Fisheries Research and Development in the Mekong Region Volume 19, No 3 ISSN 0859-290X December 2013

INSIDE

l Fisheries rise to top of political agenda l Food security, nutrition emerge as critical global issue l Managing cave prawn stocks in northern Lao PDR l Interspecific hybrid in

l Science storytelling: a revolution in communications l Lao notification for Don Sahong Hydropower Project

Catch and Culture is published three times a year by the office of the Mekong River Commission Secretariat in Phnom Penh, , and distributed to over 650 subscribers around the world. Free email subscriptions are available through the MRC website, www.mrcmekong.org. For information on the cost of hard-copy subscriptions, contact the MRC’s Documentation Centre at [email protected].

Contributions to Catch and Culture should be sent to [email protected] and copied to [email protected].

© Mekong River Commission 2013

Editorial panel:

So Nam, Fisheries Programme Coordinator

Peter Degen, Chief Technical Advisor

Souvanny Phommakone, Fisheries Programme Officer

Buoy Roitana, Fisheries Programme Officer

Theerawat Samphawamana, Fisheries Programme Officer

Nguyen Hai Son, Fisheries Programme Officer

Malasri Khumsri, Fisheries Management and Governance Specialist

Ngor Peng Bun, Capture Fisheries Specialist

Kong Sovanara, Aquaculture Specialist

Editor: Peter Starr

Designer: Chhut Chheana

The opinions and interpretation expressed within are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Mekong River Commission. AquacultureContents

Contents

4. Crustaceans Efforts towards managing cave prawn stocks in northern Lao PDR

8. Hybridization Interspecific hybrid catfish in Thailand

12. Health Researchers recommend greater use of guppies to control spread of dengue

16. Food security (1) calls for expanding cooperation on fisheries management

22. Food security (2) Food security and nutrition emerge among top priorities on global agenda

24. Basin update Updated information on fish and fisheries in the Mekong Basin

26. Communication Science story telling

30. Hydropower (1) Lao PDR submits notification on the Don Sahong Hydropower Project

32. Hydropower (2) Green growth for the Mekong

34. Politics Ouk Rabun named as agriculture minister in new Cambodian government

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 3 CrustaceansAquaculture

Efforts towards managing cave prawn stocks in northern Lao PDR

By Aloun Kounthongbang, Koji Omori, Pany Souliyamath, Oulaytham Lasassima And Sayaka Ito *

Prohibiting catches at the peak of the Prabang, for example, prawn catches are about breeding season helps dwindling prawn half of what they were several years ago. Reduced stocks to recover stocks have severely eroded the incomes of local households which rely on prawns as a major Khung bo (Macrobrachium yui) is an indigenous means of livelihood. freshwater prawn found in northern Lao PDR where it is an important source of cash income for To bring about a recovery and sustain the people living in river basins. People use bamboo availability of stocks, a research project on stock traps to catch the prawns as they migrate to management began in Na Pho village in 2007. cave streams (see Catch and Culture, Vol 17, At the beginning of the project, there was little No 2). However, stocks have been depleted in biological information about the prawn. We studied most prawning grounds due to factors such as its biological characteristics using ecological and over-exploitation and deterioration of the aquatic molecular genetic approaches. As a result, we environment from human impacts. In Na Pho were able to verify the life cycle of the prawn village in the northern Lao province of Luang (see opposite). We especially focussed on two

Prawn trader with village customer

Photo: S. Ito

4 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 CrustaceansAquaculture

Life cycle of Macrobrachium yui Xuang River in northern Lao province of Luang Prabang

Prohibition against catches in August (peak of reproduction)

Mature 5 ~Notable characteristics~ Reproductive place The peak of reproduction Forest stream August

4

6

Growth

Spawning Cave stream 1 Xuang River

3 2

Migration to upper reaches Setting on bottom and Free-swimming drifting to main river larvae

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 5 Crustaceans

biological characteristics — the prawns reproduce August went into effect in 2011. only in cave streams within the river system where they are born and the breeding season peaks in With enforcement of the regulation, larval prawns August. emerged as usual in October and peaked in November. Remarkably, the number of larval 'Prohibiting catches in cave prawns were maintained at high levels equivalent streams at the peak of breeding to about three times the average (see opposite). Since the number of adults migrating into the cave season was considered the streams was normal, we judged that the increase centerpiece of regulation' in the number of larval prawns was probably due

Prohibiting catches in cave streams at the peak of 'The increase in the number breeding season was considered the centerpiece of larval prawns was probably of regulation. To evaluate the effects of the due to the prohibition. regulation, models were created using biological factors such as female fecundity, seasonal change This encouraged the villagers in the number of brooding females and growth to continue to comply patterns. The modelling predicted that prohibitions with the regulation' would lead to an increase in the relative catch. Based on Article 53 of the fishery regulations of to the prohibition. This encouraged the villagers the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and at to continue to comply with the regulation for the the initiative of villagers and the local government, recovery of stocks and their sustainable use. the prohibition against catching the prawns in

Workshop on prohibiting prawn catches in August. The ban came into force in 2011.

Photo: S. Ito

6 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 Crustaceans

Larval drift before and after prohibition

Before enforcement of After enforcement of fishing regulations fishing regulations

30000 ) -3

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

Number of drifting larvae (100 m 0 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Year

Violations of the rules have not yet been reported, community system is essential for managing indicating high awareness among villagers. stocks and sustaining their use and has been important in achieving the recovery. 'We expect that the higher number of larval prawns will increase the Least Concern number of mature prawns after two to three years' According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Macrobrachium yui is known from river systems in Yunnan in as well as At present, we are continuing long-term monitoring northern provinces Viet Nam, Thailand and of stock dynamics. We expect that the higher Lao PDR. It is also likely to be more widely number of larval prawns will increase the number distributed in China itself. "In view of this of mature prawns after two to three years. In wide distribution, as well as the absence of addition, we are studying factors to conserve the any, known, major threats, the species is habitat of the prawn. These research activities considered as of Least Concern," it says in its are supported by the Toyota Foundation and latest assessment published earlier this year. the International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS). * Mr Aloun is a researcher at the Living Aquatic Resources Research Centre (LARReC) in Vientiane, Dr Omori is an In the future, we will promote the establishment associate professor at the Centre for Marine Environmental of a fishermen’s union and a stock-monitoring Studies at Ehime University in Japan, Mr Pany is chief of system to enable villagers to manage the the Na Luang Fisheries Station of the Provincial Agriculture stocks by themselves. The union could also and Forestry Office in Luang Prabang, Mr Oulaytham is a researcher at LARReC and Dr Ito is a senior researcher with control distribution of benefits to the villagers in the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural accordance with social circumstances. The village Sciences (JIRCAS)

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 7 HybridizationAquaculture

Interspecifichybrid catfish in Thailand

By Uthairat Na-Nakorn *

Hybridization of the native broad-head Reasons for hybridization catfish with the African sharp-tooth catfish The broad-head catfish is native to Southeast has made a significant contribution to Asia. It is found in shallow freshwater throughout walking catfish farming in Thailand. But the region. It is a favourite food fish in Thailand adopting such technology needs to be and the neighbouring countries because of its accompanied by an awareness of the desirable yellowish colour and the texture of its adverse impacts on native species and flesh, and it thus commands a relatively high the environment with guidelines for market price. However, the culture of this species aquaculture to be ecologically sustainable. was not successful on a commercial scale due to its slow growth that required at least seven Interspecific hybridization is an approach to months reaching a marketable size of 200 grams. producing living organisms that rarely exist in Moreover, it is very susceptible to bacterial nature. The general objective is to combine diseases that reduced the survival rate to about desirable traits from maternal and paternal 30 percent. These were the main reasons for species, to make use of hybrid vigour or heterosis hybridizing the broad-head catfish with the African (a phenomenon where the hybrid performs better sharp-tooth catfish, C. gariepinus which was than the average of the parental species). introduced from Viet Nam via Lao PDR in 1987 (FishBase, 2007). Interspecific hybridization occurs more easily in fish than other vertebrates, probably because of The African sharp-tooth catfish is native to . the flexible sex-determining system of fish, which It was introduced to because of its enables the better survival of the hybrids. Although high growth rate (reaching 200 grams body weight interspecific hybridization has been done in within 3 months) and low mortality due to diseases laboratories, very few hybrids have been used at (survival rate about 80-95 percent). However, a commercial scale. However the hybrid between its meat quality (white and soft meat) was not the broad-head catfish, macrocephalus well accepted by local people. Therefore, it was and male African sharp-tooth catfish, Clarias hybridized with some local catfish species in the gariepinus is a good example of a commercially hope of producing fast-growing, disease-resistant successful hybrid. hybrids with acceptable meat quality.

