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General Hygiene and Medical Ecology 1 Ministry of Education & Science of The Russian Federation Crimean Federal University named after V.I.Vernadsky Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky Department of General Hygiene and Ecology General Hygiene and Medical Ecology TEXTBOOK for Students of Medical Faculties Simferopol 2018 2 Recensents: Prorector Crimean Federal University named after V.I.Vernadsky, Head of the Department of pathological physiology Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, doctor medical sciences, professor A.V.Kubyshkin Head of the Department of medical biology Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, doctor medical sciences, professor S.A.Kutiya Textbook is reccomended for issue by Scientific Counsil of Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky 28.12.2017, protocol N 12 Shibanov S.E. General Hygiene and Medical Ecology. TEXTBOOK for Students of Medical Faculties. – Simferopol, 2018. - 247 p. The manual has been elaborated by the Head of the department of general hygiene with ecology of the Crimean state medical university professor S.E.Shibanov according to the State Federal Educational Standart and program on general hygiene and ecology for the students of medical faculties and elucidates the basic questions of the discipline. The manual is designed for the students of the 3rd course of medical faculties and the 2nd course of stomatological faculty. The authors: professor S.E. Shibanov. CONTENT Introduction. Goals and Objectives of Studying General Hygiene and Medical Ecology 3 at medical faculties Theme No 1. Subject and Tasks of Hygiene and Ecology Theme No 2.Hygiene of the Environment. Hygienic Regulation of Adverse Factors in Objects of the Environment. Influence of the Environment Quality on Health of Population Municipal Hygienе Theme No 3.Hygienic Requirements to Microclimate Theme No 4.Weather and Health. Prevention of Heliometeotropic Reactions. Climate and Problems of Acclimatization Theme No 5.Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Air. Effect of its Components on the Man. Protection of Atmosphere from Pollution Theme No 6.Significance of Solar Radiation. Hygienic Requirements to Lighting Theme No 7.Hygienic Requirements to Drinking Water Quality Theme No 8.Hygiene of Water Supply. Methods of Improving Water Quality Theme No 9-10.Hygienic Significance of Soil. Hygiene of Inhabited Locality. Hygienic Requirements to Cleaning Inhabited Locality from Waste Products Hospital Hygiene Theme No 11-12. Hygienic Requirements Hospitals. Prevention in-hospital infections Hygiene of Nutrition Theme No 13.Principles of Sanitary Examination of Foodstuff. Sanitary Examination of Milk Theme No 14.Principles of Rational Nutrition. Prevention of Alimentary Diseases Theme No 15.Value of Various Nutrients in Nutrition. Functions of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates in the Body Theme No 16.The Significance of Vitamins and Minerals in Nutrition Theme No 17.Food Poisonings. Reasons, Symptomatology, Prevention Theme No 18.Medical and Prophylactic Nutrition. Prophylactic Nutrition Hygiene of Work Theme No 19.Subject and Tasks of Hygiene of Work. Physiology of Work. The Occupational Harmful Factors and Occupational Diseases. Prevention of Occupational Pathology. The Occupational Dust Pathology and its Prevention Theme No 20.Hygiene of Work at Effect of Physical Occupational Harmful Factors (Noise, Vibration, Electro-Magnetic Fields) Theme No 21.Radiation Hygiene and Ecology Theme No 22.IndustrialToxicology.Toxicology of Agrochemicals and Hygiene of Their Application Hygiene of Children and Teenagers Theme No 23.The Physical Development of Children and Teenagers as a Criterion of Health Theme No 24.Hygienic Requirements to Children's Preschool Institutions and Schools. Hygienic Requirements to Training, Physical Training and Hardening of Children and Teenagers. Hygiene of Children‘s Nutrition Hygiene of Hot Climate Theme No 25.Hygienic Characteristics of Hot Climate and Its Effect on a Human Organism. Hygiene of Nutrition, Hygiene of Work, Personal Hygiene under Conditions of Hot Climate 4 Final Control on Hygiene and Ecology 1. Key questions 2. Samles of Tests 3. Situational tasks LITERATURE Attachment 1 Students’ Independent Work. Evaluation of adequacy of an indi- vidual nutrition Attachment 2 Symptoms of poisoning by Lead and Mercury INTRODUCTION Goals and Objectives of Studying General Hygiene and Medical Ecology at Medical Faculties The purpose of studying hygiene and ecology at medical faculties is the formation in a future doctor of hygienic thinking, i.e. understanding the interrelation between health and quality (degree of the pollution level) of the environment that is a necessary condition of scientifically proved systems of health protection, healthy lifestyle, effective