budget allocation. Our comparative with any specific form of accountability. Actors analysis across the Indian states reveals the define the building blocks of net-zero conditions under which policy coherence pledge discordantly. The multivocality of net- processes succeed or fail to leave no one zero seems paradoxical as its users bestow the behind. The article contributes theoretical term with the legitimacy of the climate insights into the consequences of policy modelling work of the IPCC and other research coherence for social inequality. With India organizations. However, despite the risks, often being considered a global example of multivocality is a constituent part of a bottom- localising the SDGs, empirical insights are up approach to governance, contributing generated into whether and how SDGs succeed to the expansion of the public to climate in leaving no one behind and in making the action, and enabling multi- global goals meaningful at subnational levels. level experimentation. This article discusses h ow a new pledge creates new opportunities for deliberation and learning internationally and nationally.

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The article utilises the conceptual platform ID103. built by (reference 1) (1) to define a public as a form of political association defined by the Precipitating INDC commitments for recognition and anticipation of collective fossil fuel subsidy reform: The challenges, and (2) the autonomy of the public Global Subsidies Initiative model deliberation from the expert bureaucratic knowledge. It follows the work of Christian M. Elliott contemporary pragmatist scholars to dissect a University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada process of collective evolution learning. Across the world, countries continue to The research will showcase the multivocality in maintain "negative carbon taxes" in the billions "net-zero" pledges, showing the political of dollars through consumer and producer evolution of a concept and its materialisation subsidies of fossil fuels. New governance in diverging projects. This review will highlight initiatives and transparency regimes have been the fundamental sources of conflict, and how launched in order to correct this by the IMF, these can in productive outcomes, for the OECD, and others for macro-economic and example, the expansion of the space for an environmental justifications. Some progress international agreement, the revision of long- has been made as the issue has risen in held assumptions, or the creation of a new prominence in global policy circles: in active public. We critically review the role of anticipation of the Paris Agreement, thirteen science-based climate target setting, and countries integrated fossil fuel subsidy reform review the use of scenario-making as a tool for (FFSR) in their Intended Nationally Determined creating, expanding and engaging a public. Contributions (INDCs). Yet the members of multi-lateral organizations (G20, APEC, Friends The research will provide a general overview of of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform) that had the global diffusion of net-zero pledges, but it publicized FFSR as a priority largely were not will utilise specific comparative instances at the among these countries. What then contributed international, national, and transnational to materializing these commitments in INDCs? levels. The purpose is to show divergence A non-profit organization focused on the in and critically discuss the risks and reform of fossil fuel subsidies, the Global opportunities of net-zero as a focus of climate Subsidies Initiative, has been deeply engaged in action. It will define the conditions or principles country-level policy reform since 2010, and it's that underpin the productive use of engagements correspond at a much higher rate multivocality as a pragmatic strategy to to countries that integrated FFSR into their enhance coordination and the expansion of INDCs. Using propensity score matching active publics and offer advice on how to methods and semi-structured interviews, I increase accountability by the new "global net- argue that the GSI's model of political zero public". neutrality, domestic research partnerships, and incremental and sustained capacity building with policymakers illustrates a resilient model for normative reform. The analysis identifies the significance of ideational and governance-driven processes alongside structural variables like fuel price, fossil fuel

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 265 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability export dependence, and other factors that the meant that these states are now hostage to the existing literature tends to attribute reform fossil fuel industry and its expansionary success to. Arguably this analysis is suggestive desires. of pathways for decarbonization in other arenas defined by path dependency and Norway has failed the least because of its powerful incumbency. relatively strong state. It has a better resourced bureaucracy, greater reach into society, and ID321. more autonomy from major industrial emitters. Yet Norway, like Australia and Irreconcilable differences?: The Canada, still plans to increase fossil fuel politics of fossil fuel supply and production and achieve transformative climate policies in Australia, emission reductions. Canada, and Norway The track record of these three countries Nathan Lemphers indicate the need for states to build institutions that can extricate and embolden its broad University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada public interest mandate from the narrow interests of the fossil fuel industry. For After three decades of climate policy, example, rather than pursuing short-term greenhouse gas emissions in Australia, Canada economic gain these states need to be and Norway have not declined. Norway’s managing the decline of fossil fuel production, emissions have increased 3 percent since 1990, including the downside risks for communities, Canada’s emissions have increased 17 percent, workers, and capital markets, and positioning and Australia’s emissions have increased 31 the country to thrive in a global, low-carbon percent. economy. This analysis provides insights into how to build the institutional foundations for Why have all of these countries struggled to decarbonizing fossil fuel-producing countries in reduce emissions? Why is there such variation the Global North. between Australia and Norway? How does this lack of decarbonization impact their ability to thrive in a low-carbon economy? This study ID533. employs process tracing, based on 120 Coping with decarbonisation: a interviews and primary document analysis, to examine the climate policy development of global inventory of coping these three countries from 1988 to 2018. strategies, and lessons on how to support decarbonisation efforts This paper argues that this failure to reduce Marie Claire Brisbois, Benjamin Sovacool, emissions is, in part, due to a disconnect Roberto Cantoni, Paul Upham, Laur Kanger between fossil fuel supply policies from climate policies. Climate policies have not University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom threatened—and sometimes reinforced— business-as-usual production. The largest Meeting both Paris and the EU’s climate source of emissions increase in all three change mitigation objectives requires fossil countries has been from fossil fuel extraction. fuel phase out. Regions that depend on carbon- Partly by legacy, partly by design, this gulf has based industries for jobs in sectors such as coal

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 266 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability mining or oil and gas extraction (i.e. carbon- listed in the opening paragraph. Our analysis intensive regions) are experiencing significant further explores what governance conditions social and economic disruption. In the face of support the development of strategies most this disruption, actors are responding to likely to foster participation in, and decarbonisation efforts through a myriad of contributions to, global decarbonisation “coping strategies”. These actions (or non- efforts. actions) can be intended to adapt to, resist or transform their situation. Strategies can be This paper fits very well with the general theme functional or symbolic (i.e. things people “do” of the conference and the focus on governance or “say”, respectively), and be targeted publicly in turbulent times. It probably fits best within or privately. They can be undertaken by “Governance intervention and social actions individuals, groups or organisations, in the for behavioral change to sustainability”. public, private or third-sector. They can occur However, the focus on agency of actors who at different scales, over different time periods, are “coping”, and their responses means that it and with intended impacts in different domains also aligns well with the Architecture and (e.g. social, technical, economic, political). Agency Stream. Significantly, strategies vary in their ability to help or hinder decarbonisation efforts. ID622. However, it is unclear what strategies are most effective in advancing decarbonisation, and Climate Backlash: Contentious what governance approaches and policies Politics of Ambitious Policy Action encourage and support productive coping James Patterson strategies. Copernicus Institute of Sustainable This paper offers select findings from the Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, (Project Reference 1) project. We present the Netherlands results of an online “coping strategies inventory” that collects, categorises and offers Contemporary climate change governance is insights into the ways that different agents are both high-stakes and turbulent; the need for responding to decarbonisation efforts in ambitious action has never been more urgent. carbon-intensive regions. The inventory is However, recent experience of climate policy populated by strategies revealed through: a) enactment across a range of contexts reveals interviews and focus groups in Western that ambitious action can trigger backlash. Macedonia (Greece), Silesia (Poland), Ida- Examples include the acrimonious removal of a Virumaa (Estonia), and the Rhenish mining area national carbon pricing scheme in 2014 in (Germany); b) desk-based research into an Australia, the repeal of subnational climate additional 10-20 highly vulnerable regions, policy elements in Alberta and Ontario in identified through modelling work for the Canada in 2018-2019, and the Yellow Vests larger (Project Reference 2) project; and, c) protests in France in 2018-19 linked to the open global data collection through an online introduction of a fuel tax. With growing form in partnership with the attention on Green Deals (e.g. Europe, United coaltransitions.org website. The inventory States), mitigating the potential for backlash is offers a comprehensive database of coping crucial to securing transformative climate strategies classified according to the variables action. Yet, the potential for backlash may only

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 267 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability grow as climate action becomes more the potential for enduring effects to stall demanding, particularly in response to climate action. This contributes to a new hard/coercive (cf. soft/voluntary) policies (e.g. research agenda on turbulent policy-society regulation, taxes, pricing, industry phase-outs), relations, and to finding ways to advance which are typically seen as necessary to collective responses in fractious contemporary achieve climate targets. climate and environmental governance.

