A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

8 May 4, 1987

Role of the V/orking Class

A Look at the Taiwan Situation A Courtyard Photo by Li Jiangshu BeijingR^vir HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

VOL. .•^0. NO. 18 MAY 4. 1987 ^,sS ii

NOfMt^FROM THE EDiTOftS 4 Workers" Viuii Interests Protected E^nStTS/TREN DS 5-9 Shows Closer Sino-Czecho- !*nvak Tics p. 14 p. 26 Concern Over Sino-Indian Border W^kers' Congress Plays Bigger Protecting Workers' Vital Interests Role Water Scarcit> Checks Develop- • Protecting workers' rights remains an important task for ment China's trade unions which, in the last few years, have helped Rcwi Alky: 60th Year in China defend workers' material and cultural needs. With their vital Marked interests protected, the workers will work harder, take a more > Private Businesses Have a Vital active part in reform and thus contribute more to socialist / Bearing modernization (p. 4). Weekly Chronicle (April 20-26) tMTenNATIONAL Inner Mongolia: 40 Years of Regional Autonomy PLO: An Important Step Towards Linity • Founded May 1, 1947 Inner Mongolia is China's first i Indonesia: C}olkars Expect Land• minority nationality autonomous region. In 40 years it has slide Victory made great strides in industry, agriculture and animal Argentina: 'Democracy !s Not husbandry. Chairman Buhe writes on the region's . Negotiable' achievements, problems and future plans. Our correspondent USSR-FRG: Spring Thaws Bilateral reports from Hohhot on the workings of regional autonomy, Relations (p. 14). Inner MtHtgotld: China's First iMitonomoas Reglcm 40 Years Old M A Close Look at Taiwan. iMier MonigoUa's Yesterday and Today 18 • Two articles on Taiwan are published here. One, a summary Current Economic Situation in of a recent Beijing forum, focuses on the changes in the island's Taiwan 22 political and economic situation in 1986 and its prospects for Taiwan Spnposlam: Scholars Take 1987. It is the consensus of the participants in the forum that j A Close Look 24 Taiwan's economic prosperity is ephemeral, while its troubles Role of the Working Class in the are real. The second article by a deputy director of the Institute New Period 26 of Taiwan Studies analyzes the recent upturn in Taiwan's economy, (p. 22). (centrefold) FROM THE C( 28-29 Charity Concert Conducted by Mr. Heath BUSINESS/ 30-31 CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-33 CHINA CALENDAR 34 • An unusual concert was recently given by former British Prime Minister Edward Heath in Beijing. All the donations for Cover:Buhe (Mongalian), chairman of the pcrRirniaiice will be spent on the construction of a the Inner Mongotia^ Autonomous rehabilitation and recreation centre for the Chinese Regional Government. handicapped in coastal Shandong Province (p. 33). Xu XIangJun

Published every Monday by General Eoitorial Office Tel; 893860 Subscription prices ;1 year): USA US$22.00 ETBU* Deportment Tel: 890051-346 BEIJING REVIEW AvWfoti* A.$22.0Q Conoda Can.$2l.(X> Distributed by China Intermrtional Book 24 Kaiwon/huang Road, Beijing Trading Corporalian (GUOJI 5HU0IANJ Now Zwkind NZ.$30.00 The People'! Republic of China P.O. Box 399, Beiimg. Chno UK £12.00 m NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Workers' Vital Interests Protected

by Xin Lin

rotecting workers' vital inter• such practices as making workers Employees generally take an P ests remains an important task work overtime endlessly to active part in the democratic for China's trade unions which increase production, neglecting management of enterprises. This is have a combined membership of safety and wilfully punishing done mainly through the system of 90 million people. workers, which are all contrary to workers' congresses, which have As the leading class of the state policies. The wage level of the been set up in 380,000 enterprises country, workers in socialist nation's worker families has, since across the country, 80 percent of China face a different situation 1978, increased at an average all enterprises. The workers' from that before the founding of annual rate of over 8.5 percent. congress has the right to examine the People's Republic in 1949. At Culturally, the trade unions and discuss major decisions on the that time, the working class was protect workers' right to study, enterprise's production, manage• being ruled and oppressed. To and to have access to sports and ment and technology. It also has safeguard their interests, the other recreational activities. At the right to decide on major issues workers had to organize them• present, 30 million working people concerning workers' well-being; to selves into trade unions to wage are engaged in various forms of appraise and supervise the leaders; struggles against the old regime. spare-time study throughout the to make proposals about appoint• Today the state serves the workers country. In the early post- ments, rewards and punishment of and other labouring people and liberation years, 80 percent of the leaders; and to recommend and protects their interests. working people were illiterate; sometimes elect factory directors now 85 percent have reached (managers). But this does not mean that the secondary school level. Some trade unions no longer play a vital From 1984 to 1986, 80,000 enterprise leaders have under• role. Although the basic stands of enterprises across the country mined their employees' cultural the government and the trade introduced democratic elections life by turning workers' clubs and unions are identical, they have of factory directors and another libraries into warehouses, and different responsibilities, so they 150,000 enterprises began apprais• sports grounds into coal dumps. see things from different angles. ing the competence of leading Speaking for the workers, trade The bureaucratic style and the cadres. unions at the enterprises pressed wrongdoing of some leaders of Some enterprise administrative the administration to correct these government organizations and leaders still pay no heed to inappropriate practices. enterprises have meant that workers' demands for involve• workers' legitimate rights and As part of workers' particip• ment in management. They interests are often encroached ation in managing state and social wrongly believe that democratic upon. To counter this tendency, affairs, the Federation of Trade management would adversely the government and the trade Unions has sent representatives to afTect their ability to direct. They unions are both required to take part in the nation's wage and do not understand that without protect workers' interests, other• price reform groups, and has made full democracy, there can be no wise the trade unions will become its opinions known to the correct decisions or strong worker divorced from the workers, government departments con• support. Much remains to be done thereby also divorcing the Party cerned on the plans for enterprise to improve the democratic and the government from the reforms. In drawing up the management system. latter. provisional regulations on the When their vital interests are In the last few years, China's reform of the labour system, the guaranteed, the workers will come trade unions have helped the Law on Joint Ventures Using to a better understanding of their government defend workers' in• Chinese and Foreign Investment, role as masters of the state and terests materially and culturally. and the Bankruptcy Law for society. So they will exhibit a State-Owned Enterprises (draft), greater sense of responsibility. Materially, the trade unions the government consulted with the They will work harder, take a protect workers' legitimate and trade unions. Last year, 21 sets of more active part in the reforms, reasonable demands in wages, laws and regulations were worked make useful suggestions, engage in bonuses, housing allocation and out after opinions were solicited creation and invention and thus other welfare matters. The unions from the All-China Federation of contribute still more to socialist have done a great deal in stopping Trade Unions. modernization. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. IS • EVENTSARENPS

Visit Shows Closer Sino-Czeclioslovak Ties zechoslovak Premier Lubomir have grown satisfactorily over the that there are no obstacles to CStrougal's six-day visit to past few years. The past is over. expanding bilateral relations, and China, starting April 24, represen• Let's move towards the future and Czechoslovakia and China can co• ted a major event in the two continue to do so," he added. operate well in all fields. countries' ties and will elevate Chinese Premier Zhao reaf• Sino-Czechoslovak relations to a Deng praised Czechoslovakia firmed China's commitment to new phase of development. for its achievements, saying that it better relations in all fields with The visit, the first by a top is ahead of China in science, Czechoslovakia in talks with Czechoslovak government leader technology and industry. Premier Strougal on April 24. in 30 years, came at a time when "You have a lot of things for us Zhao, who will go to Czech• China's relations with East to learn," he said. oslovakia and four other East European countries are warming Deng recalled Czechoslovakia's European countries in June this up. contributions when China was building its industrial foundation year, said that Sino-Czechoslovak In Beijing, Strougal met Deng in the 1950s and expressed thanks relations had enjoyed a rapid and Xiaoping, chairman of the to the Czechoslovak experts who obvious development over the Chinese Communist Party Central helped China in those years. past few years. "China treasures Advisory Commission, Li Xian- this development and is ready to nian, Chinese president, and Zhao On socialist construction and push the friendly and co-operative Ziyang, State Council premier and reform, Deng said the two relations between the two coun• acting general secretary of the countries have the common tries to a new height," he added. CPC Central Committee. The objective of building socialism. leaders briefed each other on the "However," he said, "the ways of He attributed the smooth situation in their respective building socialism should be progress of Sino-Czechoslovak countries and exchanged views on decided according to each relations to the common ground international issues of common country's actual conditions in• shared by the two countries. concern. stead of copying others." He said that the two are both Meeting the Czechoslovak pre• Strougal said he completely devoted to socialist construction mier on April 26, Deng Xiaoping agreed with Deng's remarks on with their own characteristics, to said that China and Czech• bilateral relations and the ap• the maintenance of world peace, oslovakia have common language praisal that these relations have to the improvement of bilateral on many issues. "Our relations entered a new phase. He stressed relations and mutual respect and understanding. China highly values the com• mon ground shared by the two countries, he said, adding that China also fully understands the differences between the two countries caused by their different positions. However, Zhao said, these will not affect the development of relations between the two coun• tries so long as both sides take active and realistic measures to promote bilateral relations under the principle of mutual respect and understanding.

On April 26, the two countries signed an agreement setting up a Sino-Czechoslovak shipping com• pany to serve the increasing trade between the two countries. They also signed an agreement on the transfer of Tatra 815 truck technology to China.

MAY 4. 1987 5 m EVENTS/TRENDS

Strougal left Beijing the same papers reported that China "is Workers' Congress day on a visit to Shanghai, building up forces in Tibet" to Guangzhou and the Shenzhen "teach India a lesson." This is a Plays Bigger Role Special Economic Zone in south sheer fabrication concocted with China. • ulterior motives, he said. he workers' congress, a forum "It is our hope that the Indian Tfor workers to take part in the side should, in the overall interests democratic administration of the Concern Over of Sino-lndian friendship, refrain enterprises where they work, is Sino-lndian Border from such provocations," he said. playing an increasingly important He disclosed that the Chinese side role in China. has made representations on the matter to the Indian side through According to statistics released ndia has been amassing troops in diplomatic channels. by the All-China Federation of I areas along the Sino-lndian Trade Unions, prior to May 1, a border and conducting a large- He also said that the Chinese total of 380,000 work units, scale military exercise, arousing frontier guards are making routine including almost all enterprises grave concern in Beijing. patrols in the area along the owned by the state, have es• border and that China has not tablished their own workers' A Chinese Foreign Ministry built up its military strength there. congresses. The major task of a spokesman said at a news briefing Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping workers' congress is to examine on April 22 that the Indian side said at a recent meeting with and make decisions on the should, in the overall interests of E.M.S. Namboodiripad, general enterprise's plans for production Sino-lndian friendship, refrain secretary of the Indian Commu• and technological reform, super• from provocation. nist Party (Marxist), that China's vise the work of the directors, and basic policy is to develop its protect the legitimate rights and "China has always held that an national economy and maintain interests of the workers and staff. early, fair and reasonable settle• world peace. It has settled all ment of the Sino-lndian boundary border issues with neighbouring With the workers taking an question should be brought about countries, except those with the active part in management through friendly consultations Soviet Union and India, he said. through the congress, their sense and in a spirit of mutual He hopes that the border issue of responsibility is strengthened understanding and accommod• and their initiative brought into ation," he noted. between China and India will be settled reasonably in a spirit of play. Available statistics show that The Chinese side, he said, has mutual understanding and mutual last year the workers' congresses made sincere efforts to maintain accommodation. put forward a total of 6.77 million peace and tranquility in the Sino- The Sino-lndian boundary runs motions, 43.1 percent of which lndian border areas. However, some 2,000 kilometres, and the concerned the improvement of Indian troops have repeatedly successive governments of China management. crossed the line of actual control and India have never signed any The practice of publicly evaluat• by the two sides, nibbling at boundary treaty or agreement on ing adminstrative and managerial Chinese territory, forcibly occupy• it. A traditional customary personnel through the congress is ing some Chinese territory and boundary between the two gaining ground. This is linked with sending military aircraft to violate countries respected by the two the promotion or demotion of China's airspace. peoples had naturally taken shape cadres, having a great influence on on the basis of the extent of each the enterprise officials' sense of Last February, the Indian side's administrative jurisdiction. responsibility. Many enterprises, authorities even granted state• After India's independence, the including a few big and medium- hood to the so-called Arunachal Indian government not only took sized ones, have experimented Pradesh in a part of Chinese over the part of Chinese territory with choosing factory directors territory it has illegally occupied. occupied by the colonialists across through democratic election. Last Recently, the Foreign Ministry the traditional customary bound• year, workers' congresses spokesman said, India is amassing ary but pushed further north and throughout the country rewarded troops and carrying out military brought under its occupation large 106,000 cadres for their good exercises, code-named "chess• tracts of Chinese land. As a result, work, and relieved 9,000 of their board" in areas along the Sino- a line of actual control by the two posts. In addition, 56,000 enterpr• lndian border, creating tension sides has taken shape on Chinese ises, mainly small and medium- there. territory, and about 90,000 square sized ones, chose their administra• tive leaders through workers' At the same time, the spokes• kilometres of Chinese land has congresses. In Wuhan, the direc- man said, some Indian news• become disputed territory. •

