Current Herpetology 19(2): 97-111., Dec. 2000 (C) 2000 by The Herpetological Society of Japan

Literature Survey on Predators of in Japan

KOJI TANAKA* AND AKIRA MORI

Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, JAPAN

Abstract: Characteristic defensive behaviors of snakes and their ecological and morphological correlates have been well documented. Biological inter- pretations of these characteristics, however, often suffer from a paucity of in- formation on actual predators of snakes. Concerning natural predators of Japanese snakes, neither quantitative data nor a systematic review are availa- ble. Here, we review and synthesize the published accounts of predators of snakes in Japan. We confirmed 59 /subspecies of predators and 21 species of prey snakes. We hope that this review will stimulate biologists and naturalists to record further predatory events on snakes and help clarify the defensive mechanisms of snakes.

Key words: ; Predator; Prey; Review; Japan

biological interpretations of their defensive INTRODUCTION mechanisms often suffer from a paucity of Prey-predator interaction is one of the information on actual predators of snakes. most important aspects of evolutionary bi- In Japan, 38 species of snakes (excluding ology, because this interaction can affect the sea snakes) are currently recognized (Hikida evolution of phenotypic features, such as and Sengoku, 2000). For several species of morphology and behavior, of both prey and them, food habits are well documented, and predators (Feder and Lauder, 1986). Mori and Moriguchi (1988) reviewed the Snakes, typical carnivorous , have published data on natural diets of Japanese been well-studied as "predators". Substan- snakes. On the other hand, information on tial information on their diets, feeding be- predators of Japanese snakes are scattered, havior, and associated ecological and mor- and neither quantitative data nor a systemat- phological characteristics have been ac- ic review are available concerning natural cumulated (Mushinsky, 1987; Greene, predators of snakes in Japan. We have at- 1997). Attention has also been paid to tempted to review and synthesize the pub- snakes as "prey", and characteristic defen- lished accounts of predators of snakes in sive behaviors and ecological and morpho- Japan, and we provide a list of natural pre- logical correlates have been documented dators of Japanese snakes based on more (Greene, 1988; Pough, 1988). However, than 200 references. We employed the following criteria for citation. 1) The data used here were limited * Corresponding author . Tel: +81-75-753- 4075; Fax: +81-75-753-4113. to predatory events observed within Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] For the snakes that are not endemic to (K. Tanaka) Japan, predatory events observed in other 98 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000 countries were not included. 2) Although tion. 5) obviously considered as humans could play an important role in the carcass feeding was excluded. However, evolution of phenotypic features of snakes, unless evidence of carcass feeding was avail- predation by Homo sapiens was not consi- able, predation on dead snakes was includ- dered. 3) Predation under captive or ex- ed. 6) General descriptions of food habits perimental conditions was excluded. 4) Ac- and speculated predators without concrete tual ingestion of the snake by the predator evidences were excluded. 7) If the data ob- was not considered. For example, observa- viously obtained from the same survey were tion of a flying carrying a snake or ob- published in separate papers, we cited only servation of a predatory attempt without a representative one. 8) Predators of sea actual ingestion was considered as a preda- snakes were excluded, and we did not make tory event and included in the present cita- an extensive literature survey for sea snakes.

TABLE 1. List of animals reported as predators of Japanese snakes. Subspecies names of preda- tors are listed if identification is possible from the literature. TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 99

TABLE 1. Cotinued. 100 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000

However, a few items of information ob- literature without a original English title tained during our general survey are and/or English name of the periodical. presented as an appendix. For the convenience of Japanese readers, a We attempted to give translations for list of the literature in Japanese and the ta-

TABLE 2. List of literature records for predators of Japanese snakes. See Table 1 and Literature List for symbols of predators and reference No., respectively. TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 101

TABLE 2. Cotinued. 102 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000

bles with Japanese common names will be Muroyama, N. Nakagawa, H. Ota, Y. published in the Bulletin of the Herpetolog- Sawara, T. Taniuchi, and Mi. Toda for ical Society of Japan. their comments on our preliminary ques- Predators of Japanese snakes revealed by tionnaire for this study. the literature survey are listed in Table 1. Predators of each species or subspecies of LITERATURE CITED snakes along with references are listed in Table 2. We confirmed 59 species/subspe- FEDER, M. E. AND G. V. LAUDER. (eds.) 1986. cies of predators, encompassing a range Predator-Prey Relationships: Perspectives and from invertebrate arachnids to large mam- Approaches from the Study of Lower Ver- mals. At least one predator was recorded tebrates. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 198 p. GREENS, H. W. 1988. Antipredator mechan- for 21 species of snakes, which is approxi- isms in . p. 1-152. In: C. Gans and mately half of the Japanese terrestrial R. B. Huey (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, snakes. It should be noted that these tables Vol. 16. Ecology B: Defense and Life History. are not to be considered an all-inclusive Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. summary of the predators of Japanese GREENE,H. W. 1997. Diet and feeding. p. 51- snakes. We hope that this review will 73. In: Snakes: the Evolution of Mystery in stimulate biologists and naturalists to ob- Nature. Univ. California Press, Barkeley serve and report further predatory events on California. HIKIDA, T. AND S. SENGOKU.2000. Japanese snakes and promote future studies on common names of amphibians and reptiles: defensive mechanisms of snakes. past and present. Bull. Herpetol. Soc. Jpn. 2000(1): 20-33. (in Japanese) MORI, A. AND H. MORIGUCHI.1988. Food ACKNOWLEDGMENTS habits of the snakes in Japan: a critical review. Our special thanks are due to A. Azuma, Snake 20: 98-113. T. Deguchi, M. Hasegawa, T. Hikida, T. MUSHINSKY, H. R. 1987. Foraging ecology. Hirai, N. Ichikawa, M. Imafuku, M. Izawa, p. 302-334. In: R. A. Seigel, J. T. Collins, and S. S. Novak (eds.), Snakes: Ecology and Evo- S. Kadowaki, K. Karasawa, S. Kubokami, lutionary Biology. Macmillan Publ. Co., New H. Kuroda, T. Maenosono, H. Matsubara, York. R. Miura, M. Motokawa, H. Moriguchi, N. POUGH, F. H. 1988. Mimicry and related Narumi, M. Nishimura, Y. Nitani, T. Oi, S. phenomena. p. 153-234. In: C. Gans and Okada, H. Okawa, G. Ogura, I. Ono, N. R. B. Huey (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Sakaguchi, K. Sato, S. Suginohara, S. Vol. 16. Ecology B: Defense and Life History. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. Tachibana, K. Taguchi, S. Takenaka, M. Tatara, T. Tochimoto, Ma. Toda, Y. Tom- ida, M. Toyama, R. Tsushima, K. Ueda, T. LITERATURE LIST Wada, S. Watanabe, Yo. Yamada, S. (*) in Japanese with English abstract or summary Yamagishi, and M. Yoshida for providing (**) in Japanese only literature and/or personal information on 1. ABE, M. 1991. Diet of nestlings of the predators of snakes, and to the Research oriental honey buzzard. (abstract) Jpn. J. Center, Wild Bird Society Japan (Y. Kanai, Ornithol. 39(4): 128. (**) R. Kurosawa, Ya. Yamada, K. Fukui, and 2. ABE, S. 1992. What does the N. Kato) and the Yamashina Institute for eat on Amami? Chirimosu 3: 1-18. (**) 3. ABE, T. 1976. Observations on the grey- Ornithology for providing literature. We faced buzzard-eagle, Butastur indicus. also thank K. Araya, M. Fujioka, R. C. Anima 4(10): 63-67. (**) Goris, T. Hayashi, K. Hidaka, H. Higuchi, 4. ADACHI, T. AND I. AKITSUKI. 1996. T. Izumi, M. Kajita, K. Kawamura, G. Okutadami Story: The Valley Where the Masunaga, S. Mori, O. Murakami, Y. Soars. Sekai-Bunkasha, TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 103

