Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521551463 - War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690-1720 Christopher Storrs Index More information

INDEX

Absolutism: concept and historiography 11; archives, Savoyard 177 war and 73; importance of cooperation and aristocratic constitutionalism, voiced by collaboration in 72–3; alternative models Chambre des Comptes, Chambery 251 of integration 277, 285; and social change army, Savoyard as reinforcement of ducal 221–2 power 20–21, 41, 93, 271–2; as example of Accademia Reale, Turin 135, 236, 254 expanding state 61–2, 72; growth of 23; ad hoc missions, importance of in wartime 182 ﬁeld army and garrisons 28; composition of Aglie, San Martino di, conte 232 ducal forces 31; recruiting 31; Aiguebelle, baron d’ 243 recruitment of criminals 35;pay 34–5; Aix, Seyssel, marquis d’, Victor Amadeus militia 36; use of foreign troops 43–59; (1679–1754) and family 144, 189, 239, reluctance to serve and desertion 40; 245, 250, 258 dependence upon troops of allies 54; Alba, province of 39, 77, 181, 183, 184, 254, dependence upon allies for artillery and 271 munitions 57–8; problems of dependence Alessandria, town and province, newly 60–1; organisational development and acquired territory 30, 38, 193 growing standardisation 61; development Alley, Joly, d’, vibailli of Duchy of Aosta 291 of uniforms 62; weaponry 62; continued Alpine frontier 20, 123, 124, 144, 148 lack of uniformity 34, 67; fraud 23, 34, Anderson, Matthew 171 63–4; commissariat 65–6; non-military Andorno, marchese d’ (d. 1719) 206, 245, 307 role of army 71; reform of militia after Anne, Queen, of England/Britain 152 1713 71 Anne-Marie d’Orleans, Duchess of Savoy, Arnaud, Henri, pastor 53, 295 Queen of Sicily and Sardinia, consort of artillery train 82 Victor Amadeus II 151, 191 Asti, town and province 252, 253 Annunziata, Savoyard Chivalric Order Audiberti, oﬃcial 139 193–94, 229, 250, 255 Avigliana, community of (Piedmont) 29, 30 Aosta, Duchy and Valley 19, 55, 64, 65, 77, 79, 90, 102, 168, 174, 181; pays d’e´tats 277; Bagnasco, Carlo Gerolamo del Carretto, Conseil des Commis 278, 284–5, 293; marchese di (c. 1650–1712) 54, 231, 254 Coutumier 278, 289; bishop of 279; Balbiana di Colcavagno, Caterina (1670–1719), ducal patronage 279–80; importance and noblewomen 250–1 role of in wars 281, 290; war devastation banditry 269, 273, 275 247, 281, 283; ducal anxiety regarding 285; Barberis, Walter 17, 22–3, 40, 72, 224 jealousy of privileges 285; attack on Barbero, Alessandro 224 privileges 288; Cour des Connoissances Barcelonette valley 4, 52, 94, 123, 144, 149, 289; Estates of general 77, 277–78; 182, 282, 309 (1694) 284, 286, 289; (1706) 292; Bard, fortress 27, 46, 65 (1712) 292; (1718) 292 nobility of 226, Barge (Piedmont) 174, 302 228 Basilio, military contractor 66, 67

338

index 339 battaglione, of Piedmont 36 Cacherano di Mombello, conte 229; Bava, noble family 235, 257 Cacherano d’Osasco, conte 256 Bavaria, Max Emanuel, elector of, cousin of Caissotti, Carlo Luigi 231 Victor Amadeus II 8, 32, 156, 160, 201 Camera dei Conti, Turin 78–9, 93, 201, Beik, William 12, 265, 221 203–5, 228 Belfanti, C.M. 265 Canale, Malabaila di, conte and family 227 Bellegarde, chevalier de 126 capitation tax 90, 248 Bellegarde, marquis de, chancellor 287 Caraffa, count, Imperial general 161 Beltramo, Biagio 279, 289 Caraglio, Isnardi di, marchese di and