6 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 18 tors of 24 large, state-owned Li as saying that China's urban The more practical and immediate enterprises were elected this way. construction has never' been so way is to pursue the efficient use of vigorous and has never met so water in production and other In the process of consolidating many difficulties, notably water services. the democratic management sys• deficiency. By this he refers to the Last month the Ministry of tem, trade unions (or workers' facts that water shortage has Urban and Rural Construction congresses) in some 57,000 delayed production and affected and Environmental Protection enterprises have signed collective the quality of some products. urged cities to save water in its contracts with their factory circular — "Main Points for Pro• directors on behalf of the workers Although the country's water moting More Efficient Use of and staff. The contracts clearly supplying capacity is seven times Water in Cities." And administra• state the rights and responsibilities greater than it was 30 years ago, tive offices have been set up in of the trade unions and provisions Xiao said, another 10 million tons more than 160 cities around the for workers' welfare, as well as are needed daily. 'About 200 cities country to overlook industrial yearly production goals for the have been affected by the scarcity. water consumption, Xiao said. units, and measures to meet these Experts warn that fresh water targets. The Shijiazhuang Wrist- resources available around cities Beijing has been controlling watch Factory, for example, in north China and some coastal enterprise consumption of water introduced the collective contract areas are drying up; the construc• with a strict plan introduced system six years ago. Since then tion of new urban water supplies earlier this year. Those who go the factory's output has increased has been held up by economic beyond the Hmits are not only at an average annual rate of 24 factors; pollution and over- fined but their quota of water for percent, and profits and taxes tapping of ground water resources the next rationing period is handed over to the state increased in many cities have been reduced by the amount that by 3.8 percent. At the same time, responsible for worsening water exceeds their ration quota. In welfare for the workers and staff quality. Subsiding ground tables addition, the city has has also been greatly improved. and even allowing seawater to seep moved to popularize water saving into fresh water aquifers can also facilities for enterprises, public be traced to the overlapping of services as well as apartment ground water. buildings. Water Scarcity Xiao blames the water defici• In Datong, Shanxi Province, Checks Development ency on the country's scarce water where water resources are even resources, saying that China's per- more inadequate, 4.35 million capita water supply is one quarter tons have been saved in the past lthough there have been of the world's average. At the three years, equalling the city's Aseveral spring showers, a same time, the construction of total consumption in about half a serious water shortage is costing water supply projects cannot keep year. the country some 20 billion yuan pace with the rapid increase in "By the year 2000, half of our (US$5.4 billion) annually, says water consumption in urban areas country's urban water supplies as more factories and apartment Renmin Ribao (People's Daily). will come from recycling facil• buildings are being built. Low Last year's losses were equal to the ities," Xiao predicted. total industrial output value of costs to industrial users results in Guangdong Province and an inefficient use of the available He said that wastewater treat• Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous water, he said. ment plants will be built near Region put together. He said that water diversion Beijing, Shanghai and other big Beijing, for example, has faced a efforts have been made to buffer cities to fight pollution and water daily water shortage of 200,000 the scarcity. The first phase of a shortage. Yet as they will not tons during the summer months in project to channel Luanhe River make a profit, investments are recent years. Experts predict the into Tianjin was completed in hard to obtain. period will be longer this year, 1985, while other diversion works Some hydraulic experts see according to Xiao Shaoyong, a in cities Hke Beijing, Dalian, moving water from the mighty section chief in the Ministry of Qingdao and Xian are either Changjiang (Yangtze) River to Urban and Rural Construction under construction or on the north China as the ultimate way to and Environmental Protection. drawing board. supply the needs of the area. But And reports from Shanxi say that The inadequate rainfall in north the idea has been questioned by the province is suffering from a China, however, Hmits water environmental experts, who argue water shortage of more than 1 storage, he explained, and the that it may have a negative impact billion cubic metres per year. channelling projects seem unlikely on the agriculture and ecology of Xiao quoted Vice-Premier Wan to solve the problem thoroughly. the Changjiang Delta. _

MAY 4, 1987 7 EVENTSARENDS

developing them further in the years ahead." Rewi Alley: 60th Year in China Marked Recently the Chinese version of Rewi Alley's autobiography — At ewi Alley, a New Zealander he became Beijing's first honou- 90: Memoirs of My China Years Rwho has made outstanding rary citizen. was pubUshed by the Gansu contributions to the Chinese Deng Yingchao, chairman of People's Publishing House. The revolution, was honoured with a the Chinese People's Political text is 240,000 characters long and reception in Beijing's Great Hall Consultative Conference, and illustrated by 109 photos. • of the People. The reception, given New Zealand Prime Minister by the Chinese People's Associ• David Lange sent greetings to the ation for Friendship With Foreign reception, which 150 people Private Businesses Countries on April 21, marked the attended. 60th anniversary of Alley's arrival Have a Vital Bearing in China. In her message, Deng thanked Alley for his great contributions to Alley, 90, came to China in both the Chinese revolution and ndividual economic activities 1927. In 1938, he organized the the construction of New China I have become an indispensable "Gungho," an industrial co• over the past 60 years, and for his part of China's socialist economy operative, during the War of important role in safeguarding and a necessity for the country's Resistance Against Japan. In the world peace and promoting economic life, said Ren Zhonglin, 1940s, he set up a technical school understanding and friendship director of the State Administra• in Shandan County, Gansu between the people of China and tion for Industry and Commerce, Province, to train children from New Zealand as well as other at a national conference attended peasant families. countries. by directors of provincial bureaux In 1953, Alley moved to Beijing. In his message, Lange said, "We for industry and commerce, which As a poet and social activist, he in New Zealand are proud of you. opened in Beijing on April 10. has written a lot of reports, poems The ties of friendship and co• Ren told the participants that and articles to present China's operation that you so successfully despite a slight drop early in the historical changes to the West. He began to develop as an individual year, China's private business and has also put forward many 60 years ago, are now mirrored in free market economy developed valuable proposals for China's the close links that New Zealand greatly in 1986, enriching people's socialist construction and as a country enjoys with China lives. economic development. In 1982, and its people. We look forward to Statistics collected by the administration show that by the end of 1986, more than 12.11 million individually run business The Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries gh^es a units had been set up in China, reception to marl< the 60th annh^ersary of Rewi Alley's arrhral in China. employing 18.46 million people and covering industrial, commer• cial and service trades. Their turnover came to 91.42 billion yuan (US$24.6 billion) in 1986, up 21.8 percent over the previous year and accounted for 11.8 percent of the country's total retail value last year. Some 12 percent of these individuals work in industry, 8 percent in transport, 0.4 percent in construction, 53.1 percent in commerce, 10.3 percent in the catering trade, 6 percent in sideline industries and 7.2 percent in the repair trades. In addition, China has 283,000 collectively managed economic organizations with more than 3.45 million employees.

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 18 "China's private sector has Weekly Chronicle US$100 million last year, accord• moved from a period of sharp ing to a government statistical increase to one of stable (April 20-26) release. development," Ren told the participants. • The Bank of China signs an "Generally speaking," he said, agreement on 200 million Asian "private businesses have not been POLITICAL US dollar worth of floating rate able to meet demand." notes with 37 banks and securities He urged administrators at all April 24 companies in Singapore, Xinhua levels to support private trade, • The State Council will reports. especially by supplying raw submit nine new laws, including materials and goods. "The proper regulations on ocean trade, rights and interests of the private copyright and water resources, to April 25 economy must be protected," he the National People's Congress • The People's Bank of China said. for examination and approval this is instructed to issue nine new Ren emphasized that this year year. It also announced a five-year notes, including one, two, five, 10, China will continue its support of programme to draft 50 new laws 50 and 100 yuan denominations, private industry, and regards this and 300 administrative and one, two and five jiao notes as a "long-term and consistent regulations. beginning April 27, according to a policy." State Council order signed by Premier Zhao Ziyang. One yuan is A major drive is to be launched equal to 10 jiao. to educate business people and ECONOMIC workers of professional ethics in private trade in order to raise the April 20 managerial level of the people in • China produced 8.99 mil• this sector. lion washing machines, 34.82 FOREIGN RELATIONS Meanwhile, said Ren, the state million electric fans and 2.24 will strengthen supervision of million household refrigerators in businesses to stamp out tax April 21 1986, making it the largest evasion, poor quality products • The Chinese government's producer of washing machines and unlicensed trading. The state special envoy and Vice-Foreign and electric fans in the world and will also crack down on the use of Minister, Qian Qichen, returns to the sixth largest producer of forged trademarks. Beijing after attending the 10th household refrigerators, accord• Ren urged local advertising round of Sino-Soviet consult• ing to the Ministry of Light administrators to improve the ations in Moscow, saying that the Industry. supervision of advertisements for two sides exchanged views on food, medicine, household electr• Sino-Soviet bilateral relations and ical appliances and other goods • Savings in China's urban the Kampuchean issue. indispensable to people's everyday and rural banks reached a record hves. China has over 6,900 units in high of 131.94 billion yuan in the first quarter of this year, up 12.14 April 23 advertising with over 80,000 • The affirmation of a employees. The annual turnover billion yuan or 30.8 percent from the same period last year, contract for a new Sino-US joint- of the industry is 800 million yuan. venture, the Beijing International In his speech, Ren Zhonglin according to the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Information Processing Company urged localities to pay more Limited, is signed by the Beijing attention to the development of April 21 Municipal Commission for wholesale markets for agricultural Science and Technology and the • The Chinese government and sideline products and spec• Electronic Data System Corpor• has decided to allocate 3 billion ialized markets in order to ation of the United States. enhance the exchange of goods yuan (US$800 million) to treat between the town and the and utilize solid industrial waste countryside and between different during Seventh Five-Year Plan April 24 regions. period (1986-90). • The Sino-US Joint Com• By the end of 1986, China had mission on Commerce and Trade established 892 wholesale markets ends its fifth meeting in Beijing for agricultural and sideline April 24 after trade officials of the two products and their turnover • The export volume of countries called on each other to during the year totalled 2.8 billion Chinese-made household electric address problems in their yuan. • appliances earned more than economic relations and trade.

MAY 4. 1987 9 opinions about the situation. The PLO future programme of action of the Palestinian revolution has been An Important Step Towards Unity uncertain since PLO's Chairman Yasser Arafat's tour to Cairo in The 18th session of the Palestine National Council recently 1983. As a result, a dispute also emerged within the Fatah. The held in Algiers will encourage the Palestinian people to fight DFLP, the PFLP and other for their national existence and the restoration of their organizations refused to attend national rights. the 17th session of the PNC held in Amman on November 1984. It fter a week-long dialogue Reagan's plan put forward in was then that the division of the Abetween disparate Palestinian September 1982 and any other PLO was made public. factions, the 18th session of the separate settlement with Israel. In February 1985 Chairman Palestine National Council (PNC) The PLO supports the 12th Arab Arafat and King Hussein of was held in Algiers on April 20-26. summit resolution adopted in Fez, Jordan signed a joint accord of It was called "a meeting of Morocco, in 1982 and all action aimed at promoting the national unity and solidarity with resolutions of the PNC, especially peace process in the Middle East, the people in refugee camps and in that of the 16th PNC, which laid but the Amman accord was the occupied territories." In the down the foundation for the criticized and rejected by the other discussions prior to this meeting, development of PLO's relation• organizations of the PLO, deepen• leaders of the Fatah, the ship with Syria, Jordan, Saudi ing their division. Afterwards the Democratic Front for Liberation Arabia, Egypt and other Arab Palestine National Salvation of Palestine (DFLP), the Popular countries. Front (PNSF), consisting of six Front for Liberation of Palestine groups headed by the PFLP, was (PFLP) and other five factions Disputes within the PLO are founded in Damascus, Syria in held reconciliatory dialogue, long-standing. Since Israel March 1985. The PNSF has stood where they discussed unification. launched a large-scale aggressive up to the PLO led by the Fatah. The resolution adopted on war against Lebanon in June 1982, The PLO's internal division has April 25 reiterates the "special and the Fatah and other Palestinian weakened its position and in• unique" relations between the factions have had different fluence in the Arab world and the Palestinian and Jordanian people. Any relations between them in the The opening ceremony of the 18th session of the Palestine National Council. future should be based on the confederation of two independent states, it stresses. On relations with Egypt, the resolution praises that country's historic role in the struggle against the Israeli enemy within the framework of Arab nations, and the sacrifices they have made in defence of the Palestinian people. It underlines that the Palestinian- Egyptian relations should be established on the basis of resolutions of all PNC sessions, especially that of the 16th PNC. Members of the PNC elected a 15-member Executive Committee of the PLO with Yasser Arafat as its chairman, it was announced at the closing of the session on April 26. On the political line, the PLO said it would reject the Camp David accords signed in 1978 between Egypt, Israel and the United States, US President