Tokyo. 223 p. (**) of animals. Yama to Hakubutsukan 5. Anonymous. 1969. Relationship of a (Mountain and Museum) 31(4): 2-3. (**) common pheasant and a snake. NATURE 18. CHO, H. 1976. Impalement, a curious 90: 11. (**) habit of shrikes II-1. The Review of 6. Anonymous. 1987. Elaphe quadrivirga- Pheasant and Waterfowl of the World ta swallowing Agkistrodon blomhqffii. 9(3): 12-20. (**) Article, Hidaka Newspaper, August 30, 19. Department of Forestry and Fisheries, 1987. (**) Forestry Conservation Division, Kuma- 7. Anonymous. 1999. Unforgiving nature. moto Prefecture. 1996. Wild of A spider preys on a snake. Okinawa Kumamoto Prefecture. Reports on the Times, Morning Paper, September 8, Survey of Distribution of Wild Birds in 1999. (**) Kumamoto Prefecture I. Kumamoto. 8. Anonymous. The Yomiuri Shimbun. (**) 63p. (**) (Not directly cited. The data is based on a 20. Ecological Study Group of the Mountain photograph of the newspaper that M. -Eagle. 1995. Food habits of the Yoshida of Ritsumeikan University kept a mountain hawk-eagle. (abstract) p. 13. In: few years ago. According to his informa- T. Iida and T. Inoue (eds.), Proceedings tion, an Elaphe climacophora was trapped of the First Symposium on the Mountain in a spider's web, and the head of the Hawk-Eagle. Executive Committee of the snake was wound with thread.) First Symposium on the Mountain Hawk- 9. AOYAMA,I., F. SEKIYAMA,N. OBARA,G. Eagle, Hiroshima. (**) TAMURA, AND H. SAKAGUCHI. 1988. 21. FUJIMAKI, Y. (ed.) 1999. Hodgson's Breeding biology of a pair of golden ea- Hawk-Eagle and the Northern Goshawk gles in the Kitakami mountains. Aquila of Hokkaido. Hokkaido Raptorial Bird chrysaetos 6: 14-23. (*) Research Association, Hokkaido. 26 p. 10. ARAKI, Y. 1985. Food habits of (**) Trimeresurus flavoviridis I. Reports of 22. FUKADA,H. 1959. Biological studies on Ecological Research to Reduce Habu the snakes. V. Food habits in the fields. (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) Bites in Okina- Bull. Kyoto Gakugei Univ. Ser. B., wa Pref. 8: 91-96. (**) No. 14: 22-28. 11. ARAKI, Y. 1986. Food habits of 23. FUKADA,H. AND S. ISHIHARA.1972. A Trimeresurus elegans I. Reports of Eco- rare snake, , was eaten logical Research to Reduce Habu by men. Jpn. J. Herpetol. 5(1): 14. (**) (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) Bites in Okina- 24. HARATO,T. 1987. Food habits and be- wa Pref. 9: 85-88. (**) havior of a fledgling of the crested ser- 12. ARAKI, Y. AND K. MITSUI. 1984. Food pent-eagle, Spilornis cheela perplexus, in habits of Trimeresurus flavoviridis and Iriomote-jima Island, Okinawa. Isl. Stud. Trimeresurus elegans. Reports of Ecologi- Okinawa 5: 49-58. (*) cal Research to Reduce Habu (Trimeresu- 25. HASEGAWA,M. ANDH. MORIGUCHI.1989. rus flavoviridis) Bites in Okinawa Pref. 7: Geographic variation of food habits, body 59-65. (**) size and life history traits of the snakes on 13. ARIMOTO,I. 1931. Predation on Rhab- the Izu Islands. p. 414-432. In: M. Mat- dophis tigrinus by Elaphe quadrivirgata. sui, T. Hikida, and R. C. Goris (eds.), Zool. Mag. 43: 43. (**) Current Herpetology in East Asia. Her- 14. ASAMI,B. 1990. Owl. The hunter flaps petol. Soc. Jpn., Kyoto. its wings at night: Growing in the hollow 26. HAYASHI, H. 1903. Birds and snakes. of an old tree. Anima 18(8): 18-23. (**) Zool. Mag. 15: 167-168. (**) 15. AZUMA,A. Personal communication. 27. HAYASHI,H. 1904. A strange habit of 16. Central Research Laboratories, Yomeishu the bull-headed shrike. Mag. Nat. Hist. Seizo Co., Ltd. 1999. Ecology and Ar- 4(47): 4-7. (**) tificial Propagation of the Mamushi. Cen- 28. HAZAMA,T. 1933. Specificity of the zoo- tral Research Laboratories, Yomeishu logical distribution and science education Seizo Co., Ltd., Nagano. 159 p. (**) in Okinawa Prefecture. J. Okinawa Edu. 17. CHIBA,A. 1986. Droppings and leavings 201: 37-43. (**) 104 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000

