Illustrations

I. Johann Zahn, reflex box obscura, 1685 17 2. Sketch of 's portable , 18 1671 3- Home show, c. 1885 19 4- Zoetrope, c. 1920 20 S- Cutout zoetrope, 1896 21 6. "The Evils of Drink" (set of dissolving slides for use in a 22 biunial magic lantern), c. 1880 7- George Cruikshank, "Hone and Cruikshank." Tide page 4i to William Hone, Facetiae and Miscellanies, 1827 8. Advertisement for Elementary Drawing Copy Books, from 42 Our Mutual Friend, no. 12 (April 1865) 9- Robert Braithwaite Martineau, Kifs Writing Lesson, 1852 43 IO. "Capital Strokes and Letters," from George Bickham, The 44 Drawing and Writing Tutor, c. 1740 n. John Hemm, "George the Fourth," from Portraits of the 45 Royal Family in Calligraphy, 1831 12. "Organic Formation of the Principal Elements of Speech," 46 from Alexander Melville Bell, Visible Speech, 1864 13- "Writing, Book-Keeping, &c.," advertisement from The 47 Mystery of Edwin Drood, no. 5 (August 1870) 14- Page from the Autographic Mirror, n.d. (issued weekly 48 from i86j) 15- "Punch's Essence of Parliament," from Punch 62 (17 Febru- 49 ary 1872) 16. Hablot K. Browne (Phiz), tide page to Charles Dickens, 50 Little Dorrit, 1857 17- Volume cover for Punch 26 (1854) 51 18. Volume cover for Illustrated London News 27 (1855) 52

ix ILLUSTRATIONS

19. Volume cover for Illustrated London News 57 (1870) 53 20. George du Maurier, "An Edition de Luxe!" Magazine of 54 Art, 1890 21. Staplehurst railway accident, cover of Penny Illustrated 55 Paper 9 (24 June 1865) 22. W. M. Thackeray, The Narrator unmasked, Vanity Fair, 73 1848, chapter 9 23. W. M. Thackeray, Amelia and the Miss Osbornes, Vanity 74 Fair, 1848, chapter 12 24. W. M. Thackeray, The great Lord Steyne, Vanity Fair, 75 1848, chapter 37 25. W. M. Thackeray, A friendly game of cards and "A Family 76 Party at Brighton," Vanity Fair, 1848, chapter 25 26. M. Engels, "False Gesture," from Henry Siddons's adapta- 77 tion of Engels's Practical Illustrations of Rhetorical Gesture and Action, 1807 27. M. Engels, "Menace," from Henry Siddons's adaptation 77 of Engels's Practical Illustrations of Rhetorical Gesture and Actum, 1807 28. W. M. Thackeray, Going in to dinner, Vanity Fair, 1848, 78 chapter 8 29. W. M. Thackeray, Mrs. Bute's scheme and Becky's rivals, 78 Vanity Fair, 1848, chapter 11 30. W. M. Thackeray, "The Letter before Waterloo" and The 79 Fool and his mirror, Vanity Fair, 1848, frontispiece and ti- de page 31. W. M. Thackeray, George and his beloved, Vanity Fair, 80 1848, chapter 13 32. W. M. Thackeray, On the hustings, The History of Pen- 81 dennis, 1850, vol. 2, chapter 27 33. W. M. Thackeray, Dear Blanche, The History of Pendennis, 82 1850, vol. 2, chapter 34 34. W. M. Thackeray, Pen's harlequinade, The History of Pen- 83 dennis, 1850, vol. 2, chapter 35 35. W. M. Thackcray, A delicate balance, Vanity Fair, 1848, 84 chapter 37 36. P. H. Emerson, "Coming Home from the Marshes," 1886 103 37. P. H. Emerson, "Rowing Home the Schoof-Stuff," 1886 104 38. P. H. Emerson, "The Mangold Harvest," 1887 105 39. P. H. Emerson, "Poling the Marsh Hay," 1886 106 40. P. H. Emerson, "A Ruined Water Mill," 1886 107 41. P. H. Emerson, "Marsh Weeds," 1895 108 42. Thomas Annan, Close, No. 61 Saltmarket, 1868-77 125 43. Thomas Annan, Closes, Nos. 97and 103 Saltmarket, 1868-77 126 44. Thomas Annan, Close, No. 31 Saltmarket, 1868-77 127 ILLUSTRATIONS xi

