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Njit-Etd2014-011 Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. Please Note: The author retains the copyright while the New Jersey Institute of Technology reserves the right to distribute this thesis or dissertation Printing note: If you do not wish to print this page, then select “Pages from: first page # to: last page #” on the print dialog screen The Van Houten library has removed some of the personal information and all signatures from the approval page and biographical sketches of theses and dissertations in order to protect the identity of NJIT graduates and faculty. ABSTRACT IS THE PUBLIC INVITED? DESIGN, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PRIVATELY OWNED PUBLIC SPACES IN NEW YORK CITY by Te-Sheng Huang Researchers in urban planning, urban design, landscape architecture and sociology often criticize the increasing privatization of public space in the US for limiting the diversity of uses and users. Privately owned public spaces in New York City have received this critique. However, careful empirical research, with onsite observations of specific spaces and interviews with building managers, architects and city officials, is still largely lacking. Nor have researchers systematically investigated the full range of design features and management regulations and practices that do, or do not, serve to exclude certain kinds of activities and occupants. This study does precisely that as well as examining the influence that city agencies have, or have not, exerted over the original design, redesign and management practices. In this research 24 fully enclosed, privately owned public spaces in Manhattan were studied. Preliminary field observations indicate that these 24 spaces vary significantly in their inclusiveness when the presence of homeless is used as an indicator of the latter. Subsequently information was collected through onsite observations, interviews with building managers, architects who were involved in the redesign of the spaces, and city officials in the Department of City Planning and archival sources (e.g., reports of City Planning Commission (CPC) and newspaper articles). The findings indicate that design and management influence the number and diversity of activities and occupants of the 24 indoor privately owned public spaces. Certain design features enhance the quality of the spaces and likely make the spaces inviting. Compared to design features, management practices seem to play a more critical role in determining the number and diversity of activities and occupants. The attitudes of building managers toward certain uses and how they perceive their bonus space(s) compared to traditional public spaces, such as parks, influence how they enforce the rules of conduct posted in the spaces. Consequently, some spaces possessing better environmental quality may be less inclusive than those whose managers are more tolerant of a diversity of uses. Findings indicate that a particular kind of interior privately owned public space – the cross-block atrium – is a good location for people to meet to pursue common interests, suggesting that this kind of place constitutes a new type of public space approximating a community center. ii IS THE PUBLIC INVITED? DESIGN, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PRIVATELY OWNED PUBLIC SPACES IN NEW YORK CITY by Te-Sheng Huang A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology, And Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey – Newark in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Systems January 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Te-Sheng Huang ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . APPROVAL PAGE IS THE PUBLIC INVITED? DESIGN, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PRIVATELY OWNED PUBLIC SPACES IN NEW YORK CITY Te-Sheng Huang Dr. Karen A. Franck, Dissertation Advisor Date Professor, College of Architecture and Design, NJIT Director, Joint Ph.D. Program in Urban Systems Dr. Jeffrey Backstrand, Committee Member Date Associate Research Professor, Director of Research, School of Public Affairs and Administration (SPAA), Rutgers-Newark Dr. Arthur B. Powell, Committee Member Date Associate Professor, Department of Urban Education, Rutgers-Newark Associate Director, Robert B. Davis Institute for Learning of the Graduate School of Education, Rutgers-New Brunswick. Dr. Lynn Paxson, Committee Member Date Professor, College of Design, Iowa State University BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Author: Te-Sheng Huang Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Date: January 2014 Undergraduate and Graduate Education: • Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Systems, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 2014 • Master of Science in Architecture, Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, 2005 • Bachelor of Architecture Degree, Feng Chia University, Taichung City, Taiwan, 2002 Major: Urban Systems Publications: Huang, T., "Let's meet at CitiCorp: Social benefits of privately owned public spaces," In Search of Security as a Positive Notion, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, June 2013. Huang, T., & Franck, K. A., "Perceptions of indoor privately owned public spaces in New York City," Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Providence, Rhode Island, May 2013. Huang, T., "Newark as a destination: Healing public perception through art and cultural resources," Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Providence, Rhode Island, May 2013. Franck, K. A. & Huang, T., "Protesting, organizing and living all in one place: From Tahrir Square to Zucotti Park," Annual Conference of Association of American Geographers, Los Angeles, California, April 2013. Engelmann, B., & Huang, T., "Connecting Newark's arts & cultural districts: A vision plan for the Lincoln Park neighborhood and the Halsey Street arts corridor," Annual Conference of Urban Affairs Association, San Francisco, California, April 2013. iv Huang, T., "Perceptions of “publicness” of indoor public spaces: Cases of privately owned public spaces in New York City," From the Outside In: Sustainable Futures for Global Cities and Suburbs, Long Island, New York, March 2013. Beck, A., & Huang, T., "The growth of Hispanic population: New Jersey Hispanic student's academic outcomes," Annual Conference of Georgia Educational Research Association, Savannah, Georgia, October 2012. Franck, K. A., & Huang, T., “Occupying public space, 2011: From Tahrir Square to Zuccotti Park,” In Ron Shiffman et al. (Eds.), Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of assembly and the occupation of public space, Oakland, California: New Village Press, pp. 3-20, September 2012. Huang, T., “The improvement of urban hygiene: A study on Paris during the reign of Napoleon III (1848-1978),” Urban Systems Conference, Newark, New Jersey, June 2012. Huang, T., “Newark: A tourist destination?” Urban Systems Conference, Newark, New Jersey, June 2012. Huang, T., “The redesign of two privately owned public spaces in New York City,” Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Seattle, Washington, May-June 2012. Huang, T., “Parisian urban hygiene: The improvement in public and private hygiene during the region of Napoleon III,” Federated History Department Annual Graduate Student Conference, Newark, New Jersey, March 2012. Huang, T., & Franck, K. A., “Once closed, now open? The case of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts,” Annual Convention of American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, August 2011. Huang, T., & Franck, K. A., “Once closed, now open? The case of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts,” Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 2011. Huang, T., “Fortress in the city: The Gateway Complex in Newark, New Jersey,” International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry conference: Qualitative Inquiry and the Politics of Advocacy, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, May 2011. v Dedicated to my family and friends who share my happiness and sorrows. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT An initial idea of studying English in the US led to a completely different path. Over the course of five months of English courses in PALS at Rutgers-Newark, I applied for Urban Systems at NJIT and got accepted to enroll in Fall 2009. Although this journey was difficult, I am blessed to have a group of people who frequently support and encourage me. Otherwise, I would not be able to accomplish what I have accomplished. To my advisor and lifetime mentor, Dr. Karen A. Franck, no words can express my appreciation of your endless efforts to guide and motivate me to explore various subjects related to public space. Your gracious instruction enables me to cross each hurdle on this path. To my committee members, Dr. Jeffrey Backstrand, Dr. Arthur Powell and Dr. Lynn Paxson, your guidance, inspiration and experience-sharing through the process of research and writing motivate me to finish my dissertation. Your suggestions and
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