African catfish Clarias( gariepinus)

Source: Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa

8 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 HybridizationAquaculture

Establishment of technology There has been no record of the first Adverse impacts of the hybrid catfish hybridization attempt between these two species. Anecdotal reports state it was first done by a A dark side of the practice of hybridization local farmer in northeastern Thailand by trial also exists. Despite the fact that a majority of and error. The technology has been rapidly the interspecific hybrid are sterile, the transferred among catfish hatcheries because female hybrid catfish produces mature eggs the protocols were similar to the well-known although in numbers far lower than the parental breeding practice of the broad-head catfish. species; the males show a higher degree of In brief, the hybridization is done by artificial sterility. As such, there was a concern that if insemination where a mature female broad- the hybrid escaped into natural water bodies, it head catfish is injected once with a hormone might backcross with the native catfish species (LH-RH analogue, Trade name: Suprefact) at including the broad-head catfish. The repeated 25 μg/kg plus Domperidone at 5 mg/kg while back-crossing could eventually result in genetic the male African sharp-tooth catfish is injected introgression which may compromise the with the same hormone at 10 μg/kg and the fitness of the local species. same dosage of Domperidone. About 15 hours after injection the females are made to release 'The escaped hybrid may be their eggs by the breeder gently pressing on contributing to the decline of the belly. The eggs come out easily through the native walking catfish by urogenital opening. Then the eggs are mixed reducing their fitness' with sperm solution squeezed from the minced testes of the sacrificed male. The sticky fertilized eggs are simply spread on the fine mesh net During the past decades, Thailand has immersed under water. Hatching occurs 24-36 frequently faced severe floods, which resulted hours after fertilization. The fry are then fed with in the escape of millions of the hybrids into live food (water fleas) and will reach fingerling natural water bodies. The adverse impact of size of 1 inch within 10 days. The hybrid is very the escapees was revealed by the detection of similar to the broad-head catfish and is always gene-products in the wild broad-head catfish misidentified by local people as this species. collected from habitats in every part of the country (Senanan et al., 2004; Na-Nakorn et Nukwan et al. (1990) were the first group al., 2004) that were found previously only in to perform scientific investigations on this the African sharp-tooth catfish. This supports hybridization. They found that only the hybrid the hypothesis that the escaped hybrid may having the broad-head catfish as the mother be contributing to the decline of native walking hatched and survived well; the hybrid did not catfish by reducing their fitness. However, other show heterosis for growth (i.e. the growth rate of factors such as habitat loss and overharvesting the hybrid was not higher than average growth would also contribute to the decline of the rate of the parents). The advantages of the native catfish. So far, there are no measures to hybrid over the maternal species (the broad-head mitigate the problem of genetic introgression, catfish) was the improved growth rate (reaching while the escape of the hybrid from grow-out 200 grams body weight within 4 months) and farms still occasionally occurs. survival rate, while the meat quality was better accepted than that of the paternal species (the African catfish). tonnes in 2004 despite a slight decline during the recent years (Figure 1). Contributions of the hybrid catfish The hybrid has been widely accepted by the The beneficiaries of this technology are the farmers and as such, it enhanced the country’s catfish hatcheries and the grow-out farmers. The annual production of walking catfish (mixed catfish hatcheries that practise the hybridization species of the genus Clarias are often generally technology are located mainly in central Thailand referred to as walking catfish) from 17 900 metric where the water flea Moina macrocopa, an tonnes in 1990 to the peak of 159 314 metric essential food for the fry, is commercially available.

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 9 HybridizationAquaculture

grow-out farms is much higher. In 2010, there Native species is 'near threatened' were 79,288 catfish farms in Thailand covering an area of 14,432 hectares (Research and Statistical The International Union for the Conservation Analysis Division, 2010). At present, among of Nature (IUCN) considers the broad-head freshwater commodities in Thailand, hybrid catfish catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) to be a "near production is second only to Nile , and threatened" species. According to the website Thailand has been ranked first among the walking of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, catfish producing countries (FAO, 2010). This has the fish is native to Cambodia, Lao PDR and made this technology a successful case study of Thailand and Viet Nam as well as Peninsular the application of biotechnology to aquaculture. . The culture of the hybrid has been practised "Across much of its range the extent and at either commercial or backyard scale. The quality of this species' habitat has declined, commercial farms stocked the hybrid in earthen and it is inferred that the population numbers ponds of varying sizes (large ponds of more than have also declined as a result of this," it says. one hectare in the central provinces and small Referring to research by Dr Uthairat published ponds in northeastern provinces). The stocking in 2004, "the species is also threatened by density of the 2-cm long fingerlings is very high aquaculture and (through hybridization and (about 1,000,000 fingerlings per hectare). The competition) by escaped hybrids" across the culture period is about 4-5 months and the yield is northern parts of its range. about 70,000 kg/hectare in the central provinces, slightly lower in the northeastern provinces. 'If data were available on the rate The survival rate ranges from 40 to 60 percent. of population decline, it is Feeding differs according to parts of the country. likely that this species may For example, the farms in central Thailand have access to cheap, high nutritional value wastes even reach the thresholds (e.g. chicken viscera, waste from fish processing for a threatened category' plants), thus they rely on these wastes. The additional reason is the low market price of the "The species is assessed as Near Threatened hybrid catfish in central Thailand (USD 0.8/kg) at present due to the scale of decline in that forces the farmers to reduce the cost. In suitable habitat, the impacts of introduced northeastern provinces where the hybrid demands species and the extensive population decline. higher market price (e.g. USD 1/kg), farmers use If data were available on the rate of population commercially available pellet feed only. decline, it is likely that this species may even reach the thresholds for a threatened 'The backyard culture of the hybrid category." catfish is practised in rural areas and the production does not significantly The IUCN notes that the species lives in lowland wetlands and rivers, including contribute to the country’s production. sluggish flowing canals and flooded fields. It However, it does provide poor people occurs in shallow, open water and is capable with a cheap protein source of lying buried in mud for lengthy periods if and small income' water evaporates during dry seasons. The fish is dependent on swamps and swamp The backyard culture of the hybrid catfish is forests, and can move out of the water using practised in rural areas and the production its extended fins. It feeds on aquatic insects, does not significantly contribute to the country’s young shrimps and small fishes. production. However, it does provide poor people with a cheap protein source and small income Although the exact number is not known, the from limited resources available. The fingerlings number of hatcheries is estimated to be at least (mostly of large size about two inches) are stocked 1,000 throughout the country. The number of in small ponds (100-200 square metres), tanks

10 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 HybridizationAquaculture

or cages, at relatively low stocking density. They in Thailand. The technology has triggered are fed mainly with commercially available pellets enormous expansion of the aquaculture business while locally available protein sources (e.g. silk of walking catfish, feed industries and other worm pupae, termites) are occasionally used as related businesses. Moreover, it enhances the feed whenever available. The culture period is access of poor rural people to cheap and high- about three months when the 100-gram fish are quality protein from the hybrid. Nevertheless, the harvested. At present, backyard culture is being farming of hybrids also has an adverse impact promoted throughout the country as a part of a on native species and the environment. The drive for self-sufficiency in agriculture. adoption of this technology in the future should therefore be accompanied by an awareness of Current production trend the adverse impacts. Good guidelines for the As previously mentioned, the country’s annual breeding of the hybrid should be established production of walking catfish has declined slightly. and endorsed for the sake of the ecological The major obstacle is the reduction of its market sustainability of aquaculture. price. Since the export market of catfish is very limited, a majority of the hybrid catfish production Further reading: is consumed domestically. Vidthayanon, C. & Allen, D. 2011. Clarias macrocephalus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. As such, the market is easily oversupplied, which Version 2013.1. affects the market price. In addition, deteriorating pond environments are triggering disease * Dr Uthairat is Director of the Research Development outbreaks with increasing frequency. These are Institute of Kasetsart University in Bangkok. This article the major causes of the recent reduction in annual appeared in Biotechnologies at Work for Smallholders: Case Studies from Developing Countries in Crops, production. Overall, the hybridization technology Livestock and Fish published in October by the Food and has made a highly significant contribution to Agricultural Organisation as part of its occasional papers the aquaculture production of walking catfish series on innovation in family farming.

