A l a b a m a A & M a n d A u b u r n U niversities

ANR-1289 What’s Buggin’ You?

ll , including , exist only in suit- able habitats with places to shelter, eat, and So what defines an ? reproduce. In a location that lacks one or

more of these requirements, they fail to thrive All insects have the following: or even survive. • A hard, protective exoskeleton they must A molt (shed) to grow larger Location is also important for a healthy garden whether planting ornamental, vegetable, flower, or even turf • Multiple life stages (e.g., egg, larvae, areas. Healthy plants have fewer problems than nymph, pupae, and adult) those stressed plants in unfavorable locations. Each plant has its own specific needs for sunlight, water, • A body with bilateral symmetry fertility, soil type, and temperature. When gardeners • Three body parts: put plants in unsuitable areas, pest problems, such as insects, often appear. - Head – with compound eyes, a mouth, and antennae Most insects, however, are not pests. The following is a guide to help distinguish some of the more common - Thorax – the wings (if present) and garden and household insects, their groups, and their legs are attached here purpose. Learn their role and discover what part of - Abdomen – it is often the largest their cycle can potentially affect you and your garden. body part where the primary life Gain an understanding of true pests, minor nuisances, functions occur benign residents, and beneficial “bugs.” • Three pairs of jointed legs Understanding Bugs Did you know that of the 1.5 million identified animals Metamorphosis on this planet, more than half are insects? And, most Observing insect development helps us identify them, insects are beneficial to humans. For example, the rav- understand their purpose, and also understand the best enous lady , or ladybug, can eat as many as 2,400 time to apply specific control measures if necessary. in its lifespan. Metamorphosis means a change in form, structure, or function as a result of development. This change How do you determine if your garden is hosting pest requires molting the hard, protective exoskeleton and insects or beneficial insects? This can be difficult can be generally described as either incomplete because circumstances often determine the insect’s or complete. role. Honeybees can be both. If provoked, they deliver nasty, painful stings. However, bees also assist in pol- Insects having incomplete metamorphosis gradually linating many fruits and vegetables. Some insects eat change through three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. other plant-damaging insects. Many insects are food for Hatching from an egg, the immature often looks like a ARCHIVEsmaller, wingless version of the adult, called a nymph. various animals and some are beneficial decomposers, and the small number of that harm plants and The adult stage results after numerous nymphal molts. animals are known as pests. Adults are the reproductive and final developmental stage. Stink bugs, cockroaches, aphids, and grasshoppers are examples of insects having incomplete metamorphosis.

www.aces.edu Insects with complete metamorphosis have four stages: Life cycle information helps determine what and when egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larvae hatching from control options are most likely effective. In general, eggs look quite different from the adults, often use a there is at least one stage in the insect’s cycle when it is different food source, and many times have different most vulnerable to the selected control methods. Timing types of mouthparts. For example, the larval stage of of controls is just as important as choice of control. a butterfly or moth has chewing mouthparts while the adult butterfly or moth has siphoning mouthparts. These Insect Groups larvae later become nonfeeding, stationary pupae inside It is also helpful to learn some common characteristics a protective case. The larva inside each pupal case of the insect groups (scientific orders). This can help liquefies and reforms into an adult. Examples are distinguish the good from the bad, or at least give you moths and butterflies, flies, , and . some understanding of their purpose.

Scientific Order (name) Common Name Description Activity or Role

Araneae and Acarina spiders, mites, and not true insects, but still spiders eat insects and other chiggers distant relatives; eight small animals; many mites are legs; two body parts – plant and pests; some cephalothorax and mites are beneficial predators abdomen; no antenna of insects and other mites

Coleoptera beetles hard wings cover the some are helpful to plants, soft flight wings below some are damaging to plants

Dictyoptera cockroaches and cockroaches are decom- front wings are completely leathery; praying mantids posers, eating any dead hind wings are membranous; some materials; mantids prey fly, some don’t on other insects Diptera flies and mosquitoes one pair of flight wings some of the most notorious animal disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes and tse-tse flies); some flies lay eggs in garden fruits, making the fruit unsightly or inedible; a few fly larvae are leaf and stem eaters

Hemiptera true bugs (leafhoppers, forewings are half some are helpful, some are stink bugs, lace bugs, hardened, or leathery, damaging to plants; a few are pirate bugs, and and half membranous human pests (e.g., bed bugs) assassin bugs)

