2.3 Metabolic Rate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Unit 2 Metabolism & Survival Key Area 3 : Metabolic Rate Metabolic rate can be measured either by measuring the rate of: Oxygen Consumption Carbon Dioxide Production Heat Production This involves the use of respirometers, oxygen probes, carbon dioxide probes & calorimeters. Organisms with High Metabolic Rates Organisms with high metabolic rates require more efficient delivery of oxygen to cells. Birds and Mammals have higher metabolic rates than Reptiles and Amphibians, which in turn have higher metabolic rates than Fish. (Birds & Mammals > Reptiles & Amphibians > Fish) Circulatory Systems Birds & Mammals Birds & Mammals have a Complete Double circulatory system consisting of 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles. Complete Double circulatory systems enable higher metabolic rates to be maintained. There is no mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood can be pumped out at a higher pressure. This enables more efficient Oxygen delivery to cells. Amphibians & Reptiles Amphibians & most reptiles have an Incomplete Double circulatory system consisting of 2 Atria & 1 Ventricle. Incomplete Double circulatory systems are less efficient in the delivery of oxygen to cells since there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the single ventricle present. Fish Fish have a single circulatory system consisting of1 Atrium & 1 Ventricle. It is called a single circulatory system because the blood only passes through the heart ONCE in each complete circuit around the body. As blood passes through a capillary bed ( e.g. at the gills), there is drop in blood pressure. This means that blood is delivered to the capillary bed in the body tissues at LOW PRESSURE. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication
medicina Review The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication Ioannis-Fivos Megas 1 , Justus P. Beier 2 and Gerrit Grieb 1,2,* 1 Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany; fi[email protected] 2 Burn Center, Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. What was observed in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and usually ended fatally, was first successfully treated in the last century. Since then, diagnostics and treatments have undergone exciting developments, in particular specific treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, different historic aspects of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide intoxication are described and discussed. Keywords: carbon monoxide; CO intoxication; COHb; inhalation injury 1. Introduction and Overview Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen for survival has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. Whenever the respiratory tract of living beings comes into contact with the smoke from a flame, CO intoxication and/or in- Citation: Megas, I.-F.; Beier, J.P.; halation injury may take place. Although the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide has Grieb, G. The History of Carbon also been increasingly studied in recent history [1], the toxic effects historically dominate a Monoxide Intoxication. Medicina 2021, 57, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ much longer period of time. medicina57050400 As a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, CO is produced by the incomplete combus- tion of hydrocarbons and poses an invisible danger.
[Show full text]
Arenicola Marina During Low Tide
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 15 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Sulfide stress and tolerance in the lugworm Arenicola marina during low tide Susanne Volkel, Kerstin Hauschild, Manfred K. Grieshaber Institut fiir Zoologie, Lehrstuhl fur Tierphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstr. 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany ABSTRACT: In the present study environmental sulfide concentrations in the vicinity of and within burrows of the lugworm Arenicola marina during tidal exposure are presented. Sulfide concentrations in the pore water of the sediment ranged from 0.4 to 252 pM. During 4 h of tidal exposure no significant changes of pore water sulfide concentrations were observed. Up to 32 pM sulfide were measured in the water of lugworm burrows. During 4 h of low tide the percentage of burrows containing sulfide increased from 20 to 50% in July and from 36 to 77% in October A significant increase of median sulfide concentrations from 0 to 14.5 pM was observed after 5 h of emersion. Sulfide and thiosulfate concentrations in the coelomic fluid and succinate, alanopine and strombine levels in the body wall musculature of freshly caught A. marina were measured. During 4 h of tidal exposure in July the percentage of lugworms containing sulfide and maximal sulfide concentrations increased from 17 % and 5.4 pM to 62% and 150 pM, respectively. A significant increase of median sulfide concentrations was observed after 2 and 3 h of emersion. In October, changes of sulfide concentrations were less pronounced. Median thiosulfate concentrations were 18 to 32 FM in July and 7 to 12 ~.IMin October No significant changes were observed during tidal exposure.
[Show full text]
Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (1)
Chapter 5 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of Toxics Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (1) • Renal excretion of chemicals Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (2) • Biological basis for xenobiotic metabolism: – To convert lipid-soluble, non-polar, non-excretable forms of chemicals to water-soluble, polar forms that are excretable in bile and urine. – The transformation process may take place as a result of the interaction of the toxic substance with enzymes found primarily in the cell endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. – The liver is the primary organ where biotransformation occurs. Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (3) Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (4) • Interaction with these enzymes may change the toxicant to either a less or a more toxic form. • Generally, biotransformation occurs in two phases. – Phase I involves catabolic reactions that break down the toxicant into various components. • Catabolic reactions include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. – Oxidation occurs when a molecule combines with oxygen, loses hydrogen, or loses one or more electrons. – Reduction occurs when a molecule combines with hydrogen, loses oxygen, or gains one or more electrons. – Hydrolysis is the process in which a chemical compound is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water. • In most cases these reactions make the chemical less toxic, more water soluble, and easier to excrete. Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (5) – Phase II reactions involves the binding of molecules to either the original toxic molecule or the toxic molecule metabolite derived from the Phase I reactions. The final product is usually water soluble and, therefore, easier to excrete from the body. • Phase II reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation, conjugation with glutathione, and conjugation with amino acids (such as glycine, taurine, and glutamic acid).
