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Rapport De La Mission D’Etude Confiée À Jean-Claude Risset

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Rapport De La Mission D’Etude Confiée À Jean-Claude Risset ART - SCIENCE - TECHNOLOGIE (AST) Rapport de la mission d’Etude confiée à Jean-Claude Risset Rapport final 18 novembre 1998 tdm 1 Table des matières TOME I SYNTHESE ET CORPS DE PROPOSITIONS RAPPEL DE LA LETTRE DE MISSION 1 Lettre de mission à Monsieur Jean-Claude RISSET 1 Comité d’orientation 3 RESUME DU RAPPORT ART-SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGIE (AST) 5 AVERTISSEMENT 13 A - REPEERAGE DES RESSOURCES 17 Groupes français susceptibles de participer au programme Art-Science-Technologie (AST) 17 B - STRATEGIES SCIENTIFIQUES 21 STRATEGIES SCIENTIFIQUES (Musique) 21 STRATEGIES SCIENTIFIQUES (Arts Visuels et Corporels) 29 C - ENJEUX ECONOMIQUES 37 Introduction 37 I. L'impact des technologies sur les consommations culturelles 37 II. L'exemple de la musique 38 III. La synergie économie et culture 39 IV. Pour une stratégie de veille économique 39 D - PROBLEMES SPECIFIQUES 41 Problèmes spécifiques en 10 points 41 Mesures proposées 49 E. PROPOSITIONS D’ORGANISATION 51 CONCLUSION : RECOMMANDATIONS 55 tdm 2 tdm 3 TOME II ELEMENTS D'ANALYSE ET DE DOCUMENTATION REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - Groupes français susceptibles de participer à un programme A.S.T. 59 Préambule 59 I. Groupes de terrain pouvant être immédiatement constitutifs du réseau d'unités de recherche 61 II. Groupes de terrain susceptibles d'être directement concernés par des appels d'offre 67 III Groupes susceptibles de collaborer sur réponses à des appels d'offre en A.S.T. 75 IV. Ressources diverses 78 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - MUSIQUE ELECTRONIQUE ET INFORMATIQUE MUSICALE : HISTORIQUE, FAITS MARQUANTS ET SITUATION ACTUELLE 83 I. Historique 83 II. Quelques situations relatives importantes et deux premières conclusions 85 III. Liens avec le secteur économique 89 IV. Liens avec le secteur universitaire et la recherche publique : 92 V. Liens avec la formation : 94 VI. L'informatique musicale par rapport aux sciences physiques et mathématiques autres que l'électronique et l'informatique (mécanique, acoustique, mathématique...) : 94 VII. Historique des institutions eu égard au secteur AST 95 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - UN SURVOL DE L'INFORMATIQUE MUSICALE 99 Essai de définition 99 Spécificités de l'informatique musicale 100 Les lieux de l'Informatique musicale 101 Problèmes 103 Références 103 Compléments sur les applications de l'informatique à la composition automatique et l'analyse musicale 104 Références 105 Informatique et musique : faits historiques marquants 106 tdm 4 Quelques références sur l'Informatique musicale (ordre chronologique) 107 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - MUSIQUE ELECTRONIQUE ET INFORMATIQUE MUSICALE ORGANISMES ET MANIFESTATIONS A L'ETRANGER 111 tdm 5 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - ARTS VISUELS ET SYNTHESE D'IMAGES 115 Préambule 115 I. Historique scientifique 117 II. Réactions politiques, institutionnelles et sociales 121 III. Situation actuelle 125 IV. La mutation des contenus et évolution des techniques 135 V. Quelques conclusions 138 Références 139 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - LA SITUATION DANS LE DOMAINE DU TRAITEMENT DE L'IMAGE 143 I. Imagerie Numérique pour l'archivage et la consultation 143 II. Traitement de l'Image et Patrimoine 147 III. Traitement des objets muséologiques. 148 Références 149 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - DE L'ANALYSE A LA SYNTHESE DE L'IMAGE : DE LA FORME AU GESTE 151 Forme et couleur - un problème d'apparence 151 De l'image à l'objet 155 Consultation interactive d'images et réalité virtuelle 157 Geste, mouvement et capture 158 Références 160 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - REMARQUES SUR LES RESEAUX INFORMATIQUES 161 REPERAGE DES RESSOURCES - L'ART PEUT INSPIRER LA SCIENCE ET LA TECHNOLOGIE 171 STRATEGIES SCIENTIFIQUES - MUSIQUE 177 I. Originalité et structure de la recherche interdisciplinaire dans le domaine AST 178 tdm 6 II. L’émancipation de la recherche technologique 189 III. L’ingénierie des immatériaux : dynamique des techniques et activités de conception 190 IV. Le rôle de l’Etat : pour la création d’un organisme gouvernemental de l’information technologique 193 V. L’interactivité et son évolution technologique 205 VI. Pour une meilleure articulation de la recherche musicale, de la formation à la recherche et de la musicologie du XXème siècle 208 VII. L’avenir de l’organisation du travail dans le domaine AST 209 tdm 7 STRATEGIES SCIENTIFIQUES - THEMES D'ETUDE DANS LE DOMAINE DES ARTS VISUELS ET CORPORELS 211 Quelques spécificités de la recherche liée aux arts visuels 212 Critères structurants pour le développement actuel des arts visuels liés à la science et à la technologie 214 Quelques thèmes de recherche dans le domaine des arts visuels liés à la science et à la technologie 216 Quelques axes par domaines