Backlash to policy remains under- conceptualised, despite being widely invoked metaphorically. ‘Climate backlash’ refers to an Panel ID 605 abrupt and impactful reaction that seeks to Agriculture and governance (i) counter or reverse climate policy, going Parallel Panel Session 7, beyond ordinary forms of disagreement to Thursday 9th September 2021, challenge both policy substance and underlying 8:30-10:00 CEST political authority. This paper aims to provide Chair: Petri Uusikyla an initial approach to conceptualising and analysing climate backlash which can support ID67. detailed comparative analysis. I argue that climate backlash emerges from conflicts over Farmers’ preferences towards legitimacy, specifically processes of introducing the payment-by-results delegitimation (i.e. concerning existing rules, schemes in Slovenia normative justifications, and actions of dissent). Two cases illustrate the potential Tanja Šumrada, Emil Erjavec, Andrej Udovč utility of this approach (i.e. removal of a University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, national carbon pricing scheme in Australia in Ljubljana, Slovenia 2012-14, and emergence of the Yellow Vests protests in France in 2018-2019). Within the forthcoming CAP, in order to improve the efficiency of agri-environmental Findings suggest that climate backlash can policy, various new scheme designs are being occur in different ways and for different tested that either supplement or alter the basic reasons. The case of policy removal in Australia concept of measures with set management shows strategic mobilization of hostile public practices. In recent years, several researchers sentiment, which has hallmarks of being a focused on the opportunities and drawbacks as reactionary response against a progressive well as suitable institutional support for the development to deny policy-making implementation of outcome-based schemes. opportunity. The case of the Yellow Vests in However, little is still known about their cost- France shows a spontaneous eruption of effectiveness compared to the more widely discontent seemingly disproportionate to the spread management-based measures as well policy trigger, linked to much wider grievances as how to develop a practical methodology to (e.g. social inequity, anti-elite sentiment) and calculate payments for rewarding the calling for a different approach to achievement of actual results. policymaking. Both cases suggest that slow- moving forces created conditions for the This contribution analyses the farmers’ occurrence of backlash to a specific policy, and response to the improved result orientation

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 268 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability and spatial coordination of agri-environmental other hand, was not deemed important. There schemes (AES). A choice experiment approach seem to be no significant differences between was used to test farmers’ willingness-to-accept both research areas, but we expect that in the a payment-by-results scheme to conserve Haloze region payment levels for similar extensive management of two dry grassland attribute levels were approximately 80-100 types, protected under the EU Habitat EUR/ha higher. Directive. Additionally, the preferences for agglomeration bonus were tested in order to ID440. discern the potential for a more collective approach to conservation. As knowledge Governance interventions toward transfer is often identified as one of the sustainable agroecosystem important success factors, different types of management at the watershed scale training were included. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first research Brian C Chaffin using a choice experiment approach to test University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA farmers’ preferences for payment-by-results schemes, making it relevant for designing Building a more robust understanding of past future AES. social-ecological and hydrological transitions across agricultural landscapes may provide The survey included 510 farmers in the Natura insights into the future challenges of balancing 2000 sites of Haloze and Karst, located in the needs of agricultural production with Eastern and Western part of Slovenia, sustaining ecosystem functions and human respectively. The selected research areas have livelihoods. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed comparable developmental problems that to identify governance interventions and include unfavourable age and education societal actions that push environmental structure of the farmer population, fragmented governance generally (and water governance land ownership and natural limitations, which specifically) toward a regime of supporting prevent agricultural intensification. In the productive agriculture and community Haloze region, promotion of the results- sustainability. This paper presents a critical oriented approach is taking place since 2016, analysis of a series of social-ecological regime while there have been no comparable activities shifts across a large agricultural watershed in in the Karst region. The econometric analysis is the central United States, a region important carried out using the mixed logit and the latent for both domestic and export food production. class models. One aspect of these regime shifts includes a governance intervention that catalyzed an Based on the preliminary analysis, we estimate abrupt change in environmental governance that the large majority of farmers preferred from a state-based system of use rights, to a pure or hybrid result-based schemes while hybrid, sub-state system that consolidated there also seems to be a smaller class of multiple authorities and restructured farmers that prefer current management- established aspects of environmental based system. Most farmers also preferred governance at a more bioregional scale. The various types of group learning and individual creation of Natural Resource Districts (NRDs) as advising on farms compared to standard water and landscape governance organizations lectures. A conditional collective bonus, on the in Nebraska (USA) has been billed as a

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 269 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability transformative shift of state-based prompt spillover mechanisms, i.e. socio- environmental governance toward a more economic or environmental processes that are transparent, locally-legitimate, and landscape- triggered by agricultural land use and lead to relevant approach to agroecosystem sustainability impacts beyond the farm level. governance. Although some aspects of this Examples are runoff of chemical inputs to characterization may be warranted, NRDs are downstream water bodies, cross-habitat also rife with the politics, power struggles, species interactions with nearby ecosystems, socio-economic inequities, and management or long-distance flows of production factors challenges common to any scale of and migrant workers. Operating across environmental governance. From an analysis of different levels, spillover mechanisms are existing biophysical data, qualitative interviews inherently difficult to anticipate, detect and with environmental governance actors, and thus to govern. Empirical evidence on the text-based archival data (e.g. laws, regulations, governance of spillovers through existing and industry or community publications), NRDs commodity supply chain interventions is and associated outcomes are evaluated currently limited. This study addresses this spatially and temporally as signally a potential knowledge gap by investigating whether and landscape-scale regime shift driven by a how existing VSS regulate spillovers of governance intervention to address the need agricultural crop production. Using the ITC to better account for local context in standards map database, we conduct a criteria agroecosystem management toward coverage analysis of more than 80 agricultural sustainability. standard documents, and assess the way and extent to which they aspire to address different ID663. types of spillover mechanisms. Finally, we reflect on the potential of VSS for creating Governing spillovers of agricultural positive change beyond the farm level, and crop production through voluntary discuss key opportunities and challenges in this sustainability standards regard.

1,2 1,2 Gabi Sonderegger , Christoph Oberlack , Vasco Diogo3, Andreas Heinimann1,2,4

1Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 22

Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 3Swiss Federal Research

Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland. 4Wyss Academy for Nature, Switzerland, Bern, Switzerland

Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) are popular private sector governance interventions that define and verify sustainable agricultural land use at the level of production units. However, agricultural production can

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Panel ID 608 literature review conducted through a Forest Governance comprehensive search of the English, Portuguese, and Spanish references indexed Parallel Panel Session 3, on the Web of Science, Scopus, and Redalyc Tuesday 7th September 2021, databases over the past decade; b) interviews 16:30-18:00 CEST with local scholars, public officials, and NGO Chair: Leticia Merino Pérez members; c) governmental publications and data; d) studies conducted by scientific ID59. agencies, consortiums, and international organizations; e) public opinion surveys; and f) Climate and Biodiversity Politics and news reports. Policies in the Brazilian, Bolivian, and Colombian Amazon ID117.

Joana C Pereira Institutional and social factors Portuguese Institute of International Relations, affecting community-based forest NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal governance in northern Mexico

Anthropogenic climate change and biodiversity Eduardo Carrillo-Rubio1, Stephen J Morreale2 loss are two of the most pressing dimensions of 1Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, the ecological crisis facing the planet. The Mexico City, Mexico. 2Department of Natural Amazon rainforest, a tipping point in the Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Earth’s climate system and the home to no less than 10% of the planet’s known biodiversity, Community-based forest governance emerges as a particular point of concern. The approaches impact millions of rural and forest’s ecological integrity is under threat. indigenous people around the world. Climate change and deforestation are Improving our ability to predict local jeopardizing the Amazon’s resilience, possibly governance outcomes and identify pertinent leading to the collapse of large parts of the causal correlates is necessary to improve forest during this century. However, the implementation effectiveness, quantify social ‘savannization hypothesis’ is still overlooked by and ecological impacts, and minimize negative the social science research community and consequences. However, assessing the decision makers. In this paper, climate threats conditions and impacts of large-scale to the resilience of the Amazon are reviewed conservation is often difficult due to cost, and the Brazilian, Bolivian, and Colombian analytical, and practical field constraints, governance of the forest is analysed to shed especially in culturally- and biologically-rich light on the political, economic, and social landscapes where studies need to account for processes driving the destruction of the spatial and context-specific heterogeneity region's flora and fauna. In addition, a new, while allowing for rigorous inferences and sustainable development paradigm for the policy-relevant comparisons. Here, we provide Amazon combining the revolutionary findings from a multidisciplinary, multi-scale, technologies of the Fourth Industrial landscape-based study of community forest Revolution with indigenous ontologies is management in the Sierra Tarahumara region proposed. The research is the result of a) a of México. We evaluated long-term forest