family Be´ly, Lucien 132 194, 206, 227, 255, 259, 260 Benzo di Cavour, conte Giuseppe Antonio, career officials 175–6 secretary for war 50, 173, 174, 190, 191, Carignano, appanage, prince and house of 269–70, 299 78,138, 140, 149–50, 196, 228 Benzo di Santena, conte Carlo Ottavio, Carmagnola, community of (Piedmont) 269 governor of Mondovi, Montmelian and Caroccio, Carlo, diplomat 126, 127, 133 Cherasco 274 Carron, conte Felice Dionisio, governor of Bern 45, 147, 164, 168 Trino and Susa 182, 187–9 Bernardi, Giuseppe Tommaso, affair (1704) Carutti, Domenico see Risorgimento, 212–13 historiography Berta, Giovanni Antonio, conte di Casa Savoia see House of Savoy Mongardino, banker and councillor of Turin Casale (Monferrato), fortress, siege and council, 249 surrender of (1695) 1, 30, 41, 49, 58, 61, Berwick, Duke of 132 174, 250; senate of 248, 260, 266; militia Biandrate Aldobrandino di San Giorgio, 71 marchese Guido Francesco and family 230, Caselette, conte di, Antonio, president of 254 Turin Senate 212 Biella, province and town 45, 183, 214, 249 Castellamare (Sicily), siege of 212 Birago di Vische, conte and family 232, Catalonia, war in 7, 216 234–5, 242 Catinat, marshal, French commander 37, 55, Black, Jeremy 12, 21, 221 65, 207, 270, 272 Blaeu brothers of Amsterdam and Atlas de cavalcata tax 90, 247, 256 Savoye 147 Cavallo, Sandra 17, 224, 230 Blonay, Louis de, noble 243 Cerutti, Simona 17 Bolingbroke, viscount, Henry St John 135, Ceva, province and marquisate 42, 267–8, 162 270, 272, 274 Bonney, Richard 76 Chabod, Federico 171 Borel, Catherine 309 Chabod, marquis of Bourg-Saint-Maurice borrowing, ducal forced loans 95, 97, 98; (Savoy) and family 239 salary and pension arrears 97; abroad 99; Chambre des Comptes, Chambe´ry 78–9, foreign subsidies and 108 102, 201, 203–5, 266, 228, 230, 251, 261, Bra, commuinty of (Piedmont) 41, 94, 253, 266 257, 258 Chamlay, marquis de French diplomat 270 Brandenburg, elector of see king of Prussia Charles Emanuel I, Duke of Savoy Brandizzo, Nicolis di, conte 129 (1580–1630) 5, 24, 78, 79, 116, 178, 229, Brewer, John 9, 13, 172 269, 278, 288 Briançon (France) 27, 169 Charles Emanuel II, Duke of Savoy Briançon (Brianzone), Carron de 52, 130, (1630–1675) 22, 34, 76, 87, 133, 179, 194, 134 215, 222, 230, 240, 241, 278, 280, Bricherasio, community of (Piedmont) 86, Charles Emanuel III, king of Sardinia 302 (1730–73) 92, 119, 125, 163, 198, 277 Brussels 128 Chaˆtillon, baron de, François-Jerome de Bugey 169 Challant 279, 281, 285 Bulferetti, Luigi 222, 223 Chaumont, marquis de, Louis Deschamps bureaucracy and its limits in the Savoyard 175, 256 state 142–3, 171, 186 Chittolini, Giorgio 265 Buschetti, conte di 288, 229 Chivasso 56 Buttigliera, community of (Piedmont) 68, church clergy, taxation of, 91–2; clash with 243 and Concordats (1727, 1741) 18, 91–2;

340 index church (cont.) Delescheraine, president 212 de´vots in Turin 299; Inquisition 177, 300, Della Rocca, conte 38 305 Demonte 27, 63 Cigliano, community of 21 desertion 41 Cinzano, della Chiesa, marchese di 128 Despine, G.-B., Savoyard secretary at The clientage 142, 187, 269, 276 Hague after 1713 130 coinage, manipulation of 100 De Tillier, E.-G 279, 288 Colomba, banker 113 De Tillier, J.