Homoptera , leafhoppers, uniform wings; all eat plant sap; some feed on only aphids, scale insects, wedge-shaped head one type of plant; sometimes only , and others the nymphs cause damage

Hymenoptera ants, , and bees two pair of membranous many are beneficial in the garden wings; thin “waist” between and nonstinging; some humans abdomen and thorax; many are highly allergic to those with are colonial a venomous sting Isoptera termites both wing pairs are see ANR-1170, ANR-1035, ARCHIVEidentical and equal in size ANR-1252, ANR-1022 Lepideptera butterflies and moths wings covered by scales, nectar feeding adults pollinate sometimes with colorful flowers; the larvae, or caterpillars, patterns eat plant leaves and stems Odonata dragonflies and toothed mouthparts; all are predators on other damselflies distinctive wing patches insects and, when nymphs, for each species other aquatic creatures

 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Scientific Order (name) Common Name Description Activity or Role

Orthoptera grasshoppers, katydids, straight, nonfolding wings; all grasshoppers are plant eaters – mole crickets, and long hindlegs for jumping some more damaging than others; crickets crickets are decomposers, eating any dead materials; mole crickets eat only plant roots; katydids are also plant eaters

Siphonaptera fleas siphoning mouthparts; pests of mammals wingless, flattened body

Common Garden Sightings both larvae and adults have chew- ing mouthparts. Some feed on Araneae and Acarina – spiders and mites plants, some just on plant pollen. Spiders are not insects, but they are a specialized group Some beetles feed on other insects, of animals often producing silken webs for catching prey. some on fungi, and others are Spiders without webs ambush prey. Some use under- decomposers, eating dead plants ground burrows to hide while others change color for and animals. camouflage. In any case, spiders are often considered Some of the more commonly beneficial to the garden because their primary food is known plant pest beetles are the insects. Spiders have incomplete metamorphosis and a elm leaf, Japanese, June, cucum- solitary lifestyle. In the United States, only the brown ber, potato, and Mexican bean beetles. Pest beetles can recluse, and black and brown widow spiders are be trunk and stem borers, leaf miners, root feeders, leaf dangerous to people. eaters, or whole plant eaters. Some predatory, beneficial Mites are also non-insects, and beetles are lady, soldier, tiger, and ground beetles. The some are serious pests causing leaf first key to control is identification. Preserve the benefi- galls, plant death, or irritation to cial beetles that snack on slugs, aphids, caterpillars, and animals. They all have needle-like other pests. mouthparts to puncture tissue and suck out liquids. Those that bite humans, such as chiggers and ticks, Dictyoptera–mantids and cockroaches are irritating, and some ticks spread Praying mantids are one of the larger garden insects; disease. Avoid wild areas with dense some can be up to 4 inches long. They hide in the vegetation, especially tall grasses, garden by camouflage and have heightened vision and to prevent bites. Insect repellents and long pants tucked hearing for sensing insect prey. Their front into socks are recommended if you visit suspect areas. legs are spined to assist with catching prey. When a few mites feed on leaves and flowers, affected They are the only insects able to rotate tissues appear speckled (stippled) while webbing and their heads. Mantids have incomplete dead tissue appear with larger mite populations. Preven- metamorphosis, laying 100 or more eggs in tion is relatively easy if you know spider mites thrive a spongy mass. during hot, dry weather. A good spray of water disrupts Labeling mantids as beneficial or pest reproduction and feeding. Spray the underside of leaves insects is difficult. They do eat insects that where they hide and repeat daily if plants are infested. harm your plants, but are just as willing Frequent monitoring during dry summer days is a must. to snack on a butterfly or lady beetle. All Mites also tend to attack plants under stress, so keeping insects, even other mantids, are equally plants healthy is the firstARCHIVE line of defense. treated as just another meal. Mantids must be solitary for survival. You are most likely to see man- Coleoptera–beetles tids in late summer or fall when adults are full-sized. Beetles comprise the largest and most diverse of all While cockroaches are certainly household pests, they insect groups. In fact, they comprise 25 percent of all also serve an important purpose: eating decaying organic animals on Earth. Beetles have one pair of protective matter. They belong to the clean-up crew outdoors. hard wings, called elytra, and sometimes a second pair Garden soil benefits from the compost that cockroach- of membranous flight wings underneath. Ground es help provide. Roaches eat whatever plants shed beetles and some weevils are examples of flightless bee- throughout the year. tles. All beetles undergo complete metamorphosis, and What's Buggin' You?  