[Show full text]
Anomalies in Coral Reef Community Metabolism and Their Potential Importance in the Reef CO2 Source-Sink Debate
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 6566–6569, May 1998 Population Biology Anomalies in coral reef community metabolism and their potential importance in the reef CO2 source-sink debate JOHN R. M. CHISHOLM* AND DAVID J. BARNES Australian Institute of Marine Science, Private Mail Bag No. 3, Mail Centre, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia Communicated by Andrew A. Benson, University of California, San Diego, CA, March 20, 1998 (received for review September 23, 1997) ABSTRACT It is not certain whether coral reefs are ratio of photosynthesis to respiration on unperturbed reefs sources of or sinks for atmospheric CO2. Air–sea exchange of over 24 h is considered to be close to unity (10). CO2 over reefs has been measured directly and inferred from In March 1996, we made an expedition to Lizard Island, changes in the seawater carbonate equilibrium. Such mea- northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Fig. 1), to measure surements have provided conflicting results. We provide changes in the O2 concentration and pH of seawater flowing community metabolic data that indicate that large changes in across a 300-m section of the reef flat by using a floating CO2 concentration can occur in coral reef waters via biogeo- instrument package (11–14). Measurements were made in chemical processes not directly associated with photosynthe- March when tides permitted the instrument package to float sis, respiration, calcification, and CaCO3 dissolution. These freely over the reef flat, a short distance above the benthos. processes can significantly distort estimates of reef calcifica- On arriving at Lizard Island, we encountered environmental tion and net productivity and obscure the contribution of coral conditions that we had not anticipated.
[Show full text]
The Effects of Warm and Cold Water Scuba Finning on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Energy Expenditure
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESISOF in Caron Lee Louise Shake for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy Education presented on April 5, 1989. Scuba Finning on Title: The Effects of Warm and Cold Water Cardiorespiratory Responses and EnergyExpenditure Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: cardiorespiratory and energy This study was designed to determine finning at expenditure responses elicited byrecreational divers while and warm (29°C) water a submaximal intensity(35% max) in cold (18°C) to par- with and without wet suits. Male divers (15) volunteered exercise ticipate in five experimentalprocedures. A maximal graded in 29°C tethered finning test, two submaximal(30 min.) finning tests tests with and without wet suits, and twosubmaximal (30 min.) finning The variables in 18°C with and without wetsuits were performed. (VE), measured were: breathing frequency(BF), minute ventilation (RER), heart rate oxygen consumption (V02)respiratory exchange ratio (HR), and core temperature (CT). Caloric expenditure (kcal) was calculated from RER and V02. A Four-Way ANOVA andrepeated measures 0.05) Two-Way design was used to analyze the data. A significant (p < A significant (p < (suit x time) interaction wasrevealed for BF. 0.01) Three-Way (suit x temp. x time)interaction was revealed forVE, V02, RER, HR, and CT. An inverse relationship exists betweenBF and VE when comparing dives with and without suits. Diving in 18°C with suitselicited higher BF and lower VE than diving in 29°Cwithout suits. V02 increased significantly during threeof the four dives. Diving without suits elicited higher V02values though this was not significant in every case. Diving in a cold environmentelicited lower RER re- higher V02 and VE.
[Show full text]
Can't Catch My Breath! a Study of Metabolism in Fish. Subjects
W&M ScholarWorks Reports 2017 Can’t Catch My Breath! A Study of Metabolism in Fish. Subjects: Environmental Science, Marine/Ocean Science, Life Science/ Biology Grades: 6-8 Gail Schweiterman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Schweiterman, G. (2017) Can’t Catch My Breath! A Study of Metabolism in Fish. Subjects: Environmental Science, Marine/Ocean Science, Life Science/Biology Grades: 6-8. VA SEA 2017 Lesson Plans. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V5414G This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Can’t catch my breath! A study of metabolism in fish Gail Schwieterman Virginia Institute of Marine Science Grade Level High School Subject area Biology, Environmental, or Marine Science This work is sponsored by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System Science Collaborative, which supports collaborative research that addresses coastal management problems important to the reserves. The Science Collaborative is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and managed by the University of Michigan Water Center. 1. Activity Title: Can’t Catch My Breath! A study of metabolism in fish 2. Focus: Metabolism (Ecological drivers); The Scientific Method (Formulating Hypothesis) 3. Grade Levels/ Subject: HS Biology, HS Marine Biology 4. VA Science Standard(s) addressed: BIO.1. The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific reasoning, logic, and the nature of science by planning and conducting investigations (including most Essential Understandings and nearly all Essential Knowledge and Skills) BIO.4a.