29. HIRANO, S. 1987. Japanese char: Daily snake. Trans. Nagasaki Biol. Soc. 24: 39. life of fishermen. p. 129-200. In: S. (**) Shimura (ed.), Japanese Char: Fishermen 44. IMAIZUMI,Y. 1953. Harmful snakes and Working in the Streamhead. Hakujit- useful snakes. Prevention of Plant Epi- susha, Tokyo. (**) demics 7(1): 27-29. (**) 30. HIRATA, M. 1970. Ophiophagy of a 45. IMAIZUMI, Y., T. IMAIZUMI, AND T. snake. NATURE 106: 7. (**) CHABATAKE.1977. Studies on Ecology 31. Hokkaido Board of Education. (ed.) and Conservation of the Iriomote Cat, the 1979. Reports on Special Research on 3rd Report. Environment Agency, Tokyo. Steller's Sea Eagle and the White-Tailed 129 p. (**) Eagle. Hokkaido Cultural Properties Pro- 46. INAMI, K. 1966. Distribution and food tection Association, Sapporo. 63 p. (**) habits of the mongoose. J. Okinawa Agr. 32. HONGO, T. 1990. The amphibians and 5(2): 39-44. (**) reptiles of Oga Peninsula. Nat. Hist. Jpn. 47. INOUE, T. 1972. The food habit of 4(7): 38-43. (**) Tsushima leopard cat, Felis bengalensis 33. HONMA, I. 1979. A frog eats a snake. ssp., analysed from their scats. J. Mamm. Nippon Herpetol. J. 15: 14. (**) Soc. Jpn. 5(5): 155-169. (*) 34. HORIO, T. 1992. An observation of a 48. INOUE, Y. AND T. YAMAZAKI. 1984. golden eagle pair in the Hira mountains, Comparative study of food habits be- Japan. Aquila chrysaetos 9: 66-69. (*) tween golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos and 35. IIJIMA, M. 1992. 〈Photo〉 Two pup mountain hawk-eagle Spizaetus nipalensis raccoon dogs scrambling for a snake. nestlings. Aquila chrysaetos 2:14-15. (**) p. 282. In: H. Ikeda (ed.), Animals on 49. IRAHA,T. ANDH. KAKAZU.1995. A case Earth 8, Mammalia I. Asahi Shimbun, of predation on Rhamphotyphlops brami- Tokyo. nus by Dinodon rufozonatus walli from 36. IKEDA, S. 1956. On the food habits of Ishigakijima Island, Yaeyama group. Japanese birds. Ornithol. . Akamata 12: 21-22. (**) Rep. 15: 1-95. (*) 50. IRIE, H. 1931. A black kite preying on 37. IKEDA, S. 1957. On the food habits of fish and a snake. Reports of Wildlife some birds belong to the family Corvidae. 6(11): 22. (**) Ornithol. Mammal. Rep. 16: 1-123. (*) 51. ISHIZAWA, J. AND S. CHIBA. 1967. 38. IKEDA, T. 1984. Life history of the red Stomach analysis of 12 species of fox. Heredity 38(7): 94-98. (**) Japanese . Misc. Rep. Yamashina 39. IKEDA,Y., Y. UEUMA,K. NATO,AND M. Inst. Ornithol. 5(1): 13-33. (*) YAMAMOTO.1986. Diet of the Japanese 52. ISHIZAWA,T. AND S. IKEDA. 1949. On golden eagle in the Hakusan range, the food habits of the Japanese buzzard Ishikawa Prefecture. Ann. Rep. Hakusan Buteo buteo burmanicus Hume. Ornithol. Nat. Conserv. Ctr. 13: 17-29. (*) Mammal. Rep. 11: 1-16. (*) 40. IKEHARA,S. 1989. Animals of the natur- 53. Japanese Society for Preservation of al monument of the Ryukyu Islands. Nat. Birds. 1998. Ecological research on Hist. Jpn. 3(2): 31-35.〈Photo in p. 31〉 Hodgson's hawk-eagle. p. 81-131. In:

(**) Reports on the Survey of Rare Raptorial 41. IKENO, S. 1994. The current status and Birds 1997. Japanese Society for Preserva- future of Ibaraki with special reference to tion of Birds, Tokyo.(**) the grey-faced buzzard-eagle of Shishit- 54. KADOWAKI, S. 1996. Ecology of a suka-oike. p. 11-12. In: Disappearance of Japanese snake community: Resource use Rural Nature, Part 3. Hawks in the Coun- patterns of the three sympatric snakes, try, Sashiba Summit, Symposium Pro- Rhabdophis tigrinus, Elaphe quadrivirga- gram. Group for Nature and History of ta and Agkistrodon b. blomhoffii. Bull. Shishitsuka, Tsuchiura. (**) Tsukuba Univ. Forests 12: 77-148. (*) 42. IKEUCHI, T. 1990. 〈Photo〉 Visual 55. KADOWAKI,S. 1998. Conservation ecol- Monograph 8. Food habits of kingfishers. ogy of Butastur indicus: Food habits and Nat. Hist. Jpn. 4(11): 13. hunting area utilization. (abstract) p. 54. 43. IKEZAKI, Y. 1982. A snake swallowing a In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meet- TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 105