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 271 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability cover change and the institutional factors ID532. affecting forest management under a variety of communal governance arrangements. We Should PES be used to implement developed an analytical framework and used zero-deforestation supply chain hierarchical models to analyze data from policies? The case of soy in the satellite images, population census, and socio- Brazilian Cerrado ecological ground surveys to quantify the relationships between forest change rates Rachael D Garrett, Janina Grabs, Federico within different management and institutional Cammelli, Florian Gollnow, Samuel A. Levy regimes, geographical conditions, and socio- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland demographic user group characteristics. We found that from 1976 to 2005 deforestation Over the past decade public and private actors rates varied within different management have been developing a variety of new policy regimes, and that greater social cohesiveness approaches for addressing agriculturally-driven and user engagement in decision-making deforestation linked to international supply processes were linked to social equality and chains. While payments for environmental lower deforestation rates. Cultural services (PES) have been advocated in many heterogeneity, group size, technical capacity, contexts as an efficient and pro-poor proximity to markets, and household gender environmental policy to incentivize ratios in favor of women were the most conservation, it remains unclear whether such significant predictors of forest change. an approach, implemented through supply Communal forests owned by a majority (>50%) chains and targeted at individual farms, would of indigenous members organized into smaller be efficient, effective, equitable, or legitimate groups (<280 members) and where the as a policy for reducing ecosystem conversion. majority of heads of households were women Here we use ex-ante theoretical and empirical experienced significantly lower rates of forest analysis of secondary and interview data to loss. Illegal logging was found to be significant compare potential outcomes of PES to other in areas near markets, but not in forests owned supply chain policy implementation by indigenous communities. These findings mechanisms as a mechanism for avoided- support a frontier of research on effective deforestation. We examine the case of the forest governance that could help design more Brazilian Cerrado, where PES are currently effective forest policies and conservation being proposed to achieve zero-deforestation interventions. Our methods provide a practical targets in soy supply chains. We conclude that approach to understand why deforestation a standalone PES scheme in the Cerrado would occurs, and a useful tool to identify the most likely suffer from low efficiency, effectiveness, effective institutional and governance and equity compared to a zero-conversion arrangements for management and co- market exclusion mechanism or a combination management of forests and natural resources of a market exclusion with PES only targeted at in specific regions where communities, the poorest farmers and tied to restoration government, and protected areas coexist instead of avoided deforestation. The primary within the larger landscape matrix. advantage of a standalone PES would be its greater legitimacy within the soy sector, but a

PES program directed only at soy farmers would still face legitimacy challenges from

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 272 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability other local actors. Given the limitations of deforestation commitment implementation single commodity supply chain approaches in mechanisms in global agri-food supply chains. regions with heterogenous agricultural It offers a comprehensive classification of systems, we suggest that a mixed supply chain implementation mechanisms, draws out their and jurisdictional effort would be more advantages, drawbacks and likely effects in the equitable, effective, and efficient in reducing field, and associates company characteristics agriculturally-driven deforestation. These and local production region characteristics mixed approaches would also align better with with the chosen implementation method(s). evolving international smart mix initiatives for halting import-driven deforestation than a The paper thus contributes to the growing standalone PES scheme. literature on the evolution of private regulatory governance and public-private ID173. regulatory mixes beyond the use of third-party certifications, as well as likely impacts on the Innovations in private regulatory problems private regulation aims to solve. supply chain governance: Mapping and classifying zero-deforestation commitment implementation Panel ID 610 mechanisms in the palm oil sector Experimental urban governance Janina Grabs, Rachael D Garrett Parallel Panel Session 1, Tuesday 7th September 2021, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 8:30-10:00 CEST

Despite increasing public awareness and Chair: Andrea Simonelli corporate efforts in the last decade, the production of many agricultural commodities ID12. continues to cause deforestation and land Urban transformation through degradation in the tropics. Corporate zero- deforestation commitments, i.e. voluntary experimentation: Towards a sustainability initiatives that signal a company’s conceptual framework intention to eliminate deforestation from its Franziska Ehnert supply chain, have proliferated in response. However, it continues to be unclear how such Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and commitments are implemented in practice. Regional Development, Dresden, Germany Such knowledge is direly needed to assess the effectiveness of zero-deforestation While there are multiple attempts of steering commitments as a mechanism of private urban sustainability transitions, moving regulatory governance, and to differentiate beyond traditional government through between likely outcomes of different hierarchy towards governance through implementation types. markets and networks, progress remains slow. The development of cities towards Drawing on a novel database of over 500 sustainability resembles more stagnation than companies active in the palm oil sector, this transformation. This has led to a search for paper maps the current state of zero- alternative governance interventions to

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 273 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability transform cities and local communities. (2017 – 2018). These transition experiments Transition management is such a governance will be implemented from 2019 to 2021. They approach, which seeks to combine top-down are places of learning and knowledge co- steering with bottom-up engagement, and creation by citizens and scientists. They are political planning with openness and reflexivity therefore situated within neighbourhoods and (Loorbach 2010). It is based on four iterative public institutions. phases: a strategic, tactical, operational and reflexive phase. Problem structuring and The literature on transition management, real envisioning (strategic phase) are followed by world laboratories and transition experiments coalition-building and the development of a (with manifold concepts such as urban transition agenda (tactical phase). transition labs, social innovation labs or urban Subsequently, projects are executed and living labs) is to be reviewed. Based upon this transition experiments implemented literature review, a conceptual framework is to (operational phase), being accompanied by be developed for the study of transition evaluation and learning (reflexive phase). experiments as a governance intervention to However, studies on the design, promote change towards sustainability in implementation and impact of such transition Dresden. experiments in urban settings remain few and far between. ID645.

Against this backdrop, a conceptual framework Experimental governance for is to be developed to address the question of sustainable cities? Examining the how urban sustainability transitions can be workings and implications of an initiated, promoted and consolidated through urban living laboratory in India specific governance interventions. This is to study the research questions of how transition Zaheb Ahmad experiments as a form of transdisciplinary Tandem Research, Aldona, Goa, India collaboration between stakeholders and scientists can enable and shape urban In rapidly growing cities in the Global South, sustainability transitions and how intermediary uncertainty, complexity and socio-technical actors and institutions can facilitate lock-in associated with rapid urbanization, experimentation in urban settings. climate change and technologization, coupled with institutional inertia, is rendering These research questions are to be explored conventional governance approaches through a case study of the transdisciplinary ineffective in addressing the challenges of project “Dresden 2030+ - The City of the sustainability. Future: Empower Citizens, Transform Cities” (Germany). While it is guided by the idea of In India, small and mid-sized cities are likely to transition management, the approach is also cross a total of 200 by 2030. The increasing adapted to the local context of Dresden. It number and size of urban areas is putting began with envisioning a sustainable future for extraordinary pressures on infrastructure and Dresden until 2030 (2015 – 2016). It continued resources in cities. India’s Smart City Mission with the design and planning of ten transition (SCM), launched in 2015 by the central experiments to move from the vision to action government, is claimed to be the flagship

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 274 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability program driving urban transformations. The ground, interests, and commitment among SCM, however, sits uncomfortably within the actors involved. This fastens the process of governance architecture of cities. Overlapping goal-setting to achieve sustainability as mandates of the SCM with decentralised compared to bureaucratic governance mechanisms for the governance of cities, is approaches, and induces institutional leading to contestations between state innovation among state actors. government-led urban local bodies (ULBs), and ‘smart city’ corporations established by the The paper will contribute to the growing body central government. of literature on experimental governance, urban living labs and institutional innovation - Experimental governance - deliberative and particularly in rapidly transforming cities of the iterative configurations to test new regulatory Global South, where there is often greater approaches and policies - have been seen as a need to innovate and act towards way to to resolve the management of complex sustainability. and emerging challenges. In Europe, urban living labs (ULLs) have been used to establish ID679. governance structures comprising multiple state actors, knowledge institutions, citizens, Cities and Regions in Multi-level and private sector - to spur innovation needed Climate Governance to meet the challenges of urban sustainability. Lauri Peterson Methodologically, ULLs test and trial solutions on a small scale but under real-world (Department of Government, Uppsala conditions. The ULL approach of University, Uppsala, Sweden experimentation under real-world conditions, however, is only made possible by aligning The UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable mandates, interests and expectations of Development and the IPCC acknowledge the multiple actors. Conventional forms of responsibility of governments on all levels to governance neither offer collaborative reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The architectures for governance, nor have the Paris Agreement of 2015 has increased the role flexibility for experimentation. of bottom-up climate initiatives and the importance of multi-level governance. Cities Based on experiences of the Panaji Urban and regions have begun to play an increasingly Living Lab (PULL), the paper explores the large role in climate change policy, despite relevance of experimental governance stymied efforts on the national level. approaches to Indian cities, and examines the Nevertheless, we know very little about what suitability of ULLs in aligning institutional type of climate issues local and regional mandates and actions of multiple actors governments address and why. This paper towards urban sustainability. draws on two global datasets, World Observatory of Subnational Government Findings from the case of the PULL suggests Finance and Investment database on that as ‘boundary organisations’ - institutions subnational climate investments and CDP data outside established governance structures, on the renewable energy targets, to answer that seek to mediate and co-ordinate workings this research question. The study uses of multiple actors across scales, domains and renewable energy targets and subnational areas of expertise - ULLs create common