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 18 international community. Some conflict, including the PLO. The the restoration of their national Palestinians have pointed out that PLO should take part on an equal- rights. It stresses the importance the division of the PLO might footing basis along with other of Palestinian national unity in the strangle the cause for which the participants. It says that the struggle for self-determination Palestinian people have been Palestinian people are entitled to and the creation of an independent fighting for so long. wage an armed struggle against state on their own land. In February 1986 Jordan the Zionist occupation forces for by Chang Qing declared a suspension of the joint action with Palestine, and the Amman accord existed in name INDONESIA only. This was considered a major development of events in the direction towards the realization Golkars Expect Landslide Victory of conciliation among the various factions of the PLO. Indonesia held on April 23 its fourth general election since Meanwhile, the half-year long President Suharto assumed office in 1966. The ruling conflict in the Beirut refugee Indonesian Golkar Party expects to win a clear-cut victory. camps has forced all the factions of the PLO to see that the fundamental issue of safeguarding the Palestinians' basic interests ndonesia, the country that ing victory in the election. The transcends all of their I consists of more than 10,000 only question is how many votes it differences.If the divisive issues islands with a population of 165 will win. could be put aside while they seek million, held elections April 23 for common ground, it would be 400 members in the 500-seat The Suharto government's possible for them to take joint National Assembly. The other 100 biggest opposition, the Develop• action. This has strengthened their seats are reserved for military ment Unity Party (DUP) which desire for unification. appointees. consists of four Islamic political Recent developments in the This is the fourth election since groups, is the second largest party Mideast also have pushed for the President Suharto assumed office in parUament. It won about 28 conciliation of all the PLO in 1966. The official results of the percent of votes each in the factions. The international com• election will be announced in early previous three elections. munity as well as parties June, but the ruling party has said The local press is not optimistic concerned have engaged in it hopes to win 70 percent of the about the performance of the frequent diplomatic activities, votes. 'DUP in the election, however, urging an international conference Official campaigning started saying the DUP will be quite on Mideast peace to be sponsored March 24 and ended on April 17. satisfied if it can retain the 94 seats by the United Nations, and More than two thousand candi• it won in the last election. pressing for the Palestinian right dates took part in the election The Democracy Party, which is to take part in the conference. campaign. They are from three considered the smallest among the Therefore, the PLO urgently needs parties, the ruling Golkar Party three parties running in the unity to speak with one voice in and two opposition parties—the election, is composed of the order to safeguard its nadonal Development Unity Party and the National Party founded by the interests. Democracy Party. late President Sukarno and four The efforts of all the PLO The Golkar Party, which has 8 other small parfies. factions have won support and million cadres working in grass• The Democracy Party has help from Algeria, Libya, Arab roots units, is the strongest party. certain influence among lower and Republic of Yemen and other In the first election in 1971, middle class urban residents and is Arab countries as well as the Golkar won 62.8 percent of the said to be trying to make use of the international community. That is votes, and became the biggest internal strife of the DUP to win why the 18th session of the PNC party in parliament. In each of the more votes. It expects to gain 10 was successfully held in Algiers. two elections that followed, percent of the votes. The final communique issued at Golkar succeeded in winning The election campaigning this the end of the week-long session more than 60 percent of the votes. year was active and energetic states that the international All the cabinet members are from compared with the previous ones. conference should be attended by the Golkar Party. However, the general situation the five permanent members of the Observers in Indonesia believe remained stable in the country. United Nations Security Council that there is no doubt about the After the election of the and all the parties involved in the ruling Golkar Party's overwhelm- members of the National As-

MAY 4. 1987 11 INTERNATIONAL sembly, Indonesia will hold a industry minister and his followers Camp de Mayo base for a face-to- presidential election next year, for last June on charges of plotting the face negotiation with the rebels. which President Suharto is the assassination of President Suharto Eventually he urged them to only candidate. and planning to overthrow the surrender. When answering their present government. demands for a political solution to Suharto's presidency actually 2. Execution of nine former what was called the "war against began in 1966 when, as a leaders of the Indonesian Commu• subversion" staged by the former consequence of the September 30 nist Party last October, who had military junta, President Alfonsin Incident, former Indonesian Presi• been imprisoned for nearly 20 said, "Democracy is not negoti• dent Dr. Sukarno was forced to years, and ordering 3,500 officials able," adding, "We are risking transfer emergency executive who were suspected of having much more than an absurd coup, powers to then Army Chief of contact with Indonesian Commu• we are risking our future, the Staff, General Suharto. In 1967, nist Party to retire in advance, and future of our children." President Sukarno transferred full firing 1.700 oil miners involved in Argentina drew up its consti• power to Gen. Suharto and finally the movements of the Indonesian tution in the mid-1950s, modelled in March of 1968, Suharto was Communist Party. after that of the United States. It inaugurated as president. established a government with a For the past 20 years, Suharto 3. Conferring posthumously representative, federal and re• and his army have ruled the Sukarno as a national hero on the publican system. However, since country with absolute power and occasion of the Indonesian Martyr the 1950s many of the country's made significant economic Festival on November 10. presidents have been military men, progress. These steps are believed to have who came to power by coups. At In order to ensure his re• divided and weakened the dissi• various times the constitution was election, Suharto has taken the dent groups, pacified his followers suspended. following steps: and improved his public image. I. Public trial of the former by Li Yongmin/Shu Hai Alfonsin's assumpfion of power in December 1983 ended the ARGENTINA country's autocratic rule by military men. Since he came to office. President Alfonsin, in his 'Democracy Is Not Negotiable' capacity as commander in chief of the armed forces, has ordered the Argentine President Alfonsin resolved a most serious establishment of a military court challenge to Argentina's three-year-old democracy by and an investigation committee to peacefully calming a military rebellion, thus strengthening look into the matter of "the Argentina's constitution. missing" during the 1976-82 "war against subversion," popularly known as the "dirty war." e three-year-old Argentine military rule. Meanwhile, Lieuten• According to official statistics, the rdemocracy withstood a seri• ant Colonel Aldo Rico, comman• war claimed at leas^ 9,000 ous challenge during the recent der of the 18th regiment at Misines "missing" persons. As a result of rebellion sparkled by the refusal of in the north, announced that he the investigation, ten military and Major Ernesto Barreiro, a former and 150 rebellion officers had police officers have been given jail interrogator at La Peria army taken the infantry school in the sentences ranging from four years detention camp during the 1976- Camp de Mayo base, 20 to life for their roles in the murder 83 military regime, to testify kilometres north of the capital, and torture of dissenters. Over 200 before a civilian court on charges and demanded the dismissal of other officers are awaiting trial. of human rights abuses, including Chief of General Staff Rios Erenu, To strengthen the democratic murder and torture of political who angered middle- and lower- political system in Argentina, prisoners in the 1970s. ranking officers by ordering them Alfonsin, acting in accordance Barreiro took refuge in his 14th to appear in civilian courts to with the constitution of Argent• airborne regiment in Corodoba, answer human rights charges. ina, has changed the former 770 kilometres northwest of Rico declared that no more military system and placed the Buenos Aires, where fellow officers will answer court sum• highest authority of the army, air officers refused to arrest him. In mons in human rights trials. force and navy in the civilian addition, the officers demanded government. In addition, he has amnesty for all military officers President Raul Alfonsin halved the military budget and accused of human rights viol• stepped in personally to end the reduced the number of career ations under the preceding revolt, fiying by helicopter to the military men by two thirds. All

12 BELIING REVIEW. NO. IX these moves infuriated some military rule several years ago. first and second television military men, like Major Barreiro Since the crisis erupted, many stations. This was the first move of and Lieutenant Colonel Aldo constitutionally elected Latin 1987 to ease relations between the Rico. American leaders as well as the two countries. But the government's reform, as United States, France, Spain and On March 18, the newly re• well as Alfonsin's effort to end the other countries have expressed elected Kohl said in a policy rebellion, was hailed and strongly their firm backing for the speech that the development of supported by Argentinians who Argentine government. FRG-Soviet relations was signifi• have a clear memory of the harsh by Xin Di. cant and expressed his wish to promote and deepen such relations. USSR-FRG Between March 26-29, Kohl's foreign policy adviser Horst Spring Tliaws Bilateral Relations Teltschik, vice- chairman of the federal parliamentary group and Anew political spring seems to have warmed relations between disarmament expert Volker Ruehe, West Germany and the Soviet Union. and former Chancellor Helmut Schmit met in Moscow with ollowing a cold and chilly Union, in turn, will send Vsevolod Anatoly Dobrynin and Viktor Fwinter in their bilateral rel• Murakhovsky, chairman of the Karpov, former Soviet chief ations, Moscow and Bonn are Soviet State Agro-industrial Com• negotiator at the Geneva disarma• beginning to make efforts to usher mittee and Anatoly Dobxynin, the ment talks. Schmit was received by in a warm, diplomatic spring. Soviet leader responsible for Soviet President Andrei On April 1 a 40-member Soviet international affairs to Bonn. Gromyko. delegation, headed by Alexei Reports also say that a summit Political analysts say they did Antonov, vice- chairman of the meeting between Kohl and not expect the thawing to happen Soviet Council of Ministers, Gorbachev is under so quickly. The positive response arrived in Bonn to discuss bilateral consideration. of the Kohl cabinet to the latest economic co-operation between Sovet proposal on medium-range the Soviet Union and the Federal Not long ago relations between missiles in Europe was believed to Republic of Germany (FRG). the two countries were strained. be catalytic for their warmed up West German (chancellor Helmut On October 25 last year Kohl put relations. The Soviet Union is Kohl and Foreign Minister Hans- Soviet leader Gorbachev on par certainly keen to seek understand• Dietrich Genscher met the Soviet with Hitler's propaganda chief, ing and support for its proposal delegation, and they reportedly Paul Joseph Goebbels, in an from Western Europe, especially discussed wide-ranging topics interview with the American West Germany, which is a very including Euromissiles in a good magazine Newsweek, saying that important member of the North atmosphere. Both sides expressed both of them were experts in Atlantic Treaty Organization their hope that an agreement on propaganda. This moved the occupying a crucial geographical the elimination of medium-range Soviets to cancel a series of position. It is also one of the main missiles in Europe, or the "zero scheduled visits. Many observers countries where US medium- option," can be reached this year believe that the real reason for the range missiles are deployed. The and that the range of co-operation cancellation was West Germany's new leadership in the Kremlin between the two sides can be public support for the US seems determined to concentrate increased. During the visit, the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), on domestic economic develop• two countries agreed to set up 10 or the "Star Wars" programme. ment and for this purpose it has joint ventures. As early as the end of 1983 the made many diplomatic overtures A series of additional visits Soviet Union cooled its relations to improve its international between Moscow and Bonn is with Bonn when Bonn, against situation. being planned. West German repeated oppositions from Mos• officials to visit Moscow include cow, decided to deploy the US As for Bonn, security is always Federal Minister of Research and Pershing II medium-range its first priority in foreign relations Technology, Heiz Riesenhuber, missiles. since it is situated on the frontline and Federal Minister for Youth, But early in February this year, of military confrontation in Family and Health Affairs, Rita a vice-chairman of the Soviet State Europe. In light of this, it is of Sussmuth. West German Presi• Committee for Television and paramount importance for Bonn dent Richard von Weizsacker and Radio Broadcasting visited West to maintain good relations with Foreign Minister Genscher also Germany and signed co-operatm Moscow, one of the superpowers. plan to go to Moscow. The Soviet memoranda with the country's by Xia Zhimian MAY 4. 1987 13 •i ARTICLES

ay I this year is the 40th policy of national autonomy mined by the historical conditions M anniversary of the founding allows minority nationalities to set of the country and by the nature of of the Inner MongoHan Autonom• up organizations in their own the relationships between the ous Region, the first region to be communities to administer their various nationalities." granted national autonomy in local communal affairs. It is also a Lenin's Propositions. There are China. There are four others: the fundamental policy of the only three models for solving Guangxi Zhuang, the Xinjiang Communist Party of China and nationalities question, Buhe said. Uygur, the Ningxia Hui and the the people's government for They are secession, federation and Tibet autonomous regions, all of solving the nationalities question. autonomy. The autonomous sys• which were established after New Most minority nationalities in tem fits in with Marxist theory China was founded on October 1, China have their own commun• and is suitable to a unified country 1949. ities in defined territories. The practising democratic centralism. Buhe, a Mongolian of 60 and larger ones are the five autonom• On the structure of the state, chairman of the people's govern• ous regions, smaller ones are Marxists hold that, all else being ment of the Inner Mongolian scattered as 130 autonomous equal, a unified, large nation is Autonomous Region, took part in prefectures (equivalent to sub- superior to a small nation or a revolutionary activities under the provincial administrative region) country with a federal system. influence of veteran revolution• and counties (banners) through• Lenin developed Marxist theory aries back when he was 13. He has out the country. There are three on national regional autonomy in held local and national posts — as autonomous banners in Inner a unified multi-national country, deputy director of the Cultural Mongolia — the Ewenki, Daur and pointed out that so long as the Bureau of the Inner Mongolian and Oroqen autonomous banners. nationalities are able to set up a Autonomous Region, mayor of unified state, they should seek Hohhot and vice-minister in nadonal regional autonomy charge of the State Nationalities Why Regional National rather than federation or Affairs Commission, in 1983 he Autonomy is Practised secession. was elected chairman of the people's congress of the autonom• "The form which the solution to "It is no more than 100 years," ous region. the nationalities question has Buhe continued, "since certain Buhe explains that China's taken," says Buhe, "was deter• nationalities in Central Asia were