Broad-head catfish (Clarias macrocephalus)

Photo: Nagao Natural Environment Foundation

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 11 AquacultureHealth

Researchers recommend greater use of guppies to control spread of dengue

Report by ADB and WHO recommends scaling up low-cost intervention with exotic fish species in Cambodia and Lao PDR

A joint report by the Asian Development Bank and the World Health Organisation is recommending greater use of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in Cambodia and Lao PDR to control larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that spreads the dengue virus. The recommendation follows research projects in the two countries to determine whether households will accept using the colorful exotic fish in water storage jars, cement tanks and drums, including those containing drinking water. The projects also sought to determine the feasibility of distribution programmes for guppies, which feed on mosquito larvae, and whether households could be motivated — through community action or school programs — to eliminate smaller mosquito- breeding sites on their properties.

'Large water jars and cement tanks accounted for about 80 percent Report published in September of the containers found with the Aedes aegypti mosquito' that large water jars and cement tanks accounted for about 80 percent of the containers found with Funded by the ADB, the projects were overseen the Aedes aegypti mosquito in Cambodia and by the WHO and implemented between 2009 Lao PDR (the species is historically considered and 2011 by HLSP, a health consultancy which as the primary vector of dengue and other viral is part of London-based Mott MacDonald Group diseases such as chikungunya and yellow fever). Ltd. The Cambodian intervention sites were The research projects focused on these two villages in the Tong Rong and Prey Krabau health types of containers as well as water drums. In the centre catchment areas in Kampong Cham Cambodian research area, almost 40 percent of province, which has a high number of dengue these three water containers had the mosquito cases. Comparison sites were other villages in larvae. By the end of the project, the proportion the province covered by the Khor health centre. had dropped to less than three percent, the report The Lao intervention sites were ten villages in said, adding that "similar" results were obtained in Songkhone district in Savannakhet province, the Lao villages. which has had major outbreaks of dengue. The comparison sites were eight villages in Feasible, acceptable and safe Xaypouthong district in the same province. "The project results indicate that the pilot interventions were effective and successful The joint report, published in September, noted in mobilising communities to establish and to

12 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 AquacultureHealth

maintain the guppy fish intervention, and in Researchers recommend of Established in all or part of the basin obtaining high levels of community acceptance of greater use the fish in drinking water containers. Scale-up of While guppies are "particularly successful" the low-cost intervention is recommended in both guppies to control spread of dengue biological control agents, the ADB-WTO report countries," the report said, noting that the use recommends native rather than exotic larvivorous of guppies was a "promising" year-round vector fish to control dengue given that introduced control measure that was feasible, acceptable and species may escape and threaten indigenous safe. Moreover, once established, it has minimal fauna. In the Lower Mekong Region, however, recurring costs. guppies have already escaped and become established in the wild in small streams and 'The project has proven ditches, on the margins of rice fields and other to be an effective and simple shallow, still water habitats, as documented in community- based method of MRC Technical Paper No 9 published in 2003. controlling the primary vectors According to Fishbase, the guppy was of dengue fever' introduced from South America to in 1937 and from Singapore to Thailand in Kunio Senga, director general of the ADB's 1960. Fishbase says the fish is established Southeast Asia Department, and Shin Young-soo, in both countries and has "probably some" director of the WHO regional office for the Western ecological effects in Singapore but that the Pacific, said the success of the study had already species is not established in Lao PDR, to led to the wider Lao use of guppies mobilising which the guppy was introduced from an local resources. "The project has proven to be an unknown country. effective and simple community-based method of controlling the primary vectors of dengue fever," The MRC paper said the South American native they wrote in the foreword to the report. was among nine fish species that "now seem to have established breeding populations in all or But did either of the two projects indicate lower part of the basin." The guppy and the mosquito incidence of dengue after placing guppies in fish Gambusia( affinis), a species native to the water containers? According to ADB health Northern and Central America which is from the specialist Gerard Servais, measuring changes same family as the guppy, "are everywhere in in incidence would require much larger sampling shallow fringing areas and drainage ditches." The to see statistically significant changes as well as mosquito fish is also established in southern Viet serological surveys since some people infected Nam (see Catch and Culture Vol 19, No 1). with dengue do not develop symptoms. "This was beyond the scope of the survey," he told Catch and Culture. Yet the dengue vector control study did show a "statistically significant" decrease in the number of mosquito larvae in the water containers. "Scientific literature suggests that a decrease in mosquito larvae is associated with a decrease in the number of dengue cases," Servais said. "Anecdotal data from suggest that the districts where the guppy fishes were introduced did not record new cases of dengue this year despite the current dengue epidemic in the country."

Broodstock of Poecilia reticulata stocked in a small floating cage to avoid cannibalism. The species is ovoviviparous — producing Lao epidemic young by means of eggs hatched within the body of the parent — Indeed, WHO figures released in October showed and the fry fall through the net mesh in the rearing tank. that Lao PDR recorded almost 43,000 cases Photo: FAO of dengue including 95 deaths in the first nine

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 13 HealthAquaculture

months of 2013, up sharply from around 6,600 Cambodia, the average total cost to families does in the same period in 2012. In neighbouring not differ significantly between dengue ($31) countries, however, the number of cases had and other illnesses involving fever ($27). But declined, notably in Cambodia which recorded hospitalising a child with dengue is 50 percent almost 15,200 cases including 45 deaths during more expensive than sending a child to hospital the nine-month period, down from more than with other febrile illnesses. Moreover, the debts 35,000 a year earlier. Viet Nam had almost incurred by families are more than twice their 44,100 cases including 43 deaths, down from average weekly spending on food. more than 57,000 cases in the corresponding period in 2012. Other control agents Apart from guppies, the report noted that other The joint ADB-WHO report noted that the number biological control agents used to control dengue of dengue cases was increasing worldwide were copepod crustaceans from the Mesocyclops with about 50 million to 100 million cases a genus, which also eat mosquito larvae, and year, resulting in hundreds of thousands of bacteria known as Bacillus thuriniengsis hospitalisations and more than 20,000 deaths, israelensis (Bti), which release a toxin that kills mostly among children and young adults. In the larvae after being ingested. The crustaceans Viet Nam and Cambodia, the report noted the have been found to be effective in controlling "significant" economic impact of dengue. In rural Aedes aegypti in Viet Nam and can last up to six

Aedes aegypti adult

Photo: Muhammad Mahdi Karim

14 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 AquacultureHealth

Aedes aegypti larva

Photo: Econt months. "But periodic checks are necessary as they need to be replaced each time the container By contrast, the authors of the ADB-WHO report is cleaned or refilled or if food is scarce," the report found that projects undertaken with Cambodian said. Periodic checks are also required for the and Lao partners had resulted in the "successful" bacteria which do not last long, especially if there establishment of guppy-breeding and distribution is frequent water exchange. A study in Cambodia, systems at the national, provincial and local levels for example, found the bacteria to be effective in both countries. They also generated multi- for 1-3 months in water that was not exchanged. sector collaboration between ministries, non-profit Fishes used as biological control agents also groups, schools and health centres. Moroever, the require periodic checking but only to ensure that report said, 88 percent of the water containers in a minimum number are in place. And if there are Cambodia and 76 percent of those in Lao PDR still no mosquito larvae to feed on, they can eat other had guppies when the study came to an end. organic material such as algae.