[Show full text]
What Are the Health Effects from Exposure to Carbon Monoxide?
CO Lesson 2 CARBON MONOXIDE: LESSON TWO What are the Health Effects from Exposure to Carbon Monoxide? LESSON SUMMARY Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, tasteless, colorless and nonirritating Grade Level: 9 – 12 gas that is impossible to detect by an exposed person. CO is produced by the Subject(s) Addressed: incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels, including gas, wood, oil and Science, Biology coal. Exposure to CO is the leading cause of fatal poisonings in the United Class Time: 1 Period States and many other countries. When inhaled, CO is readily absorbed from the lungs into the bloodstream, where it binds tightly to hemoglobin in the Inquiry Category: Guided place of oxygen. CORE UNDERSTANDING/OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, students will have a basic understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying CO toxicity. For specific learning and standards addressed, please see pages 30 and 31. MATERIALS INCORPORATION OF TECHNOLOGY Computer and/or projector with video capabilities INDIAN EDUCATION FOR ALL Fires utilizing carbon-based fuels, such as wood, produce carbon monoxide as a dangerous byproduct when the combustion is incomplete. Fire was important for the survival of early Native American tribes. The traditional teepees were well designed with sophisticated airflow patterns, enabling fires to be contained within the shelter while minimizing carbon monoxide exposure. However, fire was used for purposes other than just heat and cooking. According to the historian Henry Lewis, Native Americans used fire to aid in hunting, crop management, insect collection, warfare and many other activities. Today, fire is used to heat rocks used in sweat lodges.
[Show full text]
THE 6 MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS and How They Interact with Each Other to Keep the “Body Machine” Alive and Working Well
THE 6 MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS And how they interact with each other to keep the “body machine” alive and working well. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM / CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PRIMARY PURPOSE: transport blood throughout the body by circulating PRIMARY ORGANS/PARTS: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) (1) Transports/carries nutrients and oxygen through the blood to most parts of the body (2) Transports/carries waste in cells and carbon-dioxide (CO2) away from the parts: (a) Cell waste goes to the kidneys for filter and disposal (b) Carbon-dioxide (CO2) goes to the lungs to exhale (breathe out) Kidneys and Lungs have a close relationship with Cardiovascular system Kidneys: filter through blood to take out the waste and get it eventually out of the body Lungs: breathes in oxygen and gives it to the blood for Circulatory system to carry throughout the body; and takes unneeded carbon-dioxide (CO2) from the blood and breathes that out. Circulatory/Cardiovascular System through the blood to most parts of the body provides nutrients and oxygen which is needed for our bodies to have ENERGY! RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRIMARY PURPOSE: Breathing - taking in Oxygen, pushing out Carbon-Dioxide (CO2) PRIMARY ORGANS: Lungs, trachea (tube going from lungs to nose/mouth) (1) Inhales (breathes in) Oxygen - good for the body - gives it to the Circulatory System to be transported throughout the body through the blood. (2) Exhales (breathes out) Carbon-Dioxide (CO2) - lungs get this gas from the blood (Circ. Sys.) and pushes it out of the body DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PRIMARY PURPOSE: take in food; break down food into nutrients (good) and waste (unneeded) PRIMARY ORGANS: Stomach, large and small intestines, esophagus (tube from stomach to mouth) (1) Digestive System gets nutrients (good) from food and hands it over to the blood and Circulatory System then carries those nutrients where they need to go.
