JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA KAKINADA – 533 001 , ANDHRA PRADESH

GATE Coaching Classes as per the Direction of Ministry of Education GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Analog Communication 26-05-2020 to 06-07-2020

Prof. Ch. Srinivasa Rao Dept. of ECE, JNTUK-UCE Vizianagaram Analog Communication-Day 4, 29-05-2020

Presentation Outline Angle : – Basics of Angle Modulation – Single tone FM wave – NBFM – WBFM – Comparison of NBFM with WBFM – Problems – Generation of FM saves

29-05-2020 Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 2 Learning Outcomes

• At the end of this Session, Student will be able to: • LO 1 : Demonstrate fundamental concepts of angle modulation- PM, FM • LO 2 : Compare NBFM with WBFM • LO3 : Generation of FM

29-05-2020 Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 3 Angle Modulation Definition: The modulation in which, the angle of the is varied according to the signal. • An important feature of this modulation is that it can provide better discrimination against noise and interference than modulation. • An important feature of Angle mod. is that it can provide better discrimination against noise and distortion • Complexity Vs. Noise and interference Tradeoff • Two types: • • Angle Modulation

• The angle modulated wave can be expressed as

(1)

where denotes the angle of a modulated sinusoidal carrier and is the carrier amplitude. A complete oscillation occurs whenever changes by 2π radians. • If increases monotonically with time, the average frequency in Hertz, over an interval from t to t+ Δt, is given by

• We may therefore define the instantaneous frequency of the angle modulated signal s(t) as follows • Thus according to the equation (1), we may interpret the angle modulated signal s(t) as a rotating phasor of length Ac and angle • The angular velocity of such a phasor is measured in radians per second, in accordance with equation (3). • In the simple case of an unmodulated carrier, the angle is

and the corresponding phasor rotates with a constant angular velocity equal to The constant is the value of at t=0. • There are an infinite number of ways in which the angle is varied in some manner with the message (baseband) signal. However, we shall consider two commonly used methods.

i. Phase Modulation (PM) ii. Frequency Modulation (FM) i. Phase Modulation (PM): PM is that form of angle modulation in which the angle is varied linearly with the message signal m(t), as shown by

• The term represents the angle of the unmodulated carrier and the constant represents the phase sensitivity of the modulator , rad/V.

• The phase modulated signal s(t) is thus described in the time domain by Phase Modulation (PM) ii. Frequency Modulation: FM is that form of angle modulation in which the instantaneous frequency is varied linearly with the message signal m(t), as shown by

The term represents the frequency of the unmodulated carrier and the constant represents the frequency sensitivity of the modulator, Hz/V. • The frequency modulated signal s(t) is thus described in the time domain by Frequency Modulation (FM) Relationship between Phase Modulation (PM) and Frequency Modulation (FM)

Modulating Phase Integrator Signal Modulator FM Wave

Fig (a): FM wave generation using Phase Modulator

Modulating Frequency Differentiator PM Wave Signal Modulator

Fig (b): PM wave generation using Frequency Modulator Single tone FM: Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal defined by

The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is

where The quantity is called frequency deviation , representing the maximum departure of the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal from the carrier frequency • The angle of the FM signal is

• The ratio of frequency deviation to the modulating frequency is commonly called as modulation index of the FM signal. We denote it by β β = Frequency Modulation

Narrowband Frequency Modulation Contd.,

But the modulated signal produced by the narrowband modulator of above figure differs from this ideal condition in two fundamental respects; 1. The envelope contains residual and , therefore, varies with time. 2. For a sinusoidal modulating wave, the angle contains harmonic distortion in the form of third and higher order harmonics of the modulation frequency . • However, by restricting the modulation index to β ≤ 0.3 radians, the effect of residual AM and harmonic PM are limited to negligible levels. • The expression of NBFM is similar to corresponding one defining an AM signal, which is as follows Narrowband Frequency Modulation Contd.,

--- NBFM

--- AM

• In case of sinusoidal modulation, the basic difference between an AM signal and NBFM signal is that the algebraic sign of the lower side frequency in the NBFM is reversed. Thus a NBFM signal is essentially requires the same transmission bandwidth (i.e 2 ) as the AM signal. Narrowband Frequency Modulation Contd.,

Figure: A phasor comparison of NBFM and AM waves for sinusoidal modulation (a) NBFM wave (b) AM wave i. Narrowband Frequency Modulation:

Generation of NBFM:

Figure: Block diagram of a method for generating a Narrow Band FM signal Wide-band FM

Figure: Plots of Bessel functions of the first kind for varying orders WBFM Contd.,

Bessel function properties:

1. for all n, both positive and negative 2. For small values of modulation index β, we have

3. WBFM Contd., • The spectrum of an FM signal contains a carrier component and an infinite set of side frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency separations of , 2 ,… In this respect, the result is unlike that which prevails in an AM system, since in an AM system a sinusoidal modulating signal gives rise to only one pair of side frequencies. WBFM Contd., • For the special case of β small compared with unity, only the Bessel coefficients and have significant values, so that the FM signal is effectively composed of a carrier and a single pair of side frequencies at • The amplitude of the carrier component varies with β according to . That is, unlike an AM signal, the amplitude of the carrier component of an FM signal is dependent on the modulation index β. The physical explanation for this property is that the envelope of an FM signal is constant, so that the average power of such a signal developed across a 1-ohm resistor is also constant, as shown by

