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Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother's and Her Children's Health

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Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother's and Her Children's Health Journal of Pregnancy Pregnancy and Lifestyle: Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother's and Her Children's Health Guest Editors: Riitta Luoto, Michelle F. Mottola, and Leena Hilakivi-Clarke Pregnancy and Lifestyle: Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother’s and Her Children’s Health Journal of Pregnancy Pregnancy and Lifestyle: Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother’s and Her Children’s Health Guest Editors: Riitta Luoto, Michelle F. Mottola, and Leena Hilakivi-Clarke Copyright © 2013 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Journal of Pregnancy.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is prop- erly cited. Editorial Board Vincenzo Berghella, USA Sinuhe Hahn, Switzerland Vorapong Phupong, Thailand Sean Blackwell, USA Mordechai Hallak, Israel Fulgencio Proverbio, Venezuela Hein Bruinse, The Netherlands Jeffrey Keelan, Australia M. Rogers, Hong Kong Rosa Corcoy, Spain Justin Konje, UK Daniel S. Seidman, Israel R. L. Deter, USA David F. Lewis, USA Lee P. Shulman, USA Graziano Di Cianni, Italy E. R. Lumbers, Australia J. L. Simpson, USA Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Italy Sam Mesiano, USA Marlene Sinclair, UK Keith A. Eddleman, USA Richard K. Miller, USA Mark S. Sklansky, USA Fabio Facchinetti, Italy Roberta B. Ness, USA Deborah A. Wing, USA Antonio Farina, Italy Cees Oudejans, The Netherlands Tamas Zakar, Australia Albert Fortuny, Spain Attila Pal, Hungary Contents Pregnancy and Lifestyle: Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother’s and Her Children’s Health, Riitta Luoto, Michelle F. Mottola, and Leena Hilakivi-Clarke Volume 2013, Article ID 537526, 2 pages The Heart-Placenta Axis in the First Month of Pregnancy: Induction and Prevention of Cardiovascular Birth Defects, Kersti K. Linask Volume 2013, Article ID 320413, 11 pages Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome One Year after Delivery in Finnish Women at Increased Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during Pregnancy, Jatta Puhkala, Tarja I. Kinnunen, Tommi Vasankari, Katriina Kukkonen-Harjula, Jani Raitanen, and Riitta Luoto Volume 2013, Article ID 139049, 7 pages Limiting Excess Weight Gain in Healthy Pregnant Women: Importance of Energy Intakes, Physical Activity, and Adherence to Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines, Tamara R. Cohen and Kristine G. Koski Volume 2013, Article ID 787032, 6 pages Current Thoughts on Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Programming of the Metabolic Syndrome, Bonnie Brenseke, M. Renee Prater, Javiera Bahamonde, and J. Claudio Gutierrez Volume 2013, Article ID 368461, 13 pages Physical Activity during Pregnancy: Impact of Applying Different Physical Activity Guidelines, Katie M. Smith and Christina G. Campbell Volume 2013, Article ID 165617, 9 pages Stages of Change Model for Participation in Physical Activity during Pregnancy, Lene Annette Hagen Haakstad, Nanna Voldner, and Kari Bø Volume 2013, Article ID 193170, 7 pages Kinematic Analysis of Gait in the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy, Marco Branco, Rita Santos-Rocha, Liliana Aguiar, Filomena Vieira, and Antonio´ Veloso Volume 2013, Article ID 718095, 9 pages Prepregnancy Physical Activity in relation to Offspring Birth Weight: A Prospective Population-Based Study in Norway-The HUNT Study, Silje Krogsgaard, Sigridur L. Gudmundsdottir, and Tom I. L. Nilsen Volume 2013, Article ID 780180, 6 pages Use of Medicines with Unknown Fetal Risk among Parturient Women from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil), Andrea´ Damasoˆ Bertoldi, Tatiane da Silva Dal Pizzol, Aline Lins Camargo, Alu´ısio J. D. Barros, Alicia Matijasevich, and InaS.Santos´ Volume 2012, Article ID 257597, 11 pages Effects of Tobacco Smoking in Pregnancy on Offspring Intelligence at the Age of 5, Hanne-Lise Falgreen Eriksen, Ulrik Schiøler Kesmodel, Theresa Wimberley, Mette Underbjerg, Tina Røndrup Kilburn, and Erik Lykke Mortensen Volume 2012, Article ID 945196, 9 pages Preventing Long-Term Risk of Obesity for Two Generations: Prenatal Physical Activity Is Part of the Puzzle, Stephanie-May Ruchat and Michelle F. Mottola Volume 2012, Article ID 470247, 33 pages Differential Effects of Chronic Pulsatile versus Chronic Constant Maternal Hyperglycemia on Fetal Pancreatic β-Cells, Mackenzie S. Frost, Aqib H. Zehri, Sean W. Limesand, William W. Hay Jr., and Paul J. Rozance Volume 2012, Article ID 812094, 8 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Pregnancy Volume 2013, Article ID 537526, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/537526 Editorial