-B 249, 278 Compans di Brichanteau, Giovanni Giuseppe, Des Hayes (Desais) 273, 254 senator 184 Dijkveld, Everard van Weede, heer van, comparto dei grani (grain tax) 77, 89, 120 confident of William III 146, 162 conquest, right of 20 diplomacy, Savoyard importance of 122; Constitutions of 1723 21, 68, 194; of 1770 failures of 122–23; expansion after 1690 (170) 126–8; diplomatic ranks 129; unofficial and contadore generale 175–6, 191 secret diplomacy 131–2, 143; posts and contractors, use of 66–7, 173 ciphers 132–3; growth of foreign contributions, military, levied by enemy in diplomatic presence in Turin 134; Savoyard state 100, 282, 284; and by allies diplomatic gifts 136; problems associated in France 133 with expansion 138; organisation of corruption, of officials 39 Savoyard diplomacy pre 1717 138; Cortanze, Roero di, Ercole, marchese and correspondence 139; reform of family 129, 146, 189, 259 organisation of in 1717 145; functions and Costa di Polonghera, conte 234; Costa della objectives 146; as source of models for state Trinita, conte 38, 247 organisation:147; general characteristics of Costeis, Antonio, banker 86 156; reputation of, and double-dealing Coudreé, Allinges, marquises of 228, 239 124, 161; dissimulation as sign of weakness Council for Artillery, Building and 161; exploitation of weakness 161–2; Fortifications 176 methods 163; essentially ‘reactive’ 164–5; Council of Finances 79, 112, 120, 172, 175, relazioni 165; impact on diplomats 165; 177 ‘new diplomatic history’ 125. See also Council of State 189–90 maxims of state, royal treatment court, Savoyard 191, 206, 246 directors (direttori) of provinces 179 Cumiana, community (Piedmont) 86 Dogliani, Solaro di Moretta, marchese di 255, Cumiana, Canalis di, abbe´Francesco 132 259 Cuneo, town and province (Piedmont) and Doria di Cirie`, G.-B, governor of Aosta 289 siege 27, 52, 83, 92, 93, 185, 187, 250, Doria del Maro, Carlo Alessandro, abbate of 269, 273; militia of 273 Vezzolano (d. 1726) 253 Cyprus, kingdom of, claimed by Victor Dronero, marchese di 137, 180 Amadeus 153 Druent, marchese see Provana

Danckelman, Eberhard von, Prussian minister edicts, ducal, as propaganda 213–14 163 Einaudi, Luigi 75, 76, 213 Daun, marshal, imperial commander 29, 66, Elias, Norbert 191 135 Emanuel Filibert (1556–80) 76, 77, 173, 175, Dauphine´, invasion of (1692) 2, 6, 58, 61, 94, 178, 215, 229, 269, 277, 279 100, 174, 270, 272, 282, 284 e´tapes 33, 65, 173, 174, 180, 188, 284, 286 David, ducal patrimoniale generale 288–89 Eugene, Prince of Savoy of Soissons branch debts, owed by emperor 82; Savoyard 97 (d. 1736) 3, 27, 66, 56, 149, 160, 163, De Gubernatis 128, 132, 134, 189, 302 196 De la Tour (della Torre), Sallier, Filibert, count Evans, Robert 9, 12 and president, marquis (1699) de Cordon Exilles, alpine fortress, siege and conquest of 127, 134, 138, 140, 166, 167, 143, 202, 208, (1708) 4 256 Del Borgo, Solaro di Moretta, secretary of state factions, Savoyard court 205–6, 300 for foreign aﬀairs (1717–32) 134, 141, 145, Falletti di Barolo, marchesi di and family 90, 146, 161–2, 160, 166, 167., 258 94, 98, 242, 244, 247, 260 Del Carretto di Monforte and Novello, Carlo farming of taxes 78; source of credit and Francesco 270 loans 87; shift away from 88