[Show full text]
Overview of the Circulatory System Fill in the Blank
Overview Of The Circulatory System Fill In The Blank If orthotropic or rheumatoid Bernardo usually Germanising his erotica euphemize contractually or expect centrally and Malaprop, how pessimum is Tore? Obcordate Darius hale meltingly. Liberating and aerobatic Marco vandalise, but Lynn quickly unlives her margins. LESSON 1. Bio 104 Chapters 17 20 Cardiovascular System 33. Short-Answer Questions About Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections. Circulatory system the concept to blood pressure and available and flake the currency of William Harvey II Overview the Concept Objectives The student will 1. Cardiovascular System Higher Education Pearson. Outline The Digestive System develop your textbook to one you clock in the blanks Where do. As the pulmonary circulation at the remaining circles from each blank to fill the in humans and cocaine affect the pulmonary vein in. Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections GALILEO Open. The vascular diseases that red blood comes with their amazing heart failure occurs most of ingested food pieces of circulatory system, resulting pattern of the. 7 Circulatory System Diseases Symptoms Risks and More. For each definition given below fill date the inmate with the crate part that completes the term. The respiratory system access in blanks worksheet answers human digestive. FREE Circulatory System Activities and Classroom Resources Teacher Planet. Blood and Circulation Webquest Gates Chili. Then to pass through the systemic artery is vital for developing this system circulatory system is blood pressure, where they extend like you can adjust their understanding its chambers. Blood cannot flow diagrams a particular part in the circulatory system blank to. There are separated by which vitamins, fill the vessels that makes cells found, body and describing the.
[Show full text]
Upwelling As a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystems: a Solution to Darwin's Question?
Vol. 8: 257-269, 1982 MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Published May 28 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. / I Upwelling as a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystems: A Solution to Darwin's Question? John C. Andrews and Patrick Gentien Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia ABSTRACT: The Great Barrier Reef shelf ecosystem is examined for nutrient enrichment from within the seasonal thermocline of the adjacent Coral Sea using moored current and temperature recorders and chemical data from a year of hydrology cruises at 3 to 5 wk intervals. The East Australian Current is found to pulsate in strength over the continental slope with a period near 90 d and to pump cold, saline, nutrient rich water up the slope to the shelf break. The nutrients are then pumped inshore in a bottom Ekman layer forced by periodic reversals in the longshore wind component. The period of this cycle is 12 to 25 d in summer (30 d year round average) and the bottom surges have an alternating onshore- offshore speed up to 10 cm S-'. Upwelling intrusions tend to be confined near the bottom and phytoplankton development quickly takes place inshore of the shelf break. There are return surface flows which preserve the mass budget and carry silicate rich Lagoon water offshore while nitrogen rich shelf break water is carried onshore. Upwelling intrusions penetrate across the entire zone of reefs, but rarely into the Lagoon. Nutrition is del~veredout of the shelf thermocline to the living coral of reefs by localised upwelling induced by the reefs.
[Show full text]
I960 DISSERTATION Ohio Ohio State University the Ohio State University Kenneth Rae Coburn, B
THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY RESPONSES OF DOGS TO LETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE DISSERTATION Pi Q Pi resented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the egree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University BY Kenneth Rae Coburn, B. S. The Ohio State University i960 Approved by AdvisorA r ^ T ri Department of Physiology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish, to express my sincere appreciation for the guidance, enthusiasm and invaluable aid of Doctors Fred A0 Hitchcock, Earl T. Carter and Joseph F„ Tomashefski without whose assistance this study could never have been carried out. I am grateful to all those of the Cardiopulmonary Laboratory of the Ohio State Tuberculosis Hospital for the aid and assistance which they offered. CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................ 1 Survey of the Literature A. Early History of CO Poisoning............................................ 4 B. Absorption and Excretion of C O...................................................... 5 C. Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide and Hemoglobin........ 8 D. Blood and Circulatory Changes in CO Poisoning...............................15 a. Blood Changes . 15 b. Blood Vessels and CO ................................................16 c. Behaviour of the Heart ...................................................16 E. Effect of CO on Respiration .............. 18 F. Recent Integrated Studies.............................................................................. 19 Methods and Procedures A. Anesthesia
[Show full text]
Respiratory System Respiratory System the Role of the Respiratory System Is to Take in Oxygen and Release Carbon Dioxide from the Body
Essential Question: How do major organ systems work together in living organisms? Standards: S7L2d. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and waste removal. S7L2e. Explain the purpose of the major organ systems in the human body (i.e., digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination, and for protection from disease). Activating Strategy: Respiratory & Circulatory Activity – Have students record their at rest pulse. Then have students do jumping jacks beside their desk or outside for 2-3 minutes. After calling time have students record their pulse rate again. Ask the students to describe the activity and explain why they are breathing harder and their pulse rate is faster after the activity. Activating Strategy: Look at the animated picture to the right. What is the man doing? What is coming out of his mouth? Why? What is happening to his heart rate? Why? What is the connection between his breathing harder and his heart rate increasing? Why do Professional Football players breath pure oxygen on the sideline? Respiratory System Respiratory System The role of the Respiratory System is to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide from the body. Nose/Mouth Trachea Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm Trachea connects the mouth and throat to the lungs (commonly known as the windpipe) Lungs Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe Alveoli Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur in your blood http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJpur6XUiq4
[Show full text]