DOCSLIB.ORG

Stand Structure and Allometry of Trees During Self-Thinning of Pure Stands Author(S): C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stand Structure and Allometry of Trees During Self-Thinning of Pure Stands Author(S): C Stand Structure and Allometry of Trees During Self-Thinning of Pure Stands Author(s): C. L. Mohler, P. L. Marks, D. G. Sprugel Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Jul., 1978), pp. 599-614 Published by: British Ecological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2259153 . Accessed: 04/03/2011 11:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=briteco. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Ecology. http://www.jstor.org Journalof Ecology(1 978), 66, 599-614 STAND STRUCTURE AND ALLOMETRY OF TREES DURING SELF-THINNING OF PURE STANDS C. L. MOHLER,* P. L. MARKS* AND D. G. SPRUGELt Sectionof Ecology and Systematics,Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853*, and Radiologicaland Environmental Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne,Illinois 60439, U.S.A.t SUMMARY (1) Stand structureand mean weight-densityrelations of nearlypure, dense, even-aged, naturalstands of Prunuspensylvanica and Abiesbalsamea in thenorth-eastern U.S.A. were examinedand relatedto allometricgrowth. Values forthe exponents of allometric and mean weight-densityequations wereestimated by principalcomponents analysis of logarithm- icallytransformed data. (2) It is proposed thatsoon aftera stand of woody plantsbecomes established the size- frequencydistribution is a negativelyskewed, bell-shapedcurve; the distributionsub- sequentlybecomes positively skewed, and eventuallyapproaches normality after substantial thinning.Maximum positive skewness occurs at thetiine self-thinning begins. (3) The weight-frequencydistribution undergoes a parallelseries of stages: roughly normal at first,but quicklychanging to lognormal,with maximum skewness attained at the tiine thinningbegins. These curve-forinsare proposed only as approximationsto empirically observeddistributions. A consistenttendency toward bimodality is one commonly-observed departurefrom the idealized distributions. (4) The calculated exponentsof the inean weight-densityequations for Prunuspensyl- vanicaand Abies balsamea were - 1 46 and - 1 22, as comparedto theproposed value of - 15 (- 3/2power 'law' of self-thinning).In general,weight changes in plantparts during self-thinningdid not parallelthose for whole plants; in particular,the mean weight-density exponentfor foliage was approxiinately- 1 0. The exponentsof inean weight-density equationsfor total roots and totalshoots, however, approximately equalled theexponent for wholeplants. (5) It is concludedthat observed patterns of alloinetric growth are incompatiblewith inean weight-densityequations forwhole plants,unless a mutualadjustment between allometry and standstructure is assumed. INTRODUCTION Intraspecificcompetition causes thinningin plant populations throughdeath of the smallestindividuals. In single-speciesstands small initial differences in seed size, timneof germination,growth rate and otherfactors lead to small differencesin above-ground statureand rootinghabit of individualplants soon afterthey become established,and these differencesbecome amplifiedas the stand develops (Black 1957, 1958; Black & Wilkinson 1963). Extremeexpression of these differenceseventually results in very dominantand verysuppressed individuals in a stand,although the abilityto withstand suppressionis knownto varywidely among species. 0022-0477/78/0700-0599$02.00(D 1978 BlackwellScientific Publications 599 600 Standstructure of treesduring thinning It is of interestto know thegenerality of theeffects of the thinningprocess in plants, especiallysince much of theexperimental work has been done on annual crop plantsand weeds.Do radishplants and pinetrees respond to thinningin thesame manner?It is clear fromthe literature(Yoda et al. 1963; White & Harper 1970) that both herb and tree species,when growing in single-speciesstands that are thinning,exhibit a linearrelation- shipbetween the logarithm of wholeplant weight and thelogarithm of density: log w=C'+klog p or w=Cpk (1) wherew is the inean weightof individualplants thathave survivedthinning, p is their density,C' is a species-specificconstant, and C is the antilogof C'. Yoda et al. (1963) proposedas a generalfinding that the exponent of (1) shouldbe - 3/2for plants that are thinningin purestands (the - 3/2power 'law'). White& Harper(1970) postulatedfurther thatthe exponent might also be - 3/2for plant parts(leaves, roots,etc.), whichwould implythat weights of individualparts show thesame relationshipto plantdensity as the weightsof entireplants. In thispaper we considerthe weightsand dimensionsof plant parts in relationto one another(allomnetry), and in relationto density,for naturally thinningpopulations of two treespecies, pin cherry(Prunus pensylvanica L.) and balsam fir(Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). We also considerthe mechanisms of thinningin relationto developmentof stand structurefor thesespecies. For comparison,allomnetric relation- shipsare developedfor several additional species using data in theliterature. Unlikemany tree species, both pin cherryand