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 275 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability funding in order to investigate local and anthropocentric, state-centric, and linear regional climate change mitigation from 2019- nature of environmental laws, they have not 2020. The preliminary results of the statistical been an effective tool to protect the Earth analysis suggest that the presence of system or to guarantee sustainable conditions renewable energy targets on the local and conducive to all life forms. Moreover, there are regional level are best explained by multi-level socio-ecological dynamics at the Earth system networks and the freedom to locally shape level that have cascading impacts at national solutions, which is in accordance with and regional levels, and current environmental polycentric governance. Hence, engagement in laws and government institutions are unable to city and regional networks and freedom from address them. One example is the Chilean top-town management are some of the water crisis as a result of growing avocados for determinants of institutional change in climate Europe, or environmental pollution caused by policy. The paper provides new knowledge for Canadian mining companies in Latin America. both researchers and policy-makers on the key factors that drive policy reforms for improving Another concrete example of environmental climate change mitigation on both local and law’s failure for addressing social-ecological regional levels of governance. problems is the Mexican water law, where despite its application, in recent years water shortages, depletion, and conflicts over water access have increased. Flaws in the water law´s Panel ID 612 design have opened the doors to corruption, Water governance strategies: law overexploitation, and other institutional and data problems that hinder law enforcement. By Parallel Panel Session 2, analyzing the Mexican water law and measures Tuesday 7th September 2021, related to its compliance and enforcement 10:30-12:00 CEST through the social-ecological system lens, this chapter will show how the utilitarian approach Chair: Annisa Triyanti of this legal framework hinders the ID50. achievement of the law’s water protection objectives. This analysis also highlights how Integrating a water law into the other formal institutions created by reason of Earth system law perspective this law contain erroneous assumptions about the ecological functioning of water systems, Gabriel Lopez generating negative impacts over the water ecosystem services. The chapter concludes University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom that the Mexican water law is unable to address and govern complexity and Institutional inability to address social- uncertainty and to protect Mexico’s water ecological systems undermines the rule of law, systems. Moreover, it shows how this law's and thus, a government´s capacity to address inability to address local, regional, and national environmental degradation and achieve complexities as a result of Earth system sustainable development. This has been dynamics, is leading to social and ecological demonstrated for instance with increasing crises. dryland degradation and expansion, illegal logging, and water overexploitation. Given the

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 276 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability

Moving from this traditional state-centric law centered around modifications to existing law? to a more adaptive legal system operating This paper seeks to compare benefits under the institutional principles of iteration, associated with current proposals to flexibility, subsidiarity, and collaboration, strengthen the international legal framework would paramount. Accordingly, this chapter for management of surface-groundwater highlights the Mexican water law’s potential interaction, vis-a-vis adoption of a new for enabling an Earth system law approach, by protocol on conjunctive management of leveraging current legal and institutional tools. transboundary freshwaters. The paper first This chapter contributes to the Earth system addresses the main international water law literature by discussing how a water law conventions and instruments, focusing on the within an Earth system legal framework could degree to which they consider interlinkages possibly better address social-ecological between surface water and groundwater. complexities, and how it can improve human Then, the paper examines the concept of well-being and environmental protection. conjunctive water management and deduces tenets that should be pursued in shared waters ID540. to achieve this objective. Last, the paper explores the degree to which existing proposals Embracing Conjunctive water vs a new protocol enable an embrace of these management in international water tenets of conjunctive water management. The law: To pursue legal amendment, paper finds that multiple options can and instrument coupling, or new should be concurrently pursued. Benefits of protocol adoption? doing so include more effective management of transboundary freshwater resources that Imad Antoine Ibrahim are interconnected hydrologically, a less fragmented and more consistent international Qatar University, Doha, Qatar water regime, and ultimately more benefits accruing to the populations and environmental International water conventions – e.g., the goods dependent on shared water resources. 1997 United Nations Convention on the Non- Navigational Uses of International

Watercourses – include positive but insufficient focus on groundwater and its interaction with surface water. As such, a growing body of literature has proposed modifications to existing frameworks to enable consideration to surface and groundwater and their interactions. While this literature places considerable focus on coupling and amending existing legal frameworks, elaboration and evaluation of a new protocol on conjunctive water management comprises a key gap. To fill this gap, this paper seeks to answer the following question: does formulation and adoption of a new “conjunctive” protocol provide more value than existing proposals

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ID570. facilitated through cognitive proximity, matching, and coordination. A scale-based Overcoming Data Friction by approach can play a key role in connecting Connecting Diverse Stakeholder human behaviour, a social science thematic Needs to Address Sustainability topic, with ecosystems, a natural science Challenges: A Typology of Data thematic topic. Portals in Monsoon Asia. ID122. Vivek Anand Asokan1, Masaru Yarime2, Motoharu Onuki3 Do not burn or else: Law enforcement of Indonesia’s zero 1 The Institute for Global Environmental burning policy Strategies, Hayama, Japan. 2The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo Kong, Hong Kong. 3The University of Tokyo, The Australian National University, Canberra, Kashiwa, Japan Australia The increase in types and volume of data Recently disastrous forest and land fires provides new avenues and potential for a ravaged parts of the globe, including in North sustainability transition. Data friction, and South America, Asia and Australia. however, can hamper the exchange of Indonesia has experienced recurring annual knowledge. The role of data-intensive fires, with extreme events recorded during El approaches in integrating knowledge and their Nino periods. In 2019, high intensity fires use by multiple stakeholders to translate the returned and engulfed peat-rich Sumatra and knowledge into action is not understood. This Kalimantan islands. These fires and the paper develops an analytical framework to resulting haze have severe economic, social, analyse nine web data portals in Cambodia, health, and climate change repercussions. India and Thailand, using a case-study approach and collecting data from primary These mostly human-induced fires survey questionnaire and literature review. are associated with land clearing, directly or Our study shows that most web data portals indirectly attributed to a web of various actors, are primarily providing information, and a few including farmers with landholdings of various portals transform the knowledge into action, sizes, timber and agricultural plantations, and yet, focus on singular themes. Data-friction local and non-resident investors. The among various stakeholders restricts the Indonesian government addresses the issue by exchange of knowledge among stakeholders. imposing a strict zero burning policy on Our results have broad implications, and we everyone, with severe sanctions for violations. suggest using a spatial scale to link knowledge Environmental regulations, however, are only among researchers and use natural hazard as effective as their monitoring and mitigation to connect diverse stakeholders’ enforcement. Recurring fires indicate that needs. A scale-based picture, focusing on efforts to control them -- from policies on strict landscapes, institutions and practices is prohibition of burning in land preparation to proposed which can be used to align diverse technological fixes -- have not been entirely fields by acting as “bridge” for improved effective. More recently, disastrous effects science-policy interface and decision making,

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 278 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability and international attention have led to a Panel ID 613 stronger stance on enforcement. Private sector initiatives Parallel Panel Session 4, Law enforcement is particularly relevant to Wednesday 8th September 2021, Indonesia’s land management approaches, 9:00-10:30 CEST which continue to place strong emphasis on command and control. Despite the critical role Chair: Rachel Garrett of law enforcement in forest and land fires, the literature lacks systematic analysis beyond ID264. pointing out its importance. The relatively large body of work have focused on the Quantifying the impact of indirect political economy, causes and extent of suppliers on the effectiveness of fires and haze. This work thus attempts to fill cattle zero deforestation this under-researched topic by examining how commitments in Brazil Indonesia’s current enforcement strategies on 1 1 fires policies are playing out. Samuel A Levy , Federico Cammelli , Erasmus K.H.J. zu Ermgassen2, Rachael D Garrett1

The research seeks to address two research 1ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 2UCLouvain, questions: 1) “How is the enforcement Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium of forest and land fires policies carried out in practice; and 2) “How does the enforcement The governance of commodity-driven of forest and land fires policies affect deforestation in tropical regions is increasingly actors’ land use behavior”? It employs a managed by private sustainable supply qualitative approach through interviews with policies, including zero-deforestation local, regional, and national stakeholders and commitments (ZDCs). ZDCs are implemented analytical review of court cases and other by the companies that buy, process and trade documents. Focusing on two fire-prone forest risk commodities and focus on provinces of South Sumatra and Central preventing deforestation-linked production Kalimantan, the research finds that there are entering a committed company’s supply chain. significant challenges in enforcing the policy on Commitments can be signed collectively or both smallholders and large corporations. individually and vary greatly in their scope, rigor and monitoring/enforcement capacity. One aspect likely to be critical to ZDC effectiveness is enforcement of ZDC policies

among indirect suppliers to the committed actors. If ZDCs are not enforced for indirect

suppliers, such producers can continue to deforest without risk of penalties, allowing

products associated with deforestation to enter into the supply chain. Here, we quantitatively examine the impact of indirect suppliers on ZDCs’ effectiveness at reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon’s cattle sector, the largest direct contributor to global