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 18 incorporated into Russia. The butions to the founding, uphold• and carried out effective jurisdic• non-Russian population consti• ing and development of their tion over Tibet, thus officially tuted about 50 percent of the motherland. turning Tibet into one of the nation's total before the 1917 Both the Mongolians and the administrative divisions of the Revolution. They lived in compact Manchus once made their way Yuan Dynasty. communities, and within these into the Central Plains and ruled Distribution. The population of nationalities the relationships China for several hundred years. China's 55 minority nationalities were comparatively close and The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), now accounts for 6.7 percent of simple. After the October Revo• set up by Kublai Khan, grandson the nation's total. The distribution lution, Soviet republics were of the Mongolian Emperor of these minorities is such that established in many nationality Genghis Khan, was the first they either live in defined areas or areas and later they were unified dynasty administered by a intermingle with each other, while incorporated into the Union of minority nationality. The dynasty, the Hans live mainly in the Soviet Socialist Republics." which lasted 98 years, promoted hintedand and coastal areas. The Chinese Communist Party the development of China as a The Mongolian naUonality followed Lenin's principles and unified multi-national country numbers about 4 million, and over exercised national regional auto• with peaceful relations between its 70 percent live in Inner Mongolia. nomy in line with the nature of the various nationalities and more or The remaining 30 percent reside in relationship between the various less established China's present a dozen or so provinces and cities nationalities in China. territory. The Yuan court set up far and near such as Beijing and A Unified Multi-Natlonal Coun• an office in Penghu to take charge the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous try. Although feudal separatist of the affairs of the islands of Region. Inner Mongolia is thus rule often prevailed and frequently Penghu and Taiwan. It also the home of the Mongolian there were confrontations between established the central propa• people. This is where they were the border powers and the courts ganda and administration council based historically. on the Central Plains, the unity of for the country's Buddhist affairs With the implementation of the the country is a major feature of and for the civil and military migration policy in the latter part China's history. From the form• affairs of areas inhabited by of the Qing Dynasty, Hans and ation of a unified feudal state Tibetans. The central authorities other nationality people gradually with a centralized power in the Qin of the Yuan Dynasty also moved into this region. While the Dynasty (221-207 BC) to the Qing appointed government officials, total population rose sharply, the Dynasty (1644-191!) all nation• stationed troops, conducted re• Mongolian population dwindled. alities in China made contri• sidence registrations, levied taxes When the autonomous region was founded in 1947 Mongolians made up only 14.8 percent of the Wrestling is one of the favourite recreational activities of the IMongolian people. populafion. In addition to the XU XIANGJUN Mongolians and Hans, there are 49 other ethnic groups in the area, including the Hui, Manchu, Ewenki, Daur, Oroqen, Korean and Xibe nationalities. Inner Mongolia is not only rich in coal, iron, rare earth, copper and lead but in having wide grasslands, livestock and inexhau• stible wind and solar power. However, it is culturally and materially under-developed. The co-operation between the com• paratively advanced Han people and the minority nationalities should help develop the region. Common Sufferings and Stru• ggles. In close unity with the Hans and the people of other nationalities, the Mongolian people fought against imperialism and feudalism and for national salvation and their own survival.

MAY 4, 1987 15 •i ARTICLES

After the Communist Party of National Autonomy of the PRC the Law on Regional National China was founded in 1921, whereby the ethnic group for Autonomy, only members of people of various nationalities in which the region is named is minority nationalities may be Inner Mongolia sought its leader• guaranteed a high proportion of chairman or vice-chairmen of the ship for their struggle. In 1923 the deputies to the regional people's standing committee of the auto• Party established its organizations congress. In the 1985 election, nomous regional people's con• among the Mongolian people. there were 305 Mongolian de• gress, chairman of the autonom• Ulanhu, now vice-president of the puties elected, an average of 11 ous regional people's government People's Republic of China, was deputies for every 100,000 people. or heads of the autonomous one of the earlist Mongolian Party By contrast the figure for the Han banners. Between 44 and 56 members. During the War of nationality was 412, averaging percent of the chairman and vice- Resistance Against Japanese Ag• only 2.5 deputies for every 100,000 chairmen of the autonomous gression (1937-45), the Ami- people. regional people's government, of Japanese Mongolian-Han Guer• In the autonomous banners in the standing committee of the rilla Detachment was set up. Under the guidance of the CPC Central Committee, the guerrillas established an anti-Japanese guer• rilla base area in Daqing Mountains in central Inner Mongolia. During the war against Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic rule (1946 to 1949), the Mongolian people contributed to the liberation of the whole country. The Mongolian cavalry was turned into the Inner Mongolian People's Liberation Army in January 1948 and fought along with other People's Liber• ation Army troops to liberate China. When the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region was founded The Genhis Khan Mausoieum in EJin Horo Banner of inner iVIongoiia. on May 1, 1947, Ulanhu was appointed chairman of the people's government of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. Inner Mongolia, the Mongolians regional people's congress, and of still outnumber the other ethnic the regional people's political groups. So, in order to ensure an consultative conference are Mon• Ways of Implementing important place in the autonom• golians. Minority cadres make up Autonomy ous banner for the ethnic group 41.7 percent of the directors and for whom a banner is named, the deputy directors of the region's number of that minority's de• various governments, of this 39 China's autonomous regions puties to the people's congress of percent are Mongolians. Minority are on a par with provinces and the banner is greater than the cadres make up 47.4 percent of the municipalities directly under the Mongolians. For instance, of the leading members in various central government. But they have 175 deputies to the Ewenki leagues and cities, of whom their unique traits. Autonomous Banner's congress in Mongolian cadres account for Minority Peoples Are IVIasters 1985, 64 deputies were actually of 44.3 percent. in Their Own Houses. All the Ewenki nationality (averaging At the banner level, minority nationalities in the autonomous 882 deputies for every 100,000 cadres hold a fairly high region have the right to participate people) while 45 Mongolian proportion of positions in the in the administration of important deputies were elected (averaging government organs. In theOroqen matters in the region, regardless of 258 deputies for every 100,000 Autonomous Banner which has a their population, nationality and people). population of 280,000, the Han religious belief. But special Cadres of Mongolian nation• people number 270,000 and the provisions are made in accordance ality are predominant in the Oroqens only 1,500. However, of with the Law on Regional autonomous region. According to the five top positions in the

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. IX banner, two are held by people of minority items are subsidized by aid provisions. This has provided Oroqen extraction, one is Ewenki the regional people's government. more minority students with an and the remaining two are Hans. For instance, a pair of Mongolian opportunity to go to school. The head is an Oroqen. There are leather shepherd's boots costs 80 Mongolian is the main language altogether 2,071 cadres in the yuan for a city dweller, but a real in use in the autonomous region. Ewenki Autonomous Banner, of herdsman pays eight yuan less. The regional people's government them 15.5 percent are from the — Investment made by outside has stipulated that both Mon• Ewenki nationality, while its bodies must make special arrange• golian and mandarin must be used population constitutes only 6.45 ments in the interests of local for all the names of state percent of the banner's total. nationalities in developing re• organizations and enterprises, for sources there. The iron and steel official documents, the media and An important part of the complex in Baotou is directed by advertisements. Mongolian lan• regional national autonomy is the the central government. It not guage interpretation is used for all training of large numbers of only pays taxes to the financial meetings attended by Mongolian minority cadres, intellectuals and department of the central govern• people who do not speak special technical personnel. Since ment but also pays a certain levy to mandarin, regardless of their the founding of the autonomous Inner Mongolia. A large cashmere number. Han people in the region region in 1947 and especially since sweater plant in Dongsheng city, are encouraged to learn and use the state promoted the role of the Ih Ju League, must recruit 10 to 20 Mongolian, and media and intellectuals, many members of percent of its young workforce publications in Mongolian have minority nationalities have from the Mongolian nationality. been expanded. Throughout the become intellectuals, scientists While felling state-owned education system, teaching is and technicians. In 1986, in• forests, the state must take given in Mongolian to Mongolian tellectuals, scientists and techni• account of the nationalities in the students where possible, which of cians of all nationalities totalled region. Every year the state course includes the Mongolian 300,000 in the region. Of them provides the seven hunting teams departments and courses. The 109,000 were minority people, of the Oroqen Autonomous people's government of the region 97,000 Mongolian. They are now Banner, two townships of the has set up special research playing an important role in every Ergun Left Banner and the institutes and a department to endeavour. Ewenki Autonomous Banner with oversee the use of Mongolian. Full Economic Autonomy. The 7,500 cubic metres of timber at Law on Regional National reduced prices. Autonomy stipulates that auto• Inner Mongolia receives a nomous organizations have the quota of regular financial sub• Strengthening Unity right to adopt special policies and sidies from the state. It was 1.900 flexible measures to promote their million yuan in 1986. The state Before 1966, the state followed economic development as long as also provided 48 million yuan in the policy of equality, unity and they do not violate the principles development funds to the region mutual help in Inner Mongolia. In of the Constitution and law of the last year, 14 million yuan for the light of the special conditions state. These policies are manifold: border construction and 4 million of minority areas, the state called — Because of the prevalence of yuan in allowances to minority for "no differentiation in the class animal husbandry in the region, areas. status of herdsmen, no sharing out continued efforts will be devoted Autonomy to Administer Cul• of the herd owners' property and to livestock breeding and the ture and Education. Special no struggle against them" in the processing industry related to it. attention has been given to spirit of "prosperity for the people — The ownership and utiliz• minority education. The aim is to with livestock." The state sup• ation right of local grasslands will train minority cadres and raise the ported the development of the be defined and priority will be , cultural and technical level of the economy, culture and education in given to the rational development minority people. For instance, the the region both with financial aid of local resources. This will help minimum marks acceptable for and personnel. Thanks to these conserve the natural resources of enrolling minority students in policies, production developed, the region. higher education are 10 points less the population grew and under• — In its foreign trade, the than for the Han. Preparatory standing and unity between region enjoys the special privileges courses in colleges and universities various nationalities, especially of retaining 50 percent of its are offered to minority students. between the Mongolian and the foreign currency income, while In the border areas there are Han nationalities, improved. other places usually retain less state-run boarding schools at the However, the coolness between than 25 percent. primary and secondary levels the nationalities, left over from old — Price differences for special where students receive grant-in- times, has not been fully

MAY 4. 1987 17 ARTICLES eradicated. During the "cultural Minority cadres, especially Mon• stability and success, as well as the revolution" (1966-76), the gang of golians, were heavily persecuted. sacred duty of all its nationalities. four trampled on the Party's This caused a trauma in the The region has observed a policy towards regional autonomy relationship between the nation• "national unity month" every of minority nationalities and alities, the MongoHan and Han in year, built "national unity" undermined unity between the particular. After the Third Plenary townships and commended model nationalities. On the basis of false Session of the 11 th Party Central collectives and individuals who charges, they branded Ulanhu, Committee in 1978, the unjust have made contributions to former Party secretary of the Inner attacks were withdrawn and a national unity. Mongolian autonomous regional great deal of follow-up work was Stirring deeds of mutual help Party committee and chairman of done. between people of various nation• the autonomous regional people's alities, especially the Mongolian government, an anti-Party Over the years the people's and the Han, are constantly renegade,and Mongolian and Han government of the autonomous emerging. A new-type of socialist veteran cadres who had worked region has come to regard relationship of equality, unity, with him as the "Ulanhu anti- strengthening unity among the friendship and mutual help among Party and renegade clique." nationalities as the guarantee of the nationalities is flourishing. •

Inner Mongolia's Yesterday and Today by Buhe*

n north China, the Inner Economic Achievements Frequent wars during the last I Mongolian Autonomous two centuries and efforts to turn Region borders on the People's Historically the region has been the pastures into grain fields Republic of Mongolia and the economically backward. When caused serious damage to the Soviet Union. With a boundary the Inner Mongolian Autonom• grass. During the democratic line of more than 4,200 kilometres, ous Region was founded in 1947, reform in the early years of the it covers an area of more then one output value from industry, nationwide liberation in October million square kilometres, ac• agriculture and animal husbandry 1949, policies benefitting both counting for 12.3 percent of the was 997 million yuan (US$280 herdsmen and herd-owners were nation's total, and about five times million). By the end of 1986, with implemented. These policies as large as England. According to an average annual growth rate of eliminated the feudal system of the 1986 statistics, it has a 7.5 percent the figure had risen to exploitation and promoted the population of 20.29 milUon, made 16.524 billion yuan (about US$4.1 development of animal hus• up of 40 ethnic groups. The billion), 16.6 times that of 1947. bandry. During the period of capital, Hohhot, is its political, Great achievements have been socialist transformation in the economic and cultural centre. won in the following fields: 1950s, a policy of redemption was The region covers a vast area, introduced which gave more stretching 2,400 kilometres from Animal husbandry. This is the lenient treatment to the herd- east to west and 1,700 kilometres foundation of the region's owners than to the capitalists. All from south to north. It takes more economy. Pastureland covers these measures helped develop than two hours for sunlight to 880,000 square kilometres, or two- animal husbandry. Implementing cover the region. thirds of its area and one-fourth of the state policy of "taking the Historical records show that the the total pastureland in the grain as the key link," however, we Mongolian nationality developed country. One of China's principal continued to turn pastureland into in the Hulun Buir grassland early wooded areas, it has 15.6 million grain fields. Figures show that by in the 12th century and later hectares of forestry. 1978 about 2 million hectares of spread over most of the Mon• Before the founding of the pastureland were planted to grain golian Plateau. The land south of autonomous region, livestock and the ecological balance was the desert has traditionally been raising was primitive. The herds• seriously upset. called Inner Mongolia. men, nomads living in yurts, In 1979, a policy of "taking moved from pasture to pasture forestry and animal husbandry as

The author, a Mongohan. is chairman of herding their sheep with a whip. In the key link and developing a the Inner MongoHan Autonomous Re• 1947, domestic animals numbered diversified economy" was intro• gional Government. only 7.737 million head. duced, since most areas in the

18 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. IX MONGOLIA The Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region in north China, inhabited by minority nationalities, is one of the most important animal farming, forestry and energy production bases in the country. Phoios by Xu Xiangjun except mentioned

Mechanization of sowing, watering and cutting grass is spreading.