Non-biological measures to combat dengue include environmental controls such as destroying, turning over or removing items that can accumulate water, and mechanical controls such as removing gutters where water can stagnate. There are also chemical controls through the use of insecticides such as temephos which kill the mosquito larvae when added to water containers. However, frequent changes of water may cause temephos to lose its effectiveness, requiring visits by vector control staff every two rather than three months. In any case, the report found that such dengue-control programs were not only labour intensive but also "ineffective" over the longer term. "Communities are not active partners in the control actions but rather passive participants or Mesocyclops edax recipients of the control efforts," it said. Photo: Center for Freshwater Biology, University of New Hampshire

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 15 FoodAquaculture security (1)

East Asia Summit calls for expanding cooperation in fisheriesmanagement

Leaders acknowledge the importance of protectionist measures and restraint in introducing aquatic ecosystems for sustenance, new measures that are either inconsistent with well-being and livelihoods of millions of WTO agreements or may hinder food trade as people in the region and the critical role well as the promotion of better trade facilitation. of small-scale and women fishers in To explore ways to realise their undertakings, the leaders tasked ministers with holding informal ensuring household food security consultations between different government sectors as well as private and public stakeholders. Leaders attending this year's East Asia Summit have agreed to better integrate small-holder and The East Asia Summit groups all ten ASEAN women fishers into global supply chains and leaders — including the prime ministers of efforts to achieve food security while expanding Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam — regional cooperation in fisheries management. with the leaders of , China, , Japan, The steps are among 13 measures to increase Korea, , and the United the level of food security outlined in a declaration States, although US President adopted by the summit in on October 10. and Russian President Vladimir Putin skipped The Declaration of the Eighth East Asia Summit this year's summit and were instead represented on Food Security also called for the removal of

From left, US Secretary of State John Kerry, New Zealand Prime Minister , Philippine President Benigno Aquino, President Park Geun-hye, Singapore Prime Minister , Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung, Chinese Premier , Brunei Sultan , President , Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbot, Cambodian Prime Minister , Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Lao Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong, Malaysian Prime Minister and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov

Photo: Nurul Qaidah Ahmad/Information Department/Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam

16 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 FoodAquaculture security (1)

by their foreign ministers. In calling for expanded fisheries management cooperation, the leaders Enhancing Food Security through welcomed the adoption of terms of reference for Sustainable Fisheries Management and a new Study Group on Enhancing Food Security Marine Environment Conservation through Sustainable Fisheries Management and Marine Environment Conservation at a meeting The new Study Group is an initiative of of foreign ministers in Brunei in July (see box). the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade A statement issued by Brunei's Sultan Hassanal (MOFAT) and the Ministry of Industry and Bolkiah, who chaired the summit as part of the Primary Resources (MIPR) of Brunei, country's chairmanship of ASEAN this year, which succeeded Cambodia as chair of the said the East Asia leaders "looked forward" to East Asia Summit in 2013. In addition to the recommendations of the Study Group at the overseeing agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Ninth East Asia Summit to be hosted by incoming MIPR coordinates biosecurity, biodiversity ASEAN chair Myanmar in 2014. research and conservation activities in the sultanate including the Heart of 'Critical role of smallholder Declaration signed by Brunei, and women farmers and fishers and Malaysia in 2007. With the approval of its terms of reference by foreign ministers in sustaining agricultural and of the 18 participating countries in July, the fishery production and ensuring Study Group was formed in September. Its household food security' recommendations on sustainable fisheries management and conservation are expected to be submitted to the East Asia Summit to be chaired by Myanmar's President Thein Sein Aquatic systems underlie food security towards the end of 2014. "Millions of people in the region rely on the resources and services provided by terrestrial, marine and freshwater aquatic ecosystems for their sustenance, livelihoods and well-being," the resources; and drawing on existing agricultural declaration said, noting that these ecosystems capacity-building initiatives regionally and sharing "underlie" food security. To maintain them, best practices to improve agricultural production "biodiversity conservation and sustainable and productivity as well as dietary diversity. management are crucial." At the same time, the declaration recognised the "critical role of Need to expand research smallholder and women farmers and fishers in Other measures to increase food security sustaining agricultural and fishery production and cooperation in East Asia are expanding marine ensuring household food security." and agricultural science-and-technology research, including biotechnology and development In addition to better integrating smallholders and investment and cooperation to promote women and expanding fisheries management sustainable food production and food safety, with cooperation, the declaration called for increasing consideration for national poverty eradication and food security information, drawing on private food security priorities; promoting cooperation, sector and academic expertise, and encouraging sustainable use, and management of water private and public sector stakeholders to make resources; identifying possible cooperation agricultural and other relevant data open and in forest conservation and management; accessible to the public. encouraging the protection of natural eco-systems and the preservation of biodiversity and varieties It also called for integrating existing regional and of plant genetics and agricultural production global food-security frameworks to develop best systems; exploring ways to reduce regional food practices on improving collective food security; supply chain loss and demand side loss, including encouraging inclusive consultations with all post-consumer food waste due to unsustainable stakeholders to promote responsible agricultural consumption patterns, taking into account work investment that respects rights, livelihoods and done on regional connectivity; and encouraging

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 17 FoodAquaculture security (1)

Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen

Photo: Mohammad Mahdi Marsidi/Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam

greater efforts to build resilience to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change "which Phnom Penh Declaration will have an ongoing and significant impact on The Phnom Penh Declaration on the East the ability to ensure stable and sustainable food Asia Development Initiative was adopted at production." The declaration also supported the Seventh East Asia Summit chaired by integrated approaches to improved nutrition. Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen on 20 November, 2012. The declaration encourages 'Food security is a complex the 18 countries to "cooperate in promoting and multifaceted issue food nutrition, especially by improving requiring multiple, increasing sustainable agricultural production integrated approaches' and productivity, protecting biodiversity, jointly responding to climate change, securing food and energy supplies for the most vulnerable "Food security is a complex and multifaceted population, especially women and children, and issue requiring multiple, integrated approaches," promoting sustainable development." the declaration said. It recalled the Phnom Penh Declaration on the East Asia Summit Development Initiative issued by leaders during the Seventh which encourages the 18 countries to cooperate East Asia Summit hosted by Cambodia in 2012, in promoting food security and nutrition (see

18 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 FoodAquaculture security (1)

Lao Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong

Photo: Sylvina Hon Zae Leena, Information Department, Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam box). The declaration also recalled the commonly recognised that extreme climatic events such accepted definition of food security, adopted by as droughts and floods undermined agricultural the World Food Summit in 1996. "The four food productivity and that "unequal access to natural security pillars of access, availability, utilisation, resources, technology and markets create and stability are intrinsic to this definition," it additional challenges in reducing the number of added. poor and hungry people."

'Essential for ensuring 'Post-harvest losses along the broader security of the food supply chains and people of our region' post-consumer food waste significantly undermine Leaders acknowledged that food security is food security' "essential for ensuring the broader security of the people of our region" and recognised that Highlighting the need to increase both production key priority areas of the East Asia Summit — and productivity in the agricultural sector, energy, education, finance, environment, disaster the declaration said responsible agricultural mitigation and connectivity — intersected with investment played an "important role" in promoting a range of food security issues. They also agricultural development and enhancing food

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 19 FoodAquaculture security (1)

Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra

Photo: Mohammad Mahdi Marsidi/Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam

security and nutrition. At the same time, "post- more work needs to be done to realise them by harvest losses along food supply chains and post- 2015," the declaration said. consumer food waste significantly undermine food security," it said. "Eradicating poverty and building The leaders also reaffirmed their collective the resilience of our people through adequate commitment to conclude the Doha Development social protection measures, economic growth Agenda negotiations of the World Trade promotion, and positive income generation are Organization "which seek to ensure fair and effective ways of improving food security." equitable benefits of multilateral trade for all countries, including the developing world, and 'Protectionist measures particularly least developed countries." Open may result in excessive food markets are "critical to sustainable access food price volatility and to nutritionally diverse food resources," it added. "Protectionist measures may result in excessive hinder regional food security' food price volatility and hinder regional food security." Transparent information about the status Leaders meanwhile reaffirmed their commitment of regional and global food markets and food to achieve the Millennium Development Goals on derivative markets, including supply and demand hunger and poverty. "Participating countries have forecasts and the state of food stocks, "will made steady progress toward the Goals but … help increase food market certainty and reduce

20 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 FoodAquaculture security (1)

Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung

Photo: Mohammad Mahdi Marsidi/Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam excessive food price volatility," the declaration said.

Leaders acknowledged the need to avoid duplicating East Asia Summit efforts with those of other organisations such as ASEAN Plus Three process (with China, Japan and Korea) as well as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Myanmar President Thein Sein receiving the ASEAN gavel from Group of Eight (G8) and the Group of Twenty Brunei's Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah after the Eighth East Asia Summit (G20). The latter issued its own declaration on in Brunei on October 10. Leaders said they 'looked forward' to the recommendations of the new Study Group on Enhancing Food Security food security at a summit in Saint Petersburgh through Sustainable Fisheries Management and Marine Environment in September that was attended by the Sultan of Conservation at the Ninth East Asia Summit in Myanmar in 2014.

