Indian Islamic Architecture MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd i 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik Section Two India Edited by J. Bronkhorst VOLUME 20 MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd ii 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM Indian Islamic Architecture Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments By John Burton-Page† Edited by George Michell LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd iii 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM On the cover: Multan, tomb of Rukn-i Ulam, mid 14th century (courtesy George Michell) This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 0169-9377 ISBN 978 90 04 16339 3 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the pub- lisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd iv 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM CONTENTS Editorial Note and Acknowledgements ...................................... vii John Burton-Page: An Introduction, George Michell ............... ix John Burton-Page: Bibliography ................................................. xvii Introduction Sultanate Architecture ................................................................ 3 Mughal Architecture ................................................................... 27 Inscriptions .................................................................................. 35 PORTFOLIO OF PHOTOGRAPHS Forms and Typologies Mosques ...................................................................................... 43 Minbars ....................................................................................... 47 Minarets ...................................................................................... 49 Idgahs .......................................................................................... 54 Tombs .......................................................................................... 55 Water Monuments ...................................................................... 61 Step-Wells .................................................................................... 65 Canals ......................................................................................... 66 Towers ......................................................................................... 67 Chhatris ....................................................................................... 74 Sites and Monuments Ahmadabad ................................................................................. 79 Bharoch ....................................................................................... 98 Bidar ............................................................................................ 99 Bihar ............................................................................................ 104 Bijapur ......................................................................................... 106 MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd v 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM vi contents Champaner ................................................................................. 111 Chanderi ..................................................................................... 112 Daulatabad .................................................................................. 113 Delhi ............................................................................................ 116 Dhar ............................................................................................ 133 Etawa .......................................................................................... 134 Gawilgarh .................................................................................... 136 Gulbarga ..................................................................................... 138 Hampi ......................................................................................... 140 Hansi ........................................................................................... 142 Hyderabad .................................................................................. 145 Jalor ............................................................................................. 148 Jaunpur ........................................................................................ 149 Kalpi ........................................................................................... 153 Kalyani ........................................................................................ 154 Kanauj ........................................................................................ 154 Kandahar .................................................................................... 156 Mahur ......................................................................................... 157 Maner .......................................................................................... 158 Mathura ...................................................................................... 160 Meerut ......................................................................................... 161 Mudgal ........................................................................................ 163 Nagaur ........................................................................................ 165 Naldurg ....................................................................................... 166 Narnala ....................................................................................... 168 Narnaul ....................................................................................... 169 Thalner ....................................................................................... 170 Documentation Glossary of Indian Architectural Terms .................................... 179 Abbreviations of Journals and Monographic Series ................. 183 Bibliography ................................................................................ 185 Index of Sites .............................................................................. 193 MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd vi 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM EDITORIAL NOTE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With two exceptions, all the articles of John Burton-Page in this volume are reproduced from the 2nd Edition of Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI; volume and page numbers indicated for each entry). The spellings have been slightly amended to accord with common Indian usage, especially for place names. Hijra and Christian Era dates, and diacritical marks for names and terms, have been retained as in the original entries. Most of Burton-Page’s contributions to EI were supplied with biblio- graphies of varying lengths, but there was inevitably considerable overlap. A composite bibliography has been compiled for this volume, covering all regions and sites, to which the editor has added a few recent works of importance (indicated by an asterisk), published after Burton-Page authored his articles. A list of abbreviations is appended. Architectural terms used in the various entries are explained in a glossary. Only a few of Burton-Page’s the articles were illustrated in EI, but the editor decided to include here a selection of black and white photographs. Most of these come from the archives of the American Institute of Indian Studies in Delhi. Other photographs were supplied by a number of individuals who are credited in the photographic list. Unfortunately it was not possible to add maps and architectural plans, elevations and details for the various sites, but the availability of such data may be traced to the relevant bibliographic entries. The editor is grateful to Marg Publications in Mumbai for permission to reproduce Burton-Page’s article on Ahmadabad, and also for allowing reproduction of photographs of two monuments in Kashmir. Throughout his work on the volume the editor has been much encouraged by Piers Burton-Page, eldest son of John Burton-Page. At Brills, Patricia Radder has overseen the project with enthusiasm and attention to detail. The author would like to express his thanks to all these individuals and institutions. George Michell MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd vii 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM John Burton-Page 1921–2005 MICHELL_f1_i-xxiv.indd viii 10/31/2007 8:27:04 PM JOHN BURTON-PAGE: AN INTRODUCTION George Michell There is nothing in the early life of John Garrard Burton-Page to give a hint of his later fascination with India. Born in London on 19th December 1921, John was initially tempted to study medicine, but already as a teenager developed a passion for Western Classical music. In 1939 he enrolled at the Royal College of Music, London, as a horn player, where his fellow student was Dennis Brain, destined to become the nest English horn player of the post-World War II period. At the end of a single successful term of musical studies John was called up for military service, and after of\ cer training was sent to India, where he experienced the “hidden