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 279 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability deforestation alongside palm oil in Indonesia. ID31. To date, no study has measured the magnitude of deforestation occurring among these The emerging Purpose Ecosystem: indirect suppliers, though multiple studies have innovative private sector agency in pointed out that these actors are likely Earth System Governance? responsible for ongoing high rates of deforestation in the cattle sector. Here we Frederik Dahlmann1, Wendy Stubbs2, Rob quantify the impact indirect suppliers on Raven2, Joao Porto De Albuquerque1 overall commitment effectiveness in the 1University of Warwick, Coventry, United Brazilian cattle sector by examining the Kingdom. 2Monash University, Melbourne, production, sales and land use behaviour of Australia 400 randomly selected direct and indirect cattle producers from four municipalities in The private sector has long been seen to play a northeast Pará, Brazil. We estimate the effect critical role in addressing the challenges of the that sales to ZDC slaughterhouses have on Anthropocene and providing potential property-level deforestation for direct and solutions to address the UN Sustainable indirect suppliers to isolate the effect that Development Goals (UN SDGs). Yet there are indirect suppliers. We use a unique dataset questions whether businesses can address the combining household and farm surveys complexities involved in interconnected conducted in 2019-2020 along with property sustainability issues. There are also concerns level remotely sensed data on both that private sector engagement with the UN deforestation and degradation. In a context of SDGs simply reflects new efforts to enhance low political interest in governing social legitimacy through ‘SDG- or rainbow- deforestation, the need for effective private washing’ and superficial adoption of the policies has never been higher. Quantitative underlying aims of the Agenda 2030. evidence for the magnitude of ongoing deforestation among indirect suppliers is Partly in response, a myriad of intermediaries, needed to support the design of improved initiatives and organisations are emerging that policy mixes for conservation in the Amazon aim to drive wider systems change by biome and may support policy design in regions advocating and advising businesses to with similar supply chain challenges. reconsider and broaden their fundamental ‘raison d’être’. Their focus is to create

‘purpose-driven businesses’ which fundamentally integrate social and

environmental objectives into their organisational purpose, rather than the pursuit

of a singular focus on financial objectives (such as maximising profits and/or shareholder value).

In this paper, we conceptualise this emerging network as the ‘Purpose Ecosystem’. Actors within this purpose ecosystem seek to create favourable framings, incentives, systems, and

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 280 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability infrastructures to support the development of ID171. purpose-driven businesses; connect and bring together purpose-driven actors from multiple Credible Corporate Commitments areas; and, educate new and potential as Private Governance Mechanisms businesses to be social and environmental innovators or ‘change-makers’. Janina Grabs, Rachael D Garrett ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Specifically, we argue that this Purpose Ecosystem represents an innovative form of Over recent years, corporate commitments to governance intervention which may have the improve the environmental and social impact potential to drive wider purposeful change in of their operations have multiplied. societal behaviour, specifically by endorsing Commitments to zero-deforestation sourcing, and accelerating action aligned with achieving carbon neutrality, or fair trading practices are the UN SDGs. Conceptually, we situate our now part and parcel of companies’ Corporate paper within the broader research agenda on Social Responsibility practices. Such Earth System Governance (ESG), while also commitments are frequently made in response drawing on the established literatures on to, or anticipation of, reputation-tarnishing management and sustainability, to inform a ‘naming-and-shaming’ actions by civil society critical view and assessment of the Purpose actors, and thus become important reputation Ecosystem, and to provide new insights and management tools. research questions. Both are important fields of academic enquiry in sustainability research Especially in transnational value chains, such but have so far largely existed in parallel. commitments become important mechanisms of private governance, especially if they Importantly, we also highlight a number of pronounce tangible and date-specific targets risks, barriers, trade-offs, and caveats to be that constitute market access barriers to their considered in the overall assessment of suppliers. Yet, the credibility of such Purpose Ecosystems. In doing so, we respond commitments has been understudied, though and contribute to the ESG research agenda by it is critical for this strategy’s success. Indeed, focusing on the role of private actors in shaping non-credible sourcing commitments run the the governance of transformation in the danger of creating a self-fulfilling prophecy: If Anthropocene. suppliers do not perceive the future market access barrier as credible, they have a low

incentive to switch practices. This creates a supply gap at the target date, causing

companies to postpone or drop their initial commitments. In response, NGO actors are in a bind on how to respond in leveraging their influence on corporate reputations to encourage more ambitious future action.

Drawing on credible commitment theory from game theory and institutional economics, this article explores the conditions under which

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 281 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability corporate commitments become more or less meetings from January 2012 – December 2018, credible, and proposes a theory of credible semi-structured interviews during November corporate commitments with testable 2018 – January 2019 with ten key informants hypotheses. As first illustration of the and EITI-Indonesia reports 2013-2018, we framework, it presents empirical evidence conclude that, although the process initiated from several commodity sectors (e.g. coffee, by EITI Indonesia has obtained compliance cocoa, soy and palm oil) where corporate status since 2014 and contributed to improving commitments constitute important private the transparency related to state revenues, EITI governance strategies. has not significantly contributed to terminating the vicious cycle of social-ecological violence. ID210. The underlying factors are, first, that the adopted EITI standard is not sufficient in terms Toward social-ecological peace? of increasing transparency; the applied Transforming governance quality threshold prevents EITI from disclosing the through the Extractive Industry reclamation guarantee fund of a vast majority Transparency Initiative-Indonesia of mining companies. The EITI-Indonesia does not disclose how the government disburses the 1 Yanuardi Yanuardi1,2, Marjanneke J Vijge fund, the mining contract and beneficial ownerships documents. Second, the EITI multi- 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. stakeholder group falls short of 2Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, accommodating the interests of the next Indonesia generation and aspiration to protect nature The violence that inflicts social disintegration e.g. disclosing the social-ecological impacts. and disharmony with nature within the Third, EITI could not optimally contribute to extractive industry sector has been widely improving governance at local levels, because documented. The Extractive Industry EITI-Indonesia operates at the national level, Transparency Initiative (EITI) has been whereas the authority to issue mining licenses, established as a new global standard that seeks to monitor and to manage mining reclamation to increase transparency in this sector and fund lies with local governments. Thus, we improve governance quality through enhanced conclude that the EITI’s transparency has not participation and accountability. This article established a governance system strong explores the extent to which the EITI process in enough to limit the social-ecological impacts of Indonesia - a country especially dominated by mining practices. The article concludes by the extractive regime - might contribute to providing key insights into the pathways improving the quality of mining governance towards social-ecological peace. and eventually whether EITI could contribute to fostering social-ecological peace, that is, a situation in which violence against nature and humans is absent, and where humans and nature can realise their potential. The paper does so by examining both the societal and ecological improvements in the mining sector that EITI may provide. Based on data from EITI- Indonesia multi-stakeholder group’s minute

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ID372. Toward this end, we conduct a comprehensive review of the ‘real world’ cases of blockchain Blockchain: breakthrough in supply being used in global supply chains by chain accountability or companies, activists, and other organizations technological fix for political from regulatory agencies to industry groups. By problems? conducting this exercise, we begin to build a new dataset on blockchain technology in global Michael J Bloomfield, Yixian Sun, Michael supply chains. We draw data from publicly Rogerson available resources including media reports, scholarly blockchain literature, and ‘grey University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom literature’. We then map these initiatives, Across industries, blockchain technology – a building a typology of its uses and goals. type of cryptography that securely records This mapping exercise forms the basis for transactions – has been increasingly heralded assessing these initiatives’ ability to address as a ‘game changer’ for achieving supply chain current issues in each sector and its potential transparency. It has been piloted in the consequences. We inductively build a seafood industry to tackle issues associated framework to assess what blockchain can and with illegal fishing and ‘modern slavery’, the cannot address – and which commodities it mining industry to eradicate the global trade in could work better or worse for, based on both ‘conflict minerals’, and has been discussed in a the commodity’s physical nature as well as the variety of industries ranging from food and social relations related to its production and textile to energy and infrastructure to improve consumption. traceability or allocate funding more efficiently and equitably. Is blockchain really a breakthrough in supply chain governance or, alternatively, is blockchain simply another attempt at a technical solution to what are essentially political problems? To what extent can blockchain ensure corporate accountability in supply chains? What could be the negative consequences of this new technology?

While large corporations, industry groups, and activists are already experimenting with its use, scholarly literature is only just beginning to trickle out in the form of single case studies and, often, emerging from the Business and Management literature. While these studies are undoubtedly useful, there is an urgent need for a more comparative and critical approach to evaluating the opportunities and challenges this new technology offers in terms of supply chain transparency and governance.