Brunei in his capacity as ASEAN chair (see pages Photo: Ernie Erma Salihudin/Information Department/Prime Minister's 18 and 19). Office, Brunei Darussalam

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 21 Food security (2)

Food security and nutrition emerge among top priorities on global agenda

World leaders outline new initiative for particular emphasis on smallholder and family growth and job opportunities related to farmers development needs, gender equality and food security and nutrition women empowerment, decent jobs especially in rural areas, comprehensive rural development, Food security emerged as one of five major issues responsible investment, capacity building, on the global development agenda in September transparent and efficient markets, increased as leaders from the Group of Twenty leading resilience, reduction of food losses and wastes, industrialised economies met in September. In the safety nets and better nutrition for everyone. Saint Petersburgh Development Outlook adopted The G20 can best add value through political at September 5-6 summit, the G20 leaders set leadership to foster a coordinated, integrated and March, 2014, as the deadline for reviewing "critical longer-term approach in most of these areas." opportunities for economic growth and job creation in connection with food security and nutrition" with In addition to the new initiative to review of a particular focusing on low-income countries. growth and job opportunities related to food security and nutrition, the G20 leaders vowed to 'Almost 870 million people suffer from hunger and the Nutrition-sensitive policies and vast majority of them live in comprehensive social protection developing countries' In a declaration, the G20 leaders said food According to the development outlook, the security and nutrition would remain a "top international community is "grappling with the twin priority" on their agenda. They also recognised tasks of alleviating immediate suffering and the the importance of boosting agricultural longer-term challenge of feeding a growing and productivity, investment and trade to strengthen rapidly urbanising population. Almost 870 million the global food system to promote economic people suffer from hunger and the vast majority of growth and job creation and the need for them live in developing countries. If the status quo "nutrition-sensitive policies and comprehensive continues, to feed an expected population of more social protection systems, with particular than 9 billion in 2050, global food production will emphasis on low income countries." have to increase by at least 50-70 per cent," the statement said. The leaders expressed support for discussions in the World Trade Organization to "respond "Poverty stands at the root of this challenge," the to legitimate food security concerns, without G20 leaders said, adding that other constraints distorting trade, including those related to included population growth triggering more carefully targeted policies to protect vulnerable demand for food against slowing productivity, populations." rural poverty lack of infrastructure in low-income countries, underinvestment, food price volatility, The declaration also recognised the need for growing competition for scarce resources including "closer attention" to agricultural markets, noting land and water, climate change, and access to that the Agricultural Market Information System markets. (AMIS) is generating "better transparency" but "still needs more efforts to be fully implemented." Focus on smallholders and family farmers AMIS is a G20 initiative with a secretariat based "Food security and nutrition require sustainable at the Rome headquarters of the Food and production and productivity growth with a Agriculture Organization (FAO).

22 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 Food security (2)

Brunei's Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (left) with Russian President Vladimir Putin (right) at the G20 Summit in Saint Petersbrugh in September. The Sultan, who is also prime minister, represented the Lower Mekong countries and other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations at the G20 summit in his capacity as ASEAN chairman for 2013.

Photo: Фотохост-Агентства enhance dissemination of best practices on food scientists, especially on agricultural research and security and nutrition. This would build on existing technology. initiatives such as network centers of excellence and knowledge sharing platforms on food security The other four issues highlighted in the and nutrition, as well as preparation for the development outlook adopted by the leaders were Second International Conference on Nutrition in financial inclusion and remittances, infrastructure, Barcelona in 2014. human resource development and domestic resource mobilization. Existing commitments The G20 leaders also vowed to continue monitoring and carrying out existing commitments related to food reserves and access to humanitarian food supplies, principles for responsible agricultural investment, agricultural risk management and scaling-up nutrition. In addition, the leaders said they remained committed to fully implementing an Agricultural Market Information System and continuing to share knowledge through meetings of top

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 23 Basin update

Updated information on fish and fisheries in the Mekong Basin

By Eric Baran, So Nam, Peter Degen, Chen Xiao-Yong and Peter Starr *

A brief review of recent information and Fish diversity in the six main reaches research findings about Mekong fish Reach of Number of Endermic species and fisheries Lower Mekong species (%) High mountains 151 12 The Mekong River features exceptional Low mountains 140 18 biodiversity, is home to the most intensive inland Plateau 191 14 fishery in the world and contributes to the food Islands and wetlands 267 16 security of millions of rural people. Floodplain 328 11 Delta 484 6 The protein intake from aquatic animals averages more than 50 percent in the Lower The Tonle Sap Basin has the highest freshwater Mekong Basin, more than three times the world fish biodiversity in the world after the East African average of 16 percent. Protein intake from aquatic lakes. It has an estimated 296 species (which animals in Cambodia exceeds 80 percent. compares with estimates of 438 in Lake Malawi, 316 in Lake Tanganyika and 225 in Lake Victoria). Per capita consumption of aquatic animals in the basin averages 46 kg/person/year, similar to the The Lower Mekong has three main ecological Southeast Asian rate of 51 kg/person/year but fish groups. One group, known as white fishes, significantly higher than the world average of 24 undertakes long-distance migrations, particularly kg/person/year. between lower floodplains and the Mekong mainstream and its major tributaries. These account 'The Mekong River has the highest for at least 37 percent of the total number of species fish biodiversity in the world or 34 percent of the catch. Another group, called after the Amazon River' black fishes, comprises floodplain-resident species with limited lateral migrations from the river on to floodplains and no longitudinal migrations upstream The group of Lower Mekong countries stands out as a region of the world with the highest freshwater fish biodiversity per square kilometre. Upper Mekong found to have 183 fishes On other continents, only French Guyana and A new checklist of fishes of Yunnan province in Suriname in South America feature higher or China shows 183 species in the Upper Mekong similar fish biodiversity per unit area of land. River, about 30 percent of all fish species in the province and about 12 percent of the The Mekong River has the highest fish biodiversity freshwater fishes in China. Among the six main in the world after the Amazon River with 877 river drainages in Yunnan, which accounts for freshwater species recorded, according to a recent about 40 percent of fish species in the country, a compilation of 71 species lists by WorldFish. the Mekong had the most species after the Endemic fish species represent a significant Pearl River drainage which had 202 species. proportion of about 18 percent. Forty-eight percent of the species in the Upper Mekong, known as Lancangjiang in Chinese, Thailand and Viet Nam are among the top 12 are endemic to the Mekong, the highest rate countries in the world having the largest number of among the six drainages. freshwater fish species.

24 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 Basin update

or downstream. These account for about 13 percent of Asia. While overall fisheries production is only of the total number of species or 50 percent of the about 2 percent of world production, the production catch. The third group, grey fishes, is ecologically of freshwater species in the Lower Mekong Basin intermediate between the black and white groups, is about 20 percent of global inland fish production, corresponding to species that do not spend the more than anywhere else in the world. dry season in floodplain ponds or undertake short-distance migrations in local tributaries. Grey * Dr Baran is senior scientist with the Mekong regional office of WorldFish in Phnom Penh, Dr So Nam is the coordinator of species account for about 50 percent of the total the MRC Fisheries Programme, Mr Degen is the programme's number of species or 16 percent of the catch. chief technical advisor, Professor Chen is with the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution at the Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and 'Production from both freshwater Mr Starr is the editor of Catch and Culture capture fisheries and aquaculture was estimated at 3.9 million tonnes in 2010'

The Lower Mekong Basin's production from both freshwater capture fisheries and aquaculture was estimated at 3.9 million tonnes in 2010, up from an estimated 2.8 million tonnes in 2000. The increase of almost 40 percent was fuelled by a significant expansion of aquaculture production which now accounts for more than half the output. The increase also reflects better improved methods of estimating production from both capture fisheries and aquaculture.