balsam firare well suitedto examining the thinningprocess in naturallyoccurring stands. Pin cherryis a small,fast-growing, successionaltree that lives forabout 30 yearsin northernNew England (U.S.A.); it is commonafter cutting or othermajor disturbancethroughout the Northern Hardwood and Boreal forestsof easternNorth America. It typicallyforms truly single-age stands because of itsburied seed habitand germinationrequirements (Marks 1974).The buried seed habit means thatstand age reflectsboth timnesince disturbanceand age of all pin cherrystems in the stand. Wheredormant seeds are abundantin the soil, pure,dense standsof pincherry are foundsoon afterdisturbance, and thinningbegins in thefirst 2 or 3 years. Samplingplant weightin plots of varyingdensity in such pure, dense stands shouldyield results comparable with those from experiments. Balsam firis a stronglyshade-tolerant conifer with a lifespan of 60-80 yearsin the mountainsof thenorth-eastern U.S.A., whereit oftenforms nearly pure stands(> 99% fir)immediately below the timberlineat an altitudeof 1100-1300 in. Many of these high-altitudefir forests are characterizedby 'wave-regeneration,'a peculiar type of naturaldisturbance in whichtree mortality is concentratedin long bands (waves) which movethrough the forest in thedirection of theprevailing wind at 1-3 in peryear (Sprugel 1976). When a wave passes throughan area of firforest the overstorey trees die off,and are replacedby a dense,even-aged stand of fir seedlings. A largetract of wave-regenerated firforest thus contains numerous naturally regenerated stands of nearlypure fir varying widelyin densityand in thedegree to whichthinning has occurred. METHODS Data collection Prunuspensylvanica Four-, six-,and fourteen-year-oldpin cherrystands, generally equivalent in aspect, C. L. MOHLER, P. L. MARKS AND D. G. SPRUGEL 601 slope and drainage,were selected for sampling in New Hampshire,U.S.A. (longitude71? 30' W, latitude440 00' N). The standswere small (0 25-05 ha in size), thusavoiding the patchydispersion of pin cherrycommon in largerstands (5-50 ha), and all standswere denselystocked withpin cherry.Mortality was already much in evidenceeven in the 4-year-oldstand. Density was measuredin randomlyplaced plots varyingin site and numberfrom fifteen1 x 1 in plots in the 4-year-oldstand to twenty2 x 3 in plots in the 14-year-old stand. Plant weightwas estimatedusing dimensionanalysis (Whittaker& Woodwell 1968).In each standa setof sample trees (about twenty-five)was chosento span therange of trunkdiameters observed in theplots, and thesesample trees were excavated carefully by hand to includeroots (roots smallerthan c. 0 5 mm in diameterwere not included). Trunkwood plus barkand rootsof all sampletrees were oven-dried and weighedwithout sub-sampling.Branches were sub-sampled by age-class, and leaves,current twigs (1 -year- old branchesplus 1-year-oldtwigs on older branches),and older partsof each sample branchwere weighed (dry), so thateach of thesetissues could be regressedon branch basal diaineterfor each branchage-class. After estimating dry weights of branchparts on all sampletree branches, another set of regressionswas calculatedto relatethe weight of each tissue(leaves, current twigs, older branch wood and bark,trunk wood and bark,and roots) to trunkdiameter, and theseequations wereused to calculatethe weight of each organon each pin cherryplant in each plot. Abiesbalsamea Plantweight was estimatedby dimension analysis procedures
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shrubs, Trees and Contingent Evolution of Wood Anatomical Diversity Using Croton (Euphorbiaceae) As a Model System
    Annals of Botany 119: 563–579, 2017 doi:10.1093/aob/mcw243, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Force of habit: shrubs, trees and contingent evolution of wood anatomical diversity using Croton (Euphorbiaceae) as a model system Rafael Are´valo1,2,*, Benjamin W. van Ee3, Ricarda Riina4, Paul E. Berry5 and Alex C. Wiedenhoeft1,2 1Center for Wood Anatomy Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA, 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA, 3University of Puerto Rico at Mayagu¨ez Herbarium, Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagu¨ez, 00680, Puerto Rico, 4Real Jardın Botanico, RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain and 5University of Michigan, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department and Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 7 July 2016 Returned for revision: 3 September 2016 Accepted: 5 October 2016 Published electronically: 8 January 2017 Background and Aims Wood is a major innovation of land plants, and is usually a central component of the body plan for two major plant habits: shrubs and trees. Wood anatomical syndromes vary between shrubs and trees, but no prior work has explicitly evaluated the contingent evolution of wood anatomical diversity in the context of these plant habits. Methods Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to test for contingent evolution of habit, habitat and wood anatomy in the mega-diverse genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae), across the largest and most complete molecular phy- logeny of the genus to date. Key Results Plant habit and habitat are highly correlated, but most wood anatomical features correlate more strongly with habit.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterospory: the Most Iterative Key Innovation in the Evolutionary History of the Plant Kingdom