Fine cattle, bred for more milk.

Yurts: for tourist accommodation

The tough conditions in the western desert are finally easing: people are reap• ing the benefits of long hard work.

(left) Scientific resear• chers surveying desert. (helow)l\\e once barren desert is now good oasis.

The five-pagoda temple, built two and a half centuries ago, is a gem of ancient Chinese architecture.

Import goods in the railway station of Man- zhouli City which borders on the Soviet Union.

region, being cold and dry, were animal husbandry. The domestic an average annual growth rate of suitable to growing grass and animals in enclosures went up to 14.7 percent. The heavy industrial trees. At the same time, various 32.53 million head, an increase of output value accounted for 56.4 forms of the responsibiUty system four times over 1947. There were percent of the total industrial were adopted, along with other 15.6 million hectares of forestry, output value and the light policies, and measures which and the tree coverage increased industrial ouput value, 43.6 encouraged herdsmen to raise from 7.7 percent in 1947 to 13.87 percent. domestic animals and plant grass percent in 1986. The Iron and Steel Complex in and trees, exempted them from Industry. In the early years after Baotou was established in. the forestry tax, and raised the the founding of the region, 1950s, ending the period of history purchasing prices of animal industry mainly involved electric when the region could not produce products. To encourage afforest• power and coal for civilian use and even an ounce of iron. The ation, a policy was followed of processing of grain, edible oil and complex has 21 factories and contracting tree-planting to far• wool and leather. Industrial enterprises under it, engaging in ore exploitation, smelting, rolling, Nengnai Zabu (right), an entomoiogist, at worl<. in the last 20 years he has written seamless tubes production, heat many academic papers and collected 50,000 Insect samples on the grassland. treatment and power. In total BAISI GULANG these factories and enterprises turn out 1.5 miUion tons of steel, 1.6 million tons of pig iron and more than 30 kinds of rolled steel a year. The high alloy steel containing niobium and rare earth produced by the complex is well known throughout the country. Baotou is famous at home and abroad for its rare earth industry and has a complete production system including scientific re• search, production and applic• ation. The complex and six other factories turn out half of the nation's total rare earth. Their 200 kinds of products in 100 varieties have been exported to a few dozen countries and regions, including Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Singapore, the United States, and Hong Kong. Production also registered a rapid rise in woollen textiles, dairy products, carpets, leather articles mers, allotting wasteland to output value was only 49 million and minority goods in the last 40 farmers for this purpose, and yuan (US$12 million), that from years. Now the region produces, allowing the trees to be inherited light industry accounting for 83 yearly, 50,000 tons of wool and or transferred to their relatives. percent. Now there is a complete camel's hair, ranking first in the All these policies and measures industrial system composed of country, 5.2 million metres of have helped to stimulate the more than 7,000 factories covering worsted woollen cloth, 2.2 million people's enthusiasm. iron and steel, coal, rare earth, metres of roved woollen cloth and By the end of last year 1.68 machinery, electric power, 600,000 blankets and 450 tons of million hectares of pastureland electronics, chemicals, building- dehaired wool. Dehaired wool, were fenced in, 1.09 million materials, textiles, leather, sugar considered the top natural fibre hectares of grass and 3 million refinery, paper-making, phar• abroad, finds a ready market in hectares of trees were planted, and maceuticals, food and consumer over 10 countries and regions, 200,000 pumped wells were dug items for minority peoples. In among them Japan, Europe, the for irrigating fields and pasture- 1986 the region's total industrial Americas, Hong Kong and land. Machinery adding up to 5.39 output value topped 10.3 billion Macao. More than 50 processing million horsepower and 9,728 yuan, an increase of 211 times the plants in the region turn out 700 trucks were used in farming and output value of 1947, representing tons of milk and 14,000 tons of

MAY 4, 1987 19 Hi ARTICLES

news and magazine publications and 3,000 bookstores or book sale centres. All banners and counties have song and dance troupes, some of them mobile. These folk cultural troupes, however small, put on varied performances including singing, dancing and other forms of entertainment. As they arrive at villages, pastures and the remote areas on horse back, they are given an enthusiastic welcome by the local people. Medicine and hygiene. In the past infectious diseases and other illnesses were fairly common. Historical records show that in the 46 years from 1901 to 1947, the western part of the region was stricken by the plague seven times A souvenir shop In Manzhoull. and 90,000 people suffered or died. Venereal diseases, endemic and frequently occurring illnesses milk products a day. The region 2,052 middle schools with an were out of control. The average also has 45 factories producing enrolment of 1.16 million stu• lifespan of the Mongolian people annually 260,000 square metres of dents, anincreaseof269-fold over then was only 19.6 years, and the carpets. The Chifeng area made a 1947. Of them 147,773 are nationality itself was on the brink Great Wall tapestry for the UN Mongolians, a 316-fold increase. of extinction. The Ih Ju League, General Headquarters. The 15,601 primary schools have where Mongolian people live in Also there are 140 factories enrolled 2.5 million pupils, an concentrated numbers, had a putting out goods for minority 11.7-fold increase over 1947; of population of 400,000 in the early peoples. More than 150 kinds of these, Mongolian number years of the Qing Dynasty (1644- products are available, such as 366,058, a figure 17 times as large 1911). The figure had dropped to yurts, sabres, riding boots, as before liberation. 80,000, a decrease of 80 percent, saddles, stirrups, hats, copper The development of education by the time the autonomous chafing-dishes, small-bowled has brought about a marked rise region was founded. An ancient long-stemmed tobacco pipes, in people's cultural level. The 1982 popular song says, "Sheep in the copper drinking sets, horse's head census shows that 5.71 persons per pastures are many, but not as violins, four-stringed Chinese thousand have a college edu• many as the sufferings and fiddles and three-stringed musical cation, 74.6 have a senior middle hardships of herdsmen. It's easy to instruments. school education, 193. a junior spot pearls in the ocean tide but hard to find children in the Education and culture. Before middle school education, while grassland wide." the founding of the autonomous 327.7 have a primary school region 90 percent of the populat• education;. illiterates or semi- Since the founding of the ion were illiterate. There were only literates still account for 276.1 per region, the shortage of doctors 29 middle schools, three voc• thousand. and medicines has been gradually ational schools, 21 teacher- Since the founding of the overcome. In 1986 there were training schools and 3,769 pri• autonomous region, traditional 4,905 health centres and 89,257 mary schools. The school pupils MongoHan literature and art has medical workers, 89.1 times and accounted for 3.9 percent of the been developed. Now every 14.9 times that of 1947 respec• region's population. Of the 23,159 township has its own cultural tively. Hospitals in Hohhot, the minority pupils, 21,781 were groups which have access to capital, and those in the leagues Mongolian. There was not a single cultural and literary facilities. and banners can treat serious institute of higher learning. At Television and broadcasting reach diseases, perform cerebral oper• present there are 19 universities 76 percent of the region. With its ations, remove tumours, rejoin and colleges with a total own film studio, the region has severed limbs and treat large-scale enrolment of 31,200, of which produced or translated 142 films burns. 6,644 are Mongolians. There are into Mongolian. It also has 20 The plague and venereal

20 BE1.IING RF.VIEW, NO. IX diseases have been eliminated, great progress in construction in now have an aviation, railway and while other endemic diseases such the last 40 years, but its highway transport network in the as Keshan disease and goitre are development has been slower than region. But still, many places basically under control. that in many other parts of the cannot be reached by train, and 30 The 1982 census shows that the country, owing to its shortage of percent of the townships cannot be lifespan has increased to 66.69 talented people, funds and reached by bus, still less by plane. years on the average and the technology. Post and telecommunications Mongolian population has in• First, almost everyone, whether services, in spite of the enormous creased to 2.85 million from Chinese or foreign, who has come progress in the last 40 years, still 832,000 in 1947. to the region has complained cannot meet the demand of about the inconvenient commun• opening to the outside. ications there. Of course, formerly The living standards of the Problems and Challenges it took several days to cover 200 people have improved greatly. In kilometres from the capital 1986 the workers' per-capita The Inner Mongolian Auto• Hohhot to Baotou in an ox cart. annual income averaged 1,239 nomous Region has achieved This situation has changed and we yuan while the herdsmen's had risen to 649 yuan. Farmers' Blowing horns in western inner Mongolia. XU XIANGJUN incomes also rose sharply. But 14 percent of the region's households still face shortages. The local government has tried its best to help them overcome their poverty. Conditions for production are poor and productivity is low. Statistics in 1985 show that the productivity of a worker in a state- owned enterprise is only one-third of Shanghai's average. Treasures to Be Exploited

Since relations between China and Mongolia and the Soviet Union have improved, Inner Mongolia has enjoyed a peaceful and stable environment for its construction. With more invest• ment from the central government and greater efforts on the part of the local people, the region will make even greater progress in its construction, because it is a treasure trove with huge potential to be exploited, especially in the following fields; • Extensive pastureland and forestry; • A natural habitat of many wild animals and plants. Incom• plete statistics show that there are 500 kinds of wild animals and 1,000 varieties of wild plants; • The reserve of rare earth in the region accounts for 90 percent of the nation's total, or several times the total verified reserves in other countries. The rare earth produced by the region is high in quality and grade;

MAY 4, 1987 21 ARTICLES

• The deposit of niobium, also have enormous potential for technology, and attract talented soda and agate ranks first in the exploitation. people, funds and equipment in country and that of zinc, Based on the production order to develop the Inner chromium, peat, refractory earth conditions and rich natural Mongolian Autonomous Region. and iron alimina second; resources, the 1987 output value of At present we have signed • The region boasts four of the industry, agricultural and animal agreements for 2,350 projects with nation's five open-cast coal mines, husbandry will double that of 28 municipalities and provinces. with a total verified deposit of 200 1978. In 1990 the per-capita We have absorbed investments billion tons and an estimated output value of industry, agricul• amounting to 345 million yuan. In deposit of 1,000 billion tons. Two ture and animal husbandry will addition, we have established of them.have gone into operation, reach 1,000 yuan, double that of relations of economic, trade and while two others are under 1980 which was 504 yuan. It will technological co-operation with construction; be quadrupled in the year 2000. To more than 50 countries and • Deposits of lead, graphite, realize this target, we must regions and reached agreements or gypsum, mica, gold, sivler, iron, develop our economy and also signed contracts for 90 co• marble, salt make up big improve economic co-operation operative undertakings. Dozens percentage of the nation's total; with other provinces and foreign more projects are under dis• • Petroleum and natural gas countries. We must import cussion. _

Current Economic Situation in Taiwan by Li Jiaquan*

he economy of Taiwan is yuan up by only 9.3 percent. The Taiwan's economy is based on Trevitalizing and had a turn for sharp drop against the yen and processing goods for export. This the better at the beginning of 1986. mark was beneficial to Taiwan's trend was systematically devel• According to recent Taiwanese exports of industrial goods. In the oped in the 1960s on the basis of statistics, the real annual first nine months of 1986, "export expansion." In the 1970s, economic growth rate rose from Taiwan's export growth rate was the island was hit by two oil crises, 5.1 percent in 1985 to 10.8 percent, as high as 24.3 percent a year, a marking the end of the old the highest growth rate since the marked improvement over the economy which was characterized second oil crisis of 1979. "zero" growth rate of 1985; the by processing light industrial However, according to ob• import growth rate was 15.3 goods for export with cheap servers, the revitalization is mainly percent, the highest for five years labour. Transforming and up• due to external factors. There are and in sharp contrast to the drop grading industries to capital- still many difficulties and pro• of 8.5 percent in 1985. It was the intensive ones was put on the blems ahead. changes in the exchange rate agenda. By the end of the 1970s, which allowed for the improved "technology-intensive" industries trade and a more vital economy in such as those producing "Worries" Amid Optimistic Taiwan last year. electronics and machinery began Atmosphere However, that is a precarious to play a key role. basis for future Jmprovement. Looking at Taiwan's domestic From September 1985 to Upgrading industry: IVIajor industrial scene, there is cause for September 1986, owing to the worry: investment initiatives in Diiemma devaluation of the US dollar, the industry and commerce have not new Taiwan yuan dropped against In the 1980s, Taiwan decided, in been promising; no fundamental the Japanese yen and the German line with the world's new technical changes are detectable in an mark. During this period, the yen revolution, to give priority to economy still based on labour went up by 36.8 percent against developing "tactical" industries intensive industry; excessive fore• the dollar, the mark up by 30 and the service industry to ign exchange resulting from the percent, while the new Taiwan facilitate the growth of scientific favourable balance of trade; rapid and technical industries. How• increase in money supply; and ever, the progress has been slow. growing trade protectionism in the While the electronics, information * The author, a researcher, is a deputy- United States and Japan, both and machinery industries have director of Taiwan Studies Institute under major markets for Taiwan's made progress, other industrial the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. commodities. branches have stagnated, with 70