'Total first-sale value is estimated at $3.9 to $7.0 billion per year'

Total first-sale value is estimated at $3.9 to $7.0 billion per year. But most of the catches are consumed directly by households as part of the rural subsistence economy, which does not appear in national accounts. Inland fisheries nevertheless make significant contributions to the monetised economies of all four riparian countries. Over the past decade, fisheries has sometimes accounted for as much as 12 percent of Cambodia’s GDP and 7 percent of Lao GDP. Although proportionally less important, the Mekong fishery sectors in Thailand and Viet Nam add well over $750 million to the economies of each country annually.

The Lower Mekong Basin's overall fisheries production represents about 43 percent of Africa's production, 24 percent of Europe's production and 19 percent of America's production. It also Silver barbs from the Mekong River and striped snakeheads from Nam represents about 12 percent of Southeast Asia's Theun 2 Reservoir at Thonkhankham Market, Vientiane production and 4 percent of production in the whole Photo: MRC

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 25 Communications

Science storytelling

By Denise Young *

History of a revolution in agricultural communications Ed Sulzberger Ed Sulzberger is a fund-raising and public- In the 1970s, Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug’s awareness consultant specializing in developing work on high yielding wheat varieties unleashed country agriculture and development issues. unprecedented levels of new funding for developing He worked at several CGIAR Centers and the country agriculture. One of the major recipients was CGIAR Secretariat at the World Bank. He is CGIAR, formerly known as the Consultative Group based in Galveston, Texas and currently serves on International Agricultural Research. Founded in as Chairman of AID for Africa, a US charity 1971, CGIAR’s global network of research centers that provides funding to development agencies generated research that helped countries like India working in Africa. produce enough food to feed their people and avert famine. But funding slowed after the mid-1980s as funders felt that the problem of food security had from being a community of science writers and been largely solved. While money continued to publishers to a network of communicators that put flow, albeit more slowly, CGIAR officials took a hard a premium on reaching out to the public. look at their programs and decided not only to do a better job of documenting impact, but to generate Nathan – There was also a geo-political angle to a new approach to how they communicated the the funding issue. In the 1990s, prices of the major results of their research. staple crops had been declining for nearly 20 years and many funders thought that agricultural We sat down recently with a group of key actors research was no longer an urgent priority. The from that time—communicators from CGIAR end of the Cold War also changed the way people Centers Ed Sulzberger, Tiff Harris and Nathan thought about the Green Revolution, which had Russell, as well as Ebbe Schiøler from the Danish been seen by some as a counter-measure to the International Development Agency (DANIDA), to “Red Revolution.” find out what happened. Nathan Russell You were central figures in the history of CGIAR communications. What happened in the 1980s Nathan Russell is Head of Corporate to funding and why? Communications at the Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia and worked Ed – It started slowly as funders began voicing previously at the CGIAR Secretariat at the World concerns about documenting impact, and as Bank. He also worked as a science writer and we came under fire from NGOs for promoting editor at the International Maize and Wheat technology that they claimed failed to benefit Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and International smallholder farmers. By the mid-80s, the Centers Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). began to understand that the free-flowing funding that they had come to rely on was becoming scarcer and a small group of communicators were How did you make the case to start telling the asked to study the problem. story differently?

We concluded that the centers were focusing their Tiff – In 1989 and 1990, the centers started seeing communications work almost entirely on other really dramatic cuts in funding, and this caused scientists and that they needed to reach out to a big upheaval. In a sense it was a crisis of faith, donors and their constituents. Over the course of a which some center directors took quite personally. decade we basically did a one-eighty; we changed They saw themselves as men of science out

26 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 Communications

on the front line working for humanity, and many your funders have compelling evidence that their couldn’t understand why the rug was being pulled money is being put to good use, the people who out from underneath them. make decisions about funding see little point in sustaining support. Our job as communicators One thing we learned was that unless you have was to help make the case in top-tier international senior managers who recognize the importance media for what was happening in the field, namely of good story telling and are willing to invest in it, that our research was having an impact and that the problem festers. Fortunately, there was a small hundreds of millions of people were better off for it. group of center Directors and information officers This provided the ammunition for our champions and funders who had the vision to invest in public in the funding agencies, people like Ebbe Schiøler, awareness and fight for it. who had to argue the case for sustaining their investment in the centers.

Tiff Harris Ebbe – At DANIDA (the Danish International Development Agency) we weren’t seeing stories Tiff Harris trained as an agricultural and natural in the Danish media about CGIAR work. But the resource economist, and started working for the fact that the centers began telling their stories International Maize and Wheat Improvement helped us build our advocacy work international Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico as a science agricultural research. We believed that the CGIAR writer/editor, then as Director of Information was a good cause but we needed continual Services and ending his 18 years with CIMMYT reinforcement to fight for the funds. as the Center’s Director of External Relations. In 1999, he joined the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya, as the Ebbe Schiøler Center’s Director of Corporate Services, a position he held until 2005. He is currently a Ebbe Schiøler worked at the Danish Nairobi-based consultant on communication International Development Agency for more and fundraising for international agricultural than two decades in a number of posts. He R&D organizations. also served in Zambia as regional director for the Danish “Peace Corps” and later became director of the Danish Volunteer Service. While we had realized that public awareness Ed – At DANIDA, he headed the development was the way to make our case and that the tide was research section and cooperated with the turning in terms of legitimizing this new approach, organisation’s public awareness office we still had to convince the bench scientists and producing regularly articles and books on many of the communications folks at the centers. CGIAR and its impact in the field. He retired Up until then center communicators basically spent in 1999, and is currently based in Denmark as their days editing science papers and producing a freelance writer. annual reports, some of which resembled telephone directories. We had to convince the traditional science writers and editors that the game was Although funding for development aid in Denmark changing and that funders and policymakers weren’t was on the rise in the 1980s, CGIAR was competing much interested in reading technical reports or for the same pool of funds that organizations like the learning about the inner workings of a science World Health Organization were targeting. What put bureaucracy. One of the most important things we them ahead was their approach to showing impact, learned was that it’s not the organization that sells and they did this by being very transparent, having the science; it’s the great stories about the science regular reviews and demonstrating that there was no that sell the organization. over-spending. Getting stories into the Danish press helped to reinforce that idea from an independent How does media coverage of research actually source. In other words, it wasn’t just the centers lead to a better outcome for funding? and their advocates in the civil service saying so, the media was carrying the message and they were Ed – Well, it’s not just about raising new money, it’s doing so in more dramatic ways than we could from also a matter of keeping what you’ve got. Unless the inside.

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 27 Communications

Did it take a long time for this new our colleagues did their jobs.Today, I would say communications mindset to take hold? that the centers employ just as many if not more people working in the public awareness area than Tiff – We didn’t have the internet back then and they do in traditional science publishing. telephone service to places like the or Kenya was expensive and unreliable so we What kinds of stories proved the most organized meetings to talk about science publishing successful? Can you give me examples? and then met informally and talked about public awareness. It wasn’t easy at first, and we had to Ed – We had a lot of great story material to meet undercover, at places like the Frankfurt Book choose from. That was partly because the Centers Fair where our colleagues would go to promote did such great science, but also because they kept their publications. None of this would have been so many of their best stories under wraps. Linking possible, however, without the support of some of to the news of the day was key, and that meant the center Directors and donors like Ebbe Schiøler. focusing on the environment. Remember that this was during the time leading up to the 1992 Earth Nathan – At first a lot of people thought what we Summit in Rio. We all felt that our strongest suit were doing was crass, it seemed unscientific and rested with the center’s genetic resources work inappropriate. That was especially so among the and the vast collections of crop materials that had rank and file scientists who were accustomed to been collected. This represented a big departure unrestricted funding, but it was also true of many from CGIAR’s traditional focus on crop productivity of our communications colleagues who were and the story of the Green Revolution. From that entrenched in the world of science publishing. point on, things unfolded rather quickly. Within a period of just a couple of years, the centers’ Ed – The big turning point came in 1988 when work was being showcased at the Smithsonian, in we convinced a senior editorial writer at the Los National Geographic and in newspapers like the Angeles Times to go to Kenya and write about the New York Times and the Economist. You couldn’t search for a new vaccine for livestock sleeping have bought better coverage. sickness. Suddenly we were able to demonstrate that it was possible to tell our story in the top- The other thing we did was make a deliberate tier media outlets. But the adjustment took time, effort to tell the center’s stories from the point of it varied from center to center, and some of our view of the scientists. This was partly to counteract colleagues never really got it. Scientists and the portrayal of researchers in pop culture as journalists are trained very differently. A researcher nerds hiding out in their labs or, even worse, will communicate his or her work through journal as mad scientists out to destroy the world. The articles and scientific fora and then only what they idea of the heartless, uncaring researcher was can actually prove, whereas journalists are trained definitely part of the message promoted by center to produce stories that make ordinary people sit up critics in the NGO community. Too often our and pay attention. scientists were characterized as errand boys for multinational companies controlled by the World Nathan – For my part, change happened quite Bank and the Rockefeller Foundation and there by accident. Although I had participated to some was no one out there putting up a defense, let extent in the early center’s public awareness work, alone trying the change the narrative. The effort I was still functioning mainly as a science editor began slowly, of course, but we were really able to in the early 1990s in Colombia. That all changed, road test the idea at the Potato Center in Lima. however, when my colleague Tom Hargrove was kidnapped by the FARC guerillas and I took over What’s the secret to getting a journalist’s his job. Tom had just led a successful public attention? awareness campaign about a special effort in Rwanda to introduce new crop varieties after the Ed – It helps to have a sound strategy, of genocide, which generated lots of media coverage. course, but luck plays a role too. In the early Examples like Tom’s set the standard among center 90s international journalists were travelling to information officers and really helped to change Peru routinely to cover the terrorism story and not just the way I worked, but the way many of the Shining Path guerrillas. The word got around