    Biol. Rej\ (1994). 69, l>p. 345-417 345 Printeii in GrenI Britain HETEROSPORY: THE MOST ITERATIVE KEY INNOVATION IN THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM BY RICHARD M. BATEMAN' AND WILLIAM A. DiMlCHELE' ' Departments of Earth and Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OXi 3P/?, U.K. {Present addresses: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburiih, Inverleith Rojv, Edinburgh, EIIT, SLR ; Department of Geology, Royal Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHi ijfF) '" Department of Paleohiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC^zo^bo, U.S.A. CONTENTS I. Introduction: the nature of hf^terospon' ......... 345 U. Generalized life history of a homosporous polysporangiophyle: the basis for evolutionary excursions into hetcrospory ............ 348 III, Detection of hcterospory in fossils. .......... 352 (1) The need to extrapolate from sporophyte to gametophyte ..... 352 (2) Spatial criteria and the physiological control of heterospory ..... 351; IV. Iterative evolution of heterospory ........... ^dj V. Inter-cladc comparison of levels of heterospory 374 (1) Zosterophyllopsida 374 (2) Lycopsida 374 (3) Sphenopsida . 377 (4) PtiTopsida 378 (5) f^rogymnospermopsida ............ 380 (6) Gymnospermopsida (including Angiospermales) . 384 (7) Summary: patterns of character acquisition ....... 386 VI. Physiological control of hetcrosporic phenomena ........ 390 VII. How the sporophyte progressively gained control over the gametophyte: a 'just-so' story 391 (1) Introduction: evolutionary antagonism between sporophyte and gametophyte 391 (2) Homosporous systems ............ 394 (3) Heterosporous systems ............ 39(1 (4) Total sporophytic control: seed habit 401 VIII. Summary .... ... 404 IX. .•Acknowledgements 407 X. References 407 I. I.NIRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF HETEROSPORY 'Heterospory' sensu lato has long been one of the most popular re\ie\v topics in organismal botany.
    [Show full text]
  • Categorical Versus Geometric Morphometric Approaches To
    [Palaeontology, 2020, pp. 1–16] CATEGORICAL VERSUS GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC APPROACHES TO CHARACTERIZING THE EVOLUTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY IN OSTEOSTRACI (VERTEBRATA, STEM GNATHOSTOMATA) by HUMBERTO G. FERRON 1,2* , JENNY M. GREENWOOD1, BRADLEY DELINE3,CARLOSMARTINEZ-PEREZ 1,2,HECTOR BOTELLA2, ROBERT S. SANSOM4,MARCELLORUTA5 and PHILIP C. J. DONOGHUE1,* 1School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Catedratic Jose Beltran Martınez 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain; [email protected], [email protected] 3Department of Geosciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA; [email protected] 4School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; [email protected] 5School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Hall, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK; [email protected] *Corresponding authors Typescript received 2 October 2019; accepted in revised form 27 February 2020 Abstract: Morphological variation (disparity) is almost aspects of morphology. Phylomorphospaces reveal conver- invariably characterized by two non-mutually exclusive gence towards a generalized ‘horseshoe’-shaped cranial mor- approaches: (1) quantitatively, through geometric morpho- phology and two strong trends involving major groups of metrics;
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2. Vegetative Morphology of Plants Vegetative Morphology of Plants
    Chapter 2. Vegetative morphology of plants Vegetative morphology of plants INTRODUCTION: THE PLANT’S BASIC BODY PLAN Most plants are photosynthetic machines: they capture the energy contained in sunlight and transform solar radiation into chemical energy stored the form of bonds in chains of carbon molecules. Through the process of photosynthesis, light and atmospheric CO2 are combined in the leaves of green plants to form simple carbohydrates, which are then used to build other organic molecules such as cellulose, starch, oils, waxes, proteins, or DNA. Six molecules of CO2 (and some 72 photons of light) are needed to form one molecule of glucose: sunlight 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 As a byproduct of the process, six molecules of oxygen are formed and dissipated from the leaf tissue into the atmosphere. To achieve this remarkable feat of turning atmospheric carbon dioxide into living molecules while releasing oxygen into the earth’s atmosphere, plants have evolved highly specialized organs. The light-intercepting structure par excellence is the leaf. The set of leaves in the upper aerial part of the plant form the plant’s canopy, where the plant exchanges gases with the atmosphere and intercepts light from the sun. But in order to work its chemical wonder up in the leaves, the plant also needs water and mineral nutrients such as phosphorus, essential for the synthesis of DNA, or nitrogen, essential for manufacturing proteins. In order to obtain these, plants have developed the root —a complex network of underground stem-like organs— whose role is the absorption of water and mineral nutrients from the soil, and, in doing so, anchoring the plant to the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Endophytes Promote Growth and Alleviate Salt Stress in Arabidopsis Thaliana Di Fan, Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian & Donald L