Diptera–flies and mosquitoes bug. Assassin bugs are commonly found in gardens where few chemical pesticides are used. These Flies, along with mosquitoes, gnats, and midges, voracious insect eaters prey on a variety of pests, have two functional wings (di = two). The hind including flies, beetles, and various larvae. Again, wings have evolved into tiny club-like structures and no two bugs are alike. Identification is necessary work like gyroscopes for navigation. Flies are among to separate the helpful from the destructive. the few insects able to fly in a straight line. The common house Homoptera–leafhoppers, aphids, scale fly, a few biting insects, whiteflies, cicadas, and others flies, and the mos- quito are familiar to This group comprises a significant list of plant pests, most people. Some both in the adult and nymph- spread diseases. The al stages. Adults may be larvae (maggots) of winged or wingless. Homop- other pest flies, such terans pierce plant tissue as leafminer, gall, and suck out sap. Feeding bulb, and fruit flies, causes loss of plant vigor, destructively feed on stunted growth, discolored or various plant parts. However, some fly larvae help deformed leaves, flowers, and the soil by speeding up the decomposition of decaying buds, and can spread plant plant and animal material. diseases. Infested plants may develop sooty mold, a black Syrphid (hover flies) and tachinid fly larvae are ben- fungus that grows on the eficial to the garden as insect predators. The female insects’ honeydew secretion. adult fly lays her eggs in or near the preferred insect Honeydew is excreted sugary host so her larvae can feed until pupation time. plant sap and a primary food All flies have complete metamorphosis. Help preserve for several ants. The presence of ants on your plants is a and attract beneficial flies to your garden by planting sure sign of this pest group. dill, parsley, sweet clover, or cultivated goldenrod. Leafhoppers feed on leaf undersides, causing loss of plant vigor and a stippled or mottled pattern. These missile-shaped insects hop more often than they fly, so –stink bugs, lace bugs, pirate control should start with spring’s first nymphal genera- bugs, assassin bugs, and others tion. Wingless nymphs begin to appear with new plant growth in spring. There can be two to five leafhopper Some people describe all insects, and sometimes spi- generations per year. Few of these are serious plant ders, as bugs. Entomologists, though, refer only to the pests by themselves, but many spread plant diseases true bugs in the order Hemiptera. Most adult bugs are during their feeding. winged, but a few are not, such as bed bugs. Those with wings have “half wings,” forewings with a leathery Aphids are soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects and a half and a membranous half. Bugs also have a beak-like favored treat for many predatory insects. They are often mouth for piercing the desired meal and sucking out found on new, tender growth, but occasionally cover an its contents. All bugs have incomplete metamorphosis. entire plant. Aphids are unique in that they birth live Nymphs appear as small, wingless adults. nymphs more often than they produce eggs. Some trees, such as pecans, crape myrtle, river birch, and tulip pop- There are both beneficial and pest bugs in the gar- lar, seem to have aphids every year. Patient observation den. Common pest bugs include the azalea lace bug, often proves little to no ill effect on tree health, but can chinch bug, harlequin bug, and many stink bugs. reduce yields on fruit and nut trees. Know the plant first Some common beneficial bugs are the assassin bug, to determine the severity of the problem, and watch for big-eyed bug, predaceousARCHIVE stink bug, and minute pirate beneficial insects. A strong blast of water or oil spray often works best on springtime aphids on flowering plants and shrubs. One of the largest Homopteran subgroups is scale insects. There are three major groups of scale insects: armored scale, soft scale, and mealybugs. Armored scales live beneath an “armor” of wax and may live on almost any plant part (leaves, stems, trunks, roots).