28 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 Communications

the press corps that if you took a cab down to it would be self-evident, but it’s not. the Potato Center, you’d get a good story about potatoes. Apparently, nothing makes a newspaper Ed – One of our most important achievements editor back home happier than a feature story that was creating the link between communications they don’t have to pay extra for. As it turned out, and fund-raising, an idea that’s now being the Potato Center’s work was about the only good mainstreamed across the CGIAR system. CIAT, news coming out of Peru for three or four years. where Nathan works, is a good example of how Part of the novelty was that no one could believe important the concept really is and where it is that despite the terrorism all this great science was working. The other lesson learned was that you going on. We got a front page Wall Street Journal can’t hide behind the science. If you do, you’ll story out of that as well as major coverage in the probably lose funding and you certainly leave Washington Post and many of the major European yourself open to attack from people who don’t and Japanese papers. agree with your agenda. It was true in the 80s and 90s and it’s even more true in a media culture Nathan – What Ed’s work in Peru and Tom dominated by social media. Hargrove’s work in Colombia showed was that linking to the news agenda is really the key. That lesson holds true even today. The 2008 financial Consultative Group on International crisis did result in donor fatigue, but climate change Agricultural Research and the food price crisis of 2008 have provided a context for the media to stay engaged with our The history of CGIAR dates back to 1943, when work. the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican government set up the Office of Special So did all this lead to better levels of funding? Studies, which became the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Nathan – Yes, we we’re definitely seeing more CIMMYT and the International Rice Research funding coming than in the 1990s, although it seems Institute (IRRI) developed high-yielding, harder to get and there are more strings attached. disease-resistant varieties that dramatically We’re working harder for it, no doubt, and part of increased production of these staple cereals. that extra effort means doing a better job of getting In 1970, the Rockefeller Foundation proposed the word out. a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat. With Ebbe – It’s true what Nathan says. Funding levels support from the World Bank, the UN’s Food did increase, and we saw increasing support and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the for development work in Denmark right up until UN’s Development Programme (UNDP), 2001. But it wasn’t only the result of better public CGIAR was established in 1971 to coordinate awareness work. The battle cry was also about international agricultural research efforts aimed impact, and evaluation. We needed proof of impact, at reducing poverty and achieving food in and evidence that money was being well spent. developing countries. These two things worked hand-in-hand: doing more evaluation to prove impact of research combined with much better storytelling. Reprinted with permission from Future Earth (www.futureearth. info), a new 10-year research program aimed at tackling the most urgent challenges of the 21st century related to global Looking back, what was your biggest sustainability. The program is sponsored by the Science and achievement? Technology Alliance for Global Sustainability comprising the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Tiff – Today many funders insist on the importance Social Science Council (ISSC), the Belmont forum of funding agencies, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and of communications and the centers are working Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations hard to get their stories out. It's mainstream, but in University (UNU). The World Meteorological Organization the 1980s and 90s that wasn’t the case. Shifting (WMO) is an observer. our focus was a struggle with much hand wringing and endless discussion. People may take this for * Ms Young is Head of Communications at the International Council for Science in Paris granted today, but it wasn’t an easy sell. You’d think

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 29 AquacultureHydropower (1)

Lao PDR submits notificationon Don Sahong Hydropower Project

Technical feasibility study Lao PDR also provided the complete technical includes fisheries feasibility study, including the project’s social and environmental impact assessments and fisheries The Lao Government has notified the Mekong study which will be shared with the other MRC River Commission (MRC) of its decision to Member Countries—Cambodia, Thailand and Viet proceed with the development of the Don Sahong Nam. Hydropower Project in the Siphandone area of Southern Laos. The run-of-the-river dam will Project expected to finish in 2018 operate continuously year-round and produce 260 According to the Government of Lao PDR, the megawatts of electricity. project’s construction is expected to start in November 2013 and finish by February 2018. In its notification, submitted to the MRC The commercial operation is set to begin in May Secretariat and dated 30 September 2013, 2018. The energy generated by the project will be

The Don Sahong Hydropower Project is located on a channel known as Hou Sahong

Map: MRC

30 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 HydropowerAquaculture (1)

fully sold to the national power utility, Electricite The MRC Secretariat has submitted the du Laos (EDL), to supply the increased domestic notification and will further provide the documents power demand. to the Joint Committee Members of the other three countries for their consideration. “Lao PDR submitted the project as an intra-basin water use on the Hou Sahong channel under the “The PNPCA recognise the adaptive approach for process of notification. This will enable the notified its implementation. In this regard, the Secretariat Member Countries to foresee the project’s water will be available to facilitate discussion, provide use and any impact stemming from this,” says science-based and objective views and further Hans Guttman, Chief Executive Officer of the MRC submit any comments on the notification to the Secretariat. Joint Committee,” said Mr. Guttman. “Lao PDR has indicated its willingness to further discuss the 'Notification is required project with the other Member Countries should for year-round intra-basin there be any concerns or comments.” water-use projects and inter-basin Until now, in addition to the Don Sahong diversion projects on the Mekong’s notification 41 projects on the tributaries of the tributaries, and for wet-season Mekong have been submitted for the Notification water use on the mainstream' process under the PNPCA—3 projects from Cambodia, 17 from Lao PDR, 2 from Thailand and 19 from Viet Nam. The Xayaburi Hydropower As stipulated in the MRC’s Procedures for Project is the only one so far to have been Notification, Prior Consultation and Agreement proposed on the mainstream and therefore (PNPCA), the notification process mentioned submitted for the Prior Consultation process. above is one of the three separate prerequisites for the development of different types of water use The Don Sahong Project is located in the Khong projects in the Lower Mekong Basin. Notification District of Champasak Province in Lao PDR and is required for year-round intra-basin water-use situated on the 5-kilometre long Hou Sahong, projects and inter-basin diversion projects on the one of the braided channels of the Mekong River Mekong’s tributaries, and for wet-season water approximately two kilometres upstream of the use on the mainstream. Information from this Lao-Cambodian border. The powerhouse barrage process helps Member Countries plan other water will be 30-metre high and will span across the use projects. 100-metre wide downstream end of the channel. The other two processes are Prior Consultation and Agreement. The Prior Consultation applies to 'Lao PDR has indicated its proposed water use projects on the mainstream willingness to further discuss in the dry season, diversion of water from the the project with the other mainstream to other basins during the wet season Member Countries' and diversion of surplus water to other basins in the dry season. The process for Specific Agreement is required for projects diverting water The PNPCA is established under the 1995 from the mainstream to other basins in the dry Mekong Agreement. It reflects a commitment of season. the MRC countries to work together to protect the environment and the ecological balance in The Lao government submitted a project the basin and prevent harmful effects. For the description which provides a summary of the purposes of the implementation of the Procedures, project’s main features. The submission also water use is defined as any use of water which includes a cumulative impact assessment, may have a significant impact on the water quality environmental and social impact assessments, or flow regime of the mainstream. environmental and social management and The article above comprises the full text of a news release monitoring plans, a resettlement action plan and issued by the Mekong River Commission Secretariat on engineering documents. October 3

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 31 Hydropower (2)

Green growth for the Mekong

By William E. Todd *

Countries should take care in harnessing underpinned the increase in dam construction. the energy of the Mekong and be guided Across the region, over 35 dams have been built by science and experience on the Mekong and its tributaries, and roughly 100 more dams are in various stages of planning Speaking at the Lower Mekong Initiative and construction on these same waterways. Dam Ministerial Meeting in Brunei in July, US Secretary construction is a reality and there needs to be a of State John Kerry said, “We need to make sure focus on maximizing the economic benefits of the that the decisions on infrastructure developments, dam while employing science, experience, and a such as dams that affect the Mekong... be made deliberative process to mitigate the environmental very carefully, very deliberately, very transparently, and social impacts, thus ensuring that the with all the input they can have from all countries.” economic benefits continue well into the future.