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Panel ID 614 optimistic and uncritical while others wait to be Climate policy (iii): public substantiated. One important question is whether mini-publics can influence public perceptions and prospects for opinion regarding ambitious climate policy. action Parallel Panel Session 5, In theory, mini-publics can provide informative Wednesday 8th September 2021, short-cuts to citizens. Citizens would adjust 13:00-14:30 CEST their opinions in the direction of mini-publics' Chair: Jirina Jilkova recommendations based on ascriptions of trust toward mini-publics’ judgments. However, ID505. there have hardly been studies to test this theory with empirical robustness. Even less do The effects of deliberative mini- we know, empirically, about the causal publics on public opinion regarding mechanisms determining ascriptions of trust in ambitious climate policy: Testing mini-publics’ judgments, or about the signals various informational cues to required to provoke such effects. Finally, we do not know whether or to what extent such German citizens in a factorial survey effects would be transferable to sustainability experiment issues like climate change; That is to issues that Janosch Pfeffer are not just salient, and controversial—like the issues of abortion and same-sex marriage that Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands were addressed by the Irish Citizens’ Assembly—but also highly complex, uncertain, To avoid dangerous climate change, and ambiguous. ‘unprecedented’ societal transitions are needed. Such transitions are hard to imagine In this study, I test whether a deliberative mini- without ambitious policy action by nation public increases public support for an increase states. However, democratic political leaders of the CO2 tax in Germany. Moreover, I ask to are often hesitant. Past experiences such as what extent different communications about with the yellow vest movement in France the mini-public moderate this effect. I study suggest, they have comprehensible reasons to this question by conducting a factorial survey be hesitant. Some researchers in deliberative experiment innovative to this field. Before democracy and a growing number of societal indicating their opinions, respondents of the and political actors argue that bodies of treatment group are informed that the policy randomly selected citizens, so-called was recommended by a mini-public. Moreover, deliberative mini-publics, may be conducive to additional information about the mini-public is governing sustainability issues like climate systematically varied to study causal change. National-level deliberative mini- mechanisms. Beyond academia, results can publics on climate change were recently held in inform practitioners about what Ireland, Great Britain, and France, and are communications ‘work best’, and may provide currently undertaken, planned, or lobbied for advocates with robust evidence for one of the in many other European countries—for many claims they make when trying to example Scotland, Spain, or Germany. But can convince politicians and other actors of the mini-publics really lead to more ambitious values of deliberative mini-publics. climate action? Some hopes may be overly

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ID606. ID664.

Climate Security as a Coalition Machine Learning a Probabilistic Magnet? Prospects for Action in the Structural Equation Model to United States and in the BRICS Explain the Impact of Climate Risk Countries Perceptions on Policy Support

Mihaela Papa Asim Zia1, Katherine Lacasse2, Nina Fefferman3, Brian Beckage1, Louis Gross3 Fletcher School, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA 1University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA. 2Rhode Island College, Providence RI, USA. Ever since the UN Security Council has become 3University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA more open to discussing the link between climate and security, the key initiatives for While public opinion is a strong driver of policy advancing this linkage have predominantly change in democratic societies, the complex come from countries other than the United interactions of climate risk perceptions, belief States and the BRICS. With the climate threat in climate science, knowledge, political being increasingly framed in the security ideology, demographic factors, and their context under the Biden administration and combined effects on support for policies aimed some of the BRICS countries weakening their at mitigating climate change are not very well resistance to the climate security agenda, the understood. This study applies an unsupervised climate-security nexus is poised for revival in machine learning approach to learn a global policymaking. This paper asks: can “probabilistic structural equation model climate security act as a coalition magnet and (PSEM)” for understanding such complex accelerate action in the field of climate interactions. With foundations in Bayesian change? Drawing on the theoretical framework Network theory and information theory, developed by Beland and Cox to study ideas as PSEMs use the principle of Kulback-Leibler coalition magnets, this paper examines divergence to learn the relative importance of whether climate security has the needed latent variables that explain structural components to act as a magnet that can open dynamics of support for climate policy. A PSEM a path for policy change. Using content analysis with R2 of 92.80% is derived from publicly of U.S. and BRICS countries’ policy documents available mixed-pool “Climate Change in the and the method of comparative policy analysis, American Mind” (CCAM) dataset collected this paper investigates whether climate between 2008 and 2018 (N=22,416). The security as a global policy idea has the needed estimated PSEM predicts that 27.38% of the US polysemic character that can make it attractive population strongly supported climate policy to domestic groups and whether there are action, while 59.46% were lukewarm policy entrepreneurs who can employ this idea. supporters and 13.15% strongly opposed The findings show that the climate security climate policy interventions. The conditional agenda has growing support in the relevant probability distributions of lukewarm policy communities of practice, but also raise supporters reveal a novel finding: Lukewarm questions about the challenges of supporters are more likely to be ambivalent securitization of environmental challenges. about human induced climate change, less likely to be worried about climate change and

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 285 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability more likely to be moderates and independents. Panel ID 616 Poor adoption of climate policy proposals in Catalysing sustainability: leverage the US can be attributed to this silent majority of lukewarm supporters. Consistent with points, networks and policy previous studies, we also find that strong innovations supporters of climate policy are more likely to Parallel Panel Session 2, th be alarmed and worried with relatively high Tuesday 7 September 2021, and moderate risk perceptions and likely to be 10:30-12:00 CEST very liberal or somewhat liberal. In contrast, Chair: Julia Leventon strong opposers of climate policy are more likely to be climate deniers, skeptics or ID202. doubtful, not concerned, risk deniers and very conservative or somewhat conservative. Governance and Sustainable Theoretically we discover strong support for Management of Electronic Waste in dual processing theory: while analytical risk India and South Africa perceptions have the largest effect size, this effect is mediated through affect/emotions, Anwesha Borthakur beliefs and ideology. We argue that data- KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium driven machine learning models can account for complex interactions among latent Electronic waste (E-waste) has observed a variables to explain climate policy preferences. considerable intensification in the recent Future experimental research may be decade rendering its management a major implemented to test whether emotionally challenge to the contemporary world. India sensitive communication of climate change and South Africa are no exceptions. Today, induced risk may trigger a significant change in these countries are engrossed with massive the policy preferences of lukewarm policy challenges concerning environment and supporters to become strong supporters of resource-friendly management of E-waste climate policy. where it is becoming a significant waste stream both in terms of quantity and toxicity.

Considering the complexities associated with this toxic stream of waste, this paper is an

attempt to review the existing E-waste governance in the emerging economies, taking

into consideration the evidence and experiences of India and South Africa. The impact of the E-waste policy interventions is assessed with respect to consumers’ E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness in both the countries. The paper further evaluates the influences of European Union’s landmark Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directives in E-waste policymaking in India and South Africa. We

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 286 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability attempt to problematize the E-waste policy ID425. concerns in both the country through queries such as: what are the policy approaches Connecting the Dots: Global Social currently in place in the countries? How Identity and Transnational effective these policy responses have been in Networks for Sustainability solving the E-waste problem in the respective country? Is there any difference in the E-waste Eva Maria Lynders policy approaches ‘within’ the emerging German Development Institute / Deutsches economies, considering the somewhat similar Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, growth trajectories of these nations which Germany classify them as ‘emerging economies’? We especially focus on the legislative and Realizing the 2030 Agenda calls for integrated regulatory measures that are in place in India approaches in policies and societal action. Due and South Africa which are indispensable for to the demand for continued joint knowledge ensuring effective and responsible E-waste creation and societal change across the globe, management. In-depth literature reviews, a the role and importance of transnational bibliometric analysis and a structured research and action networks dealing with questionnaire survey were carried out as a part questions of sustainable development is likely of the study. Regarding consumers’ awareness to rise within the next decade. Not only do they and disposal behaviour, we attempted to represent crucial actors in accompanying and address queries such as: what are the different pushing global governance processes. They can modes of E-waste disposal practiced by the also serve as "laboratories" for what some consumers of these two countries? Do researchers call an emerging "global civil consumer’s awareness level and disposal society". The term is associated with the three pattern differ from one country to another? elements of an increased awareness for global What are the different factors that affect the challenges, a sense of responsibility to react to consumers’ behaviour towards E-waste them, and a sense of connectedness which disposal? Does awareness level among allows for joint (or at least orchestrated) consumers shapes their disposal behaviour? action. Possible preconditions or enabling We argue that the E-waste governance and factors for such a global civil society are not yet management approaches of a particular fully understood. country necessitates a local-specific method where all the inherent socio-cultural, Still, one promising stream of research rises economic, political and environmental from a more current adaptation of a well- considerations of the country is taken into known psychological concept: the global social consideration while devising effective solution identity concept (sometimes also cited as mechanisms. global human identification) measures to which extend a person identifies with "the world as a whole". Some research results

suggest that the higher the extend of global human identification of a person, the higher the propensity of cooperation on a global level.