 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Because only the first stage, crawlers, have legs, armored the nest, and collect scales never move once they begin feeding. Common food. Sometimes examples are euonymus scale, tea scale, and white peach adults have wings scale. Their feeding directly damages plants. Armored and sometimes they scales are small and often go unnoticed until damaging don’t. Hymenoptera numbers show plant injury. These scales do not feed on plant pollen produce honeydew. and nectar, leaves and woody plant Soft scales are larger and do not construct a separate parts, and other wax cover. Their bodies are covered in a thin, invisible insects and spiders. (except in wax scale) wax layer. Soft scale can be up to A few are destruc- ½ inch, but are more often smaller (up to 1/ 8 inch). tive to plants in nesting. Some live underground, some Some are capable of moving, but most remain bore into wood, and some build elaborate nests of paper, stationary at maturity. Soft scales produce honeydew, mud, wax, or other materials. There are also solitary so watch for sooty mold and ants as a sign of their feed- Hymenoptera, such as velvet ants or parasitic wasps, ing. Common soft scales include wax scale, tulip poplar that lay their eggs in other insects. scale, pine tortoise scale, and brown soft scale. Hymenoptera are often beneficial to the garden. Various Mealybugs are the third type of scale insects. Covered species feed on sweets, oily proteins, honeydew from in soft, powdery wax, they appear grainy or mealy. Most other insects, seeds or grains, or other insects. Generally mealybugs have legs, moving about as they feed and produc- these are not serious pest activities; however, some ants ing honeydew. The long-tailed mealybug, mealybug cause damage when they build nests or when they and pink mealybug are a few examples. protect the insects that produce honeydew. Many ants, Scales are an important plant pest group because they though, are useful as scavengers and insect predators. are difficult to detect and control. Notice early signs Common pest ants are the black carpenter ant and the such as yellowed leaves, ant trails, honeydew, or sooty imported red fire ant. Argentine ants are also common, mold. Dormant and summer oil or soap sprays are best but mostly just a nuisance because they cannot sting. because they penetrate the protective wax shell. Braconid wasps are common beneficial insects that Chemical sprays primarily affect the crawlers and parasitize aphids, cabbageworms, flies, and several other application timing is tricky. Systemic applied insect larvae. Females inject their eggs into the host to plant roots provide excellent, whole plant control of insect where the larvae hatch and feed. Other wasps, scale insects. such as mud daubers, pack insect prey into the nest as adults resemble small, white moths with food for their young. their powdery, white wings. They prefer feeding on leaf Several members of this group can give a venomous sting. undersides and fly out in a cloud when affected plants Keep in mind that this is a defensive response and usu- are disturbed. This Homopteran lays eggs that emerge ally only produces temporary discomfort. If you stay as feeding crawlers. Turn over a leaf to find crawlers, away from bee and colonies and ant mounds, you pupae, and adults. Several overlapping generations can are unlikely to be stung. It is important to note that some develop each year. Infestations may be a sign that the people are highly allergic to these stings. These sensitive natural enemies of whiteflies are absent. Whiteflies are people should be extra observant when outdoors. not usually a serious problem for plant health. Cicadas are the most benign members of this group. Isoptera–termites Their boisterous summer “singing” might be annoying In Alabama, there are two main types of termites: the and they cause minor damage to various forest trees subterranean termite and the drywood, or powderpost, when females puncture twigs and stems to insert their termite. Native subterranean termites live in the soil eggs. This causes dieback and can occasionally be fatal near dead trees or structures, or in wood near the soil. to young, small trees, but rarely causes serious damage These termites make mud tubes to keep a moist to a mature tree. NymphsARCHIVE feed on tree roots, but again, environment. Formosan have little overall impact. subterranean and eastern subterranean termites also attack wood in contact Hymenoptera–ants, bees, and wasps with soil, but additionally feed on living plants. Dry- Ants, bees, and wasps are familiar garden insects wood termites only live that often live in organized colonies. For colonial within wood, dead trees, hymenopterans, the queen is the only member produc- or structures. They do not ing offspring. Workers tend the brood, make and tend

What's Buggin' You?  need ground contact or a moist environment. (See Many butterflies and moths are considered ANR-1170, ANR-1035, ANR-1252, ANR-1022, and beneficial pollinators as adults. Though not always ANR-1101 for more information.) easy to separate, butterflies and moths do have several distinctions. Butterflies have knobbed, long, antennae Lepidoptera–moths and butterflies and moths have feathery antennae. Butterflies are often More than 11,000 Lepidoptera species live in North brightly colored, while moths are usually earthy, dull America and are the most popular for gardeners to colors. Most moths are nocturnal. Moths wrap their study and observe. Most Lepidoptera are dependent pupae in silk or plant parts, making a cocoon. Butter- on plants for one or more stages of their develop- flies leave the pupae bare, a chrysalis. Moth caterpillars ment: egg, larvae, pupae, or winged adult. Plant are more commonly plant pests, compared to butter- damage is only caused by the larvae or caterpillars. flies, simply because there are more moth species.