45. Thomas Annan, Close, No. 80 High Street, 1868-77 128 46. Thomas Annan, Close, No. 128 Saltmarket, 1868-77 129 47. Thomas Annan, High Streetfrom the College Open, 1868-77 130 48. R. T. Sperry, "Famous Detective's Thirty Years Experi- 158 ences and Observations," 1892 49. George Cruikshank, wood engraving of Richard Beard's 159 photographic portrait studio in London, 1842 50. Jacob A. Riis, "Photographing a Rogue: Inspector 160 Byrnes Looking On," n.d. 51. R. T. Sperry, "An Unwilling Subject—Photographing a 161 Prisoner for the Rogue's Gallery at Police Headquarters," 1892 52. Honoré Daumier, "Nadar Raising to the 162 Height of Art," 1862 53. D. H. Friston, frontispiece to Arthur Conan Doyle, A 163 Study in Scarlet, 1887 54. "Vue générale de l'appareil portatif de photographie mé- 164 trique ... de M. A. Bertillon," 1909 55. Francis Galton, composite photograph of "criminal type." 165 Frontispiece for first edition of Havelock Ellis, The Crimi- nal, 1890 56. "Petticoats for Ever." Broadsheet, c. 1837 184 57. "The Coronation." Broadsheet, c. 1837 185 58. "Trying It On." Woodcut, c. 1840 186 59. W. J. Linton, "God Save the Queen," from the Illustrated 187 Book of British Song, 1842. Wood engraving from a picture by H. Warren 60. To the Queen's Private Apartments: The Queen and Prince Al- 188 bertatHome. Lithograph, c. 1844 61. Sir Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle in Modem Times: 189 Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and Victoria, Princess Royal, 1841-45 62. F. X. WinterhaJter, The Royal Family in 1846 189 63. Queen Victoria, sketch of Winterhalter's Royal Family in 190 1846 64. Miss Day, photograph of Queen Victoria and Prince Al- 191 bert, Osborne, 26 July 1859 65. J. J. E. Mayall, photograph of Queen Victoria and Prince 192 Albert, 15 May i860 66. J. J. E. Mayall, photograph of Queen Victoria and Prince 193 Albert, 1 March 1861 67. Prince Alfred, photograph of Queen Victoria and her sec- 194 ond daughter, Princess Alice, with a bust of Prince Albert, 1862 ILLUSTRATIONS

68. Williams, photograph of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, 195 and their daughter Victoria, Princess Royal, on her wed- ding day, 25 January 1858 69. W. P. Frith, The Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881 210 70. Hablot K. Browne (Phiz), "A Sudden Recognition, Unex- 253 pected on Both Sides," from Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-39 71. Hablot K. Browne (Phiz), "Nicholas Starts for Yorkshire," 254 from Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-39 72. Hablot K. Browne (Phiz), "Nicholas Hints at the Probabil- 255 ity of His Leaving the Company," from Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-39 73. Gilbert Scott et al., Albert Memorial, 1872 256 74. J. H. Foley, Asia, Albert Memorial, 1872 257 75. John Leech, "The Pound and the Shilling," from Punch 20 258 (14 June 1851) 76. John Thomson, "Covent Garden Labourers," from Street 259 Life in London, 1877 77. John Thomson, "Street Amusements and Occupations, Pe- 260 king," from Illustrations of China and Its People, 1873-74 78. John Thomson, "Clapham Common Industries: 'Photog- 261 raphy on the Commons' and 'Waiting for a Hire,"' from Street Life in London, 1877 79. J. E. Millais, The Blind Man, 1853 279 80. W. M. Egley, Omnibus Life in London, 1859 280 81. W. P. Frith, For Better, for Worse, 1881 281 82. Thomas Faed, From Hand to Mouth, 1879 282 83. E. C. Wilkinson, Spring, Piccadilly, 1887 283 84. G. J. Pinwell, "A Seat in the Park," 1869 284 85. Gustave Dore, "Asleep under the Stars," 1872 285 86. Luke Fildes, Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, 1874 286 87. J. E. Millais, Christ in the House ofHis Parents, 1849-50 303 88. J. E. Millais, The Woodman's Daughter, 1851 304 89. J. E. Millais, My First Sermon, 1863 305 90. J. E. Millais, My Second Sermon, 1864 306 91. J. E. Millais, A Dream of the Past: Sirlsumbras at the Ford, 307 1857 92. John Tenniel, "The White Knight." Frontispiece to Lewis 308 Carroll, Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There, 1871 93. J. E. Millais, Cherry Ripe, 1879 309 94- J- E. Millais, Bubbles, 1886 310 95. Mr. Meeson's will in execution, from H. Rider Haggard, 362 Mr. Meesm's Will, 1888 ILLUSTRATIONS

96. Courtroom disrobing, from H. Rider Haggard, Mr. Mee- son's Will, 1888 97. Detail of Fig. 96 98. George du Maurier, page from Trilby (with drawing of Svengali's photographic portrait), 1894