ing of the Ecological Society of Japan. 70. KOBA, K. 1960. Herpetofauna of the The 45th Annual Meeting of the Ecologi- Amami Group of the Loo Choo Islands cal Society of Japan Preparatory Commit- (IV). Mem. Fac. Edu. Kumamoto Univ., tee, Faculty of Science, Kyoto Univ., Nat. Sci. 8: 181-191. (*) Kyoto. (**) 71. KOBA, K. 1961. Food of Trimeresurus 56. KADOWAKI,S. Personal communication. flavoviridis flavoviridis and T. okinavensis 57. KAMOGAWA,M. 1975. A Rare Living in the Amami Group of the Loo Choo Is- Bird, the White-Bellied Black Woodpeck- lands. Mem. Fac. Edu. Kumamoto Univ., er (Dryocopus javensis). The Nishinippon Nat. Sci. 9: 220-229. (*) Shimbun, Fukuoka. 223 p. (**) 72. KOBA,K. 1962. Studies on the Snakes of 58. KARASAWA,K. 1982. Observations of the Trimeresurus of the Amami predatory behavior of bull-headed shrike and Tokara Islands, Japan. Jpn. Soc. Lanius bucephalus in an early nestling Promotion Sci. Ueno Park, Tokyo. 119 p. period. Tori 31(2/3): 57-68. (*) (**) 59. KAWABE,M. 1997. Aodaishoh's coun- 73. KOBA, K. 1963. Food of Trimeresurus terattack against common buzzard's at- flavoviridis flavoviridis and T. okinavensis tack. Bull. Higashi Taisetsu Mus. Nat. in the Amami Group of the Loo Choo Is- Hist. 19: 55-56. (*) lands (Supplementary notes, I). Mem. 60. KAWAGUCHI,M. 1916. Breeding of the Fac. Edu. Kumamoto Univ., Nat. Sci, 11: common buzzard, Buteo buteo. Tori 1: 35-40. (*) 10-12. (**) 74. KOBA,K. 1973. The venomous snakes of 61. KAWAGUCHI,M. 1924. The breeding of Southeast Asia. Snake 5: 77-115. (*) Hodgson's hawk-eagle. Zool. Mag. 36: 75. KOBA, K. 1979. Snakes as prey of 387. (**) Trimeresurus flavoviridis (Serpentes: 62. KAWAGUCHI,M. 1929. Observations on Viperidae) on Amami-oshima of the Nan- the grey-faced buzzard-eagle, Butastur in- sei Islands, Japan. Bull. Ginkyo College dicus (Gmelin). Misc. Rep. Wildlife Japan Med. Technol. 4: 9-12. (*) 1(2): 1-27. (**) 76. KOBAYASHI,S. (ed.) 1985. Chapter 1. 63. KAWAGUCHI,M. 1931. Experimental ob- Amphibians and reptiles. p. 1-39. In: servations on the black kite, Milvus linea- Lists of Amphibians, Reptiles, and tus lineatus. Misc. Rep. Wildlife Japan Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusca of 1(6): 465-492. (* *) Fukui Prefecture. Fukui. (**) 64. KAZAMA, T., K. TAKEUCHI, AND M. 77. KOBAYASHI, S.1987. A study of the food KOJIMA. 1998. The number of rescued habits of birds. Nature of Yamaguchi individuals and nestings, and food habits Prefecture 47: 49-52. (**) of the northern goshawk in Niigata 78. KOJIMA,Y. 1982. Territory and territori- Prefecture. Bull. Niigata Pref. Biol. Soc. al behaviour of the grey-faced buzzard- Edu. 33: 5-10. (**) eagle Butastur indicus. Tori 30(4): 117- 65. KI., KA. 1889. A frog swallowing a 147. (*) snake. Zool. Mag. 1: 232. (**) 79. KOJIMA,Y. 1987. The Golden eagle of 66. KIMURA,M. 1983. An Encyclopedia of the Uonuma region. Newsletter of the the Ezo Brown Bear. Harm, Prevention, Wild Bird Soc. Jpn., Niigata Pref. Chap- Ecology, and Historical Facts. Kyodo ter 24: 12-13. (**) Bunkasha, Sapporo. 489 p. (**) 80. KOKAITO, G. 1974. Searching for the 67. KINEBUCHI,K. 1987. Photo notes. Two nest of Hodgson's hawk-eagle (Spizaetus pictures of a frog swallowing a snake. nipalensis). Anima 2(6): 5-19. (**) Nippon Herpetol. J. 35: 12. (**) 81. KUBOKAMI,S. 1987. The remnants of 68. KISHIDA,H. 1927. Reports on the food food collected in the nests of Hodgson's habits of the mongoose. Ornithol. Mam- hawk-eagle. Bull. Fukui Munic. Mus. mal. Rep. 4: 79-120. (**) Nat. Hist. 34: 115-117. (**) 69. KOBA, K. 1959. Herpetofauna of the 82. KUBOKAMI, S. 1989. Diet of nesting Amami Group of the Loo Choo Islands grey-faced buzzard-eagles in Mikata, (III). Mem. Fac. Edu. Kumamoto Univ., Fukui. Bull. Fukui Munic. Mus. Nat. Nat. Sci. 7: 187-202. (*) Hist. 36: 81-86. (*) 106 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000