Odonata–dragonflies and damselflies Dragonflies and damselflies live anywhere water is present. Each Odonata naiad, or aquatic nymph, prefers a specific type of aquatic habitat: stream, pond, lake, or other. Varying by species, naiads may live several months or even years before emerging from the water as adults. Both naiads and adults have strong, biting mouthparts and aggressively hunt their prey, which are mostly insects. Adults have four wings and large, compound eyes, with exceptional vision and a wide view at great distances. Each wing pair operates separately, allowing them to hover, fly backward, quickly turn midflight, or Caterpillars are sometimes known by their adult land suddenly. names, such as the codling moth, gypsy moth, or Damselflies monarch, while others are described by their plant- differ from eating stage, such as fruitworm, cutworm, leafminer, dragonflies because and webworm. Caterpillars have worm-shaped, soft they are smaller, bodies, sometimes hairless, sometimes hairy, or covered have weaker flight with spiny protrusions. Some are camouflaged with skills, and fold their natural surroundings, but others are brightly their wings in rest colored. Some are covered with poisonous spines rather than leaving or hairs to ward off predators with a painful sting. them spread out. Neither dragonflies nor damselflies can sting. To separate them from true worms or other insect larvae, all caterpillars have three pair of jointed, hook-tipped legs near the head and usually have five pairs of prolegs, soft fleshy projections with sucker Orthoptera–grasshoppers, katydids, mole feet, near the rear. crickets, and crickets Control any pest in this group with Bacillus All Orthoptera have greatly enlarged hind femurs for thuringiensis, a bacterium fatal to all caterpillars jumping. Several are nocturnal. If winged, the fore but harmless to most other creatures, including other wings are toughened and straight while the hind wings insects. Some butterfliesARCHIVE and moths have distinctive are membranous and folded. Most males make charac- wing markings: eye spots to trick predators, patterns teristic songs in three types: one for calling females, one creating camouflage, or warning coloration to caution for courtship, and another warning other males to stay would-be predators of a foul taste.

 Alabama Cooperative Extension System away. Both nymphs and adults have chewing mouthparts, All of these points describe Integrated Pest Manage- but diet varies by species. Orthopterans do eat plants, but ment, IPM, a comprehensive, well-established approach many are omnivorous, eating anything they find. to pest control involving a combination of strategies. IPM combines knowledge with compatible biological, Most crickets are not considered serious garden pests, cultural, physical, mechanical, and chemical tactics to except for mole crickets. They have broad front legs for solve pest problems. Chemicals are sometimes digging in the soil and they attack vegetable and grass necessary, but choose the least toxic product and use roots. Katydids live and feed mostly in trees, but do not it in combination with other methods as appropriate cause significant damage. Grasshoppers in large num- for optimum results. No single method is foolproof. bers can do significant plant damage and are extremely difficult to control once they mature. Fortunately, Learn about the important precautions and proper uses large populations are rare and seldom present a serious of any pesticide. Chemical treatment should be your problem for home gardeners. A few parts of Alabama last resort. Use all pesticides according to the product must deal with the eastern lubber grasshopper. Watch label. The label is one of the most important pieces of in spring for young nymphs, using the pick-and-stomp garden literature. Read and follow the directions for method of pest control. effective use and safety. See the Recommended Resources section for treatment recommendations. Siphonaptera–fleas Fleas are tiny insects with flattened bodies and are pests to mammal and birds. They have no wings or Beneficial Insects to Know well-developed eyes, Ladybugs – Coleoptera – adults and larvae eat but sense motion from aphids, scale, mites, and larvae and eggs of various their warm-blooded insect pests hosts. Adults have siphoning mouthparts Ground beetles – Coleoptera – adults eat aphids, and remarkably strong caterpillars and other insect larvae, and slugs legs for jumping. With Rove beetles – Coleoptera – adults eat aphids, these powerful legs, a flies, eggs, maggots (especially cabbage), mites, human could jump 250 nematodes, and springtails feet. Adult fleas can carry and transmit Praying mantids – Dictyoptera – adults and several diseases to mammals, such as typhus and nymphs eat any insect they find plague, but even a noninfectious bite is irritating. Hover flies – Diptera – larvae eat aphids and small caterpillars Robber flies – Diptera – adults eat flying insects; Controlling Pests larvae eat soil insects, such as grubs The most effective control is prevention. If pests have Tachinid flies – Diptera – larvae eat squash bugs, no place to live, eat, or breed, they won’t become a caterpillars, and Japanese beetle larvae problem. Place plants in the right location for their best health. Test for healthy soil, and mulch and water Big-eyed bugs – Hemiptera – adults eat aphids, appropriately for each plant. Attract beneficial insects caterpillars, mites, soil pests, thrips, and other small and learn to recognize them. Select plant varieties insects resistant to known pests in your garden. Monitor the Assassin bugs – Hemiptera – adults and nymphs garden for pests and understand their cycle to know eat a variety of insects when they are most vulnerable. Know the pest spectrum associated withARCHIVE the plants in your garden. Minute pirate bugs – Hemiptera – adults and Many plant-feeding insects have a narrow plant host nymphs feed on thrips, spider mites, and several range, which makes the prediction of their appearance insects’ eggs easier. Knowing the pest helps you determine the best Spined soldier bugs (stink bugs) – Hemiptera – control options available. (See the resources below.) larvae eat a variety of other insects’ larvae