The average power of the FM signal is Figure: Discrete amplitude spectra of an FM signal, normalized with respect to the carrier amplitude, for the case of sinusoidal modulation of fixed frequency and varying amplitude. Only the spectra for positive frequencies are shown. Figure: Discrete amplitude spectra of an FM signal, normalized with respect to the carrier amplitude, for the case of sinusoidal modulation of varying frequency and fixed amplitude. Only the spectra for positive frequencies are shown. Transmission Bandwidth of FM signals Number of Significant Side frequencies of a wideband FM signal for varying modulation index Figure: Universal curve for evaluating the 1% bandwidth of an FM wave Problems on FM

An FM signal is given by

Find β, , Bandwidth and power. Solution

• Compare the given equation with Problem

• A carrier is frequency modulated with maximum frequency deviation of 20KHz. Message signal frequency is given by 4KHZ. Find β and bandwidth. Solution

A carrier is phase modulated (PM) with frequency deviation of 10 kHz by a single tone frequency of 1 kHz. If the single tone frequency is increased to 2 kHz ,assuming that phase deviation remains unchanged the bandwidth of the PM signal is Problem SOLUTION Problem

Question

Consider an angle modulation signal 푥(푡)=6푐표푠[2휋×103+2sin(8000휋푡)+4cos(8000휋푡)]푉. The average power of 푥(푡) is

(a) 10 W

(b) 18 W

(c) 20 W

(d) 28 W

GATE 2010: 1 Marks

Question

푣(푡)=5[cos(106휋푡)−sin(103휋푡)×sin(106휋푡)] represents

(a) DSB suppressed carrier signal

(b) AM signal

(c) SSB upper sideband signal

(d) Narrow band FM signal

Question

A device with input 푥(푡) and output 푦(푡) is characterized by: 푦(푡)=푥2(푡). An FM signal with frequency deviation of 90 KHz and modulating signal bandwidth of 5 KHz is applied to this device. The bandwidth of the output signal is

(a) 370 KHz

(b) 190 KHz GATE 2005: 2 Marks (c) 380 KHz

(d) 95 KHz Solution

Frequency deviation Δ풇=ퟗퟎ푲푯풛

Modulating signal bandwidth = 5 KMz

When FM signal is applied to doubler frequency deviation doubles.

푩.푾 = ퟐ(Δ풇+풇풎) = ퟐ(ퟏퟖퟎ+ퟓ) =ퟑퟕퟎ 푲푯풛

Option (a) is correct Question An FM signal with a modulation index 9 is applied to a frequency tripler. The modulation index in the output signal will be

(a) 0

(b) 3

(c) 9

(d) 27 GATE 1996: 2 Marks] Solution The frequency modulation index β is multiplied by n in n-times frequency multiplier.

푺풐, 휷′=ퟑ×ퟗ

= 27

Option (d) is correct Comparison between NBFM and WBFM

S.No Parameter NBFM WBFM 1 Modulation Less than 1 Greater than 1 Index 2 Maximum 5 kHz 75 kHz Deviation 3 Range of 20 Hz to 3 kHz 20 Hz to 15 kHz modulating frequency 4 Bandwidth Small approximately Large about 15 times same as that of AM BW greater than that of

= 2fm NBFM. BW = 2(Δf+fm) 5 Applications FM mobile Entertainment communication like broadcasting (can be used police wireless, for high quality music ambulance, short range transmission) ship to shore communication etc. Generation of FM Signals

• There are essentially two basic methods of generating frequency modulated signals, namely i. Direct FM (Parameter Variation Method) ii. Indirect FM (Armstrong’s)

• In the direct method the carrier frequency is directly varied in accordance with the input baseband signal, which is readily accomplished using a “Voltage Controlled Oscillator”.

• In the indirect method, the modulating signal is first used to produce a narrowband FM signal, and frequency multiplication is next used to increase the frequency deviation to the desired level. Methods of FM Generation

Direct Methods Indirect Methods

Direct-FM Varactor Diode Modulator Armstrong Indirect FM FM Reactance Modulator Transmitter

Frequency-stabilized Reactance FM Transmitter

Crossby Direct FM Transmitter

PLL Direct FM Modulator Direct FM Parameter Variation Method:

The principal difficulty here is to maintain a stable carrier frequency over extended period of time. Indirect FM

Figure: Block diagram of the indirect method generating a Wideband FM signal

Figure: Block diagram of frequency multiplier Demodulation of FM signals

Types of FM Demodulators

Tuned Circuit Slope Phase FM Zero Crossing Quadrature Frequency Difference Detection FM Detector FM Discriminator Detector using PLL Demodulator

Single-tuned or Foster Seeley simple slope Discriminator or detector Center-tuned

Stagger-tuned or Ratio Detector balanced slope detector Comparison between AM and FM S.No Parameter AM FM Frequency of carrier is Amplitude of carrier is varied In accordance varied in accordance with with the amplitude of 1 Definition amplitude of modulating modulating signal signal keeping frequency keeping amplitude and and phase constant phase constant Constant 2 Frequency and phase Amplitude and phase parameters

3 Modulation Index µ=Am/Ac β =

4 Bandwidth BW = 2fm BW = 2 ( + fm )

Number of Infinite and depends on 5 Only two Sidebands β Broadcasting FM, audio MW, SW band transmission in TV and 6 Applications broadcasting, video analog cellular transmission in TV communications systems References

❑ Communication Systems by Simon Haykin, Wiley, 2nd Edition. ❑ Principle of Communication System by Taub ,Schilling & Saha, TMH. ❑ Modern digital and Analog Communications system by BP Lathi, Ding and Gupta, Oxford. ❑ Electronic Communication Systems by Kennedy and Davis, TMH. ❑ Signals and Systems by Simon Haykin and V Veen, Wiley

Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 62 29-05-2020 Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 63