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NOVA – Curiosity (Pdf) Mars-sonden “Curiosity” til Gale-krateret Hvad er nyt under Solen? – og lidt om danske bidrag Morten Bo Madsen, Astrofysik og Planetforskning, Niels Bohr Institutet NOVA, 2012-03-06 1 Først lidt historie: Viking-missionerne havde til formål at lede efter liv på MARS • NASA's Viking-missioner i 70'erne viste at det ikke er “ligetil” at finde liv på Mars: • 3 ud af 4 biologi-eksperimenter: “+”, et: “–”! • Kun spor af organisk kemi … • Mars-jord kraftigt oxyderende (mere herom senere) • Derfor har både NASA og ESA sidenhen grebet tingene mere systematisk til værks ... Først lidt historie: Viking-missionerne havde til formål at lede efter liv på MARS • NASA's Viking-missioner i 70'erne viste at det ikke er “ligetil” at finde liv på Mars: • 3 ud af 4 biologi-eksperimenter: “+”, et: “–”! • Kun spor af organisk kemi … • Mars-jord kraftigt oxyderende (mere herom senere) • Derfor har både NASA og ESA sidenhen grebet tingene mere systematisk til værks ... Søren E. Larsen fra DTU’s vestlige filial (dengang Risø Nationallaboratorium) studerede vind på Mars på denne mission. Mars Pathfinder 1997 Med inspiration fra Viking foreslog Jens Martin Knudsen en række magnet- eksperimenter – disse fløj første gang på Mars Pathfinder Image credits / permission: Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) Logo University of Arizona , NASA, JPL and the Niels Bohr Institute Credits / permission: University of Arizona Mars Pathfinder magnet-eksperimenter Resultater: 2 -1 Gennemsnitlig mætningsmagnetisering af indfanget støv 1-6 Am kg Partiklerne er sammensatte af individuelle mineral-korn og sandsynligvis dannet i vand Image credits / permission: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Arizona and NASA, JPL ”Magnetic Properties Experiments” på Spirit og Opportunity (2004 – 2010 and 2004 - ?) A010 A416 A417 A711 Bemærk: Det radiometriske kalibreringstarget Rovernes elforsyning kommer fra solceller støver mere og mere til, men Robotarm med “Mikroskop”, et sted forbliver relativt rent Slibeværktøj (med magneter) Mössbauer spektrometer og grundstofanalysator Dette førte til en invitation til deltagelse i NASA’s næste mission til Mars-overfladen: Phoenix Image credits / permission: 6 NASA, JPL, Niels Bohr Institute, Cornell University and Honeybee Robotics, New York. Det luftbårne støv indfanget på magneterne flytter omkring som vinden blæser – her Opportunity B-180 B-310 B-553 B-620 B-1072 Mikroskop-billede af Opportunity's capture magnet sol 337 Mössbauer spektrum af støv på Image and data credits / permission: NASA, JPL, Niels Bohr Institute, Mainz University and Cornell University Opportunity's capture magnet, sol 328 - 330 Det er denne højt oxyderede jern-holdige komponent – i mangel af bedre viden kaldt ”nano-phase oxide” – vi har foreslået at undersøge nærmere ved hjælp af instrumenterne om bord på MSL. Mere herom senere … Der var jo andre formål med roverne end lige at studere magnetisk støv ;-) Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL 8 Spirit i Gusev krater Opportunity på Meridiani-sletten [Christensen et al., 2001] hematit-signal i TES-spektre Image and data credits / permission: NASA, JPL, Arizona State University, MIT, Washington University Spirit i Gusev krater Opportunity på Meridiani-sletten Image and data credits / permission: NASA, JPL, Mainz University, USGS, and Cornell University Eksempler på udnyttelse af Pancam’s spektroskopi Image and data credits / permission: William Farrand, Space Sci. Inst. Boulder NASA, JPL, and Cornell University Opportunity på Meridiani-sletten ”Empty” og ”Berrybowl” Image and data credits / permission: 12 NASA, JPL, Mainz University and Cornell University Spirit i Gusev krater Clovis (Gusev, Mars) Image and data credits / permission: NASA, JPL, Mainz University and Cornell University 13 Phoenix Mars Lander (2008) – en faststående lander med robotarm Billedet viser en af tre radiometriske kalibreringstargets (“caltargets”) – alle designet og fremstillet på Niels Bohr Institutet Image credits / permission: Lockheed Martin, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Arizona, and NASA, JPL Disse “caltargets” blev brugt til kalibrering af alle missionens farvebilleder (og spektroskopisk data) Image credits / permission: Niels Bohr Institute, Texas A&M University, University of Arizona, and NASA, JPL Spektre fra sweep magneterne på MER roverne, et spektrum fra en magnet (del af caltarget) på Phoenix og spektret af støv i støvstorm set fra Hubble rumteleskopet. Data credits / permission: Niels Bohr Institute, Texas A&M University, University of Arizona, Jim Bell, and NASA, JPL Phoenix beviste at der er vand(-is) i undergrunden hvor Phoenix landede – og at oxydanten (opdaget med Viking) i jorden er en perchlorat-forbindelse. Dette forklarer hvorfor det ikke er simpelt at detektere organiske forbindelser på Mars – de blir simpelthen ødelagt! Data credits / permission: University of Arizona, and NASA, JPL Partikelstørrelses- fordelingen af Mars- jorden opsamlet ved Phoenix viser at der er overraskende få partikler I ler- størrelses-fraktionen i jorden. Dette betyder at vand kun kan have været aktivt (effektivt) ca. 5.000 ud af 500 millioner år på dette sted. Pike et al., 2011, Geophys. Res. Letters. Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity, > 900 kg) anvender en helt ny præcisions-landingsmetode: En “Sky Crane” Mastcam ChemCam RAD REMS DAN MAHLI APXS Brush MARDI Drill / Sieves Analytiske instrumenter indeni roveren: “Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)” “Chemistry and Mineralogy X-ray diffraction (CheMin)” Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL De danske undersøgelser: Vi vil bestemme (og identificere) indholdet af hydrerede jern-oxyhydroxider i Mars-jorden vha. CheMin (X-ray diffraction) Vi vil udsøge de bedste prøver Mössbauer spektrum af støv på til CheMin vha. LIBS, Mastcam, Opportunity's capture magnet, sol 328 - 330 MAHLI og DAN. Desuden vil vi undersøge evt. organiske komponenter på overfladerne vha. SAM. ImageImage and credits data credits / permission: / permission: NASA,NASA, JPL, JPL Niels Bohr Institute, Mainz University 21 Videnskabelige mål MSL’s primære videnskabelige mål er at udforske et landingssted som en mulig habitat for liv og at vurdere potentialet for at eventuelle biosignaturer kan være bevarede. Målene inkluderer : •Vurdering af det biologiske potentiale af landings-stedet gennem undersøgelser af organisk kemi, udvalgte grundstoffer og biomarkører •Karakterisering af geologi og geokemi, både kemisk, mineralogisk, og isotop-sammensætning, og geologiske processer •Undersøgelse af vands rolle, atmosfærens udvikling og nutidens vejr/klima •Karakterisering af spektret af stråling ved overfladen Mulige valg for MSL’s landing Mawrth Vallis: Ældste stratigrafiske aflejring Gale Crater Det højeste (tykkeste) stratigrafiske tilgængelig på Mars? tværsnit på Mars? Holden Crater: Det mest komplekse Eberswalde Crater: Det/den mest interessante flodaflejringssystem på Mars? delta/sø på Mars? Candidate Landing Sites Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL Gale krateret: Et bjerg af aflejrings-lag Overgang fra lermineraler til sulfater i et dybt bassin Som at lande i Valles Marineris Tyk/Høj profil giver mulighed for studier af Mars-miljøet meget langt tilbage i tiden 25 Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL Gale tilhører en familie af fyldte kratere Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL24 Bestigning af bjerget K. Edgett, MSSS Stratigrafi og en Planets historie Sedimentære klipper indeholder information om miljø-ændringer Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL Nu: Film – og herefter: Pause! Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL 34 Størrelsen af MSL – En jordisk analog 2009 MSL Rover 2005 MINI Cooper S The data/information contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export-controlled information. Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL MSL videnskabelig nyttelast Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mars Science Laboratory Project REMOTE SENSING ChemCam Mastcam Mastcam (M. Malin, MSSS) – Farve- og tele-kamera med video og filtre til atmosfærisk opacitet RAD ChemCam (R. Wiens, LANL/CNES) – Kemisk REMS sammensætning; meget lang tele DAN KONTAKT-INSTRUMENTER (PÅ ROBOT-ARM) MAHLI (K. Edgett, MSSS) – “Hånd-linse”-farvebilleder APXS (R. Gellert, U. Guelph, Canada) - Kemisk sammensætning ANALYTISK LABORATORIUM (ROVERens KROP) MAHLI SAM (P. Mahaffy, GSFC/CNES) – Kemisk og isotop- APXS sammensætning, inklusive organiske forbindelser Brush MARDI Drill / Sieves CheMin (D. Blake, ARC) - Mineralogi Scoop KARAKTERISERING af OMGIVELSER / MILJØ Rover bredde: 2,8 m MARDI (M. Malin, MSSS) - Nedstigningsbilleder Instrumentdækhøjde over grund: 1,1 m REMS (J. Gómez-Elvira, CAB, Spain) - Meteorologi / UV Frihøjde: 0,66 m RAD (D. Hassler, SwRI) - Høj-energi strålingsmiljø Højde af mast: 2,2 m DAN (I. Mitrofanov, IKI, Russia) – Brint i den øverste meter Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL Mast kamera (Mastcam) Principal Investigator: Michael Malin Malin Space Science Systems Mastcam producerer farve- og stereo-billeder af landskab, klipper, jord og støv plus frost/is, og vil udføre atmosfæriske undersøgelser • Snæver-vinkel (5.1° FOV) og medium-vinkel (15° FOV) kameraer (100 og 34 mm fokallngd.) • Bayer mønster filter design til naturlig farve plus smalle båndpas-filtre til spektroskopi • Høj rumlig opløsning: 12001200 pixels (0.2 mm/pixel ved 2 m, 8 cm/pixel ved 1 km’s afstand) • HD-video med 5 billeder/s, 1280720 pixels • Stort internt lager: 256 MByte SRAM, 8 GByte flash Image credits / permission: NASA, JPL, Malin Space Science Systems ChemCam (LIBS) Principal Investigator: Roger Wiens
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