83. KUGAI, K. 1988. Migration of hawks: flavoviridis flavoviridis, I. Food habit of Ecology of the grey-faced buzzard-eagle in Trimeresurus flavoviridis flavoviridis on its wintering area. Anima 53(10): 19. (**) the Amami Islands. Sanitary Zoology 84. KUMAGAI, M. 1997. 〈Photo〉 Behav- 17(1): 1-21. (*) iors of the jungle crow. Attack against the 98. MITSUI, S. AND S. HIGASHIZONO.1986. Japanese ratsnake Elaphe climacophora. Food items of Mamushi, Agkistrodon b. p. 171. In: H. Higuchi, H. Morioka, and blomhoffii, in nature. (abstract) Acta Her- S. Yamagishi (eds.), The Encyclopaedia petologica Sinica 5(1): 49. of Animals in Japan, Vol. 4, Birds II. 99. MITSUI, S., A. MORIYA, AND S. Heibonsha, Tokyo. HIGASHIZONO.1977. Food habits of the 85. KUMASHIRO,S. 1936. Observations on snake, Agkistrodon blomhoffii, in the animals impaled by the shrike. Agr. Stud. fields. (abstract) Jpn. J. Herpetol. 7(2): 26: 491-507. (**) 41-42. (**) 86. KURODA,H. 1984. My field study site: 100. MIYAZAKI,M. 1979. Hodgson's Hawk- Birds in the breeding season. Nishihari Eagle in Forest and Sky. Watching a Bird Bird Lover Group News 28: 5-6. (**) with Yearning. Dainihon Tosho, Tokyo. 87. MAEZAWA,A. 1990. A multiple-male 36p. (**) breeding at the nest of the gray-faced 101. MIYAZAKI,M. 1981. Sighting of a real buzzard-eagle Butastur indicus. Strix 9: crested eagle. Anima 9(12): 33-40. 225-229. (*) (**) 88. MAKI, H. 1998. Birds of Prey in Japan. 102. MIYAZAKI,M.1983. Photographic docu- Heibonsha, Tokyo. 138 p. (**) ments on eagles and hawks. Series 2, com- 89. MASUDA,M. 1990. Snakes and . mon buzzard. Anima 11(5): 109-111. (**) Scientific Album 73. Akane Shobo, 103. MIYOSHI, Y. 1942. Agkistrodon blom- Tokyo. 54 p. 〈Photo in p. 30〉 (**) hoffii swallows Achalinus spinalis. Zool. 90. MATSUBARA,H. Personal communica- Mag. 54: 494. (**) tion. 104. MIYOSHI, Y. 1951. Achalinus spinalis 91. MATSUBARA,M. 1999. Predation of rep- from Iyo, Ehime Prefecture. Collecting tiles and amphibians by on and Breeding 13(6):180. (**) Yakushima Island, southern Japan. 105. MIZUNO,N. 1986. Retaliation: Butastur Akamata 15: 1-4. (**) indicus constricted by Elaphe quadrivirga- 92. MATSUO, T. AND Y. IKEZAKI. 1995. ta. Kagaku Asahi 49(8): 134-135. (**) Elaphe quadrivirgata swallowing Agkis- 106. MOMIYAMA,T. 1933. Impalement, a trodon blomhoffii. Trans. Nagasaki Biol. Peculiar Habit of the Shrike. (**) (Not Soc. 46: 54. (**) directly cited. Information originated 93. MATSUYAMA,S. 1932. Observation on from the figure 1 in Momiyama, T. 1939. the habits of night-herons. Tori 7: 288- On the shrike's offering in Japan. The En- 292. (**) tomological World 7: 717-783.) 94. MISHIMA,J., S. TAKENAKA,S. SENGOKU, 107. MOMIYAMA,T. 1939. On the shrike's ANDI. OKOCHI. 1978. Faunal survey of offering in Japan. The Entomological amphibians and reptiles. p. 77-98. In: World 7: 717-783. (**) Reports of Environmental Research of the 108. MORI, S. 1980. Breeding biology of the Tamagawa River Basin (3). Foundation of white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in Environmental Protection of Tokyo. (**) Hokkaido, Japan. Tori 29(2/3): 47-68. (*) 95. MISHIMA, S.1966. Studies on the feeding 109. MORIGUCHI,H. AND S. NAITO. 1979. A habits of Trimeresurus okinavensis on the note on predation of Achalinus spinalis by Amami Island. Acta Herpetologica Elaphe quadrivirgata. Nippon Herpetol. Japonica 1(4): 67-74. (*) J. 14: 7-9. (**) 96. MISHIMA, S.1966. Studies on the feeding 110. MORIGUCHI, H., S. TANAKA, AND M. habits of Dinodon semicarinatus on the HASEGAWA.1978. Ryukyu green snake Amami Island. Acta Herpetologica attacked by a bird. Herptile Notes 5(1): 6- Japonica 1(4): 75-81. (*) 7. (**) 97. MISHIMA, S. 1966. Studies on the 111. MORIMOTO,S. ANDT. IIDA. 1992. Ecol- poisonous snake "Habu", Trimeresurus ogy and preservation of Hodgson's hawk- TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 107

eagles. Strix 11: 59-90. (*) 126. Oita Prefectural Board of Education. 112. MORIOKA,T., T. KANOUCHI,T. KAWATA, (ed.) 1989. Golden Eagles Around Kuro- AND N. YAMAGATA.1995. The Birds of Dake. Reports of Cultural Property Prey in Japan. Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan, Research of Oita Prefecture 77. Oita Tokyo. 631 p. (*) Prefectural Board of Education Culture 113. MOTOKAWA,M., A. MORI, ANDM. TODA. Division, Oita. 35 p. (**) 1998. Stomach contents of Dinodon 127. OKADA,S. 1998. Dinodon orientalis that semicarinatus collected from the northern is found at the cliffs. J. Hiba Soc. Nat. part of Okinawajima of the Okinawa Hist. 187: 1-5. (*) Group, Ryukyu Archipelago. Akamata 128. ONAKA,H. 1977. The future of a special 14: 1-4. (**) natural monument. The crested serpent 114. MUKOHYAMA,M. 1990. Natural life of eagle: Life history still unknown. Anima living animals 12. Searching for animals 5(5): 36. (**) impaled by shrikes. Collecting and Breed- 129. ONO, I. 1935. Animals impaled by the ing 52(12): 556-557. (**) shrike. Newsletter of Kagoshima Agricul- 115. Nagano Regional Forest Office. 1995. ture and Forestry High School Nat. Hist. Golden Eagle, Reports on Ecological Club 4(14): 31-38. (**) Research on Rare Wildlife. Projects of 130. Opo. 1998. 〈Photo〉 The guide of Conservation Management of Rare animals of the paddy field 4. Avians. Animals and Plants. Nagano Regional Records of the Japanese crested ibis and Forest Office, Nagano. 141 p. (**) the oriental white stork. SCIaS 45: 50. 116. NAGATA,Y. 1955. Notes on animals of 131. OSADA, M. 1979. Agkistrodon blom- Akan. Wild Birds 20(3): 227-230. (**) hqffii swallows Achalinus spinalis. Bull. 117. NAITO,J. 1999. Notes on natural history Fukui Munic. Mus. Nat. Hist. 256: 2-3. of the animals in Hiroshima Prefecture (**) (4). J. Hiba Soc. Nat. Hist. 191: 1-5. (**) 132. OTA, S. 1983. Notes on the Wild Birds 118. NAKAMOTO, E. 1990. A Himehabu of Kumamoto. Kumamoto Nichinichi (Trimeresurus okinavensis) swallowing a Shimbun, Kumamoto. 250 p. (**) Habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis). Snake 133. OZAWA,K. 1920. Observations on birds 22: 138-139. near Kumagaya. Monthly Journal of 119. NAKAMURA,Y. 1938. A weasel attacking Science 18(1): 63-67. (**) a mamushi. Report of Wildlife 11(21/22): 134. SAITO, G. 1935. A second note on the 483-484. (**) feeding habits of Lanius b. bucephalus. 120. NAMIKI, H. 1987. Japanese char domi- Tori 9: 89-103. (**) nated my life. p. 63-128. In: S. Shimura 135. SAKAGAMI,K. 1993. Current status of (ed.), Japanese Char: Fishermen Working hawks in Kinki district, Japan. Birder in Mountain Streams. Hakujitsusha, 7(2): 36-41. (**) Tokyo. (**) 136. SAKAGUCHI,N. 1988. Ecological study 121. Nature Conservation Division, Depart- of Iriomote cat Fells (Mayailurus) ment of Living, Environment, and Cul- iriomotensis. Unpublished Master's The- ture, Akita Prefecture. 1989. Research sis, Ryukyu Univ., Okinawa. 76 p. (**) on the Distribution of Birds in Akita 137. SAKAGUCHI,N. AND S. MURATA. 1988. Prefecture (18) (19). Akita. 36 p. (**) Distribution of the Iriomote cat Mayailu- 122. Nature Conservation Division, Depart- rus iriomotensis in Sakiyama area, Irio- ment of Living, Environment, and Cul- mote Island, Okinawa. Isl. Stud. Okinawa ture, Akita Prefecture. 1993. Reports on 6: 1-13. (*) Ecological Research on the Golden Eagle 138. SAKAGUCHI,N. AND Y. ONO. 1994. at Tazawako-Machi, Akita Prefecture. Seasonal change in the food habits of the Akita. i-viii + 144 p. (**) Iriomote cat Fells iriomotensis. Ecol. Res. 123. NISHIDE, T. 1981. Wild bird informa- 9: 167-174. tion. The grey-faced buzzard-eagle (breed- 139. SAKAGUCHI,N., S. MURATA, AND M. ing). Wild Birds 46(3): 26-27. (**) NIsmmRA. 1990. Regional difference of 124. NITANI,Y. Personal communication. food items of the Iriomote cat, Fells 125. OGURA,G. Personal communication. iriomotensis, based on the study of feces 108 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000

