DOCSLIB.ORG

Pancreatic Cancer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pancreatic Cancer PRIMER Pancreatic cancer Jorg Kleeff1,2, Murray Korc3, Minoti Apte4, Carlo La Vecchia5, Colin D. Johnson6, Andrew V. Biankin7, Rachel E. Neale8, Margaret Tempero9, David A. Tuveson10, Ralph H. Hruban11 and John P. Neoptolemos1 Abstract | Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality, with a dismal overall prognosis that has remained virtually unchanged for many decades. Currently, prevention or early diagnosis at a curable stage is exceedingly difficult; patients rarely exhibit symptoms and tumours do not display sensitive and specific markers to aid detection. Pancreatic cancers also have few prevalent genetic mutations; the most commonly mutated genes are KRAS, CDKN2A (encoding p16), TP53 and SMAD4 — none of which are currently druggable. Indeed, therapeutic options are limited and progress in drug development is impeded because most pancreatic cancers are complex at the genomic, epigenetic and metabolic levels, with multiple activated pathways and crosstalk evident. Furthermore, the multilayered interplay between neoplastic and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment challenges medical treatment. Fewer than 20% of patients have surgically resectable disease; however, neoadjuvant therapies might shift tumours towards resectability. Although newer drug combinations and multimodal regimens in this setting, as well as the adjuvant setting, appreciably extend survival, ~80% of patients will relapse after surgery and ultimately die of their disease. Thus, consideration of quality of life and overall survival is important. In this Primer, we summarize the current understanding of the salient pathophysiological, molecular, translational and clinical aspects of this disease. In addition, we present an outline of potential future directions for pancreatic cancer research and patient management. The normal pancreas consists of digestive enzyme- Pancreatic cancer is associated with an extremely secreting acinar cells, bicarbonate-secreting ductal cells, poor prognosis for several reasons3. It is usually diag- centro-acinar cells that are the geographical transition nosed at advanced stages, which is often due to non- between acinar and ductal cells, hormone-secreting specific and — in some cases — no symptoms, a lack of endocrine islets and relatively inactive stellate cells. The sensitive and specific tumour markers and difficulties majority of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas are in imaging early-stage tumours. Pancreatic cancer is adeno carcinomas; rare pancreatic neoplasms include aggressive, with perineural and vascular local growth neuroendocrine tumours (which can secrete hormones and early distant metastases that preclude curative sur- such as insulin or glucagon) and acinar carcinomas gical resection in most patients. Pancreatic cancer is (which can release digestive enzymes into the circula- character ized by a remarkable resistance (or tolerance) tion). Even less common neoplasms include colloid car- to most conventional treatment options, including cinomas, pancreatoblastomas and solid-pseudopapillary chemotherapy, radiotherapy and molecularly targeted neoplasms (FIG. 1). Specifically, ductal adenocarcinoma therapy. Finally, pancreatic cancer harbours multiple Correspondence to J.K. is the most common malignancy of the pancreas; this genetic and epigenetic alterations and have complex NIHR Pancreas Biomedical tumour (commonly and here referred to as pancreatic and dense tumour microenvironments. All of these fac- Research Unit, Department of cancer) presents a substantial health problem, with an tors result in an overall 5-year survival rate of <7%, with Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of estimated 367,000 new cases diagnosed worldwide in almost all survivors at this time point being the 10–20% 1 Liverpool, Royal Liverpool 2015 and an associated 359,000 deaths in the same year . of patients who undergo surgical resection; for these and Broadgreen University Pancreatic cancer is currently the fourth highest cause of patients, the 5-year survival rate is ~15–25%4. Hospitals NHS Trust, Duncan cancer death in developed countries, and if outcomes are Although some areas of research and patient care Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK. not improved, the disease is predicted to be the second have witnessed incremental progress (such as more- [email protected] leading cause of cancer-related mortality within the next effective combinatorial chemotherapeutic options, new decade2. Risk factors such as tobacco smoking, type 2 preoperative treatment strategies, better perioperative Article number: 16022 doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.22 diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis account for care and safer surgery), the overall effect on the progno- Published online 21 April 2016 approximately one-quarter to one-third of cases. sis of patients with pancreatic cancer has been marginal. NATURE REVIEWS | DISEASE PRIMERS VOLUME 2 | 2016 | 1 ©2016 Mac millan Publishers Li mited. All ri ghts reserved. PRIMER Author addresses the latest data show the incidence continuing to rise in the United Kingdom and in North America — prob- 1 NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer ably as a result of an ageing population3,8,9. Urban popu- Medicine, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals lations tend to have higher rates than rural populations, NHS Trust, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK. reflecting the quality of diagnosis, although differences 2Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany. in risk factors might also be involved. Studies suggest 3Departments of Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University that first-generation migrants from low-risk areas who School of Medicine, the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Pancreatic move to high-risk areas experience rates similar to Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. those of the country of migration after 15–20 years10, 4SWS Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied indicating the importance of environmental factors on Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. pancreatic cancer aetiology. 5Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. 6University Surgical Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK. Risk factors 7 Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Age is the major determinant of pancreatic cancer. Most Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. patients are diagnosed at >50 years of age, with peak inci- 8QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 9UCSF Pancreas Center, University of California San Francisco — Mission Bay dence in the seventh and eighth decades of life. In terms Campus/Mission Hall, San Francisco, California, USA. of preventable risk factors, tobacco smoking is the most 10Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, New York, USA. important and most studied. Smokers have a twofold to 11The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Departments of Pathology threefold higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. than non-smokers; a dose–risk relationship has been noted, as has a favourable effect of smoking cessation. The proportion of cases attributable to tobacco smok- Emerging strategies to treat pancreatic cancer include ing has been estimated to be 15–30% in various popu- identifying subgroups of patients for individualized lations11–13. Use of smokeless tobacco products can also therapies, developing molecularly targeted therapies increase the risk14. and immunotherapies, and focusing on the tumour Obesity and low physical activity are also linked microenvironment as a potential target. Additional to pancreatic cancer15,16. Some nutritional and dietary areas of intense investigation are early detection, tumour factors, including high intake of (saturated) fats, low marker validation and standardization of care. intake of vegetables and fruits and consumption of red In this Primer, we summarize key aspects of pancre- and processed meats, are also associated with risk17–19. atic cancer, from basic, translational and clinical points However, other dietary factors remain undefined and of view, and provide an outlook of the most important unquantified. Reports of an association between coffee challenges to tackling this deadly disease. consumption and pancreatic cancer risk20 have not been confirmed by subsequent studies. Furthermore, a pos- Epidemiology itive association with heavy alcohol consumption has Analyses of population-based data must consider geo- been observed, but no such association has been shown graphical and temporal variations in the quality of clin- with moderate drinking21,22. Heavy alcohol consump- ical diagnoses and in the proportion of histologically tion might be related to chronic pancreatitis, which verified cases of pancreatic cancer, which is rarely >50%5. increases the risk of pancreatic cancer by more than For example, differential access to health care, including tenfold, with little difference in attributable risk between advanced radiological tools, can influence the accuracy the alcoholic and non-alcoholic forms of pancreatitis. of reported pancreatic cancer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Inherited Polyposis Syndromes Daniel Herzig, M.D
    CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Inherited Polyposis Syndromes Daniel Herzig, M.D. • Karin Hardimann, M.D. • Martin Weiser, M.D. • Nancy Yu, M.D. Ian Paquette, M.D. • Daniel L. Feingold, M.D. • Scott R. Steele, M.D. Prepared by the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons he American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons METHODOLOGY (ASCRS) is dedicated to ensuring high-quality pa- tient care by advancing the science, prevention, and These guidelines are built on the last set of the ASCRS T Practice Parameters for the Identification and Testing of management of disorders and diseases of the colon, rectum, Patients at Risk for Dominantly Inherited Colorectal Can- and anus. The Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee is 1 composed of society members who are chosen because they cer published in 2003. An organized search of MEDLINE have demonstrated expertise in the specialty of colon and (1946 to December week 1, 2016) was performed from rectal surgery. This committee was created to lead interna- 1946 through week 4 of September 2016 (Fig. 1). Subject tional efforts in defining quality care for conditions related headings for “adenomatous polyposis coli” (4203 results) to the colon, rectum, and anus, in addition to the devel- and “intestinal polyposis” (445 results) were included, us- opment of Clinical Practice Guidelines based on the best ing focused search. The results were combined (4629 re- available evidence. These guidelines are inclusive and not sults) and limited to English language (3981 results), then prescriptive.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer
    v1 GUIDELINES Guidelines for the management of patients with pancreatic Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.2004.057059 on 11 May 2005. Downloaded from cancer periampullary and ampullary carcinomas Pancreatic Section of the British Society of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, Royal College of Pathologists, Special Interest Group for Gastro-Intestinal Radiology ............................................................................................................................... Gut 2005;54(Suppl V):v1–v16. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.057059 1.0 GUIDELINES—SUMMARY lymph node metastases. Variants of ductal DOCUMENT carcinomas and other malignant tumours of The following recommendations are introduced the pancreas are rare. by brief statements which summarise the evi- dence and discussion presented in the relevant section of the full text of the guidelines. Recommendations 1.1 Incidence, mortality rates, and N Proper recognition of variants of ductal aetiology carcinomas and other malignant tumours Pancreatic cancer is an important health problem of the pancreas require specialist pathol- for which no simple screening test is available. ogical expertise (grade C). The strongest aetiological association is with N The minimum data set proposed by the cigarette smoking, although at risk groups Royal College of Pathologists (see appen- include patients with chronic pancreatitis, adult dix for details) should be used for report- onset
    [Show full text]
  • Duodenal Carcinoma from a Duodenal Diverticulum Mimicking Pancreatic Carcinoma
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository Acta Med. Okayama, 2012 Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 423ﾝ427 CopyrightⒸ 2012 by Okayama University Medical School. Case Report http ://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/ Duodenal Carcinoma from a Duodenal Diverticulum Mimicking Pancreatic Carcinoma Masashi Furukawaa＊, Sadanobu Izumib, Kazunori Tsukudaa, Masaki Tokumoc, Jun Sakuraid, and Shohey Manoe aDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan, Departments of bSurgery, dDiagnostic Radiology, ePathology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan, and cDepartment of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Minami-Okayama Medical Center, Hayashima-cho, Okayama 701-0304, Japan An 81-year-old man was found to have a pancreatic head tumor on abdominal computed tomography (CT) performed during a follow-up visit for sigmoid colon cancer. The tumor had a diameter of 35mm on the CT scan and was diagnosed as pancreatic head carcinoma T3N0M0. The patient was treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor had grown within a hollow structure, was contiguous with a duodenal diverticulum, and had partially invaded the pancreas. Immunohistochemistry results were as follows: CK7 negative, CK20 positive, CD10 negative, CDX2 positive, MUC1 negative, MUC2 positive, MUC5AC negative, and MUC6 negative. The tumor was diagnosed as duodenal carcinoma from the duodenal diverticu- lum. Preoperative imaging showed that the tumor was located in the head of the pancreas and was compressing the common bile duct, thus making it appear like pancreatic cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of a case of duodenal carcinoma from a duodenal diverticulum mimicking pancreatic carcinoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention and Management of Duodenal Polyps in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
    RECENT ADVANCES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DUODENAL POLYPS IN FAMILIAL Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.2004.053843 on 10 June 2005. Downloaded from 1034 ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS L A A Brosens, J J Keller, G J A Offerhaus, M Goggins, F M Giardiello Gut 2005;54:1034–1043. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.053843 amilial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is one of two well described forms of hereditary colorectal cancer. The primary cause of death from this syndrome is colorectal cancer which inevitably Fdevelops usually by the fifth decade of life. Screening by genetic testing and endoscopy in concert with prophylactic surgery has significantly improved the overall survival of FAP patients. However, less well appreciated by medical providers is the second leading cause of death in FAP, duodenal adenocarcinoma. This review will discuss the clinicopathological features, management, and prevention of duodenal neoplasia in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. c FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS FAP is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. FAP is characterised by the development of multiple (>100) adenomas in the colorectum. Colorectal polyposis develops by age 15 years in 50% and age 35 years in 95% of patients. The lifetime risk of colorectal carcinoma is virtually 100% if patients are not treated by colectomy.1 Patients with FAP can also develop a wide variety of extraintestinal findings. These include cutaneous lesions (lipomas, fibromas, and sebaceous and epidermoid cysts), desmoid tumours, osteomas, occult radio-opaque jaw lesions, dental abnormalities, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics and Outcomes of Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma: a Multicentre Retrospective Observational Study