In the context of sustainability challenges, the concept could possibly proof to be an

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 287 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability important element in connecting global able to provide decent jobs for all, especially necessities with local societal action. during periods of rapid change in technology Unfortunately, possible connections between and economic structure, which characterize the degree of a global social identity and the sustainability transitions. Many new jobs are in approach towards sustainability questions on different locations and require different skills various levels has not yet been investigated in than the old jobs, often devastating depth. Similarly, research on the effect of communities with dying industries. Traditional transnational networks on the development of unemployment policies, social safety net such a dimension of identity only started programs and welfare, are expensive and recently. As a contribution to connecting these unpopular yet cannot prevent poverty. dots, the aim of this paper is twofold: 1) It Moreover, supporting many potentially provides a detailed overview of the research employable people with social safety net and theoretical considerations on global social subsidies is a large opportunity cost when so identity and related concepts 2) It examines its much socially beneficial work is needed, potential to be studied in the context of especially to promote sustainability – such as transnational research and action networks for environmental clean-up and care for the sustainable development. elderly, children, and the disabled, etc. Markets often cannot supply this work because ID582. customers cannot afford to pay. Therefore, much stronger government management and Direct Government Provision of action to directly create jobs is needed to Green Jobs in a Market Context: achieve decent work for all, and this work Analysis of Practical Institutional should contribute to sustainability transitions. Options for Ensuring Decent Work This paper analyzes the advantages, for All in Just Sustainability disadvantages, and tradeoffs of two possible Transitions institutional options and their variants. The first is direct employment by government, for Mark Elder example by the US Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Conservation Corps (CCC) during the great Hayama, Japan depression; they directly hired workers for specific projects. Regular government Creating “decent work for all” doing departments also could employ more workers. sustainable activities – green jobs -- is essential Second, governments could outsource to secure political support for sustainability employment, based on proposals from transitions. Maximizing employment has long businesses or NGOs, or expand traditional been one of the highest political priorities, public works projects (e.g. sustainable especially during COVID-19, but it has rarely infrastructure). Some combination of these been achieved. Conventional employment methods could also be used. Issues to be solutions, including those for “green jobs” and addressed include possible funding schemes, “just transitions,” are mainly market-based and organization and decision-making structures, indirect: macroeconomic policy, industrial workers’ eligibility requirements, workers’ promotion policy and financing, public works, wage rates and employment conditions, government procurement, education, and especially the duration of workers’ training. However, markets have never been

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 288 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability participation in the programs, how the systems thinking in public administration programs would relate to similar market research and practice more consistently. activities, and how potential related corruption could be minimized. This is not intended to Donella Meadows argued that systems are replace the market economy, and most “green present everywhere, and her work on leverage jobs” may be created using traditional industry points includes consideration of political and promotion, financing, and “enabling” government applications. Thus, leverage points measures for green industries. Rather, these and associated arguments concerning their options are intended to ensure access to green comparative impact are a useful framework for jobs (broadly defined) near their current understanding where and why public decision- residence for those who are “left behind.” makers ‘fail’ to achieve their objectives. This approach of applying a leverage points frame ID614. to the problem of sustainability governance and public decision-making more broadly A system leverage points approach appears to be an emerging area of focus in the to governance for sustainable literature, and empirical support for its further development exploration is provided here. The nature of systems means change often yields unforeseen Mitzi Bolton outcomes – good and bad -, however, that does Monash Sustainable Development Institute, not mean this approach should be discounted. Melbourne, Australia Recognition and cautious use of system leverage points may help catalyse solutions Public decision-makers are employed to make which have evaded governments thus far, decisions on behalf of others to enhance the transforming public decision-making practice public good and help drive societal progress. and, importantly, outcomes. Yet, a cursory look at the world’s attempts to This paper seeks to understand if, based on achieve sustainable development shows this their potential to act as leverage points, any of has not been consistently achieved. Examples the 40 factors identified by public decision- such as government management of Covid-19 makers are more likely to be effective in driving or financial stimulus also illustrate that well- transformational change. The reverse meaning public servants can fail spectacularly approach is also adopted to determine if there with terrible consequences. Indeed, decision- are leverage points which could be more makers themselves and the literature often talk actively applied within decision-making to complexity and wicked problems preventing systems to encourage the expression of optimal public outcomes from being realised. multiple factors as enablers (rather than Interviews with 35 public servants ranging from barriers) of optimal public outcomes. It finds street-level bureaucrats to organisational both influential factors and leverage points for leaders identified 40 factors with the potential future focus in sustainability governance. to act as both barriers and enablers of stated public objectives being achieved. The factors identified illustrate the operating environment in which public decisions are made to be a complex system. There is thus a need to apply

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Panel ID 617 human interventions into the climate system. Framing, narrative and discourses The study identifies a pan-religious environmental discourse that situates in environmental governance humanity in an interconnected and divine Parallel Panel Session 2, 'socio-ecological whole’ – a governmentality of Tuesday 7th September 2021, Socio-Ecological Care. In contrast to techno- 10:30-12:00 CEST managerial ideas of human agency and control, Chair: Stanislava Brnkalakova this relational governmentality is informed by an ethics of care and humility. By recognizing ID508. humanity's reciprocal relationship with the non-human world, religious knowledge offers a A leap of faith: The religious 'discursive blueprint' that may help to re- discourse of socio-ecological care as conceptualize global environmental an earth system governmentality governance in the Anthropocene. The paper concludes by highlighting how the ‘green’ Miranda Boettcher synergies of diverse religious traditions can Copernicus Institute of Sustainable bolster complementary global systems of Development, Utrecht University Utrecht,, knowledge in reconceptualising the actors, Utrecht, Netherlands. Institute for Advanced rationales, and practices of responsible and Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany sustainable Earth System governance.

The Anthropocene is fundamentally altering ID624. concepts of human agency and responsibility in the governance of socio-ecological Helping or hindering? The political systems. These concepts are paramount in effects of emergency frames in discussions about governing deliberate sustainability interventions into the global climate – often referred to as ‘climate James Patterson1, Carina Wyborn2, Marie engineering’. Reflections on what it might Claire Brisbois3, Linda Westman4, Dhanasree mean for humanity to ‘play God’ by controlling Jayaram5, Manjana Milkoreit6 the climate have brought religious knowledge 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. to bear in these discussions, as it provides 2Australian National University, Canberra, resources that individuals and communities Australia. 3University of Sussex, Brighton, draw upon to understand humanity’s role in United Kingdom. 4University of Sheffield, and responsibility towards non-human nature. Sheffiel, United Kingdom. 5Manipal University, Using climate engineering as a paradigmatic Manipal, India. 6Purdue College of Liberal Arts, example of deliberate human interventions West Lafayette, USA which may come to define the Anthropocene, this paper presents a sociology-of-knowledge Emergency frames are mobilised in multiple discourse (SKAD) analysis of interviews with areas of contemporary sustainability environmentally active Christian, Muslim, governance. This occurs both in response to Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, and Neo-Pagan faith- specific events (e.g. wildfires, droughts, leaders and scholars. The respondents were floods), and also strategically in attempts to asked to reflect upon humanity's relationship stimulate collective action on issues for which to the non-human world in view of large-scale

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 290 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability it has long been lacking. For example, issues institutions, new mechanisms of steering). This such as climate change and biodiversity loss are provides a conceptual foundation for increasingly declared as society-wide explaining diverse political effects of emergencies by scientists, civil society groups, emergency frames. It implies that the utility of cities, national parliaments, and international emergency frames may vary across contexts organizations. Despite growing attention to the (e.g. interplay with existing debates, depending emergence of emergency frames, there is a on the presence of safeguards against adverse lack of systematic understanding of their consequences) and over time (e.g. risk of effects. Moreover, the strategic deployment of adverse short-term consequences vs emergency frames is contentious. While some stimulating productive conflict within longer- argue that the urgency and irreversibility global term societal transformations). This paper environmental changes calls for an emergency contributes to ongoing dialogue with the Earth stance, others are more cautious or System Governance community on the topic of recommend against such approaches. emergency frames by building on an Innovative Resolving this contradictory picture requires Session exploring this topic held at the 2020 systematically considering the broad range of ESG Virtual Forum. It also contributes to possible effects that can occur, but this is scrutinising prospects for a certain type of hampered by fragmentated literature across political response to sustainability problems disciplines and domains. This paper critically (deployment of emergency frames) in reviews and synthesises insights across turbulent times. interdisciplinary lines of thinking on the effects of emergency frames (e.g. political science, ID651. human geography, sustainability science, social psychology) within sustainability and also The politics of environmental drawing other domains (e.g. COVID-19, social disaster framing: a content analysis justice protests, security studies) where Miriam Matejova relevant. Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Findings result in a typology comprising five key Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada dimensions of variation in the political effects of emergency frames: 1) affect among mass Environmental protests have been on the rise publics (including emotions and arousal, across the world as people grow increasingly motivations, behavioural responses), 2) dissatisfied with the deteriorating state of the empowerment or disempowerment of social environment. Protests sometimes follow actors (including ability to accomplish tasks, damaging environmental disasters, but more influence over others, patterns of often, disasters fail to trigger large-scale inclusion/exclusion), 3) shifts in formal political protest movements. Why is that? Trough an authority (including effects on rule of law, examination of media framing in the aftermath consent/legitimacy, democratic of large environmental disasters, this paper accountability), 4) (re)shaping of discourse proposes two likely factors: uncertainty of (including effects on public attention, political disaster impacts and disaster’s relatability. imaginaries, embedding of new ideas), and 5) impacts on institutions (including The paper examines disaster framing as a strengthening or weakening existing strategic activity by governments,