contents. Isl. Stud. Okinawa 8: 1-13. (*) Birds 2(10): 724-731. (**) 140. SASAGAWA,A. 1962. Field observations 153. SHIONOYA,M. 1937. On the crucifixion on food habits of birds. Wild Birds 27(2): of Lanius bucephalus Temminck and 77-79. (**) Schlegel. Scientific Agriculture 18(1): 1- 141. SASAKI,E. 1983. A round-table talk on 16. (**) the Japanese huchen, Hucho perryi: Ap- 154. Society for Research of Golden Eagle. proach to a riddle of mysterious fish in ex- 1984. Food habits of golden eagles in treme northern Japan. 〈Comments dur- Japan. Aquila chrysaetos 2: 1-6. (**) ing free discussion〉 Freshwater Fishes 9: 155. Society for Research of Golden Eagle and 1-20. (**) the Nature Conservation Society of 142. SASAKI,H. 1990. Naturalized animals in Japan. (eds.) 1994. Survey Reports on Japan. Who's who. Siberian weasel. Ani- the Golden Eagle at the Foot of ma 18(1): 41. (**) Komagatake, Tazawako-Machi, Akita 143. SATO, I. 1943. A monograph of the Prefecture. Reports of NACS-J No. 79. Tailed Batrachians of Japan. Nippon Nat. Conserv. Soc. Jpn., Tokyo. 113 p. Shuppan-sha, Osaka. 520 p. (**) (**) 144. SEKIYAMA,F. 1989. Reports of Cultural 156. Society for the Study of Raptorial Birds, Properties Research, Series 25. Research Minami-Sanriku. 1994. Survey Reports on Ecological Status of the Natural on the Ecological Status of the Golden Monument, the Golden Eagle. Morioka Eagle at Mt. Tokusenjo, Contract City Board of Education, Morioka. 45 p. Research of Miyagi Prefecture. Miyagi. (**) 46 p. (**) 145. SENGOKU S., H. MORIGUCHI,AND S. 157. Society for the Study of Raptorial Birds, TAKENAKA.1977. Elaphe quadrivirgata Minami-Sanriku. 1995. Survey Reports swallowing Rhabdophis tigrinus. Nippon on the Ecological Status of the Golden Herpetol. J. 9: 19-20. (**) Eagle in Iriya, Contract Research of 146. SHIBATA,Y. 1967. Dinodon rufozona- Miyagi Prefecture. Miyagi. 60 p. (**) tutn rufozonatum found in the feces of the 158. Society for the Study of Raptorial Birds, Tsushima leopard cat. Osaka City Univ. Minami-Sanriku. 1996. Survey Reports Exploration 7: 22-24. (**) on the Ecological Status of the Golden 147. SHIBATA,Y. 1988. Dinodon orientalis Eagle at Mt. Jyobo, Contract Research of from Ikitsuki Island, Nagasaki, Japan Miyagi Prefecture. Miyagi. 63 p. (**) (Reptilia, ). Trans. Nagasaki 159. Society of Niigata Prefecture for the Pro- Biol. Soc. 33: 18. (**) tection of Wild Birds. 1972. Reports of 148. SHIGETA,Y. 1974. The golden eagle in Research on the Distribution of the Ac- the eastern Chugoku mountains, Japan. cipitridae, Falconidae, and Strigidae in p. 106-140. In: Natural Environment Niigata Prefecture. Department of Research Group of Eastern Chugoku Agriculture, Forestory and Fisheries, Mountains (ed.), Reports of Natural En- Forestory Conservation Division, Niigata vironment Research in the Eastern Prefecture, Niigata. 16 p. (**) Chugoku Mountains. Joint Council of 160. SUDO, K. 1994. The Golden Eagle. Hyogo, Okayama, and Tottori Prefec- Heibonsha, Tokyo. 81 p. (**) tures for Hyonosen, Ushiroyama, and 161. SUMI, K. 1981. Snapshot. Wild Birds Nagisan National Parks, Kobe. (**) 46(6): 37. (**) 149. SHIMABUKURO,K. 1979. Fly away, crest- 162. TACHIBANA,S. 1958. The breeding of ed serpent eagles, kings of the sky. Wil- raptorial birds. Wild Birds 23(2):104-108. dlife 15: 12-15. (**) (**) 150. SHIMADA,T. 1985. Fire Bird, the Ruddy 163. TACHIBANA,S. 1984. The Golden Eagle Kingfisher. Heibonsha, Tokyo. 103 p. (**) of Mt. Okinakura. Miyagi Prefectural 151. SHINAGAWA,K. 1948. Rana nigromacu- Cultural Properties Protection Associa- lata swallows a snake. Collecting and tion, Sendai. 137 p. (**) Breeding 10(12): 368-369. (**) 164. TACHIBANA,S. 1989. The Golden eagle. 152. SHIONOYA,M. 1935. Notes on animals p.94-127. In: Reports of Scientific impaled by the bull-headed shrike. Wild Research on the Natural Environment TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 109