index 341 Fenestrelles alpine fortress, siege and conquest intendant, conte di Borgone (1699), generale of (1708) 4 delle finanze (1697–1717) 87, 97, 117, Ferrero della Marmora, marchese, Tommaso 132, 175, 180, 181, 184, 188, 204, 205, 212, Felice 279, 281 288, 289, 292, 304 Ferrero della Marmora, Alberto 223 fiefs, revocation and sale of alienated Habermas, Jurgen 12 (1719–22) 5, 120 Hague:127, 141; Hague congress 127, 154, Flanders, war in 7, 24, 33, 146 295 Finale (Liguria) 123, 272 Hanover, duke and elector of 8 finances, Savoyard as sphere of state harvests, poor and impact on revenues 43, formation 75; system on eve of cycle of 84–5, 116 wars 77; growing expenditure 80; loss of Hildesheim, bishop of, as supplier of German territories and revenues in wartime 83; troops 47–8 fiscal crisis (1696) 92, 93, 118; long-term Hill, Richard, English envoy 192 growth of revenues 81; relative Hoffmann, P. 76 contributions to ducal revenues 87; Holy Roman Empire 1, 10; imperial troops growing fiscal uniformity 90, 101, 102; 55; imperial fiefs, purchase of by Victor resistance 92–3; foreign subsidies 103; Amadeus II 80. See also Reichsitalien borrowing and debt 97, 120; war finance horses, purchase of 82 and social change 96, 248–9; contraband hospitals, military 65, 66 and state formation 80, 116; exemptions, Huguenots 6, 52; troops (religionaries) 43; fiscal, grant of in wartime 83–4, 275; Victor Amadeus’ distrust of as fifth column communal debt 79, 119, 257 in valleys 298; expulsion of from Piedmont financiers, importance of and attack on by (1698) 306 Victor Amadeus 88 Hungary, war in 60 Fontana, Giangiacomo, intendente generale and contadore generale, conte di Monastero indemnity, war, Victor Amadeus’ desire of di Vasco (1722) and marchese di from LXIV for war damage 84, 274 Cravanzana 66, 67, 96, 188, 277, infeudation 93–4, 118, 257 fortifications and garrisons 27; cost of 82, 83 inflation, price, in Piedmont 84–5 Fossano, community of (Piedmont) 39, 40, Innocent XII, Pope 305 183, 187, 235, 257, 273 intendants, provincial, origins and free companies 36, 53, 276 development 178 Frigo, Daniela 17 Intendenza Generale (commissariat) 66, 88 invalids, corps of 63 Gabaleone di Salmour, counts and family Irish troops 31, 44, 51–2; French plan to 229, 244 colonise valleys of Piedmont using 302 gabelles (taxes) 77, 78, 83, 88, 273 Italy, not a concern of Victor Amadeus Gaja, R. 223 148–9; war in, importance of 6–7 Gallino, intendant and director of Alba Ivrea 27, 184, 280, 282 province 183 Galway, earl of, envoy of William III and Jacobites, Victor Amadeus II and 151–3 commander of Huguenot troops 136, 138, James II 61; see Jacobites 152, 208, 220, 301, 302 Gamba, barone Marcello, banker 82, 88, 92, Kettering, Sharon 12 109 Gazette, Turin 220 Lagnasco, conte di 212, 244 Geneva, city of 99, 110, 148, 164–65 Lama, Bernardo Andrea, historian and Genoa, Republic of 4, 24, 42, 67, 83, 99, university teacher 310 130, 131, 269 Lamberti, conte, intendant 182 German troops, use of by Victor Amadeus 46 Landriani, conte, Savoyard diplomat 126 Gestrich, Andreas 12 Lanfranchi, secretary for war 132, 175 Gioanetti, Turin banker 111 Langhe 4, 271 Govone, community of 84 Lanteri 126, 127 Govone, Solaro di, conte see Solaro Leone, Guglielmo, president of Senate of Great Powers, emergence of 122 Turin 289 Grimani, abbe´Vincenzo 144 letters of change (for subsidy) 109 Gropello, Giovanni Battista (1650–1722), Leutrum, baron 46–7

