Pem Sunda Mbarua a Ditinj Perlu an Mus Au Dar Uasan G Sik Gam Ri

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Pem Sunda Mbarua a Ditinj Perlu an Mus Au Dar Uasan G Sik Gam Ri Pembaruan Musik Gamelan di Daerah Sunda Ditinjau dari Eksperimen Bunyi dan Perluasan Gramatika Musik Oleh Iwan Gunawan Makalah ini telah disampaikan pada acara konferensi International Gamelan Festival Amsterdam 13 – 14 June 2007, Tropentheater Based on an idea by PEMBARUAN MUSIK GAMELAN DI DAERAH SUNDA DITINJAU DARI EKSPERIMENTASI BUNYI DAN PERLUASAN GRAMATIKA MUSIK Oleh Iwan Gunawan ABSTRAK The paradigm of gamelan music as an art form of a special ethnic or society group is currently changing. Various innovations that have been done by Indonesian and non-Indonesian composers prove it. Finally the art of gamelan music seems not to be owned anymore by a certain ethnic but is rather “owned” by individual persons. Beside keeping on with the tradition, what has been already done by Indonesian and also non-Indonesian composers? How have they developed gamelan music in terms of sound experiments and extending the musical grammar? What do I think about these renewals and where is my personal position in my Sundanese culture as an artist? PENDAHULUAN Berbagai upaya untuk melakukan pembaruan musik khususnya karya musik yang berhubungan dengan instrumen gamelan, telah banyak dilakukan oleh para pelakunya di berbagai belahan dunia ini. Sebagaimana alat musik lainnya, gamelan memiliki potensi untuk digunakan serta dikembangkan oleh siapa saja dan dengan cara apa saja. Sebuah gambaran tentang eksistensi musik gamelan saat ini komponis Indonesia I Wayan Sadra pernah mengemukakan sebagai berikut. ... kiprah gamelan kontemporer sudah jauh untuk berusaha mencari dan membentuk ruang publik yang diharapkan dapat menunjang konsistensi untuk secara tetap menggeluti dunianya. Orientasnya yang jauh ke depan, bahkan melewati batas negara, sudah barang tentu membentuk horizon yang luas, dan dengan lapang dada menerima dan melakukan pembaruan-pembaruan. Apakah itu transmedium dari aspek musikal di luar tradisinya, apakah penggunaan instrumen asing, apakah sistem computerized, semuanya menjadi claim gamelan kontemporer. Dengan kata lain, untuk menyebut gamelan kontemporer tidak lagi dibatasi apakah komponis memakai gamelan atau tidak.1 Dalam sebuah festival gamelan di Yogyakarta, Sapto Rahardjo pernah mengatakan bahwa gamelan itu bukan hanya sekedar instrumen yang memiliki asal- usul dari kebudayaan tertentu, namun lebih daripada itu gamelan adalah spirit, bukan obyek, instrumen hanyalah medium.2 Bagi sebagian masyarakat gamelan di Indonesia dua pernyataan di atas sebenarnya telah dipahami serta disepakati, namun jika dilihat dari karya-karya baru musik gamelan sebagai perwujudan dari pernyataan itu, terdapat suatu fenomena dengan berbagai permasalahan yang cukup kompleks. Permasalahannya bukan lagi terfokus pada gamelan sebagai spirit atau medium saja, tetapi permasalahannya menyangkut pada persoalan kualitas karya-karyanya. Suka Hardjana3 pernah mengkritik tentang musik gamelan di Indonesia, menurut beliau gamelan sebenarnya memiliki potensi untuk berkembang lebih jauh melewati batas- batas persemaian budayanya sendiri. Tetapi untuk melakukan pembaruan musiknya, gamelan harus dibebaskan dari rasa mindernya sebagai sekadar budaya etnis. Oleh karenanya, gamelan harus dinetralisir dari bayang-bayang sugesti rasa kedaerahannya yang secara geokultural sangat sempit. Pandangan di atas bisa saja ditolak oleh sebagian pihak yang meyakini bahwa perkembangan musik yang terjadi pada suatu budaya tertentu memiliki urusan sendiri-sendiri. Namun demikian, jika kita amati berbagai karya baru musik gamelan sampai saat ini khususnya di Indonesia, aspek bayang-bayang sugesti rasa kedaerahan seperti yang dikemukakan di atas masih sangat nampak dan terasa, bahkan hal itulah yang seringkali dieksploitasikan, dipertahankan atau dilestarikan untuk menunjukan identitas ciri budayanya. 1 Sadra, I Wayan: Gamelan Kontemporer Antara Ada dan Tiada, Mencermati Seni Pertunjuksn I, 2003. 2 Raharjo, Sapto: Mendaki Samudra Bunyi, 2005. 3 Hardjana, Suka: Musik Antara Kritik dan Apresiasi, 2004. Sementara di beberapa negara lain, perkembangan musik gamelan tampaknya pesat sekali. Dari beberapa karya yang penulis amati, pembaruan musik gamelan di luar Indonesia sebenarnya memiliki fenomena tersendiri. Tetapi sebenarnya pengamatan ini hanyalah merupakan kesan saja yang berdasar pada pengalaman mendengar beberapa karya yang telah diciptakan. Batasan serta tolak ukur kebaruannya tentu saja sangat berbeda dengan apa yang terjadi di lingkungan penulis sendiri. Namun demikian, ada hal yang perlu disampaikan sehubungan dengan beberapa kesan tadi. Secara jujur penulis merasa agak “aneh” sekaligus kagum atas upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa komponis barat (Eropa dan Amerika), baik komposisi itu menggunakan gamelan maupun tanpa gamelan.4 Perasaan “aneh” ini (sekaligus lucu), timbul ketika mendengar karya Gilles Tremblay yaitu L’arbre de Borobudur. Pada suatu bagian dalam karya itu, terdapat suatu materi yang menggunakan idiom-idiom berdasarkan gramatik musik gamelan Sunda yaitu degung klasik, yang mana gramatik musik tersebut sangat akrab sekali dengan penulis. Bagaimana kesan atau perasaan itu, tidak usah dijelaskan di sini. Yang menjadi pertanyaan penulis adalah apakah kesan ini dirasakan juga oleh orang Jawa ketika mendengar karya Jody Diamond dalam karya In The Bright World?, atau bagi orang Bali mendengarkan beberapa karya Michael Tenzer terutama yang menggunakan seperangkat gamelan Bali?. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini mengingatkan penulis kepada sebuah perselisihan antara tokoh musikolog, etnomusikolog, komponis Indonesia yaitu Franki Raden dengan Dieter Mack yang mengkritisi tentang karya yang secara garis besar kurang lebih sama kasusnya dengan karya Gilles Tremblay.5 Tanpa berpihak pada siapapun, terdapat suatu penegasan menarik yang telah dikemukakan Dieter Mack, antara lain. ...setiap materi tidak bisa dilihat terlepas dari latar belakang serta konotasinya, walaupun buat berbagai pihak barangkali pendapat ini berbau etnosentrisme seorang 4 Seperti apa yang telah dibuat oleh Philip Corner, Ton de Leeuw , Colin Mc Phee, Lou Harrison, Larry Polansky, Michael Tenzer, Jody Diamond, John Cage dan masih banyak yang lainnya. 5 Setidaknya menurut interpretasi penulis. eropa. Jika tidak demikian, maka dunia musik pada umumnya bisa saja dianggap sebagai suatu “super market aneka sumber” yang dapat diterapkan seenaknya saja. Menurut kami, permasalahan ini tidak hanya menyangkut orientasi pihak barat. Di Indonesia pun masing-masing materi musik memiliki makna dan konotasi tertentu.6 Tetapi di samping itu, bagi penulis “gamelan barat” itu (kalau boleh dibilang begitu) juga sangat mengagumkan. Terutama ketika penulis pertama kali mendengar karya John Cage (Haikai), James Tenney (The Road to Ubud) atau karya Dieter Mack (Crosscurents). Ketiga-tiganya menggunakan gamelan degung,7 akan tetapi apa yang mereka buat dalam hal eksperimentasi bunyi serta perluasan gramatik musik, banyak hal yang tidak pernah terpikir oleh penulis. Dari beberapa persoalan di atas, hal yang paling penting dan perlu diakui oleh penulis adalah apa yang telah diciptakan mereka setidaknya membuka wacana akan berbagai kemungkinan untuk pengembangan musik gamelan yang terjadi di lingkungan budaya penulis sendiri, sekalipun hal itu datang dari budaya barat. Namun berdasarkan pengamatan penulis, peran serta fungsi gamelan kontemporer yang berkembang di daerah Sunda situasinya agak lain. Oleh karena itu untuk melihat persoalan musik gamelan di daerah Sunda, terutama tentang beberapa upaya dalam rangka pembaruan musiknya, perlu dijelaskan tersendiri. UPAYA PEMBARUAN MUSIK GAMELAN DI DAERAH SUNDA Bagi umumnya masyarakat Sunda, pandangan bahwa gamelan sebagai sebuah instrumen yang memiliki fungsi untuk mengiringi lagu, tarian, upacara, atau menuju pada bentuk-bentuk seni hiburan (baik secara positif maupun negatif) sangat menonjol. Selain itu, sikap masyarakat dalam mengapresiasi antara musik sebagai sebuah komposisi dengan berbagai kompleksitasnya, dengan musik yang hanya dibangun dari sebuah lagu, sepertinya sama saja. Sebagai kesimpulan bahwa apapun 6 Mack, Dieter: Sejarah Musik Jilid IV, 2004. 7 Peralatannya, kurang lebih seperti yang digunakan oleh Giles Tremblay. bentuk kreatifitas komponis sunda saat ini, yang penting musiknya bisa menghibur, enak untuk didengar dan dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan tertentu. Sedangkan komposisi musik yang dapat dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang bersifat otonom, keberadaannya agak sulit diterima di masyarakat sunda. Karena dalam konteks tradisi, kecenderungan fungsi musik sebagai sesuatu yang “berguna”, seperti untuk hiburan, upacara, iringan tari dan seterusnya sampai saat ini masih berperan. Dengan demikian sebagian besar komponis Sunda orientasinya lebih cenderung ke arah itu, ketimbang berpikir ke arah perluasan gramatika musiknya yang lebih otonom. Hal itu dapat terlihat dari pernyataan Nano S (Tokoh Seniman, Komponis/pencipta lagu Sunda) tentang eksistensi Mang Koko sebagai seorang seniman yang dianggap sebagai tokoh pembaruan musik Sunda, sebagai berikut. ...Mang Koko pun mengakui bahwa lagu "Saha" (Siapa) terilhami oleh lagu Belanda yang berjudul "Wie Was't Earst In Paradijs". Lagu "Sekar catur" (Nyanyian dialog) dari lagu "Cerry Pink", yang beliau dengar dari gramopoon. Lagu "Ka Abdi" (Kepada saya) dari lagu "To Me". Mang Koko mentrapkan tabuhan bukan pada alat Kacapi saja, tetapi juga pada alat Gamelan. Seperti halnya lagu "Hidup Baru" dan "Caringcing" (Waspada) yang menerapkan irama calipso. Karena ulahnya yang banyak mengolah pembaharuan dalam iringan lagu Sunda perkembangan
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