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Plant endophytes promote growth and alleviate salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Di Fan, Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian & Donald L. Smith* Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a functionally diverse group of microbes having immense potential as biostimulants and stress alleviators. Their exploitation in agro-ecosystems as an eco-friendly and cost-efective alternative to traditional chemical inputs may positively afect agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. The present study describes selected rhizobacteria, from a range of origins, having plant growth promoting potential under controlled conditions. A total of 98 isolates (ectophytic or endophytic) from various crop and uncultivated plants were screened, out of which four endophytes (n, L, K and Y) from Phalaris arundinacea, Solanum dulcamara, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, and Glycine max, respectively, were selected in vitro for their vegetative growth stimulating efects on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 seedlings with regard to leaf surface area and shoot fresh weight. A 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the strains indicated that these isolates belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Mucilaginibacter and Rhizobium. Strains were then further tested for their efects on abiotic stress alleviation under both Petri-plate and pot conditions. Results from Petri-dish assay indicated strains L, K and Y alleviated salt stress in Arabidopsis seedlings, while strains K and Y conferred increases in fresh weight and leaf area under osmotic stress. Results from subsequent in vivo trials indicated all the isolates, especially strains L, K and Y, distinctly increased A. thaliana growth under both normal and high salinity conditions, as compared to control plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase), proline content and total antioxidative capacity also difered in the inoculated A.
    [Show full text]
  • Gut Microbiota and Neuroplasticity
    cells Review Gut Microbiota and Neuroplasticity Julia Murciano-Brea 1,2, Martin Garcia-Montes 1,2, Stefano Geuna 3 and Celia Herrera-Rincon 1,2,* 1 Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Biomathematics Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.M.-B.); [email protected] (M.G.-M.) 2 Modeling, Data Analysis and Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain 3 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-91394-4888 Abstract: The accumulating evidence linking bacteria in the gut and neurons in the brain (the microbiota–gut–brain axis) has led to a paradigm shift in the neurosciences. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms supporting the relevance of actions mediated by the gut microbiota for brain physiology and neuronal functioning is a key research area. In this review, we discuss the literature showing how the microbiota is emerging as a key regulator of the brain’s function and behavior, as increasing amounts of evidence on the importance of the bidirectional communication between the intestinal bacteria and the brain have accumulated. Based on recent discoveries, we suggest that the interaction between diet and the gut microbiota, which might ultimately affect the brain, represents an unprecedented stimulus for conducting new research that links food and mood. We also review the limited work in the clinical arena to date, and we propose novel approaches for deciphering the gut microbiota–brain axis and, eventually, for manipulating this relationship to boost mental wellness.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiota Dynamics During Host-Plant Adaptation of Whiteflies
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:847–856 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0576-8 ARTICLE Inside out: microbiota dynamics during host-plant adaptation of whiteflies 1 1 2 1 Diego Santos-Garcia ● Natividad Mestre-Rincon ● Einat Zchori-Fein ● Shai Morin Received: 1 June 2019 / Accepted: 17 December 2019 / Published online: 2 January 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract While most insect herbivores are selective feeders, a small proportion of them feed on a wide range of plants. This polyphagous habit requires overcoming a remarkable array of defenses, which often necessitates an adaptation period. Efforts for understanding the mechanisms involved mostly focus on the insect’s phenotypic plasticity. Here, we hypothesized that the adaptation process might partially rely on transient associations with bacteria. To test this, we followed in a field-like experiment, the adaptation process of Bemisia tabaci, a generalist sap feeder, to pepper (a less-suitable host), after switching from watermelon (a suitable host). Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA transcripts from hundreds of dissected guts revealed the presence of active “core” and “transient” bacterial communities, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and increasing differences between populations grown on watermelon and pepper. Insects grown on pepper for over two generations presented a significant increase in specific genera, mainly Mycobacterium, with a predicted enrichment in degradative pathways of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites. This result correlated with a significant increase in the insect’s survival on pepper. Taken together, our findings suggest that gut-associated bacteria can provide an additional flexible metabolic “tool-box” to generalist sap feeders for facilitating a quick host switching process.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic Plasticity and Plant Adaptation
    Acta Bot. Neerl. 44(4), December 1995, p. 363-383 * Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation S.E. Sultan Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA SUMMARY This paper focuses on phenotypic plasticity as a major mode of adaptation in plants. A methodological critique examines difficulties in studying plasticity, including the conceptually critical distinction between functionally adaptive and inevitable aspects of response. It is that argued plasticity studies depend critically upon the genotypic the and factor sample, choice of environmental factors states, and the definitionof phenotypic traits. Examples are drawn from recent studies to showing adaptive response by genotypes physical aspects of the environment, as well as to biotic factors such as neighbour density and the presence of bacterial symbionts. Alterations of offspring traits by parental plants of Polygonum persicaria are discussed as a cross-generational aspect of plastic response to environment. Finally, individual plasticity and local ecotypes are alternative bases of examined as species ecological breadth, and these alternatives methodological problems in distinguishing are discussed. Key-words: adaptation, maternal effects, norm of reaction, phenotypic plasticity, Polygonum, species distribution. INTRODUCTION Natural environments inevitably vary, both spatially and temporally. According to the classic neo-Darwinian model, organisms accommodate that variation by means of natural selection, which through evolutionary time matches specific genotypes and environments. By assuming a simple Mendelian relationship of genotype to phenotype, this powerful model provides a genetic mechanism for adaptive phenotypic changes in In this I wish to focus second mode of populations. paper on a major adaptation, one which is becoming particularly well understood in plants: the capacity of a single genotype to produce different, functionally appropriate phenotypes in different This environments, or adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
    [Show full text]
  • Strawberry Plant Structure and Growth Habit E
    Strawberry Plant Structure and Growth Habit E. Barclay Poling Professor Emeritus, NC State University Campus Box 7609, Raleigh NC 27695-7609 Introduction The strawberry plant has a short thickened stem (called a “crown”) which has a growing point at the upper end and which forms roots at its base (Fig. 1). New leaves and flower clusters emerge from “fleshy buds” in the crown in the early spring. From a cultural viewpoint, it is desirable in our region to have the formation of 1-2 “side stems” called branch crowns form during the late fall (Fig. 2). Each branch crown will add to the yield of the main crown by producing its own “flower cluster” or what is technically called an inflorescence. Branch crowns and main crowns are structurally identical, and an inflorescence develops at the terminal growing point of each crown (Fig. 3). Crown growth and development occur when temperatures are above 50o F (mainly in the month of October). Average daily temperatures in November below this temperature will slow branch crown formation and floral development. Row covers may be a good option in November for Camarosa to help stimulate further reproductive development. A well-balanced Camarosa strawberry plant will form 3-5 branch crowns by the time fruiting season begins in the spring. There is excellent potential for a 2 + lb crop per plant (> 15 tons per acre) when you can see the formation of 1-2 side crowns in addition to the main crown (center) in late fall/early winter (Fig. 7). In Chandler and Camarosa it is critical not to plant too early in the fall and run the risk of having too many crowns form (try to avoid the development of more than 6 crowns per plant).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Distribution, Morphometrics, and Habit of Owl's