342 index Levi, Giovanni 17, 187, 224 after 1699 274–75; integration after 1720 Lombardini, Sandro 17 276 Lombardy, Army of 55, 141 Monferrato, newly acquired territory 38, 39, Loriga, Sabina 224 89, 101,128, 145, 148, 164–5 Louis XIV, king of France (1643–1715) 1–4, Monforte 271 6–7, 11, 158, 197, 301 Montaldo 273 Lullin and Nicholas, bankers 82, 99, 109 monti (loans) 98–9 Montjoye, Pierre Anselme, lord of, exemplar macina tax 88, 214 of social mobility 248–9 Madama Reale (Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste de Montme´lian, fortress and siege of 27, 65, 102, Savoie-Nemours), Victor Amadeus’ mother 147, 282, 283 11, 79, 93, 97, 173, 192, 206–7, 228, 229, Morozzo, cavaliere 179 240, 267, 279 Mosso, community of 84 Maffei, conte Annibale 66, 130, 142, 143, Mu¨nster, bishop of, source of German troops 152, 162, 199 47 Malta, island and Knights 195 manifestos, ducal 213–14 Naples 128, 148, 151 Manno, A. 223 national identity 218–20 Mansfeld, Count, imperial diplomat 130 navy, Savoyard 59, 71–2; English, Dutch and Mantua, Duchy of and Gonzaga dukes 4, 60, Spanish 59–60 128 Neuchaˆtel, rival claims to 149–50 Marelli, cavaliere 212 Nice, County of and town 27, 29, 59, 60, 66, Marelli, conte, general of the finances 79, 83, 92, 201 191, 286, 299 Nicolas, J. 223, 226, 230, 241 Marie Adelaide, princess of Savoy and Duchess Nine Years War (1688–97) 1, 2, 7 of Burgundy (d. 1712) 2, 196–8 nobility, Savoyard historiography 222; Marie Louise, princess of Savoy and Queen of numbers and distribution 226–7; Spain (d. 1713) 3, 143, 196, 197 ennoblement 227; internal divisions Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of 162, 228–9; wealth 230–1; use of primogeniture 163 and entail 232–3; nobles and the church Marolles, marquis de, Joseph de Mesmes 281, 233–4; and court 234–5; noblewomen 284 237–8, 247; marriage patterns 238–9, 242; Marsaglia, battle of (1693) 1, 25, 33, 63, 68, relations with the state 239; extinction 83, 93, 94, 160, 243, 245, 255, 269, 272, 245; military role 242; financial pressures 301 and opportunities 246–7; state’s reliance Martiniana, conte 126 on 254; as agents of state 256; as Masserano, prince(s)/principality 242; abbe´ mediators between duke and subjects 132 257–8 maxims of state, as guide to conduct of policy Norberg, K. 76 156 Normandie, Savoyard agent at The Hague Melazzo, Gandolfi di, cavaliere 130, 146 127 Mellare`de, Pierre, conte di Bettonet (1717), Novello 273 secretary of state for internal affairs (1717–) 45, 102, 141, 151, 160, 164, 166, 182, 189, oaths 194–95 190, 219, 310 Oberkan, Swiss soldier 53 Micca, Pietro (d. 1706) 23, 31, 63, 64 Olivero, conte Silvestro, banker 88, 92, 94, Milanese (Lombardy) 2, 3, 6, 156, 159, 165; 96, 109, 199 sought by Victor Amadeus 116, 123, 148, Oneglia 32, 59, 72, 90, 102 159, 163, 165 Operti, Costanzo 128, 150, 155 Military Revolution debate 21 Operti, G.B. 128, 130 militia 36–41; reform of post- 1713 70 opinion, public 144–5, 213 Moderna, duke and duchy 60, 314 Orbassano, battle of (1693) see Marsaglia modernisation, of state 125, 145 Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 59, 72, Monaco, principality of, Victor Amadeus’ 194 designs on 169 Ormea, marchese d’, Carlo Vincenzo Mondovı` 19, 21, 77, 78, 102, 92, 93, 183, Francesco Ferrero (1680–1744), magistrate, 184; Salt War (1681–2) 267; reduction of intendant, general of the finances (1717–) (1699) 267, 273; continuing anxiety about 120, 124, 184, 186, 190