Conservation Area at Mt. Okinakura. 1969. The Japanese weasel. p. 50-51. In: Miyagi. (**) Animals and Plants of Shinano. The 165. TAGUCHI,K. Personal communication. Shinano Mainichi Shimbun, Nagano. (**) 166. TAKAESU,H. 1999. Exploitation of in- 180. The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun Editorial sects by the Tsushima leopard cat, Felis Bureau. (ed.) 1986. Photographic Guide bengalensis euptilura, in the Mitake to Animals and Plants of Shinano II. region, Tsushima, Japan. Unpublished Birds and Insects. The Shinano Mainichi Bachelor of Science Thesis, Ryukyu Shimbun, Nagano. 249 p. (**) Univ., Okinawa. 11 p. +6 tabs. +4 figs. 181. TODA, M. Personal communication. (**) 182. TOGAWA,Y. 1964. Animals in nature 7. 167. TAKAHASHI, O. 1977. Wild birds of Searching for the Habu, Trimeresurus Iriomote-jima Island. Wild Birds 42(1): flavoviridis. Heredity 18(7): 36-37. (**) 36-40. (**) 183. TOKITA, E. AND I. KATAYAMA.1983. 168. TAKARA,T. 1943. Notes on the terrestri- Feeding behavior and food habits of the al snakes in Okinawa, Japan. Newsletter golden eagle during brooding periods. of Kagoshima Nat. Hist. Club 4(16). (**) p.13-24. In: Survey Reports on Special (Not directly cited. Information is origi- Birds in Nagano Prefecture. Forestry nated from Takara, T. 1952. The feeding Department, Nagano Prefecture, Nagano. behavior of Sakishima-akamata, Dinodon (**) rufazonatum walli Stejneger. Jpn. J. 184. TOMIDA,Y. 1976. Mammalian fauna of Appl. Zool. 17(1/2): 41-43.) the southern hill area in Ueno City, Mie 169. TAKARA,T. 1953. The feeding behavior Prefecture. p. 87-107. In: Natural Science of Akamata (Dinodon semicarinatum). Studies Concerning Southern Hill Area in Jpn. J. Appl. Zool. 18(1/2): 83-86. (*) Ueno City. Scientific Research Group of 170. TAKARA,T. 1957. Some observations on Mie Prefecture, Tsu. (**) snakes found in the Ryukyu Islands. Sci. 185. TOMIDA,Y. 1976. Faunal survey of am- Bull. Division Agr. Home Econ., Univ. phibians and reptiles of the southern hill Ryukyu 4: 144-156. (*) area in Ueno City, Mie Prefecture, with 171. TAKARA,T. 1962. Studies on the terres- some analytical notes on contents of their trial snakes in the Ryukyu Archipelago. digestive organs. p. 143-181. In: Natural Sci. Bull. Division Agr. Home Econ. En- Science Studies Concerning Southern Hill gineering, Univ. Ryukyu 9: 1-202. (*) Area in Ueno City. Scientific Research 172. TAKENAKA,S. Personal communication. Group of Mie Prefecture, Tsu. (**) 173. TAKETATSU,M. 1973. The red fox, 186. TOMIDA,Y. 1980. and amphibi- records of its life history III. Anima 1(8): an fauna of Mie Prefecture. In: Natural 5-23. (**) History of Mie Prefecuture, Part 2. Bull. 174. TAMURA,G. 1993. Results of research Mie Pref. Mus. Nat. Sci. 2: 1-67. (**) on the ecological status of special birds. 187. TOMIDA,Y. 1994. Part 1 nature, Chapter The golden eagle. p.8-40. In: Wildlife 2 animals. p.66-156. In: History of Conservation Research Projects, the 2nd Miyagawa Village. Miyagawa Village, Research. Reports of Ecological Status Mie. (**) Research on Special Birds. Department 188. TOMITA, K. 1991. Distribution of of Environment and Health, Iwate Prefe- Achalinus spinalis in the eastern part of ture, Morioka. (**) Tanzawa mountains. Bull. Kanagawa 175. TANAKA,K. ANDH. OTA. Natural history Pref. Nat. Conserv. Ctr. 8: 9-15. (**) of two colubrid snakes on Yakushima Is- 189. TOYAMA,M. 1981. A note on stomach land, southwestern Japan. (in review) contents of the mongoose. Majaa 1: 27. 176. TANEMURA,H. AND S. TAGUCHI. 1973. (**) Toads. Life 16: 3053-3056. (**) 190. TSUJII, N. 1981. 〈Photo notes〉 Elaphe 177. TATARA,M. Personal communication. conspicillata found in the stomach of 178. TERADA, K. 1985. by Elaphe quadrivirgata. Nippon Herpetol. Elaphe climacophora found DOR. Her- J. 20; 14. (**) ptile Notes 12(5/6): 66. (**) 191. TSUJII, N. AND N. FUJIOKA. 1978. Two 179. The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun. (ed.) notes on the snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata. 110 Current Herpetol. 19(2) 2000