    Zoological Studies 50(5): 566-576 (2011) A Review of the Distribution, Morphometrics, and Habit of Owl’s Spiny Rat Carterodon sulcidens (Lund, 1841) (Rodentia: Echimyidae) Alexandra M. R. Bezerra1,*, Jader Marinho-Filho1, and Ana Paula Carmignotto2 1Zoology Department, Universidade de Brasília, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil 2Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, CEP 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil (Accepted April 7, 2011) Alexandra M. R. Bezerra, Jader Marinho-Filho, and Ana Paula Carmignotto (2011) A review of the distribution, morphometrics, and habit of Owl’s spiny rat Carterodon sulcidens (Lund, 1841) (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Zoological Studies 50(5): 566-576. The genus Carterodon Waterhouse, 1848 contains a single species, C. sulcidens (Lund, 1841), restricted to Neotropical savannas and known from a few sites in central Brazil, where it is endemic to the Cerrado biome. Current knowledge about this rare species comes from a handful of specimens deposited in scientific collections. The recent acquisition of additional samples prompted an assessment of the morphological variability in the species. Multivariate analyses of 25 craniodental measurements obtained from 27 whole specimens pooled into 3 geographic samples and representative of all available Carterodon specimens, revealed no morphometric structuring. Two new records were obtained from museum specimens. One extends the species’ distribution southward to a new Brazilian state, but many Carterodon localities have lost their natural habitats. While natural history notes indicate no reproductive seasonality, more females than males were captured in both the wet and dry seasons. The species is a habitat specialist with a small litter size, a low reproductive rate, and a high risk of extinction due to habitat loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Tree Height and Crown Allometries for the Barro Colorado
    Biogeosciences, 16, 847–862, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-847-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Tropical tree height and crown allometries for the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama: a comparison of alternative hierarchical models incorporating interspecific variation in relation to life history traits Isabel Martínez Cano1, Helene C. Muller-Landau2, S. Joseph Wright2, Stephanie A. Bohlman2,3, and Stephen W. Pacala1 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama 3School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Correspondence: Isabel Martínez Cano ([email protected]) Received: 30 June 2018 – Discussion started: 12 July 2018 Revised: 8 January 2019 – Accepted: 21 January 2019 – Published: 20 February 2019 Abstract. Tree allometric relationships are widely employed incorporation of functional traits in tree allometric models for estimating forest biomass and production and are basic is a promising approach for improving estimates of forest building blocks of dynamic vegetation models. In tropical biomass and productivity. Our results provide an improved forests, allometric relationships are often modeled by fitting basis for parameterizing tropical plant functional types in scale-invariant power functions to pooled data from multiple vegetation models. species, an approach that fails to capture changes in scaling during ontogeny and physical limits to maximum tree size and that ignores interspecific differences in allometry. Here, we analyzed allometric relationships of tree height (9884 in- 1 Introduction dividuals) and crown area (2425) with trunk diameter for 162 species from the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama.
    [Show full text]
  • Life-Forms of Terrestrial 'Flowering Plants
    ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA EDIDJT SVENSKA VAXTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET m:1 LIFE-FORMS OF TERRESTRIAL ' FLOWERING PLANTS I BY G. EINAR Du RIETZ UPPSALA 1931 ALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOKTRYCKERI AB ' ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA. III. LIFE-FORMS OF TERRESTRIAL FLOWERING PLANTS BY G. EINAR DU RIETZ PRINTED WITH CONTRIBUTION FH.OM LA :\GMAN S KA I{ U LTU HFON DEN UPPSALA 193 1 ALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOK'l'RYCKERI-A.-B. Preface. This work is the result of studies carried out during the last twelve years. The field-studies have been made partly in various parts of Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway), partly during a year's work in New Zealand and .Australia in 1926-1927 as well as during shorter visits to various parts of Central and Western Europe, North America, and Java. The material collected in the field has been worked up in the Plant-Biological Institution of Upsala Uni­ versity. The rich life-form collections of this institution have also been utilized as much as possible. I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those frien�s in various countries who have supported my work in one way or another - they are too many to be enumerated here. l have tried to bring the names of the plants mentioned as much as possible into accordance with the following generally known :florjstic handbooks : For Scandinavia Ho LMBERG 1922-1926, and, for the groups not treated there, LIND- 1\IAN 1926, for Central Europe HEGI 1908--1931, for the eastern part of North .America RoBINSON and FF.RNALD 1908, for Java KooR DERS 191 1-1912, for N�w South Wales MooRE and BE T C H E 1893, for the rest of Australia BENTHAM 1863- 1878, and for New Zealand CHEESEMAN 1925.
    [Show full text]