index 343 Ormea, community of (Piedmont) 276 prophecy, political 208 Provana di Druent, marchese di 193, 209, Palatine, Elector, sends German troops to 230 241; Provana di Frosasco, conte 29; Piedmont 51 Provana di Pratolongo, conte Orazio 129, Palermo 133, 199 158, 190, 191, 205, 207, 208 Pallavicino family 187, 189, 198, 229; Prussia, king of 8, 55, 59, 115, 129, 149, 155, Pallavicino, marchesi delle Frabose 281; 250; Prussian troops in Piedmont 49, 57, Pallavicino, marchesi di Perlo 209; 60, 129 Pallavicino di Saint-Remy, baron 259 Pusterla, Marco Antonio 181 Palma di Borgofranco, conte (1722), Giovanni Francesco, intendant, controller general of Quadruple Alliance 5 the finances (1717–33) 185, 249 Quart, Carlo Filippo Perrone di San Martino, Pancalieri, community of (Piedmont) 79, baron 281 228, 257 quartiere d’inverno tax 89, 101 Parella, San Martino di, marchese di 22, 142, Quazza, Guido 17, 22, 222 187, 189, 194, 206, 209, 268, 269, 223, 241, 242, 250 Radicati di Passerano, conte and family 223, Parma, duke and duchy 195 231, 243 Peracchino, avvocato 132 Raeff, Marc 18 perequazione 6, 92, 101, 119, 173, 185, 306, Ratisbon (Regensburg) 126, 127, 133 225, 231, 260, 261, 273, 306 reason of state 207–8, 299 Perrone di San Martino, noble family 227, recruiting, expenditure on 82, 83 232 Reding, Swiss commander, and ‘military Peyrani, president 212 colony’ scheme 43, 82, 205 Philip V, king of Spain (1700–46) 3, 155, 178 referendaries (referendari) 178 Pianezza, marchese di 38, 41, 188, 209, 223, regiments Aosta 32, 82; Asti 41; Cavalier 241 53; Chablais 31, 52, 273, 283; Cortanze Pianezza, community of 78, 84, 178 41; Desportes 53; Genevois (Chaumont) Piedmont, prince of (1699–1715) 123, dragoons 31, 243, 245; Guards 34, 62; 198–200 Marine 32; Miremont (Huguenot) 52, Piedmont, principality 91; provinces of, 54; Montauban (Huguenot) 52, 54; reorganisation (1697) 181 Montbrun (Huguenot) 52; Monferrato Pinerolo, fortress, siege (and preparations for) 182, 274; Nizza 32; Piedmont 41; and cession by Louis XIV 1, 2, 7, 30, 37, Piemonte Reale 35; Saluzzo 24; Savoy 55, 58, 60, 85, 94, 118, 123, 148, 266, 273, 34, 62, 269; Schulemburg 46; White 293, 306, 307; town and province 179, Cross 34, 271, 273 182, 217; Conseil Superieur of 201–2; Reichsitalien, and Savoyard state, in Holy militia of 273 Roman Empire 2, 10, 49, 55, 61, 126, Piobesi, community of (Piedmont) 38 128, 135. See also Holy Roman Empire Pocapaglia, fief and noble family 243 religionaries see Huguenots Poley, Edmund, envoy of William III 136, requisitioning, of animals, wagons by ducal 297 officials for war 21, 66, 183–4, 209, 284, portraits, ducal, gifts, importance of 136 286 Portugal 127, 129, 153, 195, 267 Rezzano, Giuseppe Ignazio, intendant 181, Pragelato (Pragelas) 4, 20, 101, 185, 293, 305, 182 308 Rhebinder, baron Otto, exemplar of influx of Pralormo 202 German soldiers into elite 51, 249–50 Prato, Giuseppe 75 Rhine, war on 7 Prie`di Turinetti, marchese di 129, 131, 143, Ricuperati, Giuseppe 18, 222 144, 145, 161, 164, 228, 260 Risorgimento, historiography 16, 22–3, prisoners of war 33; nobles 245, 247; cartels 92–3, 148, 153, 200 for exchange of 34, 245 Rijswijk, peace of (1697) 2, 7, 123, 316 prefects (prefetti) 178 Rivera, di, conte 39 privateers, of Victor Amadeus 59, 72; of Roberts, Michael 21 France 133 Robilant, Nicolis di, conte auditeur de privilege 51, 67, 83, 316 guerre, intendant 181, 229 propaganda, French 159, 165, 167; ducal Roccavignale, community (Monferrato) 23–17 38