    FULL PAPER British Journal of Cancer (2017) 117, 1607–1613 | doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.338 Keywords: small bowel; small intestine; adenocarcinoma The characteristics and outcomes of small bowel adenocarcinoma: a multicentre retrospective observational study Hiroyuki Sakae1, Hiromitsu Kanzaki*,1, Junichiro Nasu1,2, Yutaka Akimoto1, Kazuhiro Matsueda3, Masao Yoshioka2, Masahiro Nakagawa4, Shinichiro Hori5, Masafumi Inoue6, Tomoki Inaba7, Atsushi Imagawa8, Masahiro Takatani9, Ryuta Takenaka10, Seiyu Suzuki11, Toshiyoshi Fujiwara12 and Hiroyuki Okada1 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, 2-25 Kokutai-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8511, Japan; 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Miwa, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-8602, Japan; 4Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-Ku, Hiroshima 730-8518, Japan; 5Department of Endoscopy, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, 160 Kou, Minamiumemoto-machi, Matsuyama, Ehime 791-0280, Japan; 6Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital, 2-1-1 Aoe, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8607, Japan; 7Department of Gastroenterology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, 5-4-6 Ban-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan; 8Department of Gastroenterology, Mitoyo General Hospital, 708 Himehama, Kanonji,
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Surgeries in the Time of COVID-19: a Message from the SSO President and President-Elect
    Cancer Surgeries in the Time of COVID-19: A Message from the SSO President and President-Elect March 23, 2020 Dear SSO Members, In these unprecedented times, we are forced to consider triage and rationing of cancer surgery cases. Here are a few of the reasons: • the potential shortage of supplies, such as masks, gowns, gloves • the potential shortage of hospital personnel due to sickness, quarantine and duties at home • the potential shortage of hospital beds, ICU beds and ventilators • the desire to maximize social distancing amongst our patients, colleagues and staff. We have asked each of the SSO Disease Site Work Group Chairs and Vice Chairs to provide their recommendations for managing care in their specialties, assuming a 3- to 6-month delay in care. We have summarized their recommendations below. Numerous organizations are publishing in-depth guidelines, such as the NCCN, ACS, and ASCO, and we will provide links to those documents on the SSO Website. We have also instituted a COVID-19 community discussion page in My SSO Community for members to share what is happening in their institutions. In the next few days, SSO will produce a series of podcasts featuring discussions with experts, regarding their opinions and institutional practices. These podcasts will be available on SSO’s Website, iTunes, Sticher and other podcast platforms. Please watch your email and SSO’s Twitter and Facebook pages for details. The Annals of Surgical Oncology will be publishing an editorial on this topic soon. As each institution across the world is experiencing this pandemic at different levels, the timing of rationing care will vary and must be decided locally.
    [Show full text]
  • Prognostic Factors for Survival of Patients with Ampullary Carcinoma After Local Resection
    UPPER GI ANZJSurg.com Prognostic factors for survival of patients with ampullary carcinoma after local resection Xiangqian Zhao, Jiahong Dong, Xiaoqiang Huang, Wenzhi Zhang and Kai Jiang Hospital and Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Key words Abstract ampullary cancer, local resection, pathology, prognosis. Background: Local resection (LR) is a potentially effective alternative to Correspondence pancreaticoduodenectomy for treatment of ampullary cancer, but the prognostic Professor Jiahong Dong, Hospital and Institute of factors remain undefined. The purpose of this study was to identify the prognostic Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, factors for ampullary cancer patients who had undergone LR. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, pathological data and surgical Email: [email protected] approach of 34 ampullary cancer patients who had undergone LR during 1996–2009 X. Zhao MD; J. Dong MD, PhD; X. Huang MD; at People’s Liberation Army General Hospital. Prognostic factors for survival and W. Zhang MD; K. Jiang MD. recurrence were analysed. Results: The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of the patients were 97.1, 69.5 and 53.7%, Accepted for publication 3 March 2014. respectively. The gender, age, preoperative bilirubin levels, CA19-9 levels and preop- erative biopsy did not correlate with the survival rates. The survival rates of patient doi: 10.1111/ans.12600 with T1 and T2 tumours were superior to that of patients with T3 tumours (P = 0.000). Tumour size, surgical margin status and the extent of differentiation had no effect on survival rates (P = 0.464, P = 0.601 and P = 0.121, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • 52198-Primary-Duodenal-Periampullary-Adenocarcinoma-An-Uncommon-Presentation.Pdf