public and individual prevention of various diseases. While studying hygiene and medical ecology, the students should acquire the knowledge of: methodology, basic laws of a hygienic science and common laws of relation of health with factors and conditions of the environment. origin, characteristics and laws of influence of the basic natural and technogenic factors of the environment and social conditions on the ecological situation and health of the population. methodology of studying the influence of the environmental factors and conditions on health of various groups of population; qualitative and quantitative parameters of hygienic estimation of the environment condition and its influence on health of the population. methodology and principles of hygienic regulation of harmful factors in the environment, organization and contents of preventive and current sanitary supervision over medical-preventive establishments, inhabited and other objects of sanitary-municipal purpose, establishments of nutrition, children's and educational establishments, enterprises of industrial and agricultural manufacture. bases of a healthy lifestyle, personal hygiene and balanced diet, to be able to prove recommendations for prevention of various diseases. In the future professional activity the hygienic knowledge and practical skills are necessary for the doctor in the following situations: At differential diagnostics of diseases, administration of treatment, medical-preventive conditions and medical-labour examination. In the work on professional orientation, professional training and employment of persons with a different level of health. At estimation and maintenance of sanitary-hygienic and antiepidemic conditions of medical-preventive establishments, institutions of preschool, school and professional 5 training, establishments of public catering and others. For optimization of conditions of life, education, training, work, prevention of intrahospital and other infections, substantiation of recommendations on personal hygiene, balanced diet. At development and realization of complex programs of prevention of various diseases. In the work on propaganda of medical knowledge and hygienic education of various groups of population. Theme No 1. Subject and Tasks of Hygiene and Ecology Hygiene as a Medical Science In medicine it is possible to distinguish 2 areas: medical and preventive. They are interrelated and supplement each other, but are separate scientific disciplines. The object of studying clinical medicine is a sick person (patient); its aim is diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The preventive medicine or "hygiene" (from Greek — "bringing health") studies a healthy person (individual health) or health of the population of a region or country (population health) with the purpose of maintaining or improvement of health. Specialists in this area are referred to as doctors-hygienists or sanitary inspectors (abroad — doctors of public health). The task of studying hygiene in medical university is to inculcate hygienic thinking in a future doctor, which means: to be able to connect the occurrence of disease in a separate person or certain population of people with the influence of factors of the environmental, industrial or household surroundings, with sanitary conditions of life to be able to develop the appropriate measures for prevention of negative influence of adverse environment factors on human health. The Concept of Hygiene Hygiene is a medical science studying the influence of environmental factors on a human organism and on public health in order to prove hygienic measures, sanitary rules and measures for maintenance and improvement of a human health and prevention of diseases. Factors Influencing the Health of Population According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), the health of population of any country of the world depends on the following factors: in 48-53% — on socio-economic conditions in the country or region and a lifestyle of a person (physical training, smoking, etc.) in 18-20 % — on the genetic factor (spread of hereditary illnesses in population) in 17-20 % — on quality (degree of pollution) of the environment in 8-10 % — on level of development and quality of medical aid. Thus, the improvement of quality of the environment can theoretically produce a positive effect two times greater than that of the development of the clinical medicine. It shows the significance of preventive medicine or hygiene for improvement of health of population. 6 The Origin and Development of Hygiene A centuries-old history of hygiene can be conditionally divided into 2 periods: Empirical hygiene (experimental hygiene) is a gradual accumulation of hygienic knowledge by people from the time of primitive society on the basis of own experience
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