344 index Roero, noble family di Guarene 246, Sola, Giorgio, military contractor 67 260–1; di Cortanze Soleri, Turin diarist 35, 42, 198 Romani, M. 265 Solaro di Govone, conte and family 127, 130, Rome 126, 127, 131 147, 152 231; Solaro della Margherita Rosso, Claudio 224 231, 241, 257; Solaro della Moretta, Rowen, Herbert 9 marchese di Chiusa 244 Sommariva Perno, community (Piedmont) Saint-Thomas (San Tommaso), Carron de, 183 marquis de, Carlo Giuseppe Vittorio (d. sovereignty: 10, 33, 101–2, 145, 153, 170, 1699) 68, 139, 143, 187, 189, 239, 240, 195, 279, 285, 293 243, 257, 288, 299 Spain treaty of 1690 58, 129; troops of, see Saint-Thomas (San Tommaso), Carron de, Army of Lombardy; fleet 59; subsidies paid marquis de, Giuseppe Gaetano Giacinto by 103–4, 108–9, 114, 116 Vincenzo (d. 1749) 139, 140, 143, 187, Spanish Succession 6 189 Staffarda, battle of (1690) 1, 33, 37, 63, 94, sale of office see venality 132, 207, 245, 255 Sales, de, marquis de and family 32, 43, 192, stamped paper tax 90, 288–9, 304 228, 245, 253, 254 state formation, processes and definition Salmatoris, conte 204 8–11, 15, 313–18, 171–2; explanation and Saluzzo, bishop of 214; militia of 273 historiography of 11, 171; close connection Saluzzo di Paesana, noble family 181, 247, between domestic and foreign spheres 170, 261 172, 177 San Benedetto (Lombardy), ‘detention’ of Stumpo, Enrico 18, 76 Savoyard forces (1703) 26, 63, 65, 214 subsidies, foreign in wartime contribution San Martino, ‘republic’ of (1704) 254, 307, and importance of 103; problems 308 associated with 107 117–18; delays and Sardinia, island kingdom 5, 59, 72, 170, 177, arrears 113; trading of 115; influence on 195, 199, 201, 266 strategy 107 Savigliano 213 succession, Savoyard 196 Savoy, Duchy of 42, 185, 219, 39, 71; Superga, monastery, monument to War of conquest by French 83, 102; plan to put Spanish Succession 218, 275 under Swiss protection 164, 265–6; Susa, marchese di 40 nobility of 192, 226–7 Susa, province and town 29, 134, 185, 187, Savoy, House of Saxon origins 133; as 207, 212 concern of Savoyard diplomacy 150–1 sussidio militare 77, 78, 89 Savoyard state strategic position and Swiss Confederation 123, 164–5, 265–66 importance 6-7, 27; definition and Symcox, Geoffrey 17, 22, 222 identity 18–19; role in allied wartime strategy 60; still very ‘personal’ 147; tabellion/-ato, tax 101, 287–8, 289 typical composite state 19, 265 Tallett, Frank 21 Saxe-Gotha, troops of, negotiations for 47, Tana d’Entraque, marchese and family 35, 57, 60 230, 231, 253 Scaglia di Verrua, noble family 234, 242, 246 Tarino Imperiale, conte 33, 48, 130, 134, Scalenghe, conte di 247 137, 138, 143, 179 Schulemburg 39, 46 tasso (Piedmontese land tax) 77, 78, 87; Secretariat for War 63, 173–5 alienation of in wartime 90, 94–5, 118, Secretariat for Foreign Affairs 122, 142–3. See 257 also Savoyard diplomacy Te Deum, celebrations of Savoyard and allied Shomberg, duke of (d. 1693), commander of succeses as ducal propaganda 216–17 religionaries 54, 137 Tesse´, comte de, French soldier and diplomat Shroud, Holy 97, 100, 215–16 143 Sicily 4–5, 57, 144, 185, 201, 263, 264, 266; Tilly, Charles 14 war for (1718–20) 5, 27, 57, 292 Torre, Angelo 17 sieges, importance of 27 Toulon, naval base, abortive expedition Skocpol, Theda 14 against (1707) 4, 6, 59, 60, 99, 107, small states 76, 122 133, 134 societa`dei grani 98 transports, military 64, 65, 83 Soissons, Prince Thomas, comte de 150, 196 Trino, province and town 77, 181