22 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 18 percent of industry being labour- published on September 28, 1985 economic development and the intensive light industries. in Hong Kong's Ming Pao two can support each other. The reason for the slow pace is Monthly says, "The United States Historically trade relations be• lack of technology and, more is permeated with an atmosphere tween the two have been close. importantly, of confidence. Thus, of protectionism. The protec• Taiwan is a small island with a Hong-Da Chiu, an American tionists hold that Taiwan is a large population, both resources scholar of Chinese origin, wrote: major threat to the United States. and markets are limited. It is "At present investment in Taiwan The most competitive Taiwanese unwise for it to have trade is low, the economy is not products sold to the United States relations with distant places while developing steadily. One of the are those made with Japanese restricting ties with the mainland, main reasons is Taiwan's growing investments. Superficially they are with foreign countries instead of isolation in the world. Impractical made in Taiwan, actually they are its own country. Liu Taiying, head policies pursued in Taiwan affect made in Japan." of the Taiwan Economic Research peace of mind, and therefore also The large trade deficit has Institute, said, "There is only one resulting in the political and social caused grave concern in the way for Taiwan's economy to instabihty" (January 16, 1986 of United States. Washington has survive, that is, to have direct China Times, Taiwan). pressed Taiwan into making many trade relations with the main• Previously, the increase in fixed concessions, including increasing land." (August 18, 1985, Pei Mei capital investment in Taiwan was imports from the United States, News.) high, 36 percent in 1980. But the reducing import duties, aboHshing Xie Dongmin, former "vice- rate plummeted to 3 percent in investment restrictions and allow• president" of Taiwan, said, 1981 and experienced so-called ing US insurance companies to "There are too many people in "negative growth" in 1982 and extend their range of business in Taiwan... the future, the hope and 1983. There was a shght increase in Taiwan. the way out for Taiwan he on the 1984 but a 7 percent decrease in mainland." (April 3, 1984, China Economic relations 1985. An improvement last year Times, Taiwan.) was part of the rejuvenation Over tlie Straits His view was echoed by described above. Given the lack of In January 1979, the Standing Professor Hou Jiaju, a noted confidence in Taiwan's society, Committee of the National Taiwan economist, who suggested the absence of investment initia• People's Congress adopted the to the Kuomintang authorities in tives and a series of new Message to Taiwan Compatriots March 1986, "In the past few technology problems, the upgrad• which put forth "exchange of years, it seems our government ing of industry is still fraught with mail, trade, air and shipping departments have been taking an difficulties. services." Later, the policy of "one extremely unrealistic attitude, Starting from 1968, Taiwan country, two systems" was put seemingly hoping that if we ignore began to have a favourable forward. In the last few years, the the existence of the Chinese balance of trade with the United Taiwan authorities relaxed the Communist Party, the CPC will States. Over the past few years, transit trade policy for goods from disappear. They ignore the that balance has tilted still more the mainland. According to problem, let alone formulate a heavily in Taiwan's favour: Taiwan and Hong Kong new• strategy for approaching the issue US$2,080 million in 1980, spapers, the total value of transit of reunification. US$4,190 million in 1982, trade in the past seven years, "Uncertainty about the US$9,820 million in 1984, notably via Hong Kong, amoun• government's future leads to a US$10,020 milHon in 1985, and ted to US$3,000 million, with the sense of uncertainty among the figure for 1986 was about trade from Taiwan to the industrialists and businessmen, US$12,000 million. mainland far exceeding the other dampening their investment en• There are many reasons for this, way round. This trend will thusiasm, drastically increasing but the most important is the inevitably change from being the rate of savings, and widening Japan connection. It is said that small to large, from "one-way to the gap between investment and Taiwan's commercial circles "earn two-way traffic" and from being savings. This floods the financial money for the Japanese to hit US "indirect" to "direct": it is the will markets with capital, so we get a industry" (October 2, 1986 of the people. Chinese on both great increase in foreign exchange. Industrial and Commercial Times, sides of the Straits are "descend• At present, a financial storm is in Taiwan). ants of the Yellow Emperor." As the making, slowing down the Many factories on the island co• both sides adopt open policies, transformation of the economy, operate with Japan, import direct trade relations between the increasing economic crime and machinery and raw materials from two are an obvious corollary. affecting social and political Japan and then sell their products There is another factor: the two stabihty." {Industrial and Com• to the United States. An article depend on each other for mercial Times, Taiwan.) • MAY 4, 1987 23 n ARTICLES

TAIWAN SYMPOSIUM law of recall." These are the first major policy readjustments since the KMT retreated to Taiwan in Scholars Take a Close Look 1949. Chen Shicheng, research fellow of the Institute of Taiwan Studies: he changes in the political and before. For examole. it has eased The readjustments of certain Teconomic situation in Taiwan its restrictions on indirect transac• KMT policies, though made in 1986 and the prospects for 1987 tions and contacts between people under pressures, are good for the were the subject for discussion living on both sides of the Taiwan people. In Taiwan, many non- among scholars at a recent forum Straits. The success of "business KMT politicians have established in Beijing. A summary is printed talks" between CAAC and CAL their own political parties. This here. was a significant break in its indicates a new political pattern "three no's" policy. It is expected will emerge in Taiwan. At the end that the KMT will continue its of last year, the election of Policy Readjustment Amid policy readjustments in 1987. Political Unrest deputies to the "national as• Cai Mingxi, deputy secretary- sembly" and the members of the general of the Taiwan Democratic "Legislative Yuan" in Taiwan was Li Shuiwang, head of the Self-Government League: a trial of strength between various political section of the Institute of political forces. The election I agree that Taiwan's situation Taiwan Studies under the Chinese results have shown that the KMT was turbulent in 1986. I want to Academy of Social Sciences: is faced with a mounting challenge add that the same year saw a Politically I can identify three though it still dominates the significant development in the features that stood out last year: situation. democratic movement launched first, a turbulent political climate by the opposition; the K MT began Li Jiaquan, deputy director of and an increase in the occurence of to undertake limited "political the Institute of Taiwan Studies (a sudden events. During the year, reform"; more and more people research fellow): growing contradictions between on Taiwan demanded to be the Kuomintang (KMT) and the - The political situation in allowed to communicate, do opposition increased the tension Taiwan last year can be summed business and set up transport links between them. Demonstrations by up as "suffering from external with the mainland. Lifting the the Taiwanese people against the pressure and internal trouble." KMT's 37-year-old martial law KMT authorities gained momen• By "external pressure" we mean represented a victory for the tum. The conflicts within the pressure primarily from the democratic forces outside the KMT itself also developed as United States. It forced the KMT. Appointing a military reflected in the controversy over Taiwan authorities to make their officer of Taiwan origin to be vice- such issues as the talks held government more open and speed minister of defence was intended between CAAC and CAL, the up the so-called democratization to draw the local forces closer to lifting of martial law and process; open its market to reduce the KMT. restrictions on the other political the US trade deficit and alter some parties in Taiwan. The contradic• Under pressure, the KMT had of the KMT's rigid policies to tions between the KMT author• to revise its policies to some extent alleviate the strains between it and ities and the government of the in 1986. various political forces — United States were reflected in 1. Arrangements were made for measures seen as a means of their different attitudes towards the succession when "president" survival for KMT rule in Taiwan. the opposition forces and the huge Chiang Ching-kuo leaves. Look• By "internal trouble" we refer trade imbalance in KMT's favour. ing at the people occupying to the unrest on the island. important positions in the central Second, under internal and "External pressure" and "internal committee of the Kuomintang external pressures, the KMT was trouble" are interrelated and since its third plenary session in compelled to change some of its interact on each other. March 1986, one might expect policies, including the lifting of that the form of succession would martial law and the restrictions on be collective, rather than indivi• People Want a Change the opposition parties. dual. Despite Tight Control Third, although the KMT still clings to its "three no's" policy — 2. Other major steps were no contacts, no compromise and Chiang's Hfting of martial law and Cai IVIingxi: The non-KMT no talks with the mainland — adoption of "state security law," political forces grew last year some of its concrete methods have "organic law for the people's enough to tip the balance of become a bit more flexible than organizations" and the "election Taiwan's politics.

24 BELIING REVIEW. NO. 18 Despite the inhibitions these Bai Xuefeng, an editor of external pressure and out of forces suffer, they still won a Xinhua News Agency: internal necessity. steady 30 percent of the vote in the Taiwan's economy began to The growth rate for 1987 will be election, and have taken root in recover last year. Many factors, lower than that of last year. It society. The opposition stands for including the accelerated recovery would be a tough task for the the interests of the middle class from the recession in the West, the Taiwan authorities to attain their which emerged in the 1960s. Its revaluation of the Japanese yen, planned target for economic growth in the economic field is the devaluation of the US dollar development this year. inevitably reflected in the political and the oil price drop, aided domain, claiming its deserved Taiwan's recovery from stagn• Artificial Barriers share of power from the KMT. ation. It was reported that the Should Be Removed They are now encouraged and growth rate of its economy was supported by figures in the United over 10 percent in 1986. However, Cai Mingxi: Calls for building States both within and outside the at the same time, many serious contacts with the mainland are on government. problems remain. the increase. At sessions of ihe "Legislative Yuan" or other local To face the challenge, the KMT 1. A continuous expansion of pariiamental conferences, some had to take a careful attitude Taiwan's surplus in foreign trade non-Kuomintang figures have towards it. It tried every possible led to a huge expansion in foreign expressed their strong demand for means to control and divide it currency reserves, fuelling a this, including visits to the while warning the hard-hners in potential inflation crisis. mainland. Some principal figures the KMT to "tolerate trifles lest 2. Inclination to invest kept of local financial organizations you spoil the grand plan" and declining, leaving most funds idle. have advocated building contacts "don't be swayed by personal 3. Trade relations grew tense in favour of the reunification of feelings." with the United Stales, with Taiwan with the mainland. Taiwan's trade surplus reaching Chen Shicheng: As to the Wu Jiatong, head of the US$13.6 billion in 1986. This has KMT authorities, the decisive research department of the All- been benefiting Taiwan over factor determining whether China Federation of Taiwan recent years, but now the US Taiwan can achieve a genuine Compatriots: protectionists are hitting back. 4. There is no sign that industry political stability is the psychology Last year the press in Taiwan engendered by the fear of •attacked the KMT's rigid policies will be upgraded or the economy restructured. reunification. This is the biggest with greater frequency, reflecting barrier.to their progress. the opinion of many noted Liu Yingxian, head of the U Jiaquan: Relations between scholars and professors whose economic section of the Institute both sides of the Taiwan Straits discontent has been rising. of Taiwan Studies: relaxed and improved last year. It Fearing that the disturbances As the Taiwan press has pointed seems the KMT authorities have might get out of control, the KMT out, 1986 was characterized by taken a more fiexible attitude authorities had to revise their "superficial prosperity and real towards people-to-people con• policies somewhat. trouble." It was a year of distinct tacts and relaxed some of the The outcome of the election for "happiness" and "sorrow." Last year saw some new trends in censorship over their media. the additional "people's deputies" Nevertheless, until now, the indicated that those who ad• Taiwan's economy: 1. A rapid growth rate. Intern• KMT's "three no's" policy, the vocated reforms enjoyed much policy of isolating itself from the support from the public winning a ational trade developed. 2. The growth of the economy mainland, remains intransigently plurality of votes in certain intact. districts. Seeking something new due to outside factors. has become the cry of the people in 3. Last year's growth brought I think that whatever party or Taiwan. its own problems. It increased the faction one aligns oneself with, tension with the United States; the one must give priority consider• Fan Liqing, an editor of Xinhua increased pressures of the potent• ation to reunification, when one News Agency: ial infiation crisis and the quick looks to settling the Taiwan issue. Two social phenomena in revaluation of the newly issued No progress could be made Taiwan last year are worth noting: banknotes adversely affected the without this prerequisite. one is the gambling spree and the development of the economy. Only with the reunificadon of other is the anti-pollution self- 4. Taking "liberalization, inter• our motherland, can the demands salvation movement, both reflect• nationalization and institut• of the Taiwanese people for ing a strong sense of insecurity and ionalization" as the guidelines, democracy a high degree of instability and a growing lack of Taiwan's authorities readjusted autonomy, social stability and confidence in the authorities. their economic policies under economic prosperity be met. •