d'usages et d'applications 222 STRATEGIES SCIENTIFIQUES - PROPOSITIONS DE DIRECTIONS DE RECHERCHE 223 Introduction 223 I. Recherches sur les outils conceptuels et matériels 225 II. Connaissance des propriétés humaines 227 III. Questions spécifiques au réseau 228 IV. Création musicale 229 V. Arts visuels et corporels 238 VI. Etude des synergies multisensorielles : image et son, geste et son, geste et image, geste-image et son 240 VII. Nouvelles formes artistiques intégrant les différents médias et les réseaux de télécommunications 240 VIII. Applications extra-artistiques 242 Bibliographie (Musique) 244 Bibliographie (Arts visuels et corporels) 249 Bibliographie (Geste et systèmes gestuels à retour d'effort) 254 LES ENJEUX ECONOMIQUES 257 Introduction - L’impact des technologies industrielles sur les activités artistiques et sur la démocratisation culturelle 258 Première partie - L’exemplarité de l'économie de la musique 261 Deuxième partie - Culture, technologies et économie de marché 267 tdm 8 Conclusion 274 Pour une stratégie de veille économique 274 Annexe: Fiches spécialisées par secteurs 277 STRUCTURES JURIDIQUES 285 PROBLEMES SPECIFIQUES : QUELQUES CAS PARTICULIERS 293 Problèmes de cloisonnement - Politique universitaire : Pourquoi un centre ? 293 Raideurs administratives 294 Problèmes de valorisation : un cas 294 REFERENCES 301 INDEX DES SIGLES 303 tdm 9 ART-SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGIE (AST) RAPPEL DE LA LETTRE DE MISSION Lettre de mission à Monsieur Jean-Claude RISSET 31 mars 1998 Monsieur le Directeur, L'évolution très rapide du numérique, de l'informatique et des réseaux ouvre de nouveaux champs de développement dont les enjeux artistiques sont considérables. Le domaine des arts est important pour lui-même, mais aussi en relation avec l'efflorescence du numérique. Les arts alimentent des industries culturelles au marché potentiel considérable. Le progrès des sciences et des techniques fournit à l'art de nouveaux outils, de nouveaux matériaux et de nouvelles voies. L'art peut aussi être moteur de l'innovation scientifique et technologique. Les possibilités de l'informatique et du multimédia rendent possibles de nouvelles démarches heuristiques, pour lesquelles la recherche artistique peut être articulée avec la recherche fondamentale. Il faut donc qu'une recherche organisée se mette en place sur un sujet qui implique toute une chaîne d'acteurs différents : chercheurs, créateurs, pédagogues, éditeurs, industriels, économistes... Il est particulièrement important que les préoccupations artistiques puissent pénétrer au coeur de la recherche. Or, par tradition, les arts n'ont pas en France la place qu'ils méritent dans les milieux de l'université et de la recherche. Dans ce contexte, je vous confie une mission d'étude visant à stimuler la recherche scientifique et technologique dans les domaines artistiques. Vous devrez notamment réaliser un repérage des centres de recherches et des activités de formation existant en France et en Europe, identifier les domaines porteurs, énoncer les obstacles spécifiques - administratifs en particulier - gênant le développement de ces domaines, faire des propositions de mesures incitatives, et notamment étudier la faisabilité d'un réseau ou d'un institut. Vous serez pour cette étude assisté d'un comité provisoire dont la liste est donnée ci- après. Je vous prie de croire, Monsieur le Directeur, à l’expression de mes sentiments distingués. Claude ALLEGRE Ministre de l'Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie Comité d’orientation Bernard BOVIER-LAPIERRE Consultant en économie et culture Claude CADOZ Ingénieur de recherche au Ministère de la Culture, responsable de recherches à l'IMAG, Institut d'Informatique et de Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, directeur de l'ACROE Patrick CALLET Enseignant-chercheur en synthèse scientifique des images à l'Ecole Centrale de Paris Michel DECOUST Compositeur, inspecteur général de la musique, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Hugues DUFOURT Directeur de recherche au CNRS, compositeur Michel FLORENZANO Architecte DPLG, chargé de recherche au CNRS, directeur de l'UMR 694 "Modèles et simulations pour l'architecture, l'urbanisme et le paysage" Annie LUCIANI Ingénieur de recherche au Ministère de la Culture, responsable de recherches à l'IMAG, Institut d'Informatique et de Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, directrice de l'ACROE Marianne LYON Directrice du Centre de documentation de la musique contemporaine Henri MAITRE Professeur à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications Jo‘lle METZGER Ingénieur au CNRS, chargée de mission à la Direction régionale des affaires culturelles de la région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur pour les nouvelles technologies et la vidéo Jean-Claude RISSET Directeur de recherche au CNRS, compositeur RESUME DU RAPPORT ART-SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGIE (AST) Dans son introduction, le rapport expose les raisons qui militent pour renforcer les
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