index 345 Trivie´, Wicardel de, marquis de 130, 134, to war 299; problems in enforcing edict 136, 166, 168, 304; troops 32, 296, 307 Troops Bavarian, serving in Piedmont in venality 95–6, 118, 181, 205 Nine Years War, 32, 49, 58; German Venice, Republic of 131, 134, 144, 148, 153, 47–8, 551; Irish 31, 44, 51–2, 302; 154 Prussian 49, 57, 60, 129; Saxe-Gotha 47, Venturi, Franco 224 57, 60; Swiss 44 Vercelli, cavaliere 304 Turin 1, 27; archbishop of 91, 189, 234; Vercelli, town and province (Piedmont) 27, Academy 236, 241, 254; Arsenal 57, 58 29, 30, 63, 182, 214, 273 siege of 22, 27, 29, 34, 56; battle of 56; Vernone, Balbis di, cavaliere, soldier and ceremonial life 136; celebration of relief of diplomat 212 after 1706 as source of new Savoyard Vernone, Balbis di, conte Carlo Emanuele, national identity 217–19; Ospedale di diplomat 131, 140, 159 Carita` 185, 86; Senate of 178, 201, 278, Verrua, town and province (Piedmont) 27, 33, 285, 228; University of 18, 186; Vicariato 56 of 185, 252; treaty of (1696, 1701, 1703) Vicoforte (Piedmont) 275 139; Jewish ghetto 90; financing of Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy (1675–1730), defences 98; mercantile community 98, king of Sicily (1713–20), king of Sardinia 99; source of ducal loans 98; urban militia (1720–30) contemporary and historical 30, 37, 39, 42; panic in in wartime 255; reputation 5, 15, 17, 158; illness (1692–93) Company of San Paolo 304 and succession 196; key role in Turinetti di Pertengo 238 government 29, 68, 79, 135, 143–4, 146, Tuscany, grand duke/Duchy, as rivals of Victor 177, 190; limited objectives 102; Amadeus 130, 154, 195 preoccupation with dynasty 149; travels around state 190, 270; illness (1692–93) Uditorato di Guerra 63 191, 196–7; views 168; anxiety and Ufficio (Generale) del Soldo (Army Pay procrastination 156, 158; use of Office) 63, 120, 175, 180, 191 ‘non-nationals’ 144, 248–9; plots to kill 4, United Provinces diplomatic contacts with 44, 200 126; 167 Victor Amadeus III, king of Sardinia Utrecht, peace (congress) of 124, 132, 144, (1773–96) 18 148, 160, 163, 165, 167n Vienna 3, 127 Vigevano, treaty of (1696) 2, 139 Vacca, president 207 Villefranche (Nice) 212 Val Chisone 293 Val Luscina 296, 300, 304, 307, 309 War of the League of Augsburg, see Nine Years Val Pellice 293 War Val Perosa 266, 293, 309 War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) 3 Val San Martino 296, 298 war crucial importance of finance 74; Val San Martino di San Germano 230 devastation caused by 83–4, 215; conduct of Val Sesia, acquisition of 202 influenced by non-military issues 85; Valais 126 importance of for ruler 68; need to avoid Valenza 30 battle (and defeat) 142 Valfre`, Father 215, 218, 299 warfare influence of supply on strategy Valperga, noble family di Rivara 246; di 64–5 Masino 241, 243 Weber, Max 8, 171 Van der Meer, Albert, Dutch commissary William III 6–7, 32–3, 49, 104, 136, 139, 145, (1690–96) and envoy (1703–13) in Turin 147, 149, 150, 151–2, 154, 158, 165, 168, 138, 307 190, 301, 305 Vaudois 19, 31–2, 140, 144; expulsion from Wolfenbu¨ttel, duke of, source of German Piedmont 294–95; Glorieuse Rentree troops 47–8 (1689) 1, 53, 179, 268, 281, 295; rebuilding Woolf, S. J. 223, 225, 226 of communities and reinsertion into Savoyard Wu¨rttemberg, Duke of, source of German state from 1690 302; appeal to Maritime troops 51 Powers 93, 144, 302; edict of 1694 91, 140, 203–4, 302; edict as focus for opposition Zoja, G. A., intendant of Pinerolo province 182