What's Buggin' You?  Recommended Resources Beneficial Insects to Know Borror, Donald L. and Richard E. White.: A Field Guide to Insects: America North of Mexico. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Ichneumon wasps – Hymenoptera – Mifflin Company, Boston. 1998. nonstinging adults and larvae eat several This book is an excellent reference that includes information on insects soft-bodied insects in general and the collection and preservation of insects. It is available from any bookstore. Broconid wasps – Hymenoptera – nonstinging Cranshaw, Whitney. Garden Insects of North America. Princeton Uni- adults and larvae eat several soft-bodied insects versity Press, Princeton. 2004. Chalcid wasps – Hymenoptera – nonstinging This reference has extensive photographs of both pest and beneficial insects grouped by their feeding and damaging habits. It is user- adults and larvae eat several soft-bodied insects friendly. Lacewings – Neuroptera – larvae eat aphids, Hyche, L. L. Stinging Caterpillars A Guide to Recognition of Species scales, thrips, mites, and eggs of several pest Found on Alabama Trees. AAES Bulletin 633. http://www.ag.auburn. insects edu/enpl/bulletins/caterpillar/caterpillar.htm Milne, Loms and Margery. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1980. This field guide is available in most bookstores. It has wonderful pho- Plant food-sources and provide shelter to attract tographs in the front. beneficial insects to the garden and keep them around Mitchell, Robert T. and Herbert S. Zim. Butterflies and Moths: A Guide as helpers. A few plants they use for nectar include to the More Common American Species. Golden Nature Guide, Golden yarrow, dill, parsley, Queen Anne’s lace, buckwheat, Press, New York. 1987. thyme, cilantro, clovers, cosmos, asters, mint, and This small, popular book has wonderful and accurate illustrations, is sedums. Most gardens provide shelter just by their easy to follow, and includes geographic ranges for various species. existence, but remember to keep beds mulched as an Wright, Amy Bartlett. Caterpillars: Peterson First Guide to Caterpillars added bonus for many larvae, and sometimes adults, of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York. of beneficial insects. 1998. This book is easy to follow and has excellent illustrations. It is avail- able from any bookstore. The Plant Diagnostic Labs (ALFA Agricultural Services Bldg, 961 South Donahue Dr., Auburn University, AL 36849-5624; and at the C. Beaty Hanna Horticulture and Environmental Center, 2612 Park Rd., Bir- mingham, AL 35223) in Auburn and Birmingham are another resource to proper identification. Remember to include collection date, plant or area where collected, damage if seen, and any other pertinent informa- tion that describes the surroundings where the insect was found. ANR-500-B, Alabama Pest Management Handbook, vol. 2 http://aces. edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0500-B/ ARCHIVE

Kerry Smith, Extension Home Horticulture Associate and Alabama Master Gardener Coordinator, Auburn University. For more information, call your county Extension office. Look in your telephone directory under your county’s name to find the number. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and home economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, and other relat- ed acts, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) offers educational programs, materials, and equal opportunity employment to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, veteran status, or disability. 7 M, New Nov 2006, ANR-1289

© 2006 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved. ANR-1289