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Leafroll & Red Blotch

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Leafroll & Red Blotch Managing Insects that Vector Pathogens: Leafroll & Red Blotch Kent Daane, Monica Cooper, Rodrigo Almeida, Kai Blaisdel, Alexis Billings, Kelsey Schall (UC Berkeley) Houston Wilson (UC Riverside) Grape leafroll associated virus Grape red botch (associated virus) Both pathogens impact crop vigor, yield and quality, (reduced photosynthesis, delayed fruit maturation, lower Brix, fruit chemistry) November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Outline – Vector Control and GLRaV . GLRaV Control Programs a) leafroll and mealybugs b) leafroll epidemiology (difference with GRBV) . Mealybug Controls a) insecticides – current studies b) biological controls – a review c) mating disruption . Areawide or strategic control for GLRaV November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Outline – Vector Control and GLRaV . GLRaV Control Programs a) leafroll and mealybugs b) leafroll epidemiology (difference with GRBV) . Mealybug Controls a) insecticides – current studies b) biological controls – a review c) mating disruption . Areawide or strategic control for GLRaV November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Outline – Vector Control and GLRaV . GLRaV Control Programs a) leafroll and mealybugs b) leafroll epidemiology (difference with GRBV) . Mealybug Controls a) insecticides – current studies b) biological controls – a review c) mating disruption . Areawide or strategic control for GLRaV November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Which leafroll species (or strain) do you have? Sharma et al. PLoS One. 2011 November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Mealybugs are also vectors grape leafroll associated viruses (GLRaVs) photo courtesy of Deborah Golino November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Importance of vectors in movement of GLRaV are seen in Deborah Golino’s 2002- 2006 mapping of annual movement November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California GLRaV Insect Vectors • >700 plant viruses • ca. 70% have insect, mite, nematode or fungal Lecanium scale Pulvinaria scale vectors Mealybugs • GLRaV–3 is a closterovirid… and most closterovirids are vectored by whiteflies, aphids, soft scales and mealybugs November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Obscure mealybug Which vector do you have? (South America) In California, 7 MB & 3 scale species known as vectors of GLRaV Long-tailed mealybug Grape mealybug (Australia) (native) Gill’s mealybug (native – southeastern US) November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Vine MB is a Mediterranean native – probably brought in by a grower Daane et al. 2017, PLoS One November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Mexico Egypt California Turkey Israel Argentina Western Europe Tunisia South Africa Daane et al. 2017, PLoS One November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Vine MB as an Invasive Species in California 1994 1998- 2008 2001 First reported A few vineyards Well established November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California There is no vector-pathogen specificity or fidelity Tsai et al. 2010, J Econ Ent Wistrom et al. 2016, J Econ Ent November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Key Transmission Facts – Acquisition Crawlers acquired (AAP) virus w/in 1 hr, peaked at 24 hr Tsai et al. Phytopath. (2008) November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Key Transmission Facts – Acquisition Crawlers transmitted (IAP) virus w/in 1 hr, peaked at 24 hr Tsai et al. Phytopath. (2008) November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Semi-persistent transmission (lost after 4-5 days, or each molt) Tsai et al 2008, Phytopathology November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Transmission efficiency Grape mealybug 0.1 vs 100% efficiency equals “1 in 1000” MB vs “1” MB for transmission MB efficiencies for GLRaV-3 Vine mealybug Vine mealybug (Mediterranean) Vine MB Grape 5-50% lab Obscure 1-30% field Longtailed Gill’s Obscure mealybug Percentage efficiency is variable and dependent on vector, virus, vineyard and environment. November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California How long before GLRaV Symptoms occur? 10 grape MB per plant (single leaf) 48 h acquisition (in lab) 48 h inoculation (in field) 1 July 1 Blaisdell et al. 2016 European J Plant Pathology November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Outline – Vector Control and GLRaV . GLRaV Control Programs a) leafroll and mealybugs b) leafroll epidemiology (difference with GRBV) . Mealybug Controls a) insecticides – current studies b) biological controls – a review c) mating disruption . Areawide or strategic control for GLRaV November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California In 1952-53, in a Tulare Co. table grape vineyard with a history of grape mealybug infestation, excellent control (<1%) was achieved with low rates of parathion [summary] November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California 0 1 2 3 ) 100 Rating system for fruit damage 80 “3” Severe damage / lost