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Anatomia Floral E Aspectos Reprodutivos De Espécies De Poales (Monocotiledôneas)

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Anatomia Floral E Aspectos Reprodutivos De Espécies De Poales (Monocotiledôneas) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - RIO CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BIOLOGIA VEGETAL Anatomia floral e aspectos reprodutivos de espécies de Poales (Monocotiledôneas) ALINE ORIANI Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Vera Lucia Scatena Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal). Maio - 2011 ÍNDICE Página 1. RESUMO ......................................................................................................................... 01 2. ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 02 3. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ................................................................................................ 03 4. LITERATURA CITADA ............................................................................................... 06 CAPÍTULO 1. Anatomia floral de Rapateaceae brasileiras (Poales): um enfoque taxonômico ........................................................................................................................... 11 Resumo ................................................................................................................................. 12 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 13 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 14 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 15 Resultados ............................................................................................................................ 17 Tabela ................................................................................................................................... 23 Discussão .............................................................................................................................. 24 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 31 Legendas ............................................................................................................................... 37 Ilustrações ............................................................................................................................ 39 CAPÍTULO 2. Anatomia floral de Juncus e Luzula (Juncaceae - Poales): inferência taxonômica e reprodutiva .................................................................................................. 44 Resumo ................................................................................................................................. 45 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 46 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 47 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 48 Resultados ............................................................................................................................ 49 Discussão .............................................................................................................................. 52 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 57 Legendas ............................................................................................................................... 62 Ilustrações ............................................................................................................................ 63 CAPÍTULO 3. Anatomia floral de xyrídeas (Poales): contribuição à biologia reprodutiva, taxonomia e filogenia .................................................................................. 65 Resumo ................................................................................................................................. 66 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 67 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 68 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 70 Resultados ............................................................................................................................ 71 Discussão .............................................................................................................................. 75 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 81 Tabela ................................................................................................................................... 86 Legendas ............................................................................................................................... 87 Ilustrações ............................................................................................................................ 89 CAPÍTULO 4. Biologia reprodutiva de Abolboda pulchella e A. poarchon (Xyridaceae: Poales) .................................................................................................................................. 94 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 95 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 96 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 97 Resultados ............................................................................................................................ 101 Discussão .............................................................................................................................. 105 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 109 Tabelas ................................................................................................................................. 114 Legendas ............................................................................................................................... 116 Ilustrações ............................................................................................................................ 117 5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ......................................................................................... 119 1 1. RESUMO A anatomia floral de espécies de Poales incluídas em Rapateaceae, Juncaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae e Mayacaceae e a biologia reprodutiva de espécies de Abolboda (Xyridaceae) foram estudadas visando contribuir com a taxonomia do grupo e elucidar relações inter e intrafamiliares. Em Rapateaceae, tricomas secretores de mucilagem presentes na base de todas as peças florais; sépalas, pétalas, anteras e estilete recobertos por cera de ornamentação estriada; pétalas com células epidérmicas curtas, de paredes sinuosas na face abaxial; anteras tetrasporangiadas, com células epidérmicas contendo compostos fenólicos; endotécio com espessamento em espiral; ovário tricarpelar, com septos incompletos; óvulos anátropos e bitegumentados; e o mesmo padrão de vascularização floral caracterizam a família. Cephalostemon e Rapatea apresentam grande similaridade, corroborando análises filogenéticas que os apontam como grupos-irmãos. Stegolepis apresenta muitas características distintivas, refletindo maior diversidade do gênero. Juncaceae caracteriza-se por apresentar tépalas com epiderme abaxial formada por células alongadas, de paredes sinuosas, e margens formadas pelo prolongamento da epiderme; endotécio com espessamento em espiral; grãos de pólen em tétrade; epiderme externa do ovário com invaginações nas regiões dos feixes dorsais dos carpelos; e presença de ginóforo. Juncus distingue-se por apresentar estômatos na face abaxial das tépalas e vários óvulos com placentação parietal, enquanto Luzula diferencia-se pela presença de compostos fenólicos nas tépalas, intumescimento da base das tépalas e dos filetes, androceu diplostêmone e presença de obturador no ovário, além de apresentar três óvulos com placentação basal. Nas xyrídeas, apêndices nectaríferos do estilete estão presentes em Xyridaceae e Eriocaulaceae e são estruturas homólogas. Essas famílias compartilham também células epidérmicas alongadas, com paredes retas nas pétalas; estames epipétalos; estaminódios; anteras com deiscência longitudinal; endotécio com espessamento em banda; e estigmas vascularizados apenas pelos feixes dorsais dos carpelos, corroborando sua estreita relação indicada nas análises filogenéticas. Mayacaceae distingue-se por apresentar células epidérmicas papilosas nas pétalas; redução do verticilo
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