Pregnancy and Lifestyle: Short- and Long-Term Effects on Mother’s and Her Children’s Health Riitta Luoto,1,2 Michelle F. Mottola,3 and Leena Hilakivi-Clarke4 1 UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, 33501 Tampere, Finland 2 Department of Children and Families, National Health and Welfare Institute, 00271 Helsinki, Finland 3 R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation-Exercise and Pregnancy Lab, 3-M Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7 4 GeorgetownUniversity,ResearchBuilding,RoomE407,3970ReservoirRoad,NW,Washington,DC20057,USA Correspondence should be addressed to Riitta Luoto; [email protected] Received 8 May 2013; Accepted 8 May 2013 Copyright © 2013 Riitta Luoto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pregnancy and the foetal environment can have a profound included in this issue, it was reported that women at high influence on many chronic diseases, such as diabetes obesity, risk of gestational diabetes were at increased risk of devel- breast cancer, and cardiovascular diseases in both the mother oping metabolic syndrome, which includes central obesity, and her offspring. Much of the influence of the intrauterine dyslipidemia, and blood glucose abnormalities, already one milieu is transmitted to the next generation through epige- year postpartum. netic mechanisms. However, the specific pathways affected Lifestyle modifications during or after pregnancy have through these mechanisms by lifestyle during pregnancy are been suggested to be valuable in chronic disease preven- largely unknown and deserve further study. tion.Further,thesemodificationsmayhavetotakeplace The special issue presents the latest findings and reviews before pregnancy. Prenatal education programs have been from all over the world concerning pregnancy and lifestyle, studied in Ontario. Canadian researchers recommend that especially nutrition, physical activity, and weight gain during prenatal education programs should include information pregnancy. The special issue includes three reviews, twoof on appropriate gestational weight gain targets that can be which cover the role of maternal physical activity, under- achieved by lowering energy intakes and being physically and overnutrition, and intake of specific nutrients during active. According to the Norwegian HUNT study, women pregnancy on long-term risk of chronic diseases among with high prepregnancy body mass index have an increased mother and her offspring. The third review article concen- risk of having macrosomic offspring, if their physical activity trates on induction and prevention of cardiovascular birth was low as well. defects. The first month of gestation is the most important According to researchers from Iowa, in the USA, exist- for development of cardiovascular birth defects that may be ingphysicalactivityguidelinesduringpregnancyvary,and preventable by folate acid supplementation. further research is warranted to identify health (mother and The original articles in this special issue cover topics from offspring) enhancing physical activity and relevant pregnancy lifestyles (physical activity and nutrition) to chronic diseases outcomes. This is important, since pregnant women in a Nor- and predisease states, such as metabolic syndrome, during wegian hospital-based study had high motivational readiness pregnancy. The only animal study included in the special or intention to increase their physical activity level. Preg- issue describes findings showing how maternal hypergly- nancy can therefore be considered a “window of opportunity” caemia is related to foetal pancreatic function, resulting in for long-term physical activity habits. New information on inadequate insulin secretion postnatally. In a human study pregnant women’s physical activity was reported by using 2 Journal of Pregnancy kinematic analysis in Portugal. Pregnant women need to maintain greater stability of body and increase the efficiency of physical activity. Finally, pregnant women are exposed to other lifestyle- related threats besides poor nutrition and lack of physical activity, which should be monitored as well. A Brazilian birth cohortstudyreportedthathalfofpregnantwomenusedat least one medicine with an unknown fetal risk. It is well reported that smoking during pregnancy is harmful for a fetus, but a Danish National Birth Cohort study was unable to establish a connection between smoking during pregnancy and offspring’s intelligence at the age of 5. Later consequences of lifestyle during pregnancy may be difficult to separate from genetic profiles and other determinants, which should be investigated in future studies. Riitta Luoto Michelle F. Mottola Leena Hilakivi-Clarke Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Pregnancy Volume 2013, Article ID 320413, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/320413
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