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 291 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability corporations, and activists. A broader objective Panel ID 618 is to better understand the use of specific Transformative governance: language and various narratives in the immediate aftermath of environmental sustainability and biodiversity disasters. While the use of such language has, Parallel Panel Session 5, Wednesday 8th September 2021, to some extent, been explored in several 13:00-14:30 CEST studies, the link between disaster language and environmental protest has not yet been Chair: Jasper Montana examined. To this end, this paper presents a content analysis of news media coverage of ID126. three major industrial environmental disasters linked to varying degrees of post-disaster Transforming global biodiversity protest: the 2014 Mount Polley mine leak, the governance, a difficult journey: 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the 2011 Exploring the history and future of Fukushima nuclear disaster. global biodiversity governance

The preliminary findings suggest both expected Joanna Smallwood1, Armandine Orsini2, Marcel and surprising patterns in the post-disaster Kok3, Aleksandar Rankovic4, Christian Prip5, framing dynamics. Specifically, contrary to the Katarzyna Negacz6 prevailing literature, emotional and 1Sussex University, Brighton, United Kingdom. environmental frames may play a small (if any) 2Université Saint-Louis, Brussels, Belgium. 3PBL role in post-disaster protest mobilization. The Netherlands Environmental Assessment preliminary analysis lends some support to the Agency, The Hague, Netherlands. 4IDDRI, Paris, mobilizing potential of relatability and prompts France. 5Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), further investigation of the role of uncertainty. Lysaker, Oslo, Norway. 6Vrije Universiteit Both have been largely neglected as protest Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands mobilizing factors in the prevailing literature. Understanding the use of language after The 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) of environmental disasters may shed more light the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on public interest in other environmental will be held at the end of 2020, in China. It will crises, including the loss of biodiversity and the be a significant milestone in the history of impacts of climate change. international biodiversity governance, as it will see the adoption of the "post-2020 global

biodiversity framework", a new architecture whose principal aim will be to better contribute

to the deep socioeconomic transformations necessary to halt biodiversity loss. The CBD has

long recognized the importance of these issues, but associated decisions are made elsewhere in sectoral arenas (trade, high seas, climate, development policies, etc.). Biodiversity actors must, therefore, be able to challenge these arenas and find allies, points of convergence, and levers of change within

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 292 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability them. This ambition can be found, quite ID145. explicitly, in the documents drafted by the CBD Secretariat that describe the CBD’s objective to Transforming biodiversity stimulate a “transformative change” in favour governance of biodiversity. Ingrid J. Visseren-Hamakers1, Marcel Kok2 This paper, based on a forthcoming book 1Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. chapter, will review the challenges for the 2Netherlands Environmental Assessment development of this new framework, both Agency (PBL), The Hague, Netherlands from an intellectual and from an international negotiation perspective. It will first provide an This paper is based on the introductory and overview of the highly fragmented biodiversity concluding chapters of the edited volume on governance landscape: as an "old" transforming biodiversity governance that is international environmental issue, currently under development, and thereby biodiversity, or some of its components, is the captures the state-of-the art knowledge on object of multiple international conventions transformative biodiversity governance. Such and international governmental and non- transformative governance is urgently needed, governmental organizations. This will enable since biodiversity governance has to date been making sense of this landscape, and of its unable to slow down or halt biodiversity loss, successes and limitations so far. and is also necessary to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Then, the paper will dwell on the fact that the strongest limitations of the biodiversity regime, The paper reflects on and contributes to the so far, has been its incapacity to intervene on ongoing discussions among the international different sectoral drivers of biodiversity loss, biodiversity community on the new strategy of both at the international level and, even more the Convention on Biological Diversity, the so- importantly, at the national level during called “Post-2020 Global Biodiversity implementation. These different Framework, with the aim to enhance our implementation gaps will be reviewed and understanding of the need for, and ways serve as a base to imagining how the post-2020 forward towards, transformative biodiversity framework will face these obstacles. governance – in other words – how to transform biodiversity governance. Finally, the paper will assess the post-2020 framework and the challenges ahead. Following the Global Assessment (GA) of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), we define transformative change as

a fundamental, system-wide reorganization across technological, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values. Such change is necessary, since currently these structures inhibit sustainable development – they actually represent the underlying causes of biodiversity loss. Transformative change is

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 293 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability thus meant to simultaneously address these ID172. underlying causes. The political compromises holding While a quickly growing literature discusses back sustainability transformation transformative change, less thinking has been done on how to govern such transformations. Wikke Novalia1, Briony C. Rogers1, Joannette We here define such transformative Bos2 governance as the formal and informal rules, 1Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. rule-making systems and actor-networks that 2Monash Sustainable Development Institute, enable transformative change. Taking the Melbourne, Australia argumentation of the IPBES GA one step further, we argue that governance has to be Within the existing sustainability research, the integrative, inclusive, informed, adaptive and role of politics in constraining and enabling anticipatory in order to be transformative. transformative changes has remained underexamined. Specifically, we argue that Transformative governance is there is a critical gap in studying how integrative, since change is related to and incumbents manage pressures for institutional influenced by changes elsewhere (at other change when crisis and conflicts emerge. scales and locations, on other issues, in other Existing theories tend to conceptualise regime sectors). It is inclusive, since the change per stability as a result of rule-following behaviours definition includes different types of actors and and other self-reinforcing mechanisms that different interests, values etc., and needs to promote technical conformity. There is also a address issues of social justice. It is greater focus placed on studying incumbent informed, including different knowledge firms, their corporate strategies and apolitical systems (including non-positivist social interactions with policy field. Whilst insightful, sciences) and ILK, and adaptive, based on scholars are recognising the need to broaden learning, reflexivity, monitoring and feedback. this sector-bound perspective. Viewing It is also anticipatory, e.g. when governing the incumbency as a relatively open concept development or use of new technologies. permeated with plural relationships allows research to better examine the blurred The paper reflects on lessons learned and ways boundaries between sector(s) and the polity. forward for transformative biodiversity The plurality of contexts can also result in more governance on various issues and in different tensions. Therefore, we ask how can ecosystems, including on values, global incumbency maintain legitimacy under such biodiversity governance, market-based pluralistic contexts? We conceptualise the instruments, emerging technologies, justice ways institutional contradictions are being and equity, animal governance, access and managed using political compromises. We benefit sharing (ABS), conservation and explored the concept in a case study of protected areas, and in agricultural landscapes, politically-charged water initiative in cities, and oceans. Indonesia. Incumbents appeared skilled at placating tensions using piecemeal compromises, including short-term fixes, elimination, decoupling, and mediation. Despite multiple crisis, conflicts, and

2021 Bratislava Conference on Earth System Governance 294 Stream 6 – Governance intervention and social actions for behavioral change to sustainability movements against it, the incumbency has vulnerability, or barriers that hinder prevailed with minimal technical and political sustainability transformations. adaptations. We show that the recurring tensions have counterproductive effect on Here, we examine how, in what ways, and by systemic transformations. The divisive counter- whom, earth system governance might be framings by challengers, while creating transformed across multiple scales. We legitimacy problems, fall short in creating operationalize a comprehensive understanding governance space and processes for between the undesirable properties of transformative higher order learning in the resilience (lock-ins) and their impacts on systems. In light of our findings, future research mechanisms for transformations towards is needed to investigate ways to utilise more sustainability, through a lens of O’Brien’s co-productive processes to build shared (2018) three spheres of transformation: political imperatives that challenge practical, political, and personal. Four social- incumbents’ legitimacy to facilitate long-term ecological themes and associated case studies transformations. are used to define and analyse case-specific lock-in mechanisms and therefore enrich our ID324. understanding of how states and trajectories may be disrupted and shifted onto more Enabling conditions and governance sustainable pathways. These case studies for sustainability transformations: relate to important social-ecological Lessons from four major social- challenges: pollinator decline, negative ecological challenges emissions technologies, plastic pollution, and increasing meat demand for human Emily Boyd1, Andre Dornelles2, Izabela consumption. Delabre3, Genesis Tambang Yengoh1 Our analysis reveals ‘enabling conditions’ – 1LUCSUS, Lund, Sweden. 2University of Reading, sharing common elements with multiple lock- Reading, United Kingdom. 3University of ins (inter-locked mechanisms) – that can bring Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom synergistic benefits for sustainability transformation across different social- Sustainability and transformation sciences ecological challenges and their governance. inevitably require identifying challenge- Understanding the enabling conditions as oriented patterns in social-ecological systems means for transformation to occur can provide and making normative judgments about meaningful insights to successfully crack desirable and undesirable trajectories and/or persistent lock-in mechanisms, and thus states. Transformation research aims to foster contributes to our understanding of how the sustainability transitions and innovations, but it governing of nature is being transformed. does not pay sufficient attention to the mechanisms needed for doing so. Resilience research provides insight into mechanisms of change, adaptation or stability, but it tends to mainly frame resilience as a desirable property and overlooks persistent dynamics that lead to social and ecological degradation,

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