Secretary Kerry’s remarks highlight the importance Today, nearly 70 million people in six countries of learning from experience and paying close depend on the Mekong River for food, attention to the science when planning dams. I transportation, and economic opportunities. It echoed Secretary Kerry’s concerns at a recent is one of the most diverse rivers in the world, Lower Mekong Initiative Working Group meeting in supporting over 560 unique fish species and 300 Siem Reap, where I acknowledged the importance vertebrate species. In addition to contributing to of hydroelectric power to meet the growing energy the vast quantities of fish and crops, the Mekong demands of Cambodia’s rapidly growing economy and its tributaries support an ecosystem with a and emphasized the need for green growth. biodiversity second only to that of the Amazon. Due to both the economic and environmental It is not a question of whether economic importance of the Mekong River, careful development of the Mekong river basin will consideration must be given to the design and occur, but rather how it will occur. Development location of these dams. must be sustainable – a fact that the Cambodian government already recognizes – in order 'Unfortunately, there are a number to achieve Cambodia’s long-term social, of hydropowered dams already built environmental, and economic goals. Recently, a or under construction that raise Cambodian delegation visiting the Don Sahong dam project in Laos raised valid concerns about serious concerns about flooding, that project’s impact on fish populations for restrictions on fish migration, Cambodia and the broader Mekong. and the reduction in sediment flow'

Unquestionably, hydroelectric dams are a critical Unfortunately, there are a number of component of Cambodia’s infrastructure. As hydropowered dams already built or under Cambodia’s economy continues to expand by construction that raise serious concerns about more than seven percent per year, its energy flooding, restrictions on fish migration, and the needs will also grow and dams will play an reduction in sediment flow.​​ According to a scientific important role in meeting consumer demand. study of the cumulative impact of the dams Cambodia is working hard to expand access to currently in the planning phase, the resulting water electricity throughout the country and meet the levels on the Tonle Sap would cause significant increasing power needs of the manufacturing additional flooding. Apart from the social and sector. Less than one quarter of the country environmental consequences on land, these has access to the electrical grid, a fact which dams would also have a substantial impact on fish underscores the need for development. migration and spawning grounds. Another study Cambodia’s current and future energy needs have found that the harm caused to fish populations

32 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013 Hydropower (2)

by the Sambor Dam alone would reduce yields minimize harmful effects on the flow and ecology of fish and other aquatic animals by as much as of the river. 182,000 tons or 30 percent. In a country where aquatic resources constitute almost 20 percent of Our two governments have developed a the Cambodian diet – and account for 76 percent productive partnership to address green growth of the average person’s protein and 37 percent of in the Mekong sub-region. The Lower Mekong iron intake – these dams raise real concerns about Initiative (LMI), a cooperative forum that includes food security. the , Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Viet Nam, and Thailand, is an arena for forging The disruption in sediment flow caused by the kind of international cooperation necessary improperly-designed dams will also have to ensure sustainable development of the sub- substantial environmental and economic effects. region. Under the LMI framework, the United The fertility of the Mekong basin and the health States is helping the LMI countries to forge of the river itself depend on the continued flow of closer ties to one another while providing support river sediment. A reduction in sediment leads to in the region. In Cambodia, for example, the less fertility of the flood plains and depletion of the United States is funding the Climate Resilient nutrients necessary to sustain aquatic life. Mekong project, which is designed to examine the environmental impacts caused by hydroelectric The Natural Heritage Institute, partially funded dams. Implemented by USAID and other partners, by USAID, has been working closely with the the project is working with government agencies in Cambodian government to examine options to Cambodia to enhance awareness of downstream minimize the negative consequences of these impacts and improve planning and decision- dams, which can be minimized through proper making on hydropower development. siting, design, and operation. Scientific studies offer a number of design modifications that USAID is also working with partners who are would improve the economic and environmental conducting studies and making recommendations sustainability of the dam projects on the Mekong about dam projects. Among those partners River. For example, lowering the height of a are the Natural Heritage Institute and the dam would allow the passage of more sediment. World Fish Center. In addition, the US Army By lowering the height, some power generation Corps of Engineers and the Mississippi River would be sacrificed in the short term, but in the Commission consult regularly with the Mekong long term, the economic benefits will be greater River Commission, a regional inter-governmental due to the dam’s longer life span and the reduced organization working to address the joint environmental impact. management of shared water resources and sustainable development of the Mekong River. Scientific research and extensive experience has also led to innovations that reduce the impact on Former US President Theodore Roosevelt once fish and other aquatic creatures. The experience said that a nation does well “if it treats its natural of dam building in the United States has provided resources as assets which it must turn over to the important lessons that engineers have used in next generation increased, and not impaired in designing better dams. In northwest region of the value.” Development of the Mekong sub-region is United States, dams built along the Snake River both necessary and inescapable. The increasing once caused severe harm to salmon populations. populations of Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Viet Salmon that could freely navigate the Snake River Nam, and Burma will require growing amounts were impeded in their movement and suffered of food and energy. Those countries looking to from the interruption of their spawning cycle, thus harness the energy of the Mekong, however, must drastically reducing their numbers. This problem do so carefully, guided by science and experience. still will take many years to remedy, but some of the poorly designed dams that once caused * Mr Todd is the United States ambassador to the Kingdom significant harm have now been re-engineered to of Cambodia. The above article is an abridged version of his weekly column published by Rasmei Kampuchea in Khmer reduce ecological impacts. New design features, and the Cambodia Herald in English on November 27. which are now being considered in Cambodia, allow for the free movement of fish and otherwise

December 2013 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 33 Politics

Ouk Rabun named agriculture minister in new Cambodian government

HE Dr Ouk Rabun has been appointed Minister the Ministry of Commerce (1990 to 1993). After of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in the new national elections in 1993, he served as chairman government formed by Prime Minister Hun Sen in of the National Assembly Commission on Finance September following national elections in July. A and Banking for five years. member of the Politburo of the ruling Cambodian People's Party, he joins the ministry from the Dr Ouk Rabun obtained a doctorate in economics Ministry of Economy and Finance where he has from the University of National Economics in been working since 1998, most recently as senior Viet Nam in 1990 and also holds master and secretary of state (deputy minister). bachelor degrees from the same university. The Southern University for Professional Born in Svay Rieng province in eastern Cambodia Studies awarded him with an honorary doctorate in 1951, Dr Ouk Rabun is a former physics and in business administration in 1995. Dr Ouk Rabun chemistry professor. Following liberation from also studied at the Faculty of Law and Economic the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979, he served as Sciences in Phnom Penh for three years after director of the Department of Planning at the graduating from the Faculty of Pedagogy in Ministry of Planning between 1981 and 1985 1972. In addition to his native language, the new and twice served as vice minister, initially at the minister speaks English, French, Russian and Ministry of Planning (1986 to 1988) and later at Vietnamese.

Dr Ouk Rabun

Photo: International University

34 Catch and Culture Volume 19, No. 3 December 2013

Cave prawns (Macrobrachium yui) for sale at the morning market in the northern Lao city of Luang Prabang. Known locally as khung bo, this species is usually sold directly to restaurants or villagers and is rarely seen at the market. The prawns in this photo, taken in 2008, were sold for about $9.50 a kilogram. The species spawns in caves with reproduction peaking in August. For a description of the life cycle of the prawn and efforts to manage stocks in Luang Prabang province, see Page 4 inside.

Photo: S. Ito

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