Jpn. J. Herpetol. 7(4): 93. Bachelor of Science Thesis, Ryukyu 192. TSUKIHASHI,T. 1990. Notes (31). A Univ., Okinawa. 28 p. +9 tabs +13 figs snake swallowing a snake. NKH 56: Inside +3 pls. (**) front cover. (**) 206. WATANABE,T. 1985. Ecological status 193. TSUNETA, M. 1996. Exciting Amami- of the golden eagle and Hodgson's hawk- oshima. Living animals on a southern is- eagle in the Higashi-kamahara region. land. Birder 10(7): 10-26. (**) Wild Birds of Niigata 62: 4-6. (**) 194. TSUSHIMA,R. Personal communication. 207. WATASE,S. 1911. reproduc- 195. TSUWA, K. 1997. Food habits of the ing on Tonaki-jima Island. Zool. Mag. Javan mongoose, Herpestes javanicus, on 23: 109-110. (**) Amamioshima, Japan. Unpublished 208. Wild Bird Society of Hyogo Golden Eagle Bachelor of Agriculture Thesis, Ryukyu Group. 1978. The golden eagle: Birds Univ., Okinawa. 48 p. (**) and gliders soaring in an ascending cur- 196. UCHIDA, H. 1988. 〈Photo〉 Special I: rent. Searching for the golden eagle in the Brooding behavior of birds. Watching Chugoku mountains, Japan. Anima 6(2): birds' families. Anima 16(5): 15. 21-27. (**) 197. UCHIDA,K. ANDY. IMAIZUMI.1939. On 209. Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1976. The the food habits of snakes. Ornithol. golden eagle. p. 167-223. In: Research on Mammal. Rep. 9: 143-208. (**) Designated Birds, Contract Research of 198. UEKI, T. 1963. Well-known plants and Environment Agency, 1975. Environment animals in my country. Life in Toyama Agency, Tokyo. (**) Prefecture. Heredity 17(10): 50-54. (**) 210. Wild Bird Society of Japan, Yanbaru 199. UENO,M. 1993. Japanese Char Fantasy. Chapter. 1997. Reports on the Distribu- Mountain Streams with Big Japanese tion of Endangered Animals and In- Char. Yama-Kei Publishers Co., Ltd., troduced Animals in the Northern Part of Tokyo. 190 p. (**) Okinawajima Island and Influence of In- 200. UEUMA,Y. 1993. Hodgson's hawk-eagle troduced Animals Upon Endangered and the golden eagle. Nat. Hist. Hakusan Animals. Wild Bird Society of Japan, 13: 1-21. (**) Yanbaru Chapter, Okinawa. 86 p. +5 201. UGI, T. 1975. The golden eagle at Mt. apps (**) Myogi. Wild Birds 40(1): 18-23. (**) 211. YAMAGISHI,S. Personal Communication. 202. URAGUCHI,K., T. SAITOH, N. KONDO, 212. YAMAMOTO,Y. 1997. After the Golden AND H. ABE. 1987. Food habits of the Eagle. Kobe Shimbun Publ. Center, feral mink (Mustela visors Schreber) in Nojigiku Bunko, Kobe. 275 p. (**) Hokkaido. J. Mamm. Soc. Jpn. 12(1/2): 213. YAMAMURA,T. 1996. An Encyclopedia 57-67. of the Tsushima Leopard Cat. Data 203. WASHIZAWA,5.1975. An old bird on the House, Tokyo. 78 p. (**) cliff: the common kestrel. p.11-16. In: K. 214. YAMANOI,A. AND I. KATAYAMA.1983. Haneda (ed.), Life of Wild Birds. Tsukiji Food habits of the golden eagle in the Shokan, Tokyo. (**) Joshin-etsu region. (abstract) p. 265. In: 204. WATANABE,H. AND A. YANAGISE.1993. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting Distribution and breeding of the golden of the Ecological Society of Japan. The eagle in Niigata Prefecture. p. 55-84. In: 30th Annual Meeting of the Ecological The 6th Wildlife Conservation Projects. Society of Japan Preparatory Committee, Survey Reports of Wildlife Conservation Faculty of Science, Shinshu Univ., Mat- Measures I. Environmental Planning Divi- sumoto. (**) sion, Department of Environmental and 215. YAMAZAKI,T. 1985. Food habits and Civic Affairs, Niigata Prefecture, Niigata. foraging behavior of the golden eagle in (**) the Suzuka mountains. (abstract) Tori 205. WATANABE,S. 1999. Food habits of the 34(2/3): 83. (**) Iriomote cat, Fells iriomotensis with some 216. YAMAZAKI,T. 1989. Distribution pat- consideration of animal community struc- terns of the golden eagle and Hodgson's ture in the light of density of amphibians hawk-eagle in the Suzuka mountains. (ab- on Iriomote-jima Island. Unpublished stract) Aquila chrysaetos 7: 37. (**) TANAKA & MORI-PREDATORS OF JAPANESE SNAKES 111

217. YANAGIMACHI,K. 2000. Carrion crows ma Bunko. Kogen Shuppan, Toyama. struggling to handle a snake. Birder 14(1): (**) 65. (**) 218. YASUMA,S. 1982. Ryukyu Islands. Enig- SUPPLEMENT matic Formation Suggested by Geograph- 226. M. HASEGAWA.Personal Communica- ic Distributions of Animals. Tokai Univ. tion. Press, Tokyo. 208 p. (**) 227. TOCHIMOTO,T. AND K. SHIMIZU.2000. 219. YASUMA,5.1983. Ryukyu wild boars on On the foods of the Japanese giant Iriomote Island. Animals and Zoos 35(1): salamander Andrias japonicus (Tem- 12-15. (**) minck, 1837). (Oral presentation at the 220. YOKOTSUKA,M. 1994. After the Irio- 39th Annual Meeting of the Herpetologi- mote Cat. Takarajimasha, Tokyo. 237 p. cal Society of Japan) (**) 221. YONEKAWA,H., M. KAWABE, AND Y. IWAMI. 1995. The breeding biology of APPENDIX common buzzard, Buteo buteo and fac- Predators of sea snakes tors in decreasing their breeding popula- Predator-Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes : tion in the Tokachi plain, Hokkaido. Bull. Galeocerdo cuvier Higashi Taisetsu Mus. Nat. Hist. 17: 1- Prey-Emydocephalus ijimae (App. 2); Hydro- 14. (**) phis melanocephalus (App. 2); Laticauda 222. YOSHIDA,T. 1952. Notes on animals im- semifasciata (App. 2); Pelamis platurus (App. paled by the shrike. Science through Ex- 1); Unidentified sea snake (App. 2) periments 3(4): 320-323. (**) 223. YOsmMI, K. 1991. The crested serpent Literature eagle on Iriomote-jima Island. Nat. Hist. App. 1. UCHIDA, K. 1979. An Essay on the Jpn. 5(3): 4-11. (**) Natural History of Fishes. Rippu Shobo, 224. YoTSUMOTO,T. 1959. Mink to Tokyo. 242 p. (**) the island of Amami Oshima, Ryukyu. App. 2. YANG, K. 1998. Sharks. Mysterious Japan Wildlife Bulletin 17(1): 156-158. Ecology of the Chondrichthyes. Tokai Univ. (**) Press, Tokyo. 223 p. (**) 225. YUASA, S. 1976. Five questions about animals impaled by shrikes. p. 211-214. In: T. Ueki (ed.), Animals of Toyama Prefecture. Our Loving Friends 6, Toya- Accepted, 31 August 2000