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14323 Primary Duodenal Periampullary Adenocarcinoma: An Uncommon Presentation Rasiq Zackria 1, 2 , Mahesh Botejue 2 , Andrew W. Hwang 1, 2 1. Internal Medicine, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, USA 2. Graduate Medical Education, Riverside Community Hospital, Riverside, USA Corresponding author: Rasiq Zackria, [email protected] Abstract Periampullary carcinoma is a broad term used to define the group of carcinomas arising from the head of the pancreas, the distal common bile duct, and the duodenum. It is clinically important to differentiate ampullary from periampullary carcinoma as this can affect resectability and prognosis. Atypical left-sided chest pain is an atypical presentation of periampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma. A 58-year-old man presented with a two-month duration of worsening intermittent, atypical, migratory left-sided chest pain. Imaging studies were unremarkable; however, endoscopic evaluation demonstrated a duodenal mass. While most periampullary carcinomas are generally curable with pancreaticoduodenectomy, if left untreated, these tumors are uniformly fatal. Categories: Gastroenterology, General Surgery, Oncology Keywords: periampullary carcinoma, duodenal neoplasm Introduction Periampullary carcinoma is a broad term used to define the group of carcinomas arising from the head of the pancreas, the distal common bile duct, and the duodenum. Overall, periampullary carcinoma accounts for more than 30,000 deaths per annum in the United States. This neoplasia should be differentiated from ampullary carcinoma, as periampullary carcinoma tumor is anatomically centered in the region of the ampulla of Vater and the duodenal portion of the bile and pancreatic duct. It is clinically important to differentiate ampullary from periampullary carcinoma as this can affect resectability and prognosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Patterns of Primary Nonendocrine Human Pancreas Carcinoma'
    [CANCER RESEARCH 35, 2234-2248, August 1975] Morphological Patterns of Primary Nonendocrine Human Pancreas Carcinoma' Antonio L Cubifla and Patrick J. Fitzgerald2 Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York UX@21 Summary the parenchymal cells. In the subsequent 5 decades terms such as mucous adenocarcinoma, colloid carcinoma, duct The study of histological sectionsof 406 casesof nonen adenocarcinoma, pleomorphic cancer, papillary adenocar docrine pancreas carcinoma at Memorial Hospital mdi cinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and other variants, such as cated that morphological patterns of pancreas carcinoma epidermoid carcinoma, mucoepidermoid cancer, giant-cell could be delineated as follows: duct cell adenocarcinoma carcinoma, adenoacanthoma, and acinar cell carcinoma, (76%), giant-cell carcinoma (5%), microadenocarcinoma have appeared (7, 18, 23, 47, 62). Subtypes of islet-cell (4%), adenosquamous carcinoma (4%), mucinous adeno tumors have been defined (27). As pointed out by Baylor carcinoma (2%), anaplastic carcinoma (2%), cystadenocar and Berg (5) in discussing the limitations of their study of cinoma ( 1%), acinar cell carcinoma (1 %), carcinoma in 5000 patients with pancreas cancer from 8 cancer registries, childhood (under 1%), unclassified (7%). few pathologists precisely characterize the microscopic In 195 cases of patients with pancreas carcinoma, search features of their cases. was made for changes in the pancreas duct epithelium and We have reviewed cases of cancer of the pancreas at these were compared to duct epithelium in a control group Memorial Hospital to determine whether there are defina of 100 pancreases from autopsies of patients with nonpan ble morphological subgroups and to indicate their relative creatic cancer. The following incidences were found for distribution in our material.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource for Management Options of GI and HPB Cancers During COVID-19
    Resource for Management Options of GI and HPB Cancers During COVID-19 DATE: March 30, 2020 SSO supports the need for treatment decisions to be made on a case-by-case basis. The surgeon’s knowledge and understanding of the biology of each cancer, alternative treatment options, and the institution’s policies at the time the patient will be scheduled for surgery all need to be taken into consideration. The information below is based on the opinions of individuals who are experts within the field of gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers and are members of the Society’s Gastrointestinal and Hepato-pancreato-biliary Disease Site Work Groups. Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Most gastrointestinal cancer surgery is not elective. If there are inadequate resources to manage potential complications, then surgery may need to be delayed or, if necessary, referred to centers with resources to perform the procedure. Discussion of cases at multi-disciplinary tumor board (virtual or otherwise performed in a setting limiting exposure) remains critical to discuss priorities, resources, and personalized treatment plans based on hospital, patient, and tumor specifics in this environment. Gastric and esophageal cancer • cT1a lesions amenable to endoscopic resection may preferentially undergo endoscopic management where resources are available • cT1b cancers should be resected • cT2 or higher and node positive tumors should be treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy. • Staging laparoscopy with peritoneal washings is often utilized for patients being considered for neoadjuvant treatment. Given the recent concerns of laparoscopic surgery in COVID-19 patients and the additional use of resources, consideration may be given to proceeding straight to neoadjuvant treatment in COVID-19 positive patients, and if staging laparoscopy is decided to be performed, efforts to minimize PPE utilized and staff involved / exposed in the procedure should be made using appropriate pneumoperitoneum risk reduction strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Pancreatic and Periampullary Carcinoma (Nonendocrine)
    CHAPTER 5 Pancreatic and Periampullary Carcinoma (Nonendocrine) TAYLOR A. SOHN • CHARLES J. YEO Ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common primary atic cancer, a risk approximately 30 to 40% higher than malignant disease of the pancreas and periampullary re- that observed in whites.2 gion. It accounts for more than 75% of all nonendocrine In population studies in the United States, pancreatic tumors arising in this region, which includes the pan- cancer occurs more frequently among Jews than among creas, the ampulla of Vater, the distal common bile duct, Roman Catholics or Protestants. A similar pattern is ob- and the perivaterian duodenum. Pancreatic adenocarci- served among Jews and non-Jews in Israel. Mormons in noma is the most common of the periampullary neo- Utah have been reported to have a lower incidence of plasms. In the United States, the annual incidence of pancreatic and other smoking-related cancers. However, pancreatic cancer is 9 cases per 100,000 population; this decrease is also seen in non-Mormons living in Utah, it ranks eleventh among all cancers and ninth among a finding suggesting that environmental factors may play nondermatologic cancers. It remains the most lethal can- a significant role. Some evidence indicates that migrant cer, with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 3% and status is a risk factor. Immigrants from Japan have a a death-to-incidence ratio of approximately 0.99. Because threefold higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer more than 28,000 persons in the United States are ex- than do children born in the United States of Japanese pected to die of pancreatic cancer in 2000, it is the fifth immigrant parents and a 1.7-fold higher risk than whites leading cause of cancer deaths in this country.1 This in the United States.2 chapter largely focuses on pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Marital Status on Duodenal Adenocarcinoma Survival: a Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Population Analysis
    1904 ONCOLOGY LETTERS 18: 1904-1914, 2019 Effect of marital status on duodenal adenocarcinoma survival: A Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results population analysis NA WANG1,2*, QINGTING BU3*, QINGQING LIU1,4, JIN YANG1,4, HAIRONG HE1, JIE LIU2, XUEQUN REN5,6 and JUN LYU1 1Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061; 2School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001; 3Department of Genetics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital; 4School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061; 5Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research; 6Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China Received September 15, 2018; Accepted May 23, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10475 Abstract. Numerous studies have shown that marital status at stages II, III or IV. The survival outcomes for duodenal may be a prognostic factor in various malignancies, but little adenocarcinoma are improved in married patients compared is known about its effect on duodenal adenocarcinoma. The with those in unmarried patients. Therefore, attention should aim of the present study was to determine the association be paid to the impact of social factors and socio-economic between marital status and survival in patients with duodenal factors on unmarried patients, in order to improve their adenocarcinoma. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End survival outcomes. Results database was utilized to analyze 2,018 patients who had been diagnosed with duodenal adenocarcinoma between Introduction January 2004 and December 2015. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were also used to determine the impact Duodenal adenocarcinoma that originates in the mucosal of marital status on overall survival (OS) and cause‑specific epithelium is the most common type of duodenal tumor and survival (CSS).
    [Show full text]