cluster category 60 “2” Partial damage (% (% 40 “1” Minor damage 20 “0” No damage Damage 0 November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California In the 1990s, Chemical Industry and UC sought alternates to in-season OPs and Carbamates b b b a 40 a ) 100 80 30 category 60 (% (% 20 40 b b b damage 10 20 Fruit 0 0 Applaud Control Applaud Control Admire Lorsban (buprofezin) (as a delayed- Admire Lorsban Dormant) (Imidacloprid) (chlorpyrifos) Daane et al. 2006 Cal Ag November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Since the 1990s, there are many novel materials. Here, I focus on Movento, Admire, Applaud, Belay, Assail, & Lorsban 30 25 Movento (May) Sivanto (July) 20 15 10 b b 5 a a 0 Spirotetramet Buprofezin Control (Movento) (Applaud) Clothianidin Acetamiprid (Belay) (Assail) Wunderlich et al. unpubl data November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Since the 1990s, there are many novel materials. Here, I focus on Movento, Admire, Applaud, Belay, Assail, & Lorsban 30 25 Movento (May) Sivanto (July) 20 15 10 b b 5 a a 0 Spirotetramet Buprofezin Control (Movento) (Applaud) Clothianidin Acetamiprid (Belay) (Assail) Daane et al. unpubl data November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Understanding the systematic uptake of pesticide Foliar spray Spirotetramat (SPTA) Spirotetramat metabolite (SPTA Enol) Modified after:November http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/translocation.jpg 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Spirotetramat Enol Enol-Glc Ketohydroxy B 6.14 A 2.41 DAD1 A, Sig=250,4 Ref=off (MOVENTO_SC 2015-08-24 08-50-47\065-0501.D) mAU 8.536 50 C 40 3.620 6.140 30 4.350 4.200 20 6.14 5.410 4.976 5.585 10 7.077 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 min November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Spirotetramat Enol Enol-Glc Ketohydroxy Spirotetramat is a tetronic acid derivative and acts as a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes, vitamins, hormones) are essential to an animal’s existence. Spirotetramat is effective against juvenile stages (like a growth hormone), but can reduce adult fecundity and fertility. Death also occurs because mealybugs will have their energy transport system disrupted and should cease movement. November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Example of some of the results 1000 100 Spirotetramat 10 Enol 1 0.1 0.01 Mean ppm of compound ppm Mean of compound per sample 0.001 0.0001 0.2 4 37 110 184 212 320 (5 hr) November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Example of some of the results 25 8 oz Movento applied 22 May Leaf petiole samples 20 5 days after treatment enol mg / liter / mg enol 12 yr old Crimson, flood irrigation 15 Spirotetramat Spirotetramat enol Spirotetramat 10 and 5 zero Spirotetramat 0 Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Average and Individual samples November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Example of some of the results 8 Spirotetramat Enol 6 4 2 Mean ppm of compound compound per ofMean sample ppm 0 8 12 24 8 12 24 8 12 24 oz 8 12 24 8 12 24 8 12 24 oz 1 DAT 7 DAT 30 DAT 1 DAT 7 DAT 30 DAT November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Example of some of the results 5 8 oz Movento applied 22 May 4 lower trunk samples 29 days after treatment 12 yr old Crimson, flood irrigation 3 Spirotetramat 2 Spirotetramat enol 1 Spirotetramat and Enol (ppm) Spirotetramat and Enol 0 Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Different vines, same row November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Questions we have been trying to address: • Timing & methods of application • Location & age of pest population • Vine physiology • Conversion of SPAT to SPAT-Enol? • Movement of SPAT & SPAT-Enol November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Question we are asked: is resistance to Movento developing 2.41 6.14 So we have visited a number of farms with large mealybug populations, which have been treated with a number of products, but in most cases we have found an explanation other than resistance is more plausible – in this case we simple can’t find the Spirotetramat or Enol in the vine, in other cases the product was applied too late in the season November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Green & brown lacewings Native beetles Mealybug destroyer beetle Predaceous midge (fly) Many parasitoid species November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California BioControls: Anagyrus pseudococci (female – left, male – right) Imported decades ago for citrus and Comstock MBs, more recently for VMB November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Insecticides and Natural Enemies pyrethroids For most crops, selection of pesticides is the primary method to conserve natural enemies – even more important the cover crops At this time, we haven’t seen any negative aspects of Movento on natural enemies November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Mating Disruption for the Vine Mealybug November 11-13, 2019 | San Luis Obispo, California Work began with Jocelyn Millar – a pheromone chemist at UCR and Walt Bentley – UC IPM.
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