MAY 4. 19X7 25 •i ARTICLES

Role of the Working Class In the New Period by Ni Zhifu e Third Plenary Session of the opening up, develop the produc• r11th Party Central Committee tive forces, realize the common in late 1978 marked the beginning ideal for the present stage, i.e., WANG GANGFA of a new historic period in China's build socialism with Chinese Women workers of the PIngdingshan development. Under the circum• characteristics and turn China Textile Mill, Henan Province, learning sidils from each other. stances, when the nation is into a culturally advanced and implementing the policies of highly democratic socialist state. country and a high degree of reform, opening to the outside The working class as the main collectivism — all these have world and invigorating the force in materiai and cultural exerted a positive, profound domestic economy, it is necessary construction. The Party Central influence on urban and rural to have a better understanding of Committee has set the goals of people's ideology and morality the role, position and historic quadrupling the 1980 gross value and on social conduct as a whole. mission of China's working class of industrial and agricultural The worl

26 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 18 has come to reahze profoundly sociahst democracy with Chinese improving. One of the major that sociahsm, and sociahsm features is our unswerving target. reasons for this is the preservation alone, can save China. The With the founding of the people's of a long-term political stability socialist road is the historic choice democratic state, China's socialist and unity. The Chinese working of the Chinese people, including democracy has gained much class always treasures stability and the working class. China is a ground. Of course, sociaHst unity, regarding them as factors sociahst country led. by the democracy as a new state system involving its own fundamental working class and based on the has yet to be perfected over a long interests as well as those of the worker-peasant alliance under the period of time to come. The Chinese people, and has exerted people's democratic dictatorship. working class will express its unremitting efforts to uphold This state system provides polit• desires and demands and exercise them. ical and legal guarantee of the its democratic right of managing state affairs through its vanguard, When the trend towards rights and status of the working bourgeois liberalization began to class and of all other labourers as the Communist Party of China, through the People's Congress spread some time ago, the working masters of the country, enables the class maintained a staunch, rock- people to master the most and the Political Consultative Conference at various levels, firm stand and, with its concrete important means for waging actions, defended stability and s,lTOg,g\es against all hostile forces through the trade union organiz• ations and other channels for unity throughout the society. and realizing the management and One important aspect in development of society. China's democratic management, supervi• sion and dialogue. consolidating and developing working class not only needs the political stability and unity is four cardinal principles but has We should recognize that there correctly handling relationships the strength to uphold and defend within the working class and them. are still some leaders and managers, though they are a strengthening the unity of its own The working class consciously minority, who have only a vague ranks, particularly its unity with supports and participates in tlie understanding of the importance intellectuals. urban economic structural re• of wholeheartedly relying on the During the process of reform, form. As a whole, the economic working class. Lacking the correctly understanding and han• structural reform centred around awareness of democracy, they dling the relationship between the cities is developing steadily reverse the relationship between various interests is vital for social and soundly. Its basic purpose is the "master" and the "public stability and unity. Generally to motivate the workers' en• servant," showing no respect for speaking, the economic benefits of thusiasm and develop the produc• the position of workers and staff the workers farmers, and other tive forces. The estabhshment and as masters of the society and even labouring people have increased constant improvement of the new trampling on their democratic with the progress of the reforms economic mechanism will inevit• rights. Some individual leaders over the last few years. However, ably bring about the steady and suppressed normal criticism by the the gains vary, and they don't long-term development of China's masses on the excuse of opposing come simultaneously. On the one productive forces, thereby bring• bourgeois liberalization. The hand, the state may make rational ing immediate material benefits to existence of bureaucracy has adjustments of the related the working class. This is the blocked democratic channels for economic interests through its fundamental reason why the dialogue between leaders and policies and measures. On the working class is strongly moti• workers. In some enterprises the other hand, the workers and staff vated towards the reforms, role of the workers' congress is must fully understand the pro• actively taking part in them. neglected. The key to solving these tracted, complex nature of the The reform in the days ahead problems lies in an effort to give reform, boost their capacity to will be centred on giving added full scope to the enthusiasm of the undertake reform, correctly vitality to enterprises. In this labourers and managers. Leaders handle the relationship between respect, the working class assumes at various levels and the workers the interests of the state, the direct, important responsibiUties. and staff should join their efforts collective and the individual, as At the same time, the working to promote reform and construc• well as the relationship between class should be concerned with tion of democracy at the grass• immediate and long-term inter• and support the rural reform so as roots level. ests, and, proceeding from the to further consoUdate and stren• The working class as the overall interest of the state, adopt gthen the worker-peasant alliance. social mainstay for unity and a correct atfitude towards all the The working class as the stability. Since the Third Plenary various changes in the relationship leading force in promoting the Session of the 11th Party Central between social interests. construction of socialist democ• Committee, China's politico- (Excerpts, reprinted from racy. Developing a high level of economic situation has been "Renmin Ribao," April 24)

MAY 4. 1987 27 m FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

In addition, a large number of irrigation works have long been out of repair. Irrigated areas are reduced every year, and the More Attention to Grain Production capacity of fighting natural calamities is weakened. All these factors cast a shadow over the From 1981 to 1984, China's plan to increase grain production. "ZHONGGUO XINWEN" grain output increased at an (China News) average of 6.2 percent a year. As a At the Fifth Session of the Sixth result, the market was glutted and National People's Congress on it was difficult to sell grain March 25, 1987, Premier Zhao ecently, China's top leaders anywhere in the country in 1984. It Ziyang pointed out in his Rhave repeatedly warned lead• created a false impressiori that government work report that ing cadres at all levels to attach China had solved the problem of China must attach strategic importance to grain production. grain. The basic reason for a importance to strengthening The target of grain production steady growth in the output of agriculture in the effort to increase in 1987 is 400 to 405 million tons, grain in these four years was the economic growth. He said the about 10 to 15 million tons more adoption of the production agricultural problem is mainly one than in 1986. responsibility system based on of grain production, and the Experts say China should make households in the countryside, steady growth of agriculture as the the average annual per-capita which fully aroused people's foundation of China's economy is grain output of 400 kilogrammes enthusiasm for growing grain and of paramount importance to the an unshakable strategic target. In brought about a great advance in economy as a whole. order to meet the needs of the agricultural production. From people and continue China's then on, there are not many The history of China's economy economic development, farmers potential avenues in this aspect to shows that the economy would should strive for an annual grain exploit. develop when there is a bumper yield of 450 million tons in the The irrational purchasing price grain harvest, and it would near future, and to amount to 500 of grain is another obstacle that stagnate when grain production million tons by the year 2000. hinders the development of grain suffers. The three-year natural Although the grain yield in 1985 production. At present many calamities from 1960 to 1962 and and 1986 approached the "safety farmers have abandoned growing the 1984 bumper grain harvest line," we should pay attention to a grain in favour of planting cotton, have proved this point. So, we possible decline. If we don't take jute, tobacco, vegetables, water• should not underestimate the matter seriously, experts say, the melon and fruits for higher profits. important role grain production consequences would be too According to a survey, the grain- plays in the development of the ghastly to contemplate. This is the growing area in the whole country national economy and in basic reason why Chinese leaders was cut down by 4 million hectares safeguarding the political stability emphasize grain production again in 1985, which caused a decrease and unity. and again. of 15 million tons in grain output. (April 8. 1987) Now the annual per-capita grain output in China averages 390 kilogrammes. It looks as if this is a considerable figure. But the grain ration only accounts for 60 New Trend: Husband Living in Wife's Family percent actually because 40 percent of it is used as fodder, seeds and industrial grain. The increasing year by year. Some recent development of animal "JIANKANG BAO" (Health Newspaper) experts expect this tendency to husbandry and industries requires continue along with the develop• more grain. Though total grain ment of reforms in various fields output in 1986 came to 391.09 and with the rise of Chinese million tons, an increase of 11.99 women's social position. million tons over 1985, grain recent survey by the Chinese consumption also increased A Academy of Social Sciences In the traditional Chinese steadily. Therefore, efforts in shows that the number of families families, men were the bread grain production brook no where couples live together with winners, and wives usually lived in relaxation. the wife's parents has been the homes of their husbands'

2X BEIJING RF.VIEW, NO. IX parents. A son-in-law who lived areas. Together they accounted under the same roof as his wife's for about 30 percent of the total Five Sources for parents was looked down upon. number of families in rural and Savings Deposits Their numbers were few because urban areas. In addition, the of their low social status. extended families where sons-in- Since the founding of the law live with their wives' parents "JIEFANG RIBAO" People's Republic of China in have more advantages in support• (Liberation Daily) 1949, more and more men Uve ing their elders and get more help with their wives' families. For in bringing up their children. This instance, the results of a survey, has begun to change the outlook e bank savings in Shanghai taken in a residential area of on people's child-bearing ramounted to 6.73 bilUon yuan Beijing not long ago, indicated practices. in 1986. They fall into five major that in 1949 only about 3 percent Since the economic structural categories: of married men lived in the homes reform was introduced around the 1. Although the proportion of of their wives. From 1950 to 1962, turn of the decade, the family in pre-liberation industrialists, busi• the number had risen to 11.5 rural China has become the basic nessmen, relatives of people living percent. During the 1977 to 1982 unit of production and manage• abroad or overseas Chinese, and period, 15 percent of all married ment, which is favourable to the high-ranking intellectuals is small, men lived with their wives' development of agricultural pro• they have a large share of total parents. The survey also showed duction. But relations between savings — about 1.8 billion yuan. that more and more young members in some big families are 2. With the development of the married men like living together fairly complicated. It seems that economic structural reform, more with their wives' families. For families where husbands live in the individuals and specialized house• those who were married in recent homes of their wives' parents have holds have increased incomes. years, there are even more men been able to overcome this Their total savings have exceeded living with their parents-in-law shortcoming, thereby allowing the 100 million yuan. than those living together with families to make greater contri• 3. With the rapid improvement their own parents. butions to society. in rural people's standards of The major reasons that en• The relations between the living, farmers" savings are more courage young married men to go members in the families that sons- than any other category. In 1986, to wives' famihes are; Since in-law live in the homes of their farmers' total bank savings in liberation, Chinese women's social wives' parents are more harmoni• Shanghai made up 32.3 percent of status has been improved greatly. ous than that in the families that the total. They have been participating in daughters-in-law live together 4. In order to guarantee that social production and have stood with their husbands' parents. For they have enough money to up politically, economically and example, more than 53 percent of arrange their children's marriage, culturally. They also have the right the daughters-in-law who live in some parents live frugally and put to inherit property. Secondly, with the homes of their husbands' some money into banks. Their the elimination of the authority of parents had strained relations with savings accounted for 19.76 the husband and paternalism, the their mothers-in-law, while bad percent of the total. traditional concept of women relations between sons-in-law and 5. Young people also save to marrying into men's families has mothers-in-law or fathers-in-law buy high-quality goods such as begun to flag. Thirdly, the in the families that sons-in-law live colour televisions, hi-fi tape- "Zhuixus"—married men living in the homes of their wives' recorders, high-resolution with parents-in-law — are not parents only accounted for 7 cameras and jewellery. Their total looked down upon by society any percent among the families savings made up 10.9 percent of more, but encouraged to do so by surveyed. the total in 1986. the state. (March 27. 1987). (Feb. 7, 1987) At present, the families where the sons-in-law live in the homes Father and Son Canoon by YE CHUNYANG of their wives' parents have practical and immediate benefits for the individuals and for society. According to the survey, there has been an increase in the number of joint and extended families since the responsibility system was put into effect in China's rural

\ W A I HOT BUSINESS/TRADE

various types, 8 of which have not Boeing's Copter Tours China as yet been made available to users, including three 747-400, two Boeing BV 234 helicopter This is the first such activity for 767 and three 757. • Agave its first flying de• the Boeing Vertol Company, a monstration in Beijing on April branch of the Boeing Company in 22. It made two successful flights, China, according to Jerry D. one carrying 44 people and the Vansikel, director of Asia and 'Financial Times' other, a 10-ton truck. Pacific Sales for Boeing. During a one-month tour which The aim of the demonstrations Comes off Press will end on May 19, the BV 234 is to introduce the BV 234 will feature its performance in helicopter's various operational passenger transport, its hoisting functions to Chinese aviation hina's Financial Times was and winching functions in Beijing, officials and the China military, Cofficially launched on May 1, Shanghai, and other places. In both of whom have shown great 1987 and comes out every Tuesday Anqing, Anhui Province, the interest, Vansikel said. and Friday. It will carry reports on the Boeing helicopter will hoist a In addition, such a helicopter reform of China's financial power-transmission tower weigh• not only can help explore and system, general economic and ing 16 tons and erect high-tension develop oil on land or ocean, but financial information for China power transmission Unes extend• can be used in protecting forests and abroad, and about China's ing to 2,300 metres across the and natural resources, said international co-operation in the Changjiang River. Meanwhile, it Vansikel. economic, financial, technological will erect power transmission lines The Boeing Vertol Company and managerial fields. for the Guangdong Power Com• enjoys good business relations and Financial Times is published pany in Guangzhou. has sold China 44 aircraft of jointly by the People's Bank of .China, the Industrial and Com• mercial Bank, the Agricultural Bank, the Bank of China, the A BV 234 helicopter gMng a hoisting and vwinching show In Beijing. xuo CHAO People's Insurance Company, the CITIC Industrial Bank and the Communications Bank. It has resident correspondents in New York, London, Tokyo, Luxem• bourg and Hong Kong. International Business, which began in 1985, will start pubHshing a monthly English edition in July. In broadsheet form and in colour, it will carry all the regulations and decrees on foreign economic and trade co-operation and manage• ment, authoritative commentaries on relevant principles and policies and information on China's foreign business. It will publish the latest stafistics on China's economy and trade. It will also provide consultancy on trade development, attracting foreign capital and foreign technology importation. The publication of Financial Times and the International Business English edition reflects China's consistent poHcy of "invigorating the domestic economy and opening to the outside world." •

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 18 company on a project with an annual capacity of 3 million square metres of porcelain mural tiles. Cao Chuanlei, director of the Zibo Foreign Trade Bureau, said that this year the city will build a number of export-oriented, industry-trade, integrated busi• nesses, including some foreign- funded enterprises. A textile and dyeing mill has signed a com• pensatory trade contract with a Japanese company to build a workshop to produce 3 million metres of wear-resistant woollen coating a year. The workshop is Model 213 Beijing Jeeps. expected to go into operation by the end of this year. Another factory is negotiafing joint management of a garment factory Jeep Joint Venture Pays Dividends with another Japanese business.

he Beijing Jeep Corp. Ltd., a were deducted. In theory, the Farmers Open TSino-American joint venture, American side was due 2.451 Restaurant Abroad distributed dividends to its million yuan, and the Chinese side shareholders in mid-April for the 5.307 million yuan. After dis• second time. The American side cussions, however, both sides he Chinese Lake Taihu Restau• was given US$659,000. decided to draw only 25 percent of Trant is to open later this year in The dividend money: 31.27 their entitlements, using the rest Melbourne, Australia. This is the million yuan, was what was left for reinvestment. first joint venture Chinese pea• from the after-tax profits of 41.14 Last October was the first sants have ever opened in a foreign million yuan after the develop• dividend payout and the Amer• country. ment and welfare contributions ican side received US$300,000. • With a floor space of over 800 square metres, this restaurant will be able to serve 150 to 200 diners at a time with its southern cuisine dishes. The restaurant will be Zibo's Export Value Up Twice in 2 Years jointly run by the Helie Township Fishery-Industry-Trade Co. In he value of exports from the and expanded their exports in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, and an Tcity of Zibo in Shandong recent years. The 900-man Zibo Australian company in Province in 1986 reached 295 Artistic Ceramic Factory has Melbourne. million yuan, twice as much as the restored and developed the The joint venture will have a co• figure for 1984. technology for producing glazed operation period of six years and Ceramic and silk goods are the porcelain of a kind which has involve a total investment of city's traditional export products. 1,000 years of history. Its US$600,000. The Chinese side will In recent years products such as imitation of classic porcelain, provide US$300,000 worth of aluminium hydroxide, aluminium high-grade porcelain figures, and materials, including Chinese sulphate, diesel, paraffin oil, practical porcelain pieces have tablewares, special wooden tables methylbenzene and other chem• found a ready international and ingredients. ical products have been added — market. Preparation for the construc• all produced by the newborn Qilu Last year the factory exported 2 tion of the restaurant has been Petrochemical Industrial Co. and million pieces of porcelain and for done. When the building is ready, the Shandong Aluminium the first time shipped to Japan the Heilie company will send three Factory. high-temperature glazed porcelain chefs and a manager to Mel• Some large ceramic factories mural tiles. Now the factory is bourne, to work with local have improved their productivity negotiating with a Hong Kong employees. •

MAY 4. 1987 31 • CULTURE/SCIENCE

'Battle of Taierzhuang': History As It Was

The newly released film The Yang said he avoided artistic Battle of Taierzhuang is an rearrangements to heighten the attempt to present history as it drama, because his aim was a was, even though it depicts the faithful representation of a well- Kuomintang (KMT). known event in modern Chinese The film, co-directed by Yang history. It was also for this reason Guangyuan and Zhai Junjie, is a that he deliberately chose com• docudrama. A product of the paratively unknown actors, since Guangxi Film Studio, it recounts a "the faces of popqlar stars would crucial battle between Chinese and remind viewers of other roles Japanese forces in the southern irrelevant to our story." part of Shandong Province from There are more than 60 late February to early April, 1938. characters in the film. Yang said The Japanese had taken over they were portrayed as two Shanghai, Nanjing and nearly half teams — the Chinese as one and of northern China, and were eager the Japanese as the other — to reach Wuhan, a major Chinese because the battle was on so large headquarters. However, they first a scale that no one person was had to occupy Xuzhou, a major more decisive than the rest. The rail centre, to guarantee a supply result is that the role each line for their forces at the front. character plays is in proportion to The Chinese sent their armies in to his actual historical status. protect the strategically important city, and the two sides clashed at Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek, Taierzhuang, just north of Xuz• played by Zhao Hengduo, is hou. The battle ended in victory inevitably an important character for the Chinese army directed by concentrates on the battles at in the film. Zhao has played the Li Zongren, commander of the Linyi on January 12, Tengxian on part of Chiang in no fewer than 15 East China war zone. The victory March 15, and Taierzhuang on stage and film productions. In this smashed Japanese hopes for a March 23, 1938. The first two are film, Chiang is shown as a quick victory over the poorly- preludes to the final commander who weeps over the armed Chinese, and, on the confrontation. death of his soldiers and has a Chinese side, rallied the nation's resistance to the invaders. The Chinese people have historically been unconquerable once they are united. "The film is a chronological document of this historical period," said Yang, who is well- known for his classic Tunnel Warfare, also about the War of Resistance Against Japan. Though produced in the 1950s, Tunnel Warfare \s still a favourite with many because of its honesty and realism. Taierzhuang too is realistic in style. The story unfolds chronologically, starting with the Lugouqiao (Marco Polo Bridge) Incident in July, 1937, when the Japanese launched their full-scale invasion of China. This back• ground information is recounted by a narrator as are other transitional links between major events in the film, which

32 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 18 Heath Batons Charity Concert

t was an unusual concert. The I former British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, co-operated with China's Central Philharmonic Society to give a charity concert to 8,000 people packed in Beijing's Great Hall of the People on April 18,1987. The first piece, the overture "Cockaigne" to "In London Directors Yang Guangyuan (right) and Zhai JunJIe. Town" by Sir Edward Elgar was described by Mr.Heath in his book Music — A Joy for Life, as general executed who retreated Yang denied that his film was "the first bravura piece with from the Japanese. In Yang's propaganda for the current effort orchestration of such brilliance to opinion, anyone who resisted to reunify Taiwan with the be written in England. There is the when half of China was occupied mainland. Rather it was "quite a bustle of the streets, the warmth of was a patriot, and Chiang of that coincidence." This is also the the people, the young lovers period was no exception. opinion of the screen-writers Tian strolling through the park and The film's artistic appeal is Junli and Fei Linjun, who said into the church, the military band interwoven with its patriotic they "simply want to tell people marching to and from the emotions. Patriotism, Yang said, something about this period of changing of the guard and later was his inspiration for making history." However, they cont• just a hint, in the distance, of the Taierzhuang. He added that the inued, "The credit should go to the Salvation Army band not altog• Chinese people have historically current political atmosphere in ether in tune; all this goes to make been unconquerable when they China, without which it would up a sound-picture of the have devoted themselves to their have been impossible for the film tradifional London we know so country. Patriotism is also the to be produced. This fact is also well." For Chinese music fans, this theme of the film, the thread that proof that the Communist Party is piece was new as well as holds together what would really sincere in reunifying our absorbing. otherwise be a series of fragmen• country." ted episodes. Other pieces performed that According to Yang, the film's Taierzhuang breaks new ground night were Tchaikovsky's "Vari• frank portrayal of the KMT not only in telling the story it does, ations for Cello and Orchestra" soldiers as heroes has met with but also in taking advantage of and Dvorak's symphony "From approval from Party and govern• visual effects. It shews swarms of the New World." ment officials, as well as the KMT people falling and dying in the In a moving scene, Mr.Heath veterans, scholars and historians, ruthlessness of war. For many sat down to a Chinese-made piano who have seen it. One KMT years, death in hundreds or and joined an ensemble of Chinese veteran saw two implications in thousands, especially death of the handicapped musicians. Together the film: first, that the KMT revolutionaries, has not appeared they played two pieces of Chinese soldiers' bravery is a symbol of the on Chinese screens. It was believed traditional music — Fair Night unconquerable spirit of the to be damaging to their heroic and The Day of Liberation. Chinese people, and second, that image. At the battle of Taierz• This charity performance was the film was a sign that the huang, more than 25,000 men, sponsored by China International Communists were getting more both Chinese and Japanese, died. Trust and Investment Corpor• tolerant and respectful of history. "It would be blasphemous to the ation and Arthur Andersen & Co. Joris Ivens, a Dutch director, dead if we underrated its cruelty," Patrons of the International shared a similar opinion, accord• said Yang. "In the film death is in Appeal Committee had also ing to Yang, who quoted Ivens as fact evidence that the Chinese established. Queen Mother saying that the fact that the film people are unconquerable. We Ehzabeth and Ulanhu, Vice had been produced was proof that shouldn't exaggerate its bloodi• President of the PRC, as honorary artistic expression in China has ness, nor at the same time should presidents. So far the donations become more varied. we shrink from revealing it.!' • for this performance have reached

MAY 4. 1987 33 CHINA CALENDAR

BUSINESS AND TRADE June 1-6 Beijing, Exhibition and Exhibition Company. Partici• Centre. International New Tech• pants include United States, nology and Materials Exhibition. Canada and West European May 5-10 Guangzhou, Intern• Sponsored by China International countries. ational Scientific and Technolog• Convention Services (Hong June 6-11 Hangzhou. Intern• ical Trade Exhibition Centre. Kong) and CCPIT Beijing ational Advanced Automatic Second International Food In• Branch. Displays of new building Testing Instruments and Meters dustrial Equipment Exhibition. materials, metals, semi• Exposition. Sponsored by CCPIT Sponsored by the Guangdong conductors, optical fibres, soft• Zhejiang Branch. Participants Branch of the China Council for ware and high polymers. include Japan, United - States, the Promotion of International June 2-7 Shanghai. Intern• West Germany, Britain, France Trade (CCPIT). Participants inc• ational Educational Instruments and Hong Kong. lude United States, Japan, Italy, and Laboratory Equipment Exhi• June 9-15 Beijing. Intern• Switzerland, France, Britain and bition. Sponsored by Shanghai ational Architectural Technology, Hong Kong. International Trade Information Equipment and Products Exhi• bition. Sponsored by Adsale Exhibition Services (Hong Kong). Participants include United US$730,000 and RMB 500,000. ities. To date, CWFH has made States, Japan, Australia, Eu• All of them will be spent on the contacts with hundreds of inter• ropean countries and Hong Kong. construction of a rehabilitation national charity organizations. and recreation centre for the Coincidentally, Mr. Heath is the Science and Technology handicapped located on Yangma honorary president of the British June 1 Chengdu. Fourth Island near the coastal city of charity, "Handicapped Children's Symposium on Cyclotrons and Yantai of Shandong Province. Aid Committee." Free Electron Lasers. Sponsored There are about 20 million In his speech during the by Chengdu College of Tele• handicapped people in China, intermission of the Beijing charity communications Engineering and whose welfare is under the state's concert, Mr.Heath said that if this the Vacuum Society of the China care and attention. China Welfare concert was of some help to the Electronics Association. Fund for the Handicapped future of China's handicapped, June 6-10 Beijing. Pacific Basin (CWFH) is a nation-wide non• the efforts they made that evening Symposium on Space Science and governmental organization, were worthwhile. Technology and Its Applications. whose task is to mobilize the The number of people who have Sponsored by China Space whole society to provide equal felt the love and joy brought by Association. opportunity for the handicapped Mr.Heath and those donors are June 13-18 Beijing. China-US to study, to work and to far beyond that of China's Cardiac Medicine Symposium. participate in other social activ- handicapped. • Sponsored by China Science and Technology Association. Heath wielding his baton. LI SHENGNAN June 14 Beijing. Symposium on Cardiovascular Disease. Spon• sored by China International Conference Centre and Peking Union Medical College Hospital. June 15-18 Beijing. Eighth International Conference on Computer Applications in Chem• ical Research and Education. Sponsored by China Chemical Society. June 23 Beijing. International Symposium on Medium-Energy Physics. Sponsored by High- • Energy Physics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. June 24-26 Beijing. Second International Conference on Computer Applications. Spon• sored by China Computer Society.

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 18 ART PAQE

Women.

.fi'z./'U'S

Monk Painting.

Sketches by Liu Dawei Liu Dawei born in Zhucheng County, Shandong Province, is now a teacher of the Arts Institute of the People's Liberation Army. These are some of his sketches from the area inhabited by people of Tibetan nationality in Sichuan Province.

Women and Yaks. CHINA CITY PLANNING REVIEW, a quarterly in English, tells of China's urban construction, the principles and policies that guide it, and the measures used to achieve it. A copy costs US$15 and the yearly subscription price is US$60. Foreign book dealers are welcome to sell the magazine at a preferential price. Please contact the China National Publications Import and Export Corp. for details.

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