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Siberian Chiffchaff’ Alan Dean, Colin Bradshaw, John Martin, Andy Stoddart and Grahame Walbridge

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Siberian Chiffchaff’ Alan Dean, Colin Bradshaw, John Martin, Andy Stoddart and Grahame Walbridge From the Rarities Committee’s files The status in Britain of ‘Siberian Chiffchaff’ Alan Dean, Colin Bradshaw, John Martin, Andy Stoddart and Grahame Walbridge Abstract The first British record of Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita of the Siberian race tristis was on Sule Skerry, Orkney, in September 1902. Reports of ‘Siberian Chiffchaff’ have become regular in more recent years, both as a migrant and as a winter visitor. However, for more than a century after the first record, the status of tristis in Britain remained ill defined, beset by morphological, vocal, genetic and taxonomic uncertainties. In 2007 the BBRC co-opted a ‘tristis panel’, charged with investigating the current status in Britain of Siberian Chiffchaff and the criteria employed in its identification. The background to the review, the procedures and criteria adopted, and the conclusions reached are presented here. he status of ‘Siberian Chiffchaff’ tion criteria created practical difficulties. Phylloscopus collybita tristis in Britain Following the publication of ‘Siberian Tand other western European countries Chiffchaff revisited’ (Dean & Svensson 2005), has long been the subject of conjecture. In suggestions resurfaced, including from Britain, the first record was on Sule Skerry, within the ranks of the Committee, that the Orkney, in September 1902 (BOU 2006), status of tristis should be investigated by the while in more recent years reports have BBRC. Consequently, in 2007, a ‘tristis panel’ become annual. Published comments on the was set up by the Committee. Using 2008 as a taxon’s status in Britain have varied from the ‘sample’ year, there were two central ques- generalised observation that passage and tions to be addressed: wintering Common Chiffchaffs (hereafter • Are most reports of Siberian Chiffchaff simply ‘Chiffchaffs’) include tristis (Cramp based upon rigorous identification 1992) to more confident assertions that criteria? (‘classic’) tristis is a scarce migrant while the • Is Siberian Chiffchaff a true rarity that westerly form ‘fulvescens’ is a winter and should be assessed by the BBRC, or is it a passage migrant (Parkin & Knox 2010). Else- scarce migrant and winter visitor? where in Europe, Siberian Chiffchaff has The panel’s members were Colin Brad- been regarded as a true rarity and features on shaw, Alan Dean, John Martin, Andy Stod- the lists of several European rarities commit- dart and Grahame Walbridge, with executive tees. It has been suggested on a number of and early secretarial support from Adam occasions that reports in Britain should be Rowlands (BBRC Chairman) and Nigel assessed by the BBRC. Hudson (BBRC Secretary), respectively. Chris Based upon informal evidence, the Com- Kehoe acted as observer for the BOURC. A mittee had judged hitherto that reports of press release outlined the panel’s rationale, Siberian Chiffchaffs were too numerous to membership and procedures; publicised a warrant inclusion on the BBRC list, while call for the submission of reports; and pro- uncertainties over the appropriate identifica- vided a summary of core criteria for tristis 320 © British Birds 103 • June 2010 • 320–338 The status in Britain of ‘Siberian Chiffchaff’ (Stoddart 2008). This resumé encapsulated hues absent or confined to the base of the perceptions of ‘the Siberian Chiffchaff issue’ lower mandible. Biometrics are similar to at the time of the panel’s instigation and abietinus but, unlike that form, P2 is rarely as complements some of the information pro- long as =6/7. In combination, this suite of vided here. It should be consulted in features is distinctive and enabled Svensson conjunction with this report. (1992) to generate guidelines by which such ‘classic’ examples of tristis could be distin- Siberian Chiffchaff: morphological guished with confidence from less-colourful and taxonomic uncertainties examples of the Fennoscandian and Russian East of the Yenisey, the appearance of race abietinus. These guidelines are fre- Siberian Chiffchaff is relatively consistent quently referred to as the ‘Svensson criteria’. (see Svensson 1992). It has drab-brown or An updated version was provided in Dean & grey-brown upperparts, often with a warmer Svensson (2005) and was summarised by and characteristic ‘sandy’ tinge. The super- Stoddart (2008). cilium, ear-coverts, and sides of the breast In most published texts dealing with the and flanks have a rich buff suffusion, of identification of Siberian Chiffchaff, the varying intensity but approaching rusty-buff absence of yellow away from the underwing at its most distinctive. Olive hues are con- has been assigned particular significance. fined to the scapulars, rump and edges of the However, as noted by Svensson (1992), indi- remiges and rectrices, while yellow is entirely viduals between the Ural region and the absent apart from on the underwing-coverts, Yenisey frequently exhibit traces of yellow in the axillaries, and the marginal coverts near the supercilium, upper part of the eye-ring the bend of the wing. The legs tend to be and on the underparts, together with slight ‘densely’ black while the bill is often rather olive streaking on the mantle, features which slight and predominantly black, with paler are absent from ‘classic’ tristis. Overall they Drop in hi-res from August 2005 page 399 Fluke Art Fluke © Fig. 1. Map showing the ranges of the forms Phylloscopus collybita abietinus, tristis and ‘fulvescens’, and the ‘zone of overlap’ between abietinus and tristis/‘fulvescens’ (hatched). In the ‘zone of overlap’, as well as abietinus and tristis (including individuals with ‘fulvescens’ characters), individuals with more evidently intermediate appearance are encountered, to which the name ‘riphaeus’ has been applied (see text). Reproduced from Dean & Svensson (2005) and based largely upon Marova & Leonovich (1993). British Birds 103 • June 2010 • 320–338 321 Dean et al. tend to be a little paler than ‘classic’ tristis. occurrence between tristis and abietinus. Sushkin (1925) and subsequent Russian There may be slight gene flow in this region authors indicated that the rump and edges to but the West Siberian Plain lies beyond the the remiges are brighter, more olive-green in normal range of abietinus. Svensson (in Dean western individuals, though Ticehurst (1938) & Svensson 2005) has suggested that questioned the validity of this character. ‘fulvescens’ may best be regarded as a form of Since Sushkin (1925), and based upon the tristis. type description of Severtzov (1873), the The true region of overlap between abie - name ‘fulvescens’ has been applied to individ- tinus and tristis (and here ‘tristis’ includes the uals with slight ‘additional’ yellow and olive form ‘fulvescens’) extends northwest from the originating between the Ural region and the southern Ural Mountains beyond the Yenisey. The name was employed in this way Pechora basin, an area some 1,500 km long by Svensson (1992) and Dean & Svensson and 400 km wide (Marova & Leonovich (2005). The West Siberian Plain constitutes 1993; see hatched area in fig. 1). However, some 80% of the range of ‘fulvescens’ (see fig. areas of co-occurrence are discontinuous and 1). sometimes very narrow (e.g. Marova et al. The presence of additional yellow and 2009). In this overlap region, as well as indi- olive in the plumage of ‘fulvescens’ is some- viduals matching abietinus and tristis (sensu times attributed to gene flow resulting from lato), Chiffchaffs with more evidently inter- secondary contact with abietinus (e.g. mediate appearance are encountered, to Williamson 1967) but the genetic origins and which Snigirewski (1931) applied the name taxonomic treatment of ‘fulvescens’ have long ‘riphaeus’, based upon examples from the been debated. When applied to Chiffchaffs southern Urals. Some individuals have songs from the West Siberian Plain, ‘fulvescens’ does that incorporate elements characteristic of not refer to individuals from a region of co- both abietinus and tristis. Such ‘mixed singing’ is some- times attributed to one taxon simply copying the song of another (see dis- cussion in Clement et al. 1998 and Lindholm 2008). However, based upon studies of ‘mixed singers’ in the tristis/abie - tinus overlap zone, Marova & Leonovich (1993), Marova & Alekseev (2008) and Lind- holm (2008) all concluded that a combination of ‘mixed singing’ and intermediate mor- phology indicated a significant level of Roger Roger Riddington hybridisation. 162. Siberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita tristis, Quendale, Shetland, November 2009. In Siberian Chiffchaff, the prominence of brown and Earlier, Buturlin & buff components, and the ‘rusty’ tinge to the ear-coverts, vary with Dementiev (1937) light conditions but are well displayed in this image. had also attributed 322 British Birds 103 • June 2010 • 320–338 The status in Britain of ‘Siberian Chiffchaff’ individuals with intermediate fea- tures in the southern Urals to hybridisation between ‘fulvescens’ and abietinus. More recently, Marova et al. (2009, in prep.) have extended their studies to include genetic as well as morphological and acoustic data. They sound-recorded and trapped male Chiffchaffs along a 65-km transect through an area of Jim Nicolson co-occurrence 163. Siberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita tristis, Sumburgh, Shetland, approximately 10 November 2008. A Siberian Chiffchaff with typical plumage. Note absence km wide in the of visible yellow; grey-brown crown and mantle, with a ‘sandy’ tinge; warm southern Urals. buff